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Centaurs in Ancient Art; the Archaic Period

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CENTAURS IN ANCIENT ART THE ARCHAIC PERIOD BY PAUL V. C. BAUR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY YALE UNIVERSITY ^ITH 38 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT AND 15 PLATES Wi KARL CURTIUS BERLIN BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME PROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Menvg W. Sage 1S91 ...„:.... fiiJigsi : cirriij.. 5931 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY All books are subject to recall after two weeks Oliri/Kroch Library 3 1924 072 600 863 DATE DUE hMI 1 ' ^FR ?: LJ002 MfilM mmt- ! ^ I'f q 1 ! GAYLORD PRINTED IN U.S.A. Cornell University mi Library '«=B The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://archive.org/details/cu31924072600863 CENTAURS IN ANCIENT ART 1 THE ARCHAIC PERIOD By PAUL V C. BAUR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY YALE UNIVERSITY WITH 38 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT AND 15 PLATES 19 12 KARL CURTIUS BERLIN hc'lvSt SPAMERSCHE BUCHDRUCKEREI IN LEIPZIG DEDICATED TO My WIFE PREFACE. The centaur in ancient literature has often been discussed, but so far as I know an exhaustive study of the centaur in ancient art has never been made. Such a study seemed to me worth while, especially since an erroneous impression concerning the development of the types has become almost universal, due to the limited horizon of those who have dealt only casually with this subject. For Nessos, Chiron and Pholos Stephani, Compte-Rendu 1865, 102 sqq. and 1873, 73 sqq., 90 sqq. has collected valuable material. I have attempted to catalogue the various types from the earliest times down to the end of the archaic period, 480 B. C, and have made a three-fold division, Class A : Centaurs with equine forelegs. Class B : Centaurs with human forelegs, and Class C: Centaurs with human forelegs ending in hoofs. So far as it was practical I have arranged the examples collected according to locality and in chronological order, at the same time attempting to form groups of the various mythological subjects. This could not very well be carried out systematically and methodically in the archaic period of Attic ceramic art of Class A for various reasons, but espe- cially because two different subjects sometimes are found on one and the same vase. Occasionally I have included monuments of even later date than 480 B. C, but only where the types seemed important for a full understanding of those of earlier times. It is an agreeable task to acknowledge my indebtedness to my friend and teacher, the late Professor Kekul^ von Stradonitz, who encouraged me to publish this work, and to Professor Robert Zahn who also had made a collection of centaurs in ancient art which he unselfishly placed at my disposal. Both were of inestimable help in making it pleasant for me to collect the material in the Berlin Museum and in the Archaeological Apparat of the Berlin University. To Dr. J. Sieveking of Munich my hearty thanks are due for his help in procuring illustrative material, so too to Dr. Edward Robinson of the Metropolitan Museum and to Drs. J. H. Holwerda and M. A. Evelein of Leyden. To all the other curators of Museums who have aided me by supplying photographs and other needful information I hereby acknowledge my thanks. Paul V. C. Baur. Berlin, April 1912. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Preface V Abbreviations VIII A. Centaurs of Class A with equine forelegs on: I. Oriental monuments i II. Monuments of the geometric period 4 III. Early archaic Melian intaglios 7 IV. Melian stamped red ware 8 V. Primitive terracotta figurines: a) Boeotia 9 b) Cyprus 9 VI. Archaic Attic vases 10 VII. "Cyrenaic" pottery 53 VIII. Ionic pottery, Aegean island style 56 IX. "Euboean" and Corinthian pottery 57 X. Theban Cabirion ware 61 XI. Italo-Ionic and Etrusco-Ionic vases 61 XII. Architectural reliefs: a) Assos 68 b) Samsoun 70 XIII. Ionic bronze statuette 71 XIV. Etruscan bronze statuette 71 XV. Gems, Greek and Etruscan 72 XVI. Coins 72 XVII. Etruscan bucchero ware » 74 XVIII. Stamped red ware of uncertain fabric 74 B. Centaurs of Class B with human forelegs on: I. Monuments of the geometric period 78 II. Primitive bronzes and terracottas 78 III. Vases of transition period between geometric and later styles 82 IV. Melian gem 84 V. Stamped red ware 84 VI. Cretan stamped relief ware 87 VII. Rhodian stamped gold plaques 88 VIII. Bronze reUefs from Olympia 89 IX. Proto-Corinthian vases 90 X. Corinthian ware 93 XI. Clazomenian sarcophagi 95 XII. Plastic monuments 96 XIII. Bronze chariot from Monteleone 97 XIV. "Cyrenaic" pottery 97 XV. Greek bronze statuettes 98 XVI. Greek gems 99 XVII. Attic vases 100 XVIII. Etruscan red ware: a) Stamped reliefs no b) Incised figures 112 Table of Contents. VII XIX. Etruscan bucchero ware: ^*^* a) Stamped reliefs 113 b) Incised figures 115 XX. Etruscan gold jewelry 117 XXI. Etruscan bronze statuettes 117 XXII. Etruscan ivory monuments 119 XXIII. Italian metal work 120 XXIV. Italo-Ionic and Etruscan painted vases 122 XXV. Etruscan gems 129 XXVI. Etruscan stone relief 129 C. Centaurs of Class C with human forelegs but hoofs instead of human feet on: I. Clazomenian sarcophagi 130 II. Clazomenian vases 131 III. Caeretan hydria 132 IV. Etrusco-Ionic vases 133 V. Ionic gem 134 VI. Cypriote monuments 134 Conclusion ~ 135 Addenda . 139 ABBREVIATIONS. A. J. A. = American Journal of Archaeology. Annali = Annali dell'Instituto. Ant. Denkm. = Antike Denkmaler, herausgegeben vom K. Deutschen Archaologischen Institut. Arch. Am. = Archaologischer Anzeiger (Beiblatt zum Jahrbuch). Arch.Ztg. = Archaologische Zeitung. Ath. Mitt. = Mitteilimgen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung. Babelon-Blanchet, Catalogue = E. Babelon-J. A. Blanchet, Catalogue des Bronzes antiques de la Biblio- th^que Nationale. B. C. H. = Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique. B. S. A. = Annual of the British School at Athens. Bull. d. Inst. = BuUettino dell'Instituto. Bull. Nap. = BuUettino Napolitano. Coghill = J. MiUingen, Peintures antiques de Vases Grecs de la Collection de Sir John Coghill, Bart. Collignon-Couve = Catalogue des Vases peints du Musee National d'Athenes. Compte-Rendu = Stephani, Compte-Rendu de la Commission Imperiale Archeologique. 'E(p. 'Agj(. ^'E<p}j^ieQlg "AQiaio'koyiiiri. Friederichs, Bronzen = C. Friederichs, Berhns Antike Bildwerke II. Gerate und Bronzen im Alten Museum. Furtwangler-Reichhold = A. Furtwiingler und K. Reichhold, Griechische Vasenmalerei. Furtwangler = A. Furtwangler, Beschreibung der Vasensammlung im Antiquarium, Berlin. Head, Hist. Num. = B. Head, Historia Numorum (i=' ed.). Helbig, FUhrer = W. Helbig, Fuhrer durch die offentUchen Sammlungen klassischer Altertiimer in Rom. Heuzey, Cat. des figurines = L. Heuzey, Les figurines antiques de terre cuite du Musee du Louvre. Heydemann = H. Heydemann, Die Vasensammlungen des Museo nazionale zu Neapel. Jahn = O. Jahn, Beschreibung der Vasensammlung Konig Ludwigs in der Pinakothek zu Munchen. Jahrh. = Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts. /. H. S. = Journal of Hellenic Studies. Laborde = A. de Laborde, Collection de Vases Grecs de M. le Comte de Lamberg. Masner = K. Masner, Die Sammlung antiker Vasen und Terracotten im K. K. Osterreichischen Museum. Micali, Mon. Ined. = G. Micali, Monument! inediti a illustrazione deUa storia degU antichi popoh italiani. Micali, Storia = G. Micali, Monumenti per servire alia storia degli antichi popoli italiani. Miiller-Wieseler, D. a. K. = MiiUer-Wieseler, Denkmaler der alten Kunst. Overbeck, Her. Bildw. = J. Overbeck, Gallerie heroischer Bildwerke der alten Kunst. Pettier, Album = E. Pettier, Vases antiques du Louvre (Two volumes of plates). Pottier, Catalogue = E. Pettier, Catalogue des Vases antiques du Louvre. Reinach, R&p. Reliefs = S. Reinach, Repertoire de ReUefs Grecs et Remains. Reinach, R&p. Statuaire = S. Reinach, Repertoire de la Statuaire Greque et Romaine. Reinach, Rep. Vas. = S. Reinach, Repertoire des Vases peints Grecs et ^trusques. Rev. Arch. = Revue Archeologique. De Ridder, Cat. d. Vases Peints = A. de Ridder, Catalogue des Vases peints de la Biblioth^que Nationale. Robinson = E. Robinson, Catalogue of Greek, Etruscan and Reman Vases, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Rom. Mitt. = Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, Romische Abteilung. Schmidt, Der Knielauf = Eduard Schmidt, Der Knielauf und die Darstellung des Laufens und Fliegens in der alteren Griechischen Kunst (Miinchener Archaologische Studien, dem Andenken Adolf Furt- wanglers gewidmet). Sieveking-Hackl = J. Sieveking und R. Hackl, iliinchener Vasensammlung, I. Bd., Die alteren nicht- attischen Vasen. Stephani = L. Stephani, Die Vasen-Sammlung der kais. Ermitage. Walters = H. B. Walters, Catalogue of the Greek and Etruscan Vases in the British Museum, vol. II. Black- Figured Vases. CLASS A. I. ORIENTAL MONUMENTS. I. Prism-seal. Fig. i. Steatite. Crete. Berlin, Cat. no. 62. Evans, /. H. S. 1894 p. 344 fig. 69; Scripta Minoa I p. 11 fig. 5b. A centaur stands to r. with one arm outstretched, the other drawn back; in front of him is an unexplained object. Evans, Scripta Minoa I p. 130 dates the early prism-seals of Crete between the sixth and eleventh dynasty, and on p. 119 he says, they belong to Early Minoan II and III and to the beginning of Middle Minoan. The earliest date then that can be assigned to our prism-seal is 2500 B. C. the latest 2000 B.C. Evans does not comment on the very remarkable phenomenon of a centaur in prehistoric Crete. Although I have made a thorough search I have not been able to find another example either in the pre-Mycenaean period or in the Mycenaean period. This non-existence of the centaur before the geometric period is surprising, for in the Minoan period monstrosities fantastic and demoniac abound. Every conceivable combination occurs, except that of horse and man. Since the centaur on this prism- seal is unique in Crete I consider the seal a foreign, probably Babylonian, importation. Although Evans considers these early seals to be of local manufacture, he does admit on p.
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  • Insights Into Hittite History and Archaeology

    Insights Into Hittite History and Archaeology

    COLLOQUIA ANTIQUA ————— 2 ————— INSIGHTS INTO HITTITE HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY Edited by HERMANN GENZ and DIRK PAUL MIELKE PEETERS LEUVEN – PARIS – WALPOLE, MA 2011 11209-8_MielkeGenz_voorwerk.indd209-8_MielkeGenz_voorwerk.indd IIIIII 99/03/11/03/11 113:053:05 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Gocha R. Tsetskhladze . VII Introduction Dirk Paul Mielke and Hermann Genz . IX List of Abbreviations . XI List of Illustrations . XIII CHAPTER 1 Research on the Hittites: A Short Overview Hermann Genz and Dirk Paul Mielke. 1 CHAPTER 2 History of the Hittites Horst Klengel . 31 CHAPTER 3 The Written Legacy of the Hittites Theo P.J. van den Hout . 47 CHAPTER 4 Hittite State and Society Trevor R. Bryce . 85 CHAPTER 5 Environment and Economy in Hittite Anatolia Walter Dörfler, Christa Herking, Reinder Neef, Rainer Pasternak and Angela von den Driesch . 99 CHAPTER 6 Hittite Military and Warfare Jürgen Lorenz and Ingo Schrakamp . 125 CHAPTER 7 Hittite Cities: Looking for a Concept Dirk Paul Mielke . 153 CHAPTER 8 Hittite Temples: Palaces of the Gods Caroline Zimmer-Vorhaus . 195 CHAPTER 9 Open-Air Sanctuaries of the Hittites A. Tuba Ökse . 219 11209-8_MielkeGenz_voorwerk.indd209-8_MielkeGenz_voorwerk.indd V 99/03/11/03/11 113:053:05 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 10 Hittite Pottery: A Summary Ulf-Dietrich Schoop . 241 CHAPTER 11 Metals and Metallurgy in Hittite Anatolia Jana Siegelová and Hidetoshi Tsumoto . 275 CHAPTER 12 Foreign Contacts of the Hittites Hermann Genz . 301 List of Contributors . 333 Index . 335 11209-8_MielkeGenz_voorwerk.indd209-8_MielkeGenz_voorwerk.indd VIVI 99/03/11/03/11 113:053:05 CHAPTER 11 METALS AND METALLURGY IN HITTITE ANATOLIA Jana SIEGELOVÁ and Hidetoshi TSUMOTO Abstract The present chapter attempts to give an overview of Hittite metallurgy from a philo- logical as well as from an archaeological point of view.