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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-68774-5 - Constitutionalism in Asia in the Early Twenty-First Century Edited by Albert H.Y. Chen Index More information

Index

abode, right of, 122, 172–3, 185 Arroyo, Gloria Macapagal, 27, 295–304, 306, absolute state immunity, 176 311–18, 321 abuse of discretion, doctrine of, 69–70 Asian Development Bank, 156 accountability, 16, 78, 142, 160–1, 164–8, 200, Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC), 135, 313–14 156 achievement of constitutionalism, 2–4, 7, 11, Asian values, 3, 33–4, 45–8, 51, 413 14–31 Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation Forum, 156 activism aspirations, 2, 30–1, 202, 212, 328, 346, 372 constitutional, 16–18 morality of, 2, 14, 30 judicial, 26, 68, 363 assembly, 89–91, 221–2, 231–2, 234, 236–8, 241 adjudication, constitutional, 88, 143–5, 157, 168, freedom of, 89–91, 298, 301 397 peaceful, 99, 182 administration of justice, 103, 248, 289–90, 344, assets, 105, 237, 313, 318–19, 361 364 association, 15, 89, 99, 109, 114, 133, 363–4 AFPFL (Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League), audit, 79, 85, 371 24, 220 Aung San, 220 Africa, 1, 6–8, 10–11, 22, 42, 395 Aung San Suu Kyi, 24–5, 220–2, 226–9 Ahmadiyah, 340 Australia, 292, 405 allegiance, 226, 311–12, 402, 408 autarky, 112, 116 Alliance Party, 245, 262–3 authoritarian constitutionalism, 35 Amyotha Hluttaw, 225–8 authoritarianism, 11, 14, 17–19, 21, 37–8, 151, 413 Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League (AFPFL), authority, 61, 104, 109–11, 114, 124, 326–8, 24, 220 200–2 Anwar Ibrahim, 244, 259 constitutional, 17, 374 APEC (Asian Pacific Economic Co-operation), public, 117, 140, 183, 300, 358 135 autonomous regions, 125 apostasy, 261, 264 autonomy, 85, 112, 169, 177–9, 188, 191–2, 309 appointments, 64, 150, 201, 240, 306, 316, 375 high degree of, 169, 177, 190 judicial, 167, 247, 316 internal, 173, 179, 190 midnight, 306, 316, 318 local, 85, 373 Aquino, Benigno III, 295, 313, 316–17, 321 Azlan Shah, Sultan, 252 Aquino, Corazon, 27, 297, 303, 313 armed forces/armies, 58, 64, 111, 114, 225–7, 239–42, backward classes of citizens, 353–4 377–8 backward regions, 377, 380 armies, integration of, 376, 383, 386 Badawi administration, 248, 269 arrest, 105, 285, 301, 327, 361, 365 Bangkok, 24, 236, 238, 241 house, 25, 224, 228 bank deposits, 318–19 warrantless, 299–301 bao hien, 209

416

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-68774-5 - Constitutionalism in Asia in the Early Twenty-First Century Edited by Albert H.Y. Chen Index More information

Index 417

Barisan Nasional see BN. drafting, 223–5 Basic Law, 22, 119, 131, 170–80, 186–92, 208 NLD (National League for Democracy), 24, basic rights, 7, 78–9, 84, 387 222, 228–9 beliefs, 68, 98, 332–3, 339–41, 346, 371–2 NUP (National Unity Party), 222, 228 religious, 69, 102, 284, 310 post-independence, 221–3 Bell, Gary, 331–2 presidency, 226 benign discrimination, 87 Saw Maung, 222–3 Bersih 2.0, 255, 259 SLORC (State Law and Order Restoration betrayal of public trust, 314, 318 Council), 222–3 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 349 SPDC (State Planning and Development Bhumibol, King, 236, 239 Council), 224–5, 227–8 bias, 187, 249, 254, 286, 289 Supreme Court, 227 bicameral parliaments, 221, 245, 314, 327 Than Shwe, 223–4, 228 bills of rights, 7, 56, 78–9, 159, 183–5, 295, 299 Thein Sein, 228–9 Birendra, King, 29, 368 USDA (Union Solidarity and Development birth certiﬁcates, 307–8, 339 Association), 228 BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party), 349 USDP (Union Solidarity and Development BN (Barisan Nasional), 25, 244–5, 252, 256, Party), 228 259–60, 267, 269 Burmese Revolutionary Council (BRC), 221 Bommai case, 345–7 Burmese Socialist Programme Party (BSPP), 222 bourgeois democracy, 369 business elites, 98 boycotts, 147, 364 businesses, 98, 105–7, 112, 135–6, 156, 268, 277 Brahmins, 367–9, 372, 387 businessmen, 341, 361 branches of government see also executive branch; by-elections, 25, 190, 229 legislative branch, 41, 67, 150, 186, 319, 324 BRC (Burmese Revolutionary Council), 221 Cabinet Legislation Bureau see CLB. bribery, 95, 303, 314, 351, 360 Cambodia, 3, 17, 23, 219, 229–34, 242–3 British colonial rule, 22, 244, 255 1991 peace accord, 231–2 British constitutional traditions, 29, 346 1993 constitution, 231–2 British-style parliamentary system, 24–5 1997 coup d’e´tat, 232–3 BSPP (Burmese Socialist Programme Party) 222 colony to kingdom, 229–30 Buddhism, 221, 338 constitution in twenty-ﬁrst century, 233–4 budgets, 103, 127, 271, 281, 378 FUNCINPEC, 231–2, 234 bureaucracy, 13, 202, 221 human rights, 231 bureaucrats, 60–1, 63, 98, 361 Hun Sen, 23, 31, 230–2, 234, 242 Burma, 24–5, 219–29, 242–3 Khmer Rouge, 23, 230–2 2010 elections, 227–9 Ranariddh, Prince, 231–2, 242 Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League Sihanouk, Prince/King Norodom, 23, 230–3, (AFPFL), 24, 220 243 Aung San, 220 Throne Council, 233 Aung San Suu Kyi, 24–5, 220–2, 226–9 Cambodian People’s Party see CPP. Chief Justice, 227 campaigning, 189, 335 colony to Union, 220–1 Canada, 292, 404 executive branch, 226–7 candidates, 13, 83, 190–2, 204, 226, 325–7, 335–6 Hluttaws see Hluttaws. potential, 271, 277 House of Representatives presidential, 82, 329 see Pyithu Hluttaw. capital punishment, 87 judicial branch, 227 capitals, 80, 103, 128–30, 206, 388 judicial review, 228 caste, 348, 368–70, 372–3, 379 legislative branch, 225 CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation), 362 military junta, 219, 223, 228, 242 CCP (Chinese Communist Party), 20, 38, 41, 120 Ne Win, 221–3 CEDAW see Convention on Elimination of All new constitution Forms of Discrimination against Women. distinctive features, 225–7 censorship, 89, 228, 333

418 Index

Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), 362 Chinese Communist Party see CCP. central government, China, 125, 135–7, 140, 172, Choi Si Joong, 96–7 174, 176–80, 188–93 Chuan Leekpai, 236, 238 Central People’s Committee see CPC. citizens, duties of, 103, 107 central people’s government see China, central citizenship, 120, 257, 311–12, 388 government. new, 311–12 ceremonial purposes, 262–3, 347 civic education, 382, 385 checks and balances, 27, 104, 296, 299 civic engagement, 166–8 Chhetris, 367–9, 372 civil liberties, 9, 20–2, 25–6, 28, 31, 235–7, 300 chief executive, 22, 131–2, 174–5, 177, 188–92, 316 civil service, 24, 261, 317 chief justices civil society, 19, 21–2, 77–8, 154, 160, 167, 259 Burma, 227 civil unrest, 28, 219 HKSAR, 180 civil wars, 20, 23–4, 30–1, 40, 118, 162, 221 Indonesia, 329 civilian government, 17, 24, 236 Japan, 73 clarity, 146, 290 Malaysia, 246–8, 251 rule of, 90 North Korea, 104 classiﬁcation, 9, 11, 13–14, 30, 187, 283, 308 Philippines, 296, 305, 312–13, 315, 318–19 test, 171, 173 Singapore, 270 CLB (Cabinet Legislation Bureau), 18, 52, 59–64, South Korea, 79 73–4, 406 children, 71–2, 88, 158–9, 173, 339, 355–7 coalition governments, 232, 240, 266, 343, 345, 349 legitimate, 181, 226 coalition politics, 267, 355 China, 4, 18–19, 21–2, 37–41, 118–40, 156, 169–73, coalitions, 23, 163, 234, 238, 241, 255, 336–7 192–3 co-existence, 170, 191, 209 amendments to the Electoral Law, 125–6 collective self-defense, 62–5 central government, 125, 132, 135–7, 170–2, 174, collectivism, 106–7 176–80, 188–93 colonialism, 7, 17, 411 Constitution, 21, 38, 122, 127, 130 colonies, 24, 39, 219–20, 229 constitutional dynamics, 118–40 former, 170, 242 constitutional review, 121–5 colonisation, 30, 346, 412 constitutionalists, 128–9, 131, 140 ‘comfort women’ system, 73 Control Yuan, 41, 147, 163 commander-in-chief, 64, 226–7 Cultural Revolution, 21, 37, 118, 139, 172 powers, 299 ECFA (Economic Co-operation Framework common law, 175–6, 180, 183, 286, 289 Agreement), 136, 152–6, 165 principles, 176, 286 economic co-operation, 135–6 system, 170–2, 174, 177, 179–81 government of law, 126–9 common values, 377, 389 guiding cases system, 137–9 communism, 18, 106, 114, 392 human rights, 119–20, 129–31, 140 Communist Party of Nepal, 30, 373 judicial independence, 136–7 Communist Party of Vietnam, 194–6 judicial reforms, 136–9 communitarian constitutionalism, 25, 270 judicial review, 36, 123 communitarianism, 283–4 judiciary, 121–2, 137 communities leadership, 39, 119–20, 127, 132, 134–5, 139 disadvantaged, 376–9 Mao Zedong, 21, 119 marginalized, 367, 372, 378, 384–8 NPC (National People’s Congress), 119, 122–5, comparative constitutional law, 6, 32, 52–3, 208, 131–3, 136–7, 171 391, 401, 410 presidency, 120, 139 compensation, 38, 93, 130, 140, 307, 310, 359 Qi Yuling case, 21, 38, 121–3 competence, 28, 84–5, 161, 187, 281 Standing Committee of the NPC (SCNPC), disputes, 81, 85 122–4, 131–3, 136, 171–8, 180–1, 188–91 complaints, 83, 133, 148, 248, 302, 305, 355–7 Sun Zhigang incident, 21, 123 constitutional, 80–2, 91, 94 Supreme People’s Court, 21, 121–39, 174 complexity, 182, 381 Wang Zhicai case, 138 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, 376, 379

Index 419

compromise, 72, 105, 124, 149, 165, 183, 263 constitutional principles, 83, 87, 104–7, 217, 244, compulsory education, 93, 355–7 379, 399–400 conceptual framework, 4–16 constitutional protection, 70, 209–11, 218, 298, 332 Conference of Rulers, 245, 251–2, 268 constitutional reform, 7, 9, 52–3, 64–5, 79, 208, 212 confidence, 40, 140, 192, 199, 205, 252–3, 290 constitutional review, 66, 79, 92, 120–1, 209–11, confidentiality, 315, 319 216–18, 397–400 conflicts, 29, 52, 97, 130, 170–2, 368–9, 385–7 China, 121–5 political, 21, 80, 99, 139, 143, 199 power of, 23, 28, 123–4, 195, 210 social, 94, 369 constitutional revision, 57, 63–5, 74–9, 144–5, confrontation, 78, 102, 161, 167, 256 154–5, 164–5 confrontational attitudes, 285, 406 political dimension in South Korea, 78–9 Congress, Philippines, 295, 297, 299, 301–2, 304–5, rounds of, 144, 150, 155, 165 308–9, 315–18 Taiwan, 144–5 conscience, 89 constitutional rights, 13, 21, 66, 68, 76–7, 87, 206–7 consensus, 10, 66, 145, 188, 377, 385, 389 implied, 285, 289 building, 380, 385, 390 constitutional rule, 3, 245, 253 national, 145, 387 constitutional theory, 218, 296, 399–400 consent, 62, 130, 184, 188–9, 241, 253, 284 constitutional validity, 257, 354, 363–4 conservatism, 73 constitutionalism, 1–31, 76, 141–2, 217–19 conservative political forces, 71–3 authoritarian, 35 conservative politicians, 52–3, 63–7, 72–4 communitarian, 25, 270 consistency, 61, 172, 403 in comparative perspective, 32–51 consolidation, democratic, 3, 19, 21, 28, 234, 238, 338 genuine, 14–23, 25–31, 35 constituencies, 83, 132, 239, 277 hybrid, 14–18, 20–31, 35, 37 functional, 131–2, 190–1 Leninist, 33–5, 37 geographical, 131–2 liberal, 14, 35–6, 209, 218 constituent assemblies, 5, 20, 23–4, 28–30, 220, 231, modern, 54, 216–18 352 state of, 219, 245, 257 Nepal, 373–4, 376–85, 387–9 telos of, 12 constitutional activism, 16–18 transitional, 14, 141–3, 162, 168, 404, 413 constitutional adjudication, 88, 143–5, 157, 168, transnational, 2, 141–3, 152–7, 159, 164–8, 393 397 constitutionalist democracy, 82, 97 constitutional amendments, 22–3, 119–21, 139–40, constitutionality, 60–3, 70, 73, 82, 123–4, 173–4, 145–6, 196–7, 258–61, 352–6 210–11 constitutional balance, 150, 286 constitutionalization, 3, 17, 64, 112, 152, 157, 199 constitutional changes, 14, 23, 64, 77–8, 101, 110, constitution-making, 3, 5, 8, 15, 29–30, 33, 219 117–19 processes, 35, 379, 394, 407 constitutional commissions, 54, 211, 288, 314 construction, 59, 115, 121, 128, 146–7, 207, 218 constitutional complaints, 80–2, 91, 94 constructive dialogue, 190, 282 constitutional courts, 19–22, 79, 142–50, 157–61, consultations, 135, 147, 189, 255, 375, 380–1, 383 166–8, 239–41, 327–30 public, 24, 178, 188, 217, 237, 382 constitutional crises, 148, 245, 319 contempt, 246, 289–91 constitutional culture, 15, 194, 219 control, 20, 23, 60, 78–9, 88–91, 209, 377–8 constitutional democracy, 3, 28, 142, 304 Control Yuan, 41, 147, 163 liberal, 3, 9, 20, 28, 31 controversy, 79, 146, 149–51, 161, 246, 266, 310 constitutional design, 41, 79, 139, 199, 212, 217, 399 Convention on Elimination of All Forms of constitutional discourses, 30, 39, 101, 217, 321 Discrimination against Women constitutional duties, 148, 316 (CEDAW), 143, 153–68 constitutional history, 23, 102, 117, 140, 288 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), constitutional institutions, 13, 85, 397, 405–6 153, 157–8, 185 constitutional legitimacy, 400 convergence, 32, 167–8, 391–3, 395–6, 399–401, constitutional monarchies, 7, 19, 23–5, 29, 232, 251, 407–11, 414–15 261 global, 33–4, 51, 152, 160 constitutional powers, 23, 82, 313, 320, 328 horizontal, 397

420 Index

conviction, 273, 314 death, 107–9, 112–13, 124, 138, 287, 340 politics, 96, 99 death penalty, 86, 138 co-ordination, 199, 209, 385 mandatory, 286–7 of powers, 199, 204, 209 decentralisation, 373, 379 corruption, 267–9, 314, 316–17, 327–30, 348–51, decision-making processes, 97, 348 360–1, 366 defamation, 67, 95–6, 182 allegations, 360–2 laws, 291–2 costs, 19, 21, 58, 112, 205, 309–10, 361–2 defections, 223, 245, 252–3, 348 ﬁnancial, 78, 148 defence, 8, 170, 175–6, 182, 220, 291, 294 sociopolitical, 78 national, 130, 217 countermajoritarian institutions, 295 Defense Security Demand (DSD), 96 counterrevolutionary basis, 178, 192 deference, 68, 185–7, 286 coups, 13, 23–4, 221–2, 232, 235–6, 239, degree of constitutional activism see DCA. 299–300 deliberations, 81, 128, 205, 221, 231, 262, 385 attempted, 27 demarcation, 191, 412 courts, 67–72, 146–50, 179–88, 282–91, 293–300, demilitarization, 58, 73 302–11, 315–20 democracy, 14–15, 35–6, 192, 240, 322–4, 366–9, constitutional, 19–22, 79, 142–50, 157–61, 166–8, 396–9 239–41, 327–30 bourgeois, 369 local, 123, 213 constitutional lower, 59–60, 138, 168, 214, 305, 351 see constitutional democracy. quasi-constitutional, 18, 23, 61 constitutionalist, 82, 97 superior, 247–8, 265, 400 emerging, 160–1, 166 CPC (Central People’s Committee), 107, 111, 118, full, 190–2, 373 139 grassroots, 214–15 CPP (Cambodian People’s Party), 231, 234, 242 inclusive, 368, 372 CRC see Convention on the Rights of the Child. Islamic, 322 credibility, 179, 251, 328 liberal, 10–11, 15, 19–21, 26–9, 33–7, 41–8 Crescent and Star Party, 334, 337 parliamentary, 24, 29, 71, 271, 346–9, 371 criminal investigations, 146, 148, 201 participatory, 372, 397 criminal procedure rights, 48–51 procedural, 100 crises, 162, 241, 251, 256, 387 representative, 76, 204–6, 217, 285, 333 constitutional, 148, 245, 319 democratic consolidation, 3, 19, 21, 28, 234, 238, economic, 79, 322 338 cronyism, 97, 238, 240 democratic deﬁcit, 142, 164–8 cross-fertilisation, 391, 396, 411, 414 democratic development, 177, 179, 190–1 cross-strait relations, 136, 156 democratic elections, 20, 83, 335 culpable violation of the Constitution, 314, 318 democratic legitimacy, 164–6, 277, 325 Cultural Revolution, 21, 37, 118, 139, 172 Democratic Party of Japan see DPJ. cultural rights, 77–8, 154, 185, 187 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea see North culture, 6, 74, 170, 203, 370, 388–9, 407–12 Korea constitutional, 15, 194, 219 Democratic Progressive Party see DPP. legal, 191, 407 democratic transitions, 3, 141–65, 322 democratization, 3, 15, 19–22, 77–8, 97–9, 191–2 Dalits, 367, 373–4, 380, 388 deputy prime ministers, 200–1, 252 damages, 70, 291–4, 301, 311, 362, 387 deregulation, 98, 347 quantum of, 292–4 design token, 293 constitutional, 41, 79, 139, 199, 212, 217, 399 Das, Cyrus Dato’, 264–5 institutional, 399–401 Davide, Chief Justice Hilario, 302, 313–15 detainees, 259 DCA (degree of constitutional activism), detention, 39, 259, 300, 365 16–18 preventive, 245, 255–9, 274 high, 19, 21–2, 27–30 Devanagari script, 370–1 moderate, 21–3, 25 Dewan Perwakilan Daerah see DPD.

Index 421

Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat see DPR. ECHR (European Convention on Human Dewan Rakyat, 244–5 Rights), 157, 288–9, 408 dictatorships, 37, 43, 108, 240, 387 economic co-operation, 117, 135–6 proletarian, 106, 108 Economic Co-operation Framework Agreement totalitarian, 102 see ECFA. dignity, human, 7, 15, 85–8, 237, 346, 369, 404 economic crisis, 79, 322 direct elections, 83, 131, 174, 189–90, 324–5 economic development, 9, 11, 25–6, 192, 273, direct initiative, 303–4 359 direct presidential elections, 28, 78, 142, 146 rapid, 19–20, 128–30, 193 direct rule, 110, 375 economic emergency, 299 directive principles (DPs), 346, 365, 371, 379 economic reforms, 22, 38, 115, 137, 192, 202, 343 discourse, public, 16, 23, 123, 262 economic rights, 45–9, 184–8, 237 discretion, 69, 71, 77, 117, 140, 253–4, 256 economic systems, 170, 192, 196, 203 abuse of, 69–70 economy, 38, 55, 114–16, 119–21, 196–7, 203, 215 legislative, 67, 85 market see market economy. prosecutorial, 271 national, 79, 109, 203, 312 discretionary authority, 69 education, 72–4, 93, 123, 183–4, 203, 350, 355 discrimination, 71, 84, 87, 143, 183–4, 332, 369 civic, 382, 385 benign, 87 compulsory, 93, 355–7 gender, 344, 365 elementary, 357 see also non-discrimination. educational institutions, 353–4, 363 dismissals, 80, 201, 252, 260 effectiveness, 6, 29, 79, 126, 163, 247, 292 disputes, 2, 28, 62, 145, 148–9, 163, 165–7 efﬁcacy, 39, 352, 365 constitutional, 145, 275 Egypt, 8, 338, 409 disrepute, 246, 250 elected presidents, 26, 146, 271, 279, 325 dissatisfaction, 78, 200, 205, 386 elected representatives, 177, 335, 348 popular, 203, 209 election commissions, 79, 82–3, 237, 240, 308, 328, dissenting opinions/views, 83, 89, 157, 178, 265, 300 348–9 dissolution, 253–4, 328, 384 elections, 20–30, 188–92, 220–2, 226–8, 234–6, of parliament, 29, 285 238–44, 335–7 district councillors, 189 democratic, 20, 83, 335 diversity, 9, 17, 90, 163, 277, 346, 389 direct, 83, 131, 174, 189–90, 324–5 divided government, 21, 78, 142–8, 150, 162, 165–8 presidential, 28, 78, 142, 146 doi moi, 22, 37, 196–8, 200, 208 fair, 224, 231, 255, 322–4, 335, 348, 394 domestic law, 157–8, 183, 287–8, 394–5, 406 fraud, 168, 241 domestic violence, 350, 358 free, 28, 192, 335 dominance, 98, 245, 349, 371, 373, 388 functional constituency, 131–2, 188–90 DPD (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah), 326, 338 general, 24–5, 231–2, 234–6, 244–5, 266–70, 336, DPJ (Democratic Party of Japan), 56, 63, 65 338 DPP (Democratic Progressive Party), 21, 143–5, 149 geographical, 175, 189 DPR (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat), 325–7, 338 laws, 82–3, 88, 328, 380 DPs see directive principles. local, 84, 149 draft constitutions, 221, 224, 232, 237, 239, 382, 385 multiparty, 9, 20, 25, 222, 227, 229 DSD (Defense Security Demand) 96 parliamentary, 5, 25, 91, 142 duties, 17, 45, 64, 89, 94, 120, 171–3 periodic, 26–7, 94, 100, 348 constitutional, 148, 316 regular, 23, 348 fundamental, 215, 355, 365 electoral colleges, 19, 189, 226 judicial, 249–50 electoral reforms, 145, 229, 255, 348 dwifungsi, 27, 242 electoral systems, 335, 380, 399, 405 elementary education, 357 East Asia, 3, 16–17, 19–20, 32, 42, 45 elites, 33, 372, 384, 388–9, 402 Eastern Europe, 14, 45, 48 business, 98 ECFA (Economic Co-operation Framework party, 102 Agreement), 136, 152–6, 165 political, 29–31, 329

422 Index

embezzlement, 148 fair elections, 224, 231, 255, 322–4, 335, 348, 394 emergency, 25, 64, 245, 257–8, 295, 298–300 fair trial, 158, 286–7 economic, 299 fairness, 71, 270, 286, 370, 389 presidential emergency decrees, 81–2 faiths, 69, 339, 346, 369 proclamations/declarations of, 25, 256–8, 301 fake constitutions, 11–13, 18, 24, 310 rule, 258 families, 87, 130, 138, 264, 277, 359, 368 states of, 29, 257, 299 family life, 72, 92, 184–5, 187 emergency powers, 20, 27, 257–8 federal constitutions, 7, 247–9, 260, 263 Philippines, 299–301 federalism, 24, 379, 382–3 emerging democracies, 160–1, 166 FLE see Fundamental Law of Education. employees, 307, 310, 314, 363 flexibility, 114, 282, 384 employers, 120, 358 flip-flopping, 318 employment, 350, 353, 357 forced prostitution, 73 empowerment, 7, 160–1, 343–4, 372 foreign-currency deposits, 318–19 enforcement, 99–100, 115, 123, 309, 320, 407 foreign diplomatic representatives, 119 law, 95, 97, 100, 127, 328 foreign experience, 398 engagement, 167, 273, 397 foreign investment, 18, 38, 108–9, 112 civic, 166–8 foreign observers, 199, 328 judicial, 391, 398 foreign policy, 104, 109, 165, 170, 176–8, 220, 227 enlightenment, 5, 103 formal features of constitutions, 41–51 environment, 13, 94, 117, 359, 362, 365 formalism, 296, 312, 314, 320 political, 191, 199 fragmentation, 392, 395, 415 environmental pollution, 29, 205, 344, 352, 358–61, France, 2, 5–7, 15, 22, 229–30 365–6 franchise, 298, 373 equal protection, 71, 83, 87, 105, 292 universal, 371–2 equality, 7, 83, 87–8, 126, 332, 346–8, 369–72 fraternity, 346, 370–2 formal, 372 free elections, 28, 192, 335 gender, 88, 276 free-market economy, 343, 351, 359 see also discrimination. free speech, 15, 68, 89, 159, 289–94, 297–301 Estrada, Joseph, 27, 295–7, 302, 311–15 freedom, 67–9, 92–4, 99, 112, 133, 190–2, 331–3 ethnic minorities, 106, 221, 228, 370 of assembly, 89–91, 298, 301 ethnicity, 369–70, 388, 403, 412 of contract, 183 European Convention on Human Rights of occupation, 92–3 see ECHR. political, 5, 348 European Union, 396, 401 religious, 69, 276, 332, 338, 340, 371 evaluation, 262, 281 of speech see free speech. standards of, 354 FRs see fundamental rights. exclusion, 89, 184, 271, 308, 312, 343, 350 full democracy, 190–2, 373 executive branch, 33, 81, 84, 126–8, 201, 226–7, 302 full independence, 23, 220, 230 executive power, 34–5, 43–5, 51, 77–8, 84, 254 FUNCINPEC, 231–2, 234 executive privilege, 295, 302–3 function of constitutions, 401–4 Executive Yuan, 163–5 functional constituencies, 131–2, 190–1 experience, 3–4, 9, 19, 113, 140, 163, 166 functional constituency election, 131–2, 188–90 foreign, 398 fundamental duties, 215, 355, 365 expertise, 61, 186, 277 Fundamental Law of Education (FLE), 52, 73–4 professional, 137, 281 fundamental liberties, 244, 256, 259, 286 experts, 64, 130, 154, 200, 211, 281, 358 fundamental rights (FRs), 15, 67, 70, 182, 191, 346, legal, 61, 206 364–5 exploitation, 106, 372–3, 387 sexual, 159 gag orders, 302–3 expressivism, 403–4 garantiste constitutions, 11, 14 Garci Tapes, 297–8, 300, 302 façade constitutions see fake constitutions. GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and fair balance, 187, 281 Trade), 155

Index 423

GC see genuine constitutionalism. HKPR (Hong Kong permanent residents), 172, gender, 332, 350, 369, 373 183, 186 gender, equality, 88, 276 HKSAR (Hong Kong Special Administrative gender discrimination, 344, 365 Region), 4, 22, 120–35, 169–93 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Article 23 legislation, 178–84 155 autonomy, 169–70 general elections see also elections, 24–5, 231–2, Basic Law, 22, 119, 131, 170–80, 186–92, 208 234–6, 244–5, 266–70, 336, 338 Basic Law interpretations, 172–8 generality, 407 central–local relationship, 171–9 highest level of, 399, 413 chief executive, 22, 131–2, 174–5, 177, 188–92, 316 genuine constitutionalism (GC), 14–23, 25–31, 35 chief justice, 180 geographical constituencies, 131–2 competition for greater autonomy, 171–2 geographical election, 175, 189 democratic development, 188–90 Germany, 7, 404 district councillors, 189 Ghana, 8–9 future prospects, 190–3 global convergence, 33–4, 51, 152, 160 government, 131, 174–5, 188 global ﬁnancial crisis, 100, 193 Hong Kong permanent residents, 172, 183, 186 global governance, dynamics of, 161 human rights, 181, 186–7 globalization, 78, 98, 141, 152, 159–62, 196–7, 201 judicial review, 175 GNP (Grand National Party), 80, 91, 96, 99 Legislative Council, 22, 131–2, 175, 178–9, 188–91 Golkar, 336 national security, 178–84 good governance, 251, 344, 361, 365 New Territories, 182–4 governance, 28, 31, 37–8, 127, 162, 182, 209 ‘one country, two systems’, 169–70 gaps, 29, 344, 350, 365–6 Provisional Legislative Council, 173–4 good, 251, 344, 361, 365 social and economic rights, 184–8 government, control of, 6, 389 Hluttaws, 222, 224–9 government companies, 280 Amyotha, 225–8 government powers, 5, 95, 141–4, 286 Pyidaungsu, 226–7 graft, 314 see also corruption Pyithu, 222, 224–9 Grand National Party (GNP), 80, 91 Ho Chi Minh, 40, 195, 205–6 grassroots democracy, 214–15 homosexual conduct, 309 grievances, 298, 311, 323, 371 Hong Kong permanent residents (HKPR), 172, guiding cases system, 137–9 183, 186 Gulf War, 55, 63 horizontal convergence, 397 gunshot incident, 149 house arrest, 25, 224, 228 Gyanendra, King, 368 house heads, 88 House of Regional Representatives, 324–6, 338, 341 habeas corpus, 299, 305 House of Representatives Habibie, President, 331, 336 Burma see Pyithu Hluttaw. Hanoi, 40, 206, 213 Indonesia, 329, 338 harassment, sexual, 350, 357–8 Japan, 65 harmony, 266, 284, 386–7 Malaysia, 245, 253 interracial, 26 Nepal, 375–6, 388 national, 255, 266 Philippines, 314–15 religious, 275, 284 Thailand, 237, 239–40 Hazare, Anna, 351, 360 households, 88, 92, 357 HC see hybrid constitutionalism. human dignity, 7, 15, 85–8, 237, 346, 369, 404 heads of state, 45, 161, 232–3, 245, 324, 377 human rights, 3, 12–13, 15, 18, 393–9, 402–3, 406–14 health, 4, 69, 233, 243, 296, 308–10, 350 activists, 84, 340 hegemony, 367, 370, 372 Cambodia, 231 Hengqin, 133 China, 119–20, 129–31, 140 hereditary Malay rulers, 25, 245, 250, 257, 260 HKSAR, 181, 186–7 Hindi, 265, 347, 356, 371 India, 357, 359, 363 Hinduism, 338, 367–8, 370–1 Indonesia, 324, 328, 331–5, 340

424 Index

human rights (cont.) judicial, 5, 13, 15, 25, 136, 216–17, 397–401 international, 154–8, 167–8, 335 independent commissions, 84, 150, 160–1, 376 Japan, 66, 76, 84–5, 100 independent judiciary, 179, 218, 346, 371 Malaysia, 245, 255–60, 266–9 India, 3, 17, 28–9, 220, 343–66, 403–6 Nepal, 369, 376, 379, 382 constitution, 28, 344–8, 356 North Korea, 115 constitutional amendments, 352–6 Philippines, 296, 317 constitutional developments as response to protection, 12, 28, 76, 129, 216–17, 255, 331–2 major challenges, 349–66 Singapore, 286–9 human rights, 357, 359, 363 South Korea, 85–94 judicial decisions, 361–4 standards, 393, 395, 399, 407 judicial review, 346 Taiwan, 152–66 Lok Sabha, 355, 360 Thailand, 237 non-constitutional legislative reforms, 356–61 treaties, 152–5, 163, 395 overview, 344, 349 Vietnam, 195, 208, 215–18 panchayats, 29, 348, 363 Hun Sen, 23, 31, 230–2, 234, 242 Punjab, 354, 361 husbands, 72, 310, 317 Rajasthan, 357, 362 hybrid constitutionalism (HC), 14–18, 20–31, 35, 37 Sawhney, Indra, 353–4 SCs (Scheduled Castes), 348, 350–5 Ibrahim, Anwar, 244, 259 STs (Scheduled Tribes), 348, 352–5 ICCPR (International Covenant on Civil and Supreme Court, 29, 345, 347, 351, 353–5, 361–6 Political Rights), 143, 153–68, 184–5, 328, 357 untouchability, 346, 365, 367–8, 371, 373 ICDC (Interim Constitution Drafting Indian National Congress, 28, 349 Committee), 375–6 individual liberties, 121, 217 ICESCR (International Covenant on Economic, individual rights, 5, 26, 187, 207, 215, 331, 372 Social and Cultural Rights), 143, 153–68, individualism, 27, 66, 170, 413 184–5, 187, 357 indoctrination, 102 identity cards, 172, 264, 339 Indonesia, 3, 14–17, 27–8, 31, 322–42 ideology, 18, 21, 96, 102, 114, 170, 198 checks and balances, 324–6 Juche, 102–3, 106, 108 chief justice, 329 illegitimate children, 71, 311 constitution, 333, 338 immunity, 67, 70, 148, 176, 278, 314, 326–7 constitutional amendments, 324–38 state, 175–6, 257 elections and multiparty system, 335–8 impartial election, 380, 387 Golkar, 336 impartiality, 179, 249, 289 Habibie, President, 331, 336 impeachment, 27, 296, 302, 312–19 House of Regional Representatives (DPD – aborted, 315–17 Dewan Perwakilan Daerah), 324–6, 338, 341 power, 302, 313, 315, 318 human rights, 324, 328, 331–5, 340 presidential, 80, 146, 161, 325 Judicial Commission, 324–8, 341 trial, 296, 313, 319 judicial review, 328 imperialism, 8, 17, 30–1 Mahfud, Chief Justice, 329, 340 implied constitutional rights, 285, 289 People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR – Majelis imprisonment, 67, 232, 266, 305, 360 Permusyawaratan Rakyat), 325, 331–2 life, 138 People’s Representative Assembly (DPR – impropriety, 249, 289–91 Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat), 325–7, 338 inclusion, 39, 57, 263, 323, 331, 335, 371 presidency, 325, 336 inclusive democracy, 368, 372 religion and state, 338–41 inclusiveness, 364, 379–80, 384, 387 Soeharto era, 28, 322–4, 333–6, 341–2 income, 91, 112, 350, 364 Supreme Court, 327–9 incompetence, 259, 293 Yudhoyono, President, 28, 337, 342 independence, 7–8, 25–8, 31–2, 79, 160–3, 179–81, industrialization, 106, 126, 203, 359 220–1 inequalities, socioeconomic, 343–4, 349, 353, 364–6 constitutions, 8–9, 25, 27 information, 18, 40, 68, 79, 161–3, 333, 358 full, 23, 220, 230 public, 162

Index 425

inherent tendency, test, 289 investment, 109, 135, 156, 397 inhuman punishment, 287–9 foreign, 18, 38, 108–9, 112 initiative, 95, 151, 154, 190, 296, 303–4, 385 Iraq, 8, 55, 59 direct, 303–4 ISA (Internal Security Act), 255–60, 274–5 people’s, 303–4 Islam, 28, 262–4, 268, 322–3, 332, 335, 338–40 injunctions, 228, 331 Islamic democracy, 322 instability, 31, 36, 48, 230 Islamic political parties, 323, 334–5 political, 19, 31, 99, 110, 240 Islamic state, 261, 263, 267, 323 social, 234 Islamisation, 25, 244, 261–7, 269 institutional design, 399–401 institutions, 33–6, 194–5, 199–200, 214, 269–71, Janaandolan, 375, 379, 386, 388–9 366–7, 401–8 Janajatis, 367, 373, 385, 388 constitutional, 13, 85, 397, 405–6 Japan, 16–18, 30, 35, 52–75, 404–6 countermajoritarian, 295 Article 9 political, 51, 83, 195, 212 Cabinet Legislation Bureau as main religious, 262, 339 interpreter, 59–62 republican, 295–6, 299 and SDF (Self-Defense Forces), 57–8 state, 79, 87, 197, 231, 242, 328, 388–91 Cabinet Legislation Bureau integration, 2, 378, 389 and conservative politicians, 63–5 of armies, 376, 383, 386 as main interpreter of Article 9, 59–62 regional, 408, 414 chief justice, 73 integrity, 161, 172, 174, 249, 292–3, 320, 346 constitutional reform and amendment intellectual property, 112, 136 problem, 53–66 intent, 90, 180, 273, 288 Fundamental Law of Education (FLE), 52, 73–4 legislative, 180 future prospects, 65–6 original, 58, 288, 347 historical background, 53–5 intention, 13, 183, 229, 252, 256–7, 259, human rights, 66, 76, 84–5, 100 262–3 judicial review, 18, 52, 66–73 true, 65, 116 and Korea, 18, 75 interest groups, 384, 388 LDP (Liberal Democratic Party), 18, 52–7, interference, 137, 190–1, 213, 249, 409 63–7, 73 Interim Constitution Drafting Committee Meiji Constitution, 7, 17–18, 67 (ICDC), 375–6 Meiji reform, 17 interim constitutions, 24, 30, 235, 239, 367–9, reform movements, 55–7 374–5 SDF (Self-Defense Forces), 55–64 internal autonomy, 173, 179, 190 and Article 9, 57–8 Internal Security Act see ISA. SDPJ (Social Democratic Party of Japan), 63 international community, 7, 62–3, 113, 152, 155, Supreme Court, 52–3, 60, 68–74 162, 223 activism without constitutional argument, International Covenant on Civil and Political 69–70 Rights see ICCPR. awakening, 70–3 International Covenant on Economic, Social and conservatism, 66–7 Cultural Rights see ICESCR. method of limiting construction, 67–8 international norms, 141, 157, 393–5, 408 Japan Socialist Party (JSP), 54, 63 internationalisation, 391–415 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 69, 310, 340 comparative challenges, 410–14 Joint Program Support Ofﬁce (JOPSO), 211 forces for difference, 401–9 journalists, 274, 298, 301, 333 interpretation, 58–60, 64–5, 145–50, 158–9, 171–7, Joy, Lina, 264–5 395 JSP (Japan Socialist Party), 54, 63 judicial, 181, 288, 312, 400 Juche ideology, 18, 102–3, 106, 108 power of, 171, 177 judges, 136, 180, 227, 248–50, 287–90, 327–8, 360–1 interracial harmony, 26 judicial activism, 26, 68, 363 intimate relations, public regulation of, 307 judicial appointments, 167, 247, 316 intransigence, 388–9 Judicial Commission, 324–8, 341

426 Index

judicial deference see deference. Kuomintang see KMT. judicial duties, 249–50 KWP (Korea Workers’ Party), 37, 102, 104–6, 111, judicial engagement, 391, 398 115 judicial functions, 171, 247, 249, 289, 368 judicial independence, 5, 13, 15, 25, 136, 216–17, land, 38, 57, 59, 105, 119, 217, 359 397–401 language(s), 180, 300, 332, 356, 372–3, 388 judicial interpretation, 181, 288, 312, 400 ofﬁcial, 356, 370–1 judicial powers, 137, 170, 180, 186, 209, 216, 247–8 Latin America, 2, 7, 42–3, 411 judicial process, 29, 175, 295, 351 Lau Kong Yung, 171, 173 judicial reforms, 136–9 law enforcement, 94–5, 97, 127, 328 judicial reputation, 289–90 LDP (Liberal Democratic Party), 18, 52–7, 63–7, judicial review, 399, 406, 413 73 Burma, 228 leaders, 101, 116, 213, 241, 323–4, 369–70, 382–4 China, 36, 123 political, 56, 78, 203, 293, 371, 381, 385 HKSAR, 175 religious, 266, 268 India, 346 supreme, 113, 116–17 Indonesia, 328 leadership, 25, 37, 63, 102, 194, 230–2, 245 Japan, 18, 52, 66–73 China, 39, 119–20, 127, 132, 134–5, 139 Philippines, 296, 300, 313, 315, 318 party, 198, 259, 389 power of, 7, 299, 305, 320 political, 223, 269, 320, 389 Singapore, 275, 282–94 Lee Hsien Loong, 272, 291–4 South Korea, 81 Lee Kuan Yew, 26, 270, 291 Vietnam, 206, 209, 211, 216 Lee Myong Bak administration, 97–9 judiciary, 121–3, 161, 166–8, 179–81, 210–12, 247–50, legal reform, 30, 39, 285, 294, 300, 322 365–6 legal systems, 2, 38, 61, 133, 143, 154, 191–3 independent, 179, 218, 346, 371 legal vacuum, 60–1 Malaysia, 244, 246, 250 legality, 2, 126–30, 187, 202, 211, 253 see also courts; judges. socialist, 201–2, 212–13, 217 jurisprudence, 21, 70, 179, 182, 187, 270, 408 legislative branch, 59–60, 144, 162, 201, 305 juristocracies, 36, 271 Legislative Council, 22, 131–2, 175, 178–9, 188–91 justice, 83–7, 103, 176–8, 181, 207, 317–19, 334 legislative discretion, 67, 85 natural, 286 legislative intent, 180 social, 333, 367–8, 373–4, 387 legislative power, 34, 43–5, 48, 90, 104, 216 transitional, 376, 386 index, 43–5 Legislative Yuan, 20–1, 144–7, 154, 162, 164–5 KBS (Korean Broadcasting System), 95 legitimacy, 5–6, 18, 53, 110, 217–18, 295–7, 386–8 KCC (Korean Constitutional Court), 80–93 constitutional, 400 Kelantan, 245, 256, 266 democratic, 164–6, 277, 325 kendo, 69 political, 295–6 Khin Nyunt, 223–4 Leninist constitutionalism, 33–5, 37 Khmer Rouge, 23, 230–2 Leninist countries, 37, 48–51 kiem sat chung, 201, 202, 212–13 liberal constitutional democracy, 3, 9, 20, 28, 31 Kim Il-sung, 102, 105–10, 115 liberal constitutionalism, 14, 35–6, 209, 218 Kim Jong-il, 102, 108–11, 113–15 liberal democracy, 10–11, 15, 19–21, 26–9, 33–7, Kim Jong-un, 113–17 41–8 kings see also monarchies, 29, 230–4, 255–9, Liberal Democratic Party see LDP. 367–71, 374–5, 377 liberal values, 8, 215, 333 KMT (Kuomintang), 19–21, 40, 118, 143, 146–51, liberties, 5, 12, 190–2, 223, 230, 346, 370–2 156, 162 constitutional, 285 government, 20, 147, 152, 155, 162 fundamental, 244, 256, 259, 286 Kok Wah Kuan, 247 individual, 121, 217 Korea see North Korea, South Korea. political, 262, 269 Korea Workers’ Party see KWP. life imprisonment, 138 Korean Constitutional Court see KCC. limited government, 12, 35, 216–17

Index 427

live television, 205, 297 Terengganu, 245, 266 local courts, 123, 213 UMNO (United Malays National local government, 74, 85, 126, 137, 148, 201–2, Organisation), 25, 256, 261 212–15 mandatory death penalty (MDP), 286–7 local ownership, 397, 402 manipulation, 295, 302, 313, 321, 331 local people’s congresses, 119, 125 political, 151–2 local regulations, 125, 129, 340 Mao Zedong, 21, 119 Loewenstein, Karl, 9–14, 25 Maoists, 30, 367–9, 371–9, 382–4, 386–9 Lok Sabha, 355, 360 marginalization, 156, 216, 372 lower courts, 59–60, 138, 168, 214, 305, 351 marginalized communities/groups, 367, 372, 378, loyalty, 102, 117, 217, 341 384–8 withdrawal of, 297 market economy, 78, 98, 113 luxury, 295, 307 free, 343, 351, 359 new, 119 Macau, 4, 22, 120–35, 140 primitive, 112 Madhesis, 373, 380, 388 socialist, 38 Mahathir Mohamad, 25, 244, 259–61 socialist-oriented, 196, 203 Mahendra, King, 29 marriage, 86, 92, 138, 264, 307, 339, 358 Mahfud, Chief Justice, 329, 340 Marxism–Leninism, 18, 106, 108 Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat see MPR. mass media see media. majority religion, 322, 332, 370 MBC (Moonwha Broadcasting Company), 95 maladministration, 267, 358 MDP (mandatory death penalty), 286–7 Malaysia, 3, 25–6, 244–69 media, 91, 205, 228, 231, 237, 274, 329 Anwar Ibrahim, 244, 259, 269 laws, 97–9 Azlan Shah, Sultan, 252 Meiji Constitution, 7, 17–18, 67 BN (Barisan Nasional), 25, 244–5, 252, 256, Meiji reform, 17 259–60, 267, 269 Menteri Besar (state chief minister), 252–4, 256 chief justices, 246–8, 251 Merdeka Constitution, 258, 262 Conference of Rulers, 245, 251–2, 268 Middle East, 6, 8, 43, 58 constitution, 245, 248, 257, 262 midnight appointments, 306, 316, 318 Dewan Rakyat, 244–5 military, 17–18, 24–5, 113–15, 221–3, 225, 239, 242 hereditary Malay rulers, 25, 245, 250–5, 257, 260 military coups, 24, 31, 235–6 role, 250–2 military government, 3, 17, 20, 24, 221–2 human rights, 245, 255–60, 266–9 military-ﬁrst politics, 18, 111, 114 Islamisation, 25, 244, 261–7, 269 minorities, 20, 81, 94, 176, 221, 306, 354 judiciary, 244, 246–50 ethnic, 106, 221, 228, 370 Kelantan, 245, 256, 266 religious, 310, 332 king’s role, 255 minority judgments, 176 Mahathir Mohamad, 25, 244, 259–61 minority religions, 310, 332 Malays, 257, 269, 284 modernity, 268, 323 March 2008 general elections, 245 modernization, 33, 126, 203, 413 Menteri Besar (chief minister), 252–4, 256 monarchies, 23, 29–30, 241–3, 367–9, 374–7, 381, Merdeka Constitution, 258, 262 389 parliamentary government, 245 constitutional, 7, 19, 23–5, 29, 232, 251, 261 Perak, 244–5, 266, 269 Mongolia, 3, 41, 48 2009 crisis, 252–5 Moonwha Broadcasting Company (MBC), 95 political dynamics, 267–8 morality, 2, 30, 73, 308, 334 PR (Pakatan Rakyat), 244–5, 252, 255, of aspiration, 2, 14, 30 267–9, 380 MPR (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat), 325, 331–2 Reid Commission, 262, 288 multiparty elections, 9, 20, 25, 222, 227, 229 Sabah and Sarawak, 248, 257, 265 multiparty systems, 217, 324, 335 Sedition Act, 257, 260, 275, 284 Muslims see also Islam, 261, 264–6, 273, 323, 339, Supreme Court, 263 347, 350 Syariah Court, 264–5 Myanmar see also Burma, 3, 17, 24–5, 31, 37, 41, 219

428 Index

Nanjing Massacre, 73 North Korea, 18–19, 30, 34, 78, 101–17, 232 national assemblies, 40–1, 77–9, 194–7, 199–201, 1948 constitution, 103–6 204–10, 215–17, 233–4 1972 constitution, 106–7 national consensus, 145, 387 1992 amendment for power succession, national defense, 64, 89, 103, 110, 130, 151, 217 108–10 national economy, 79, 109, 203, 312 1998 constitution, 110–13 national harmony, 255, 266 2009 constitution, 113–15 national identity, 53, 203, 369, 388 2012 constitution, 115–16 National Intelligence Service (NIS), 95–6 chief justice, 104 National League for Democracy see NLD. constitutional change, 101–17 National People’s Congress see NPC. human rights, 115 National Police Reserve (NPR), 58 and Japan, 18, 75 national security, 64–5, 77, 148, 164, 178–84, Juche ideology, 18, 102–3, 106, 108 259 Kim Il-sung, 102, 105–10, 115 national unity, 333, 346, 371, 384, 388 Kim Jong-il, 102, 108–11, 113–15 National Unity Party (NUP), 222, 228 Kim Jong-un, 113–17 natural justice, 286 KWP (Korea Workers’ Party), 37, 102, 104–6, 111, NCMPs (non-constituency MPs), 278, 294 115 Nepal, 367–90 military-first politics, 18, 111, 114 1990 constitution, 370–3 Party Representatives Congress, 115 2007 interim constitution, 374–8 power succession, 101–2, 108–10, 113–16 amendment, 384–5 presidency, 107–11 abolition of monarchy, 377 Rajin-Sonbong Free Economic Trade Zone, coming into force of new constitution, 384 109 Communist Party, 30, 373 role of law, 102–3 constituent assemblies, 373–4, 376–85, SPA (Supreme People’s Assembly), 103–5, 107, 387–9 111, 114–15 drafting of new constitution, 379 Supreme Court, 104 Gyanendra, King, 368 supreme leaders, 113, 116–17 high-level commission on restructuring, 379 NPC (National People’s Congress), 119, 122–5, House of Representatives, 375–6, 388 131–3, 136–7, 171 human rights, 376, 379, 382, 409 NPCSC see Standing Committee of the NPC. ICDC (Interim Constitution Drafting NPR (National Police Reserve), 58 Committee), 375–6 NUP (National Unity Party), 222, 228 interim arrangements, 374 legislature, 378 oaths, 89, 229, 296, 312, 315–16 Mahendra, King, 29 OBCs (other backward classes), 353–5 making of new Constitution, 374–85 obligations, 86, 93, 185, 326, 331–2, 368 Maoists, 30, 367–9, 371–9, 382–4, 386–9 statutory, 80, 92 public consultation and participation, 380–1 observers, 56, 101, 116, 224, 349 Seven Party Alliance (SPA), 373, 389 foreign, 199, 328 Supreme Court, 375, 383 Oceania, 42, 45, 48, 411 Tarai, 374, 380 official languages, 356, 370–1 New Territories, 182–4 official religions, 221, 262–3, 339–40, 370 Newars, 367–9 ombudsmen, 147, 240, 305, 314, 318, 360, 396 Nguyen Tuong Van case, 286–7 one country, two systems, 4, 22, 133–4, 140, 169, NLD (National League for Democracy), 24, 222, 174, 191–3 228–9 one-man rule, 18, 299, 314 NMPs (nominated members of parliament), one-party rule, 20, 23–4 277–8, 294 one-party states, 3, 9, 222 non-constituency MPs see NCMPs. open government, 128, 162 non-discrimination see also discrimination, 183, open-door policy, 109, 117 332 openness, 18, 126–7, 140 normative constitutions, 9–11, 14 opposition, 25–6, 79, 99, 101, 152, 178, 229

Index 429

candidates, 26, 278 periodic elections, 12, 26–7, 94, 348 parliamentary, 271–2, 278 personality, 110, 243, 292 parties, 26, 54, 56, 63, 144, 162, 240 cult of, 102 oppression, 99, 106, 386 right of, 85–7, 158 orderly progress, 175, 188 petitions, 105, 298–9, 304, 361 organised violence, 258, 260 Phibunsongkram, 235 original intent, 58, 288, 347 Philippines, 3, 17, 26–7, 31, 33, 36, 295–321 other backward classes (OBCs), 353–5 Aquino, Benigno III, 295, 313, 316–17, 321 ownership, 91, 116 Aquino, Corazon, 27, 297, 303, 313 local, 397, 402 Arroyo, Gloria Macapagal, 27, 295–304, 306, private, 105–7, 112 311–18, 321 chief justices, 296, 305, 312–13, 315, 318–19 Pacific Economic Co-operation Council, 156 Congress, 295, 297, 299, 301–2, 304–5, 308–9, Pacific War, 18, 22, 27 315–18 PAD (People’s Alliance for Democracy), 240 congressional oversight failure, 301–3 Pakatan Rakyat see PR. deterritorialized notion of citizenship, 311–12 Palang Prachachon Party (PPP – People’s Power emergency powers, 299–301 Party), 240–1, 336 Estrada, Joseph, 27, 295–7, 302, 311–15 panchayats, 29, 348, 363 formalism, 312–21 PAP (People’s Action Party), 26, 271–3 Garci Tapes, 297–8, 300, 302 parents, 71–2, 93, 158, 226, 294, 355–7 House of Representatives, 314–15 Park Chung-hee, 19 human rights, 296, 317 Park Hee-tae, 96 impeachment, 27, 296, 302, 312–19 parliamentary democracy, 24, 29, 71, 271, 346–9, judicial assertion and co-optation, 304–6 371 judicial review, 296, 300, 313, 315, 318 parliamentary elections, 5, 25, 91, 142 party lists and minorities, 306 parliamentary government, 17–18, 29, 244–5, 399 political legitimacy deficit and erosion of parliamentary sovereignty, 35, 40, 51 liberties, 296–9 parliamentary systems, 24–5, 27, 144, 147, 199, 304, post-Marcos constitution, 295, 299, 303 325 power grab via constitutional revision, 303–4 participatory democracy, 372, 397 presidency, 27, 295, 297, 303, 315 particularism, 270, 403 private sphere, 307–11 parties, 27–30, 222–3, 336–7, 341–2, 345–9, 371–4, public health 386–7 public order and free speech, 310–11 Islamic, 323, 334–5 public regulation of intimate relations, 307 party control, 102, 336 public regulation of personal identity, 307–9 party elites, 102 public sphere, 299–306 party leaders, 335, 384–5 religious minorities, 310 party leadership, 198, 259, 389 senior citizens, 309–10 past reserves, 271, 279–81 Supreme Court, 296, 299, 302–5, 308–10, 312–19 paternal democracy, 294 watchlist orders, 317–18 peace, 52, 64, 94, 109, 284, 386, 389–90 PIL see public-interest litigation. peaceful assembly, 99, 182 pluralism, 10, 20, 35, 267, 340, 408 peaceful reunification, 134–5 police, 91, 95, 99, 124, 283, 298, 301 peacekeeping operations, 55, 62 political agendas, 52, 55, 65, 274, 349, 366 Peerenboom, Randall, 126, 136 political confrontations, 99, 142, 151, 160–1, 168 People’s Action Party see PAP. political defamation, 291–4 People’s Alliance for Democracy (PAD), 240 political elites, 29–31, 329 people’s initiative, 303–4 political environment, 191, 199 People’s Power Party see PPP. political freedoms, 5, 348 People’s Representative Assembly, 325 political instability, 19, 31, 99, 110, 240 People’s Republic of China see China. political institutions, 51, 83, 195, 211–12 people’s sovereignty, 41, 333 political leaders, 56, 78, 203, 293, 371, 381, 385 Perak, 244–5, 252–4, 266, 269 political leadership, 223, 269, 320, 389

430 Index

political legitimacy, 295–6 presidential emergency decrees, 81–2 political liberties, 262, 269 presidential impeachment, 80, 146, 161, 325 political parties see parties. presidential powers, 95, 145, 167 political power, 5, 9–12, 15, 18, 21, 34, 77 presidential systems, 8, 77, 147, 323–7, 331, 337 political pressures, 33, 64, 74, 156, 281, 307 presidents, 77–80, 107–11, 145–8, 153–63, 226–8, political process, 76, 98, 100, 177, 190, 274, 314 302–3, 324–7 political rights, 2, 17, 28, 40, 45, 77–8, 184–7 prestige, 249–52, 382 political stability, 11, 19, 24–7, 48, 121, 139, 383 preventive detention, 245, 255–9, 274 ‘polluter-pays’ principle, 362 Pridi Banomyong, 235 pollution, environmental, 29, 205, 344, 352, prime ministers, 64, 224–6, 233–5, 240–1, 248–9, 358–61, 365–6 256–7, 375–7 popular opinion see public opinion. privacy, 56–7, 99, 105, 295, 298, 309 popular sovereignty, 41, 76, 82, 199, 333 rights, 289 popular vote, 147, 234, 238 private law, 30, 405, 407 populism, 296, 314 private ownership, 105–7, 112 populist politics, 295–6 private property, 119, 130, 140, 309–10 pork barrel, 301–2 private sphere, 296, 307, 372 power succession, 16, 101–2, 108–10, 113–16 privatisation, 347 powers, 20–9, 145–50, 164–6, 170–4, 194–200, privilege(s), 87–9, 226, 235, 257, 278, 300, 302–3 221–3, 327–31 executive, 295, 302–3 constitutional, 23, 82, 313, 320, 328 sectarian, 372 of constitutional review, 23, 28, 123–4, 195, 210 procedural democracy, 100 co-ordination of, 199, 204, 209 procuracies, 196, 201–2, 212–13, 217 emergency professional expertise, 137, 281 see emergency powers. progress, 2–3, 14, 31, 94, 128, 152, 382–3 executive, 34–5, 43–5, 51, 77–8, 84, 254 orderly, 175, 188 government, 5, 95, 141–4, 286 proletarian dictatorship, 106, 108 judicial, 137, 170, 180, 186, 209, 216, 247–8 property, 5, 91, 140, 176, 207, 258, 298 judicial review, 7, 299, 305, 320 intellectual, 112, 136 legislative private, 119, 130, 140, 309–10 see legislative power. rights, 22, 38–9, 49, 91, 310 political, 5, 9–12, 15, 18, 21, 34, 77 proportional representation, 83, 380, 399 presidential, 95, 145, 167 proportionality, 126, 186, 286, 306, 399 public, 2, 32, 95, 196, 199–200, 209 test, 87 separation of, 145, 149–50, 180, 199, 247–8, 295, prosecution, 201–2, 212, 244, 257, 269, 283, 318–19 322–4 public, 202, 212 state, 8, 23, 40, 111, 194, 198–9, 207–9 prosecutorial discretion, 271 PPP (People’s Power Party), 240–1 prosecutors, 95–7, 99, 137, 148–9 PR (Pakatan Rakyat), 244–5, 252, 255, 267–9, 380 prosperity, 133, 192 PRC (People’s Republic of China) see China. prostitution, 307 precedence, 249, 268 forced, 73 precedent, 40, 119, 137, 196, 288 protests, 24, 128–30, 238, 240–1, 299–300, 315 predictability, 384, 397 public, 295–6, 299, 313 presidency pseudo-constitutions, 12–14 Burma, 226 public accountability see accountability. China, 139 public authority, 117, 140, 183, 300, 358 Indonesia, 325, 336 public consultations, 24, 178, 188, 217, 237, 382 North Korea, 107–11 public discourse, 16, 23, 123, 262 Philippines, 27, 295, 297, 303, 315 public-figure doctrine, 291 Singapore, 276, 279, 282 public interest, 67, 77, 90, 92, 130, 290–1, 302 Taiwan, 21 public-interest litigation (PIL), 168, 361, 365 presidential elections, 27, 80–2, 88, 91, 96, 148–51, public law, 14, 32, 183, 395, 406 296–7 public office, 291, 314, 317, 351 direct, 28, 78, 142, 146 public officials, 80, 84, 95, 163, 237, 267, 292

Index 431

public opinion, 36, 55–7, 124, 128–30, 165, 236, 320–1 legal, 30, 39, 285, 294, 300, 322 public outrage, 302, 313 legislative, 344, 356 public powers, 2, 32, 95, 196, 199–200, 209 Meiji, 17 public prosecution, 202, 212 social, 203, 285, 368, 389 public protests, 295–6, 299, 313 regime change, 145, 162, 165–6 public referenda, 145–7, 156, 165, 236, 239 regional groupings, 392, 412, 415 public sphere, 96–8, 295, 299 regional integration, 408, 414 public trust, 160 regional organisations, 412–14 betrayal of, 314, 318 regionalism, 411–12 public welfare, 54, 77, 293–4 regions, 32–7, 41–52, 133, 226–7 publicity, 266, 269 backward, 377, 380 Puea Thai Party, 241 rehabilitation, 265, 359 punishments, 67, 93, 122, 138, 266, 360, 363 Reid Commission, 262, 288 inhuman, 287–9 reliance, 108, 200, 281, 296, 312, 383, 394 Punjab, 354, 361 religions, 69–70, 105, 261–6, 276, 332, 338–40, Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, 226–7 370–2 Pyithu Hluttaw, 222, 224–9 majority, 322, 332, 370 minority, 310, 332 Qi Yuling case, 21, 38, 121–3 ofﬁcial, 221, 262–3, 339–40, 370 quantum of damages, 292–4 religious faith, 69 quasi-constitutional courts, 18, 23, 61 religious freedom, 69, 276, 332, 338, 340, 371 quasi-constitutional statutes, 144, 150–2, 168 religious harmony, 275, 284 Taiwan, 150–2 religious institutions, 262, 339 quorum, 86, 384 religious leaders, 266, 268 quotas, 126, 388 religious minorities, 310, 332 religious rights, 69, 266 races, 258, 269, 277, 284, 332 religious values, 334, 341 racial riots, 25, 245, 257 renunciation of war, 18, 58, 64 Rajasthan, 357, 362 repatriation, 39, 312 Rajin-Sonbong Free Economic Trade Zone, 109 representative democracy, 76, 204–6, 217, 285, 333 Ranariddh, Prince, 231–2, 242 representative government, 174, 190 rapid economic development/growth, 19–20, representatives, 5, 104–7, 131, 226, 239–40, 245, 128–30, 193 375–6 rationality, 87, 126 elected, 177, 335, 348 real-risk test, 289–90 Republic of China see ROC. rebellion, 30, 300, 367, 386 republican institutions, 295–6, 299 attempted, 235 reputation, 180–1, 291–4, 311 state of, 299–300 judicial, 289–90 recognition, 138, 181, 220, 251, 332, 334, 389 reserves, 279–81, 348 reconciliation, 28, 371, 387, 389, 406 past, 271, 279–81 red shirts, 24, 240–1 responsibilities, 86, 97, 123, 140, 170–1, 211, 378 re-election, 77, 107 responsible journalism test, 294 referenda, 24–5, 29, 80, 150–2, 165, 217, 381 reuniﬁcation, peaceful, 134–5 national, 145, 149, 224 review, constitutional see constitutional review. public, 145–7, 156, 165, 236, 239 revision, constitutional see constitutional revision. referral, 175–8, 191 revolutions, 7, 17, 24, 121, 194, 386 reform movements, 63, 323, 378 rights, 5–8, 33–4, 43–51, 187, 215–17, 283–6, 334 Japan, 55–7 basic, 7, 78–9, 84, 387 reforms, 79, 161–2, 188–90, 203, 212–13, 258, 322 bills of, 7, 56, 78–9, 159, 183–5, 295, 299 constitutional, 7, 9, 52–3, 64–5, 79, 208, 212 constitutional economic, 22, 38, 115, 137, 192, 202, 343 see constitutional rights. electoral, 145, 229, 255, 348 cultural, 77–8, 154, 185, 187 government, 161–2 economic, 45–9, 184–8, 237 judicial, 79, 136–9 fundamental, 15, 67, 70, 182, 191, 346, 364–5

432 Index

rights (cont.) separation of powers, 145, 149–50, 180, 199, 247–8, individual, 5, 26, 187, 207, 215, 331, 372 295, 322–4 of personality, 85–7, 158 Seven Party Alliance (SPA), 373, 389 political, 2, 17, 28, 40, 45, 77–8, 184–7 sexual exploitation, 158 property, 22, 38–9, 49, 91, 310 sexual orientation, 296, 332 religious, 69, 266 sexual self-determination, 86 ROC (Republic of China), 19, 40, 142, 152–6 Shadrake, Alan, 285, 289–90 Constitution, 144, 158 sharia, 323, 335, 338, 342 Roh Moo-hyun, 80–2, 91, 95–6, 99–100 Sihanouk, Prince/King Norodom, 23, 230–3, 243 rubber stamps, 127, 177 Singapore, 3, 17, 25–6, 270–94 rule of law, 2–4, 116–17, 164–8, 198–9, 269–71, 341, chief justice, 270 397–9 communitarianism, 283–4 socialist composition of parliament, 277–9 see socialist rule of law. constitutional amendments and institutional state, 198–9, 202, 217 developments, 276–82 human rights, 286–9 Sabah and Sarawak, 248, 257, 265 judges, 289–90 safeguards, 89, 99, 165, 182, 229, 240, 258–9 judicial review, 275, 282–94 safety, 64, 147, 266, 333–4, 350 Lee Hsien Loong, 272, 291–4 Sartori, Giovanni, 4, 9, 11–14, 18, 24, 30 Lee Kuan Yew, 26, 270, 291 Saw Maung, 222–3 NCMPs (non-constituency MPs), 278, 294 Sawhney, Indra, 353–4 Nguyen Tuong Van case, 286–7 SBGCs (statutory boards or government NMPs (nominated members of parliament), companies), 279–80 277–8, 294 Scheduled Castes see SCs. PAP (People’s Action Party), 26, 271–3 Scheduled Tribes see STs. political defamation, 291–4 SCNPC see Standing Committee of the NPC. presidency, 276, 279, 282 SCs (Scheduled Castes), 348, 350–5 Shadrake, Alan, 285, 289–90 SDF (Self-Defense Forces), 55–64 Yong Vui Kong case, 286–7 SDPJ (Social Democratic Party of Japan), SLORC (State Law and Order Restoration 63 Council), 222–3 Second World War see also Paciﬁc War, 7–8, Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ), 63 17–18, 23, 30–1, 53, 57, 64 social instability, 234 sectarian privilege, 372 social justice, 333, 367–8, 373–4, 387 secular polity, 262, 347 Social Network Services (SNS), 98 secular state, 261–3, 310, 371, 388 social order, 10–11, 217, 385, 389 secularism, 268, 276, 346–7, 370, 373, 404 social reform, 203, 285, 368, 389 with a soul, 276 socialism, 38, 107, 114–15, 121, 221, 347 security, 55, 64, 79, 84, 257–8, 305, 334 socialist legality, 201–2, 212–13, 217 national, 64–5, 77, 148, 164, 178–84, 259 socialist market economy, 38 sedition, 132, 178, 255 Socialist Party of Japan (SPJ), 63 Sedition Act, 257, 260, 275, 284 socialist rule of law, 37 self-defense, collective, 62–5 socialist-oriented market economy, 196, 203 Self-Defense Forces see SDF. socioeconomic inequalities, 343–4, 349, 353, 364–6 self-determination, 15, 85–6, 371, 388 socio-political costs, 78 sexual, 86 Soeharto era, 28, 322–4, 333–6, 341–2 self-government, 15, 188, 220, 371, 388 songun see military-ﬁrst politics. self-reliance, 18, 102 see also Juche South Korea, 3, 17–20, 35–6, 41, 107–8, 114–16 self-understanding, 403–4 background, 77–8 semantic constitutions, 9–25, 187 chief justice, 79 Senate, 233, 237, 240, 245, 302–3, 313–15, constitutional court as centre of political co- 318–20 ordination, 79–81 seniority, 245, 354 constitutional developments since 2000, 76–100 separation of church and state, 69, 310 constitutional review of election system, 83–4

Index 433

constitutional status state institutions, 79, 87, 197, 231, 242, 328, 388–91 of local governments, 85 State Law and Order Restoration Council of president, 82–3 see SLORC. corruption and social polarization, 98–9 State Planning and Development Council developments in judicial and constitutional see SPDC. adjudication proceedings since 2000, state power, 8, 23, 40, 111, 194, 198–9, 207–9 81–94 states of emergency, 29, 257, 299 freedom of conscience, 88–9 status, 79, 83, 106, 109, 113–16, 135, 346 freedom of expression, 89–91 statutory boards or government companies freedom of occupation, 92–3 see SBGCs. GNP (Grand National Party), 80, 91, 96, 99 strongman rule, 19–20, 23, 27 human dignity and worth, 85–7 STs (Scheduled Tribes), 348, 352–5 human rights, 85–94 sub-Saharan Africa, 8, 42, 411 and Japan, 18, 75 subterfuge, 298–300, 321 judicial review, 81 subversion, 132, 178 KBS (Korean Broadcasting System), 95 succession, 15, 233, 243, 373 KCC (Korean Constitutional Court), 80–93 successors, 109, 117, 175, 221–2, 261, 316, 383 Lee Myong-bak administration, 97–9 Sun Yat-sen, 40 legal status of independent commission Sun Zhigang incident, 21, 123 established by Act, 84–5 supremacy, 102, 111, 126, 170, 265, 368, 394 MBC (Moonwha Broadcasting Company), 95 constitutional, 38, 354 National Intelligence Service (NIS), 95–6 Supreme Courts National Police Reserve (NPR), 58 Burma, 227 negative aspects of constitutional development India, 29, 345, 347, 351, 353–5, 361–6 since 2000, 94–100 Indonesia, 327–9 nulliﬁcation of presidential emergency decree Japan see Japan, Supreme Court. under 1972 constitution, 81–2 Malaysia, 263 Park Chung-hee, 19 Nepal, 375, 383 personalization (or private misuse) of public North Korea, 104 powers, 94–7 Philippines, 296, 299, 302–5, 308–10, 312–19 political developments since 2000, 78–81 South Korea, 79 politicization of media, 97–8 Taiwan, 149 politics of constitutional revision, 78–9 Thailand, 240 right to education, 94 Vietnam, 200, 202, 211, 213–14 right to judicial justice, 93 supreme leaders, 113, 116–17 right to property, 91–2 Supreme People’s Assembly see SPA. right to work, 94 Supreme People’s Court, China, 21, 121–39, 174 Roh Moo-hyun, 80–2, 91, 95–6, 99–100 sustainable development, 135, 344, 365 Supreme Court, 79 Suwannathat-Pian, Kobkua, 269 sovereignty, 5, 17, 156, 176, 179, 223, 257 Syariah Court, 264–5 parliamentary, 35, 40, 51 symbolic value, 38, 283 popular, 41, 76, 82, 199, 333 Soviet Union, 10, 21–3, 103–5 Taiwan, 14–17, 19–21, 35–6, 134–6, 141–68 SPA (Supreme People’s Assembly), 103–5, 107, 111, challenges and prospects, 164–7 114–15 constitutional adjudication, 145–50 SPDC (State Planning and Development constitutional revision rendering subsequent Council), 224–5, 227–8 changes difﬁcult, 144–5 special administrative region see HKSAR; Macau. DPP (Democratic Progressive Party), 21, 143–5, speech, free, 15, 68, 159, 182, 284, 289–94, 310 149 stability, 48, 192, 238, 273, 389 ECFA (Economic Co-operation Framework political, 11, 19, 24–7, 48, 121, 139, 383 Agreement), 136, 152–6, 165 Standing Committee of the NPC (SCNPC), Executive Yuan, 163–5 122–4, 131–3, 136, 171–8, 180–1, 188–91 and global convergence of institutional state immunity, 175–6, 257 arrangements, 160, 163

434 Index

Taiwan (cont.) yellow shirts, 24, 240–1 government reform and access to information, Yingluck Shinawatra, 24, 241 161–3 Thaksin Shinawatra, 24, 238–41 gunshot incident, 149 Than Shwe, 223–4, 228 human rights, 152–66 Thein Sein, 228–9 human rights commission proposal, 163 theocratic states, 262, 347 independent commission and court Throne Council, 233 empowerment, 160–1 token damages, 293 and international human rights treaties, 152–5 tolerance, 268, 284, 298, 366 judicial reference to international human torture, 287–9, 360 rights, 157–8 totalitarianism, 22, 101–2 KMT (Kuomintang), 19–21, 40, 118, 143, 146–9, trade, 108, 135–6, 141, 152, 155–6, 165, 207 156, 162 traditions, 32–3, 39, 51, 74, 346, 370, 400–2 government, 20, 147, 152, 155, 162 transitional constitutionalism, 14, 141–3, 162, 168, Legislative Yuan, 20–1, 144–7, 154, 162, 164–5 404, 413 presidency, 21 transitional justice, 376, 386 quasi-constitutional statutes, 150–2 transitions, 3, 15, 18, 22–3, 31, 322–4, 369 Supreme Court, 149 democratic, 3, 141–65, 322 Taiwan Solidarity Union (TSU), 165 transnational constitutionalism, 2, 141–3, 152–7, transitional perspective, 143–52 159, 164–8, 393 transnational judicial dialogues, 157–9 transparency, 98, 127–8, 140, 161, 248, 329, 342 transnational perspective, 152–63 transplants, 3, 30, 391, 410 transnational quasi-constitutional insights from transplant theory, 405–7 arrangements, 152–6 treason, 132, 178, 314 taxes, 86, 91–3, 98, 105–7, 238–9, 274, 353 treaties, 61, 152, 158, 162, 165, 185, 394–5 teachers, 73–4, 99 trust, 66, 74, 95, 98–9, 117, 162–3, 192 television, 236–7 of neighboring countries, 52, 75 live, 205, 297 public see public trust. telos of constitutionalism, 12 TSU (Taiwan Solidarity Union), 165 Terengganu, 245, 266 Thailand, 3, 17, 24, 36, 219, 234–43 UDHR see Universal Declaration of Human 1997 constitution, 236–7 Rights. 2006 coup d’e´tat, 239–40 ultra petita, 330 2007 constitution, 239–40 UMNO (United Malays National Organisation), 2008–2011, political mayhem and new elections, 25, 256, 261, 266, 269 240–1 UN (United Nations), 58, 62, 65, 143, 151–4, 392–4, Bhumibol, King, 236 411–12 Chuan Leekpai, 236, 238 Charter, 62, 65, 153 House of Representatives, 237, 239–40 unconstitutionality, 83, 86, 92, 182, 397 human rights, 237 uniﬁcation, peaceful, 107–9, 134 into twenty-ﬁrst century, 237–9 Union Solidarity and Development Association PAD (People’s Alliance for Democracy), (USDA), 228 240 Union Solidarity and Development Party Palang Prachachon Party (PPP – People’s (USDP), 228 Power Party), 240–1, 336 United Kingdom, 173, 291, 405, 409 Phibunsongkram, 235 United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), Pridi Banomyong, 235 25, 256, 261 Puea Thai Party, 241 United Nations see UN. red shirts, 24, 240–1 United States, 5, 15, 77, 82, 90 Supreme Court, 240 unity, 7, 161, 194, 204, 209, 332–3, 371 Thai Rak Thai Party, 238–40 national, 333, 346, 371, 384, 388 Thaksin Shinawatra, 24, 238–41 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), vacillation between military and civilian rule, 153, 157, 287, 328 235–6 universal suffrage, 22, 28, 88, 131–2, 174, 188–92, 324

Index 435

universal values, 332, 372 kiem sat chung, 202, 212–13 untouchability, 346, 365, 367–8, 371, 373 opening of national elections, 204 USDA (Union Solidarity and Development planned further constitutional amendments, Association), 228 207–17 USDP (Union Solidarity and Development procuracies, 196, 201–2, 212–13, 217 Party), 228 representative democracy changes, 204–6 USSR see Soviet Union. socialist rule of law state and distribution of powers, 198–9 validity, 27, 67, 224, 239, 258, 320, 330 Supreme Court, 200, 202, 211, 213–14 constitutional, 257, 354, 363–4 vote of conﬁdence mechanism, 199 values, 10–11, 68, 170, 182, 368, 399–401, 410 violence, 130, 138, 241, 258, 274, 284, 338 Asian, 3, 33–4, 45–8, 51, 413 domestic, 350, 358 common, 377, 389 organised, 258, 260 core, 7, 193 voters, 8, 26, 83, 149, 224, 336–8, 341 liberal, 8, 215, 333 voting, 71, 205, 224, 237, 330, 382–3 religious, 334, 341 symbolic, 38, 283 Wang Zhicai case, 138 universal, 332, 372 war, 18, 22–4, 57–8, 61–2, 230, 386 Venezuela, 409 renunciation of, 18, 58, 64 Venice Commission, 396, 409 war potential, 59–61 vested interests, 90, 190, 269, 349 war responsibility, 52, 74 vice-presidents, 27, 200, 226–8, 233–4, 296, 314, warrantless arrests, 299–301 324–5 watchlist Orders, 317–18 Vietnam, 4, 17, 22–3, 30, 33, 40–1, 194–218 Watson, Alan, 405, 407 2001 constitutional amendment, 196–207 withdrawal of loyalty, 297 contents of amendment, 197–203 women, 88, 334, 346–8, 350, 357–8, 367–8, implementation of revised constitution, 204 373–4 reasons for amendment, 196–7 Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, 248 clariﬁcation of political institutions’ functions World Trade Organization see WTO. and relationships, 211 World War II see Second World War. Communist Party, 194–6 WTO (World Trade Organization), 128, 135, 143, constitutional protection, 209–11 155–6, 168, 393 constitutional rights protection, 206–7 Wu Shu-Chen, 148 control of state powers, 209 court system reorganization, 213–15 Yang di-Pertuan Agong, 245, 257, 263 doi moi, 22, 37, 196–8, 200, 208 yellow shirts, 24, 240–1 draft revised constitution, 216–17 Yingluck Shinawatra, 24, 241 economic and social reform, 203 Yong Vui Kong case, 286–7 Hanoi, 40, 206, 213 Yudhoyono, President, 28, 337, 342 Ho Chi Minh, 40, 195, 205–6 human rights, 195, 208, 215–18 Zimbabwe, 409 judicial review, 206, 209, 211, 216 Zoelva, Hamdan, 334