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A Study of Myanmar-US Relations

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INDEX A strike at Hi-Mo factory and, 146, “A Study of Myanmar-US Relations”, 147 294 All Burma Students’ Democratic abortion, 318, 319 Front, 113, 125, 130 n.6 accountability, 5, 76 All India Radio, 94, 95, 96, 99 financial management and, 167 All Mon Regional Democracy Party, administrative divisions of Myanmar, 104, 254 n.4 170, 176 n.12 allowances for workers, 140–41, 321 Africa, 261 American Centre, 118 African National Congress, 253 n.2 American Jewish World Service, 131 Agarwal, B., 308 n.7 “agency” of individuals, 307 Amyotha Hluttaw (upper house of Agricultural Census of Myanmar parliament), 46, 243, 251 (1993), 307 Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom Agricultural Ministers in States and League, 23 Regions, 171 Anwar, Mohammed, 343 n.1 agriculture, 190ff ANZ Bank (Australia), 188 loans for, 84 “Arab Spring”, 28, 29, 138 organizational framework of, “arbitrator [regime]”, 277 192, 193 Armed Forces Day 2012, 270 Ah-Yee-Taung, 309 armed forces (of Myanmar), 22, 23, aid, 295, 315 262, 269, 277, 333, 334 donors and, 127, 128 battalions 437 and 348, 288 Kachin people and, 293, 295 border areas and, 24 Alagappa, Muthiah, 261, 263, 264 constitution and, 16, 20, 24, 63, Albert Einstein Institution, 131 n.7 211, 265, 266 All Burma Federation of Student corruption and, 26, 139–40 Unions, 115, 121–22, 130 n.4, 130 disengagement from politics, 259 n.6, 148 expenditure, 62, 161, 165, 166 “fifth estate”, 270 356 Index “four cuts” strategy, 288, 293 Aung Kyaw Hla, 301 n.5 impunity and, 212, 290 Aung Ko, 60 Kachin State and, 165, 288, 293 Aung Min, 34, 123 legal immunity of, 265 Aung Moe Zaw, 131 n.20 legislative power and, 274 Aung Nyein, 94, 103 “master plan” for dealing with Aung San Suu Kyi, 14, 31, 32, 34, 35, opposition, 294 45, 61, 80, 115, 160, 274, 285, 294, media and, 334–35 297 military members of parliament, 88 Generation Students group 46, 51, 276 and, 117 ministries and, 270 blacklist and, 131 n.20 national security and, 23, 24, 213 Committee for Rule of Law and police and, 211, 212–13, 214–15 Peace and Stability and, 20, 60, politics and, 15, 44, 259 253 n.3 power and influence of, 211, 260, Constitution and, 38 n.7, 265 261 democracy as goal for Myanmar, reforms and, 14, 26, 29–30, 219, 16 272, 334 election (2010) and, 47, 102 rule of law and, 212 election of, 20, 123, 233, 275 self-image, 22–23, 276 electoral reform and, 249 sexual violence by, 290, 291 ethnic minorities and, 115, 234, “special funds” and, 166 250, 297 armed forces (in general), 262 foreign investment and, 168 patterns of intervention, 266ff Foreign Investment Law and, 185 armed resistance, 113 Kachin conflict and, 297 ASEAN, 167, 289 Khin Nyunt and, 27 ASEAN Economic Community, 163 Letpadaung inquiry commission Asia Foundation, 132 n.35 and, 37 n.6, 218, 337, 340 Asia Green Development Bank, 189 military members of parliament Asia Legal Resource Centre, 195 and, 276 Asian Development Bank, 190, 198, Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise 295 and, 168 Asian Economic Crisis, 26 Myanmar Police Force and, 206 Asian Human Rights Commission, national reconciliation and, 249 291 NCGUB and, 127 Assistance Association for Political New York Times interview, 37 n.3 Prisoners, 114 Nobel Peace Prize and, 115, 235 Auditor-General 52, 53, 161, 168, 268 non-violence and, 114–15 Aung Din, 131 n.20 presidency and, 32 Aung Gyi, 276 release of, 26, 120, 260 Aung Htoo, 131 n.20 sanctions and, 320 Index 357 Shwe Mann and, 55, 65, 66, 75 Bill Committee, 50, 57, 274 strike at Hi-Mo factory, 146 blacklists, 106, 121, 131 n.20 Than Shwe and, 27 Blakeley, Ruth, 293, 296 Thein Sein and, 28, 50, 65, 75 Bo Kyi, 131 n.20 transparency and, 168–69 Border Affairs Ministers, 171 “triumvirate” with Thein Sein Border Affairs, Ministry of, 74 and Shwe Mann, 75 Border Area Immigration Aung San, 93, 130 n.6, 298 Scrutinization and Supervision Aung Thaw, 271 Bureau, see Border Control Force Aung Thein Lin, 146 Border Control Force (Na Sa Ka), 214, Aung-Thwin, Maureen, 112 223 n.11 Aunty Ti Ti, 314 Brass, Paul, 335 Australia, 116, 220, 295, 296 British Council, Yangon, 118 Automatic Teller Machines, 187 British Council, New Delhi, 98 Aye Aye Win, 313 Buddha’s 38 Blessings, 207 Ayeyarwady Bank, 189 Buddhist culture, 20–21 Ayeyarwady Delta, 79, 81, 339, 341 Buddhists, 21, 98 civil society networks in, 76, 77, 969 movement, 336, 343 n.7 79, 84, 87 969 Golden Myanmar, 336 Cyclone Nargis and, 78 communal violence and, 20–21, freedom of association, and, 79 335 land rights in, 82, 83 budget, 161, 163 Ayeyarwady Region, SEE funding defence expenditure, 161, 166 and, 172 parliament and, 44, 52, 56, 59, 161, 165, 166, 272 publication of, 165 B reform of budgetary system, 161, 165 Ba Swe Lay, 99 SEEs and, 169 Bangkok, 261 States and Regions allocations, Bangladesh, 110 170 Bank of Japan, 200 n.7 Build–Operate–Transfer Bank of Thailand, 200 n.7 arrangements, 169 banks, 186, 187 Bureau of Special Operations-3, 271 Bayley, David, 219 Burma Campaign UK, 130 n.1 BBC World Service, 81 Burma Centre Netherland/ Beijing Platform for Action of the Transnational Institute, 132 n.35 Fourth World Conference on Burma Citizenship Law (1982), 336 Women, 323 n.4 Burma Communist Party, 24 Belton, S., 315 Burma Donors Forum, 116 “Bengali” (as designation for Burma Socialist Program Party, 22–23, Rohingya), 335, 336 24, 48, 109 358 Index Burma, colonization of, 333 Central Bank of Myanmar Law, 186, 190 Burman opposition groups, 113 Central Committee for Drug Abuse Burmese Embassy, New Delhi, 97 Control, 213 Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act, Central Farmland Management Body, 188 194 Burmese Language Unit, All India Central Intelligence Agency, 288 Radio, 94, 95 Chang Ying, 288 Burmese Medical Association, 318 Chatrium Hotel, 147 Burmese Rohingya Community in checks and balances, 16, 44, 71 n.14 Australia, 343 n.1 Cheesman, Nick, 215 “Burmese way to socialism”, 161, 306 Chief of Police, 211 “The Burmese Way to Socialism” International Bar Association (political tract), 201 n.19 and, 221 business community, 5, 57 child labourers, 306 by-elections (2012) child mortality, 163, 173 NLD and, 28, 29, 46, 120, 123, Chin Hills, 298 229, 233, 234, 249 Chin National Front, 130 n.5 results, 233 Chin National Party, 104, 254 n.4 Chin State, 170, 176 n.15 China, 26, 29, 174, 320 C loans to Myanmar, 197 training for police, 220 cabinet reshuffle (2012), 174, 268 UN discussion of Myanmar and, Cairo, 261 117 Callahan, Mary, 278 n.3, 332 Chit Khine, 200 n.10 Cambodia, 315 City Development Committees, 170, Canadian Friends of Burma, 131 n.7 176 n.14 Canadian International Development civil service, 35, 210 Agency, 116 civil society groups, 5, 20, 44, 79 Canadian Lutheran World Relief, 131 civil society networks, 13, 84, 85, 87 n.7 democratization and, 76, 77, 86, Canadian Parliamentary Centre, 132 88 n.35 Farmland Law and, 86 Carr, Bob, 295 land rights and, 81ff ceasefire agreements, 24, 160, 298–99 Paung Ku and, 78 Kachin conflict and, 292, 300 n.1 “Saffron Revolution” and, 119 Karen National Union and, 20 civilians Central Bank of Myanmar, 188, 189, appointment to ministries, 174 190 targeting of in time of war, 287 Financial Institutions Regulation civil-military relations, 210–11 and Anti-Money Laundering Cold War, 113–14 Department, 190 Index 359 collective bargaining, 137 Constitution (2008), 23, 24, 29, 33, 46, collective personal violence, see 273 violence, personal amendment of, 56, 63, 232 Commander-in-Chief of the Defence armed forces and, 16, 20, 24, 63, Services 211, 265, 266 appointment of military Article 6(f), 265 members of parliament, 46, Article 20(e), 265 273 Article 40(c), 266 emergency powers, 266 Article 201, 271 nomination of ministers, 211, Article 232(b), 270 270–71 Article 232(j), 271 commerce, women and, 309 Article 234(b), 270 Committee for Reform of the People’s Article 262(a), 271 Police Force Management Article 293, 266 System, 207, 208–09, 222 Article 319, 266 Committee for Rule of Law and Article 343, 266 Peace and Stability, 20, 60, 253 Aung San Suu Kyi and, 38 n.7, n.3 265 Commonwealth Local Government Chapter 4, 266 Forum, 132 n.35 electoral reform and, 232, 243, communal violence, 13, 20–21, 123, 251 331, 333, 334, 335 ethnic minorities and, 64 969 movement and, 336 freedom of association and, 79 communications technology and, land rights and, 82 336 parliament and, 43, 45, 46, 250 Indonesia and, 333–34 referendum on, 46, 120 police and, 215, 337 tax collection powers of States Rakhine State and, 105, 215, 331, and Regions, 171 335, 337 Constitutional Tribunal, 235, 268 Rakhine State inquiry Democratic and Ethnic Alliance commission, 336–37, 340, 344 and, 235 n.12 impeachment of members, 54, 63 see also violence parliament and, 52, 53–54 Community Driven Development resignation of members, 52, 235 programme (World Bank), 5 Constitutional Tribunal Law, 52–53, community policing, 216, 218 54 Myanmar Police Force and, 207, corruption, 14, 20, 80 208, 221 armed forces and, 26, 139–40 Congress-I (Indian political party), 98 labour officials and, 140, 142 Constitution (1974) (Article 54), 278 parliament and, 44, 53 n.7 police and, 208, 209, 210, 217, 218 360 Index cost of living, 312, 313, 314 Decent Work Country Programme, reforms and, 314, 318 151–52 counter-terrorist unit, 214 defence expenditure, see armed coup d’état (1962), 23, 109, 137, 261, forces, expenditure 286 Defence Services Academy, 275 courts, reforms and, 14 deficit in 2012-2013 budget, 165 credit cards, use of, 187 Delhi University, 98 credit for farmers, 83 Democracy and Peace Party, see Party “cronies”, 199, 338, 339 for Democracy and Peace “crony
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