Index

A strike at Hi-Mo factory and, 146, “A Study of -US Relations”, 147 294 All Burma Students’ Democratic abortion, 318, 319 Front, 113, 125, 130 n.6 accountability, 5, 76 All India Radio, 94, 95, 96, 99 financial management and, 167 All Mon Regional Democracy Party, administrative divisions of Myanmar, 104, 254 n.4 170, 176 n.12 allowances for workers, 140–41, 321 Africa, 261 American Centre, 118 African National Congress, 253 n.2 American Jewish World Service, 131 Agarwal, B., 308 n.7 “agency” of individuals, 307 ( of Agricultural Census of Myanmar parliament), 46, 243, 251 (1993), 307 Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom Agricultural Ministers in States and League, 23 Regions, 171 Anwar, Mohammed, 343 n.1 agriculture, 190ff ANZ Bank (Australia), 188 loans for, 84 “Arab Spring”, 28, 29, 138 organizational framework of, “arbitrator [regime]”, 277 192, 193 Armed Forces Day 2012, 270 Ah-Yee-Taung, 309 armed forces (of Myanmar), 22, 23, aid, 295, 315 262, 269, 277, 333, 334 donors and, 127, 128 battalions 437 and 348, 288 Kachin people and, 293, 295 border areas and, 24 Alagappa, Muthiah, 261, 263, 264 constitution and, 16, 20, 24, 63, Albert Einstein Institution, 131 n.7 211, 265, 266 All Burma Federation of Student corruption and, 26, 139–40 Unions, 115, 121–22, 130 n.4, 130 disengagement from politics, 259 n.6, 148 expenditure, 62, 161, 165, 166 “fifth estate”, 270 356 Index

“four cuts” strategy, 288, 293 Aung Kyaw Hla, 301 n.5 impunity and, 212, 290 Aung Ko, 60 and, 165, 288, 293 , 34, 123 legal immunity of, 265 Aung Moe Zaw, 131 n.20 legislative power and, 274 Aung Nyein, 94, 103 “master plan” for dealing with Suu Kyi, 14, 31, 32, 34, 35, , 294 45, 61, 80, 115, 160, 274, 285, 294, media and, 334–35 297 military members of parliament, 88 Generation Students group 46, 51, 276 and, 117 ministries and, 270 blacklist and, 131 n.20 national security and, 23, 24, 213 Committee for Rule of Law and police and, 211, 212–13, 214–15 Peace and Stability and, 20, 60, politics and, 15, 44, 259 253 n.3 power and influence of, 211, 260, Constitution and, 38 n.7, 265 261 democracy as goal for Myanmar, reforms and, 14, 26, 29–30, 219, 16 272, 334 election (2010) and, 47, 102 rule of law and, 212 election of, 20, 123, 233, 275 self-image, 22–23, 276 electoral reform and, 249 sexual violence by, 290, 291 ethnic minorities and, 115, 234, “special funds” and, 166 250, 297 armed forces (in general), 262 foreign investment and, 168 patterns of intervention, 266ff Foreign Investment Law and, 185 armed resistance, 113 and, 297 ASEAN, 167, 289 Khin Nyunt and, 27 ASEAN Economic Community, 163 Letpadaung inquiry commission Foundation, 132 n.35 and, 37 n.6, 218, 337, 340 Asia Green Development Bank, 189 military members of parliament Asia Legal Resource Centre, 195 and, 276 Asian Development Bank, 190, 198, Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise 295 and, 168 Asian Economic Crisis, 26 and, 206 Asian Commission, national reconciliation and, 249 291 NCGUB and, 127 Assistance Association for Political New York Times interview, 37 n.3 Prisoners, 114 and, 115, 235 Auditor-General 52, 53, 161, 168, 268 non-violence and, 114–15 Aung Din, 131 n.20 presidency and, 32 , 276 release of, 26, 120, 260 Aung Htoo, 131 n.20 sanctions and, 320 Index 357

Shwe Mann and, 55, 65, 66, 75 Bill Committee, 50, 57, 274 strike at Hi-Mo factory, 146 blacklists, 106, 121, 131 n.20 and, 27 Blakeley, Ruth, 293, 296 and, 28, 50, 65, 75 Bo Kyi, 131 n.20 transparency and, 168–69 Border Affairs Ministers, 171 “triumvirate” with Thein Sein Border Affairs, Ministry of, 74 and , 75 Border Area Immigration Aung San, 93, 130 n.6, 298 Scrutinization and Supervision Aung Thaw, 271 Bureau, see Border Control Force Aung Thein Lin, 146 Border Control Force (Na Sa Ka), 214, Aung-Thwin, Maureen, 112 223 n.11 Aunty Ti Ti, 314 Brass, Paul, 335 Australia, 116, 220, 295, 296 British Council, , 118 Automatic Teller Machines, 187 British Council, New Delhi, 98 Aye Aye Win, 313 Buddha’s 38 Blessings, 207 Ayeyarwady Bank, 189 Buddhist culture, 20–21 Ayeyarwady Delta, 79, 81, 339, 341 Buddhists, 21, 98 civil society networks in, 76, 77, 969 movement, 336, 343 n.7 79, 84, 87 969 Golden Myanmar, 336 Cyclone Nargis and, 78 communal violence and, 20–21, freedom of association, and, 79 335 land rights in, 82, 83 budget, 161, 163 , SEE funding defence expenditure, 161, 166 and, 172 parliament and, 44, 52, 56, 59, 161, 165, 166, 272 publication of, 165 B reform of budgetary system, 161, 165 Ba Swe Lay, 99 SEEs and, 169 Bangkok, 261 States and Regions allocations, Bangladesh, 110 170 Bank of Japan, 200 n.7 Build–Operate–Transfer Bank of Thailand, 200 n.7 arrangements, 169 banks, 186, 187 Bureau of Special Operations-3, 271 Bayley, David, 219 Burma Campaign UK, 130 n.1 BBC World Service, 81 Burma Centre Netherland/ Beijing Platform for Action of the Transnational Institute, 132 n.35 Fourth World Conference on Burma Citizenship Law (1982), 336 Women, 323 n.4 Burma Communist Party, 24 Belton, S., 315 Burma Donors Forum, 116 “Bengali” (as designation for Burma Socialist Program Party, 22–23, Rohingya), 335, 336 24, 48, 109 358 Index

Burma, colonization of, 333 Law, 186, 190 Burman opposition groups, 113 Central Committee for Drug Abuse Burmese Embassy, New Delhi, 97 Control, 213 Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act, Central Farmland Management Body, 188 194 Unit, All India Central Intelligence Agency, 288 Radio, 94, 95 Chang Ying, 288 Burmese Medical Association, 318 Chatrium Hotel, 147 Burmese Rohingya Community in checks and balances, 16, 44, 71 n.14 Australia, 343 n.1 Cheesman, Nick, 215 “”, 161, 306 Chief of Police, 211 “The Burmese Way to Socialism” International Bar Association (political tract), 201 n.19 and, 221 business community, 5, 57 child labourers, 306 by-elections (2012) child mortality, 163, 173 NLD and, 28, 29, 46, 120, 123, Chin Hills, 298 229, 233, 234, 249 Chin National Front, 130 n.5 results, 233 , 104, 254 n.4 , 170, 176 n.15 China, 26, 29, 174, 320 C loans to Myanmar, 197 training for police, 220 cabinet reshuffle (2012), 174, 268 UN discussion of Myanmar and, Cairo, 261 117 Callahan, Mary, 278 n.3, 332 Chit Khine, 200 n.10 Cambodia, 315 City Development Committees, 170, Canadian Friends of Burma, 131 n.7 176 n.14 Canadian International Development civil service, 35, 210 Agency, 116 civil society groups, 5, 20, 44, 79 Canadian Lutheran World Relief, 131 civil society networks, 13, 84, 85, 87 n.7 democratization and, 76, 77, 86, Canadian Parliamentary Centre, 132 88 n.35 Farmland Law and, 86 Carr, Bob, 295 land rights and, 81ff ceasefire agreements, 24, 160, 298–99 Paung Ku and, 78 Kachin conflict and, 292, 300 n.1 “” and, 119 Karen National Union and, 20 civilians Central Bank of Myanmar, 188, 189, appointment to ministries, 174 190 targeting of in time of war, 287 Financial Institutions Regulation civil-military relations, 210–11 and Anti-Money Laundering Cold War, 113–14 Department, 190 Index 359 collective bargaining, 137 Constitution (2008), 23, 24, 29, 33, 46, collective personal violence, see 273 violence, personal amendment of, 56, 63, 232 Commander-in-Chief of the Defence armed forces and, 16, 20, 24, 63, Services 211, 265, 266 appointment of military Article 6(f), 265 members of parliament, 46, Article 20(e), 265 273 Article 40(c), 266 emergency powers, 266 Article 201, 271 nomination of ministers, 211, Article 232(b), 270 270–71 Article 232(j), 271 commerce, women and, 309 Article 234(b), 270 Committee for Reform of the People’s Article 262(a), 271 Police Force Management Article 293, 266 System, 207, 208–09, 222 Article 319, 266 Committee for Rule of Law and Article 343, 266 Peace and Stability, 20, 60, 253 and, 38 n.7, n.3 265 Commonwealth Local Government Chapter 4, 266 Forum, 132 n.35 electoral reform and, 232, 243, communal violence, 13, 20–21, 123, 251 331, 333, 334, 335 ethnic minorities and, 64 969 movement and, 336 freedom of association and, 79 communications technology and, land rights and, 82 336 parliament and, 43, 45, 46, 250 Indonesia and, 333–34 referendum on, 46, 120 police and, 215, 337 tax collection powers of States and, 105, 215, 331, and Regions, 171 335, 337 Constitutional Tribunal, 235, 268 Rakhine State inquiry Democratic and Ethnic Alliance commission, 336–37, 340, 344 and, 235 n.12 impeachment of members, 54, 63 see also violence parliament and, 52, 53–54 Community Driven Development resignation of members, 52, 235 programme (World Bank), 5 Constitutional Tribunal Law, 52–53, community policing, 216, 218 54 Myanmar Police Force and, 207, corruption, 14, 20, 80 208, 221 armed forces and, 26, 139–40 Congress-I (Indian political party), 98 labour officials and, 140, 142 Constitution (1974) (Article 54), 278 parliament and, 44, 53 n.7 police and, 208, 209, 210, 217, 218 360 Index cost of living, 312, 313, 314 Decent Work Country Programme, reforms and, 314, 318 151–52 counter-terrorist unit, 214 defence expenditure, see armed coup d’état (1962), 23, 109, 137, 261, forces, expenditure 286 , 275 courts, reforms and, 14 deficit in 2012-2013 budget, 165 credit cards, use of, 187 Delhi University, 98 credit for farmers, 83 Democracy and Peace Party, see Party “cronies”, 199, 338, 339 for Democracy and Peace “crony capitalism”, 140 democracy, 5, 80, 84, 89, 124 crony corporations, 200 n.10 concepts of, 76, 89 police and, 215 dimokarazi, 79ff, 89 crowd control, 217, 221 pro-democracy movement and, Cyber Crime Division, Myanmar 114 Police Force, 208 Democratic Alliance of Burma, 124 Cyclone Giri, 79 Democratic and Ethnic Alliance, 243, Cyclone Nargis, 77, 78, 79, 83, 88, 98, 254 n.4 120, 339 electoral reform and, 235, 250 civil society organizations and, see also Ten Fraternal Parties 87, 119 Democratic Party (Myanmar), 16, 99, mobile phones and, 85 102, 103, 254 n.5, 275 , Dr, 131 n.20 Democratic and Ethnic Alliance and, 254 n.4 election (2010) and, 47, 100ff D formation of, 100, 101 Ten Fraternal Parties and, 104ff Danish Burma Committee, 131 n.7 Democratic Party for a New Society, Danish Church Aid, 131 n.7 113, 125, 130 n.6 Danish Institute for Parties and Democratic Voice of Burma, 123 Democracy, 132 n.35 democratization, 12, 16, 76, 81, 84, 331 Danish International Development armed forces and, 15 Agency, 116 “bottom-up” process, 76–77, 84 Daw Daw Than, 313 civil society networks and, 13, 76 Daw Myint, 309 democratic processes and, 5, 11 Daw Thi, 309 lack of experience of democratic Dawei special economic zone, 79 freedoms, 124 debit cards, 187 land-grabbing and, 340 debt “top-down” process, 75, 76, 77 farmers and, 84 violence and, 342 Paris Club and, 161 Department Against Transnational World Bank and, 198, 295 Crime, Myanmar Police Force, 208 Index 361

Department of Labour, 150 election laws and, 46, 100, 101 Department of State Censorship, 107 NLD and, 46, 102, 120 development, 4, 5, 6, 12, 192 results of, 43 Diamond, Larry, 237, 338, 339 vote rigging, 47 diaspora (Burmese), 110 elections (2015), 14, 31, 32, 45, 81, 174, dimokarazi, 79ff, 89 234, 249–50 Director General for the Settlement competition between NLD and and Land Records Department, USDP, 230 194 electoral system reform and, 231, Directorate of Military Affairs 249–50 Security, 213 ethnic groups and, 32, 66 “discipline-flourishing democracy”, NLD and, 28, 32, 33, 45, 229, 230 43, 211, 260 parliament and, 55 displaced persons, 113, 127, 286, 288, possible outcome, 33, 229–30 293, 295 USDP and, 229, 230 food needs of, 295 Election Commission, see Union see also internally displaced Election Commission persons, internationally electoral system, , 232 displaced persons electoral system reform, 15, 56, 230, Dobama Asiayone, 130 n.6 231, 249–50, 334 doctors, lack of, 315 armed forces and, 232–33 donors to pro-democracy movement, Aung San Suu Kyi and, 249 116, 126, 127, 129, 131 n.7 comparison of different systems, Duell, Kerstin, 15, 336 237ff “Dutch disease”, 197 compromise systems, 231–32 Constitution and, 243, 251 costs and benefits for E stakeholders, 232–33 Democratic and Ethnic Alliance Earth Institute of Columbia and, 250 University, 196 ethnic minorities and, 232, 234, Eastern Europe, 30 250 economic reform, 20, 161, 199, 220 geographic representation and, armed forces and, 25, 26 236 Eden Group, 200 n.10 international community and, education, 35, 163, 173 252 expenditure on, 161, 166, 310 legislative changes and, 251 Egreteau, Renaud, 14, 95, 334 NLD and, 32, 66, 230, 232, 234, elections (1990), 27 243, 250, 251, 253 n.1 elections (2010), 19–20, 47, 48, 100, parliament and, 230, 232, 235, 250 101, 120 “parallel system”, 232 362 Index

reconciliation and, 247–48 sanctions and, 106 South Africa as model for, 253 police training, 221 n.2 exchange rates, 182, 183, 199 Thein Sein and, 249 unification of, 161, 163, 182 timing of, 249, 252 exiles, 15, 110, 113, 125–26, 129 Union Election Commission and, donors to pro-democracy 66, 235–36 movement, 116, 126, 127, 131 USDP and, 66, 234 n.7 voter education, 252 ethnic minority groups and, 113, electoral systems, see voting systems 123, 124 electricity shortages, 164, 316, 317 and, 112 “eminent domain” principle, 195 invitation to return to Myanmar, employers, labour regulations and, 121, 122 140, 142, 149 pro-democracy movement and, employment, 14, 320 111, 112 Engvall, Anders, 12, 338 relations with in-country ethnic minorities, 13, 33, 34, 170, 247 activists, 122, 126 armed resistance and, 113 returnees, 123, 124, 125 Aung San Suu Kyi and, 115, 234, “Saffron Revolution”, 118 250, 297 exile organizations, 124 ceasefires and, 20, 24, 160, 292, expectations for welfare 298–99, 300 n.1 improvements, 4, 160, 173 election (2010) and, 47 exploitation of women workers, 320, election (2015) and, 32, 66 321 electoral reform and, 232, 234, extractive industries, regulation of, 250 164 exiles and, 112, 113, 123 Extractive Industries Transparency federalism and, 64, 250 Initiative (EITI), 167, 195–96, 201 parliament and, 64, 230 n.16 political parties, 32, 248–49 Extractive Industry Transparency self-determination and, 298 Initiative Leading Authority, 195 Ethnic Nationalities Council, 114, 120, 130 n.4 Euro-Burma Office, 114 F European Commission, 296 Facebook, 336 European Parliament, 115 Factories and General Labour Laws European Union, 3, 295 Inspection Department, 144, 146 Myanmar Peace Support farming subsidies, 105 Initiative and, 296 Farmland Bill, 193, 195 Ten Fraternal Parties open letter “eminent domain” principle and, to, 104, 105 195 Index 363

Farmland Law, 57, 58, 82, 86, 193, 200 foreign governments, Myanmar n.13; 201 n.14 government and, 127, 277 Farmland Management Bodies, 194 foreign investment, see investment federalism, 64, 250 Foreign Investment Law, 5, 131 n. 21, Federated Union Party, 250 162, 182, 183–84, 199 Federation of Trade Unions-Burma, Aung San Suu Kyi and, 185 115, 125, 130 n.4, 148, 151, 321 parliament and, 57, 184, 185 Feit, Edward, 261 former military personnel feminization of labour, 320 executive positions and, 261, feminization of poverty, 309, 312, 323 270ff n.4 parliament and, 261, 272ff “fifth estate”, armed forces as, 270 state institutions and, 267ff Financial Commission, 161, 175 n.2 “four cuts” ( Financial Institutions of Myanmar Law, strategy), 288, 293 186, 187 “fourth estate”, 270 Financial Institutions Regulation Framework for Economic and Social and Anti-Money Laundering Reforms, 5, 8 n.2, 198, 199 Department (Central Bank of France, 197 Myanmar), 190 Free Burma Coalition, 112, 130 n.1 financial system, 163–64, 167–68, 186 freedom, 5, 13, 307 Finer, Samuel E., 261, 263, 264 freedom of association, 13, 77, 79, 80, First Myanmar Development 87, 88 Cooperation Forum, 164 civil society networks and, 78, 79 first-past-the-post voting system, 230, freedom of expression, 13, 77, 80, 81, 243 87, 88, 160 Constitution and, 232 freedom of the press, 20 ethnic minority representation Friederich Ebert Foundation, 132 n.35 and, 247 Friedrich Naumann Foundation, 132 NLD and, 234, 242–43 n.35 USDP and, 248 Friends of Democracy Parties, 254 n.4 fiscal reform, 162, 189 fiscal transparency, 161, 163 fisheries law, 86 G food, 311 Galtung, Johan, 332 costs of, 313–14 Gandhi, Rajiv, 95, 96, 97 expenditure on, 312 garment industry, women and, 320 security, 308 gas, see natural gas shortages, 307, 312 gender issues, awareness of, 87, 306, forced labour, 139, 291 308, 320 foreign banks, 188 General Administration Department, foreign exchange licences, 187 Ministry of Home Affairs, 171 364 Index

General Assembly Resolution on , 56 Human Rights, 292–93, 300 n.4 Hlaing Tharyar Labour Directorate “Generation Wave”, 112, 119, 130 n.3 office, 145 Geneva Convention (IV) relative to Hluttaw Rights Committee, 50 the Protection of Civilian Persons Holliday, Ian, 75, 77 in Time of War, 292, 300 n.4 Hong Kong, 320 German Society for International Horsey, Richard, 49 Cooperation, 7 House of Nationalities, see Amyotha Germany, 197, 295 Hluttaw governance, 20, 27, 79, 164 House of Representatives, see Pyithu Myanmar Investment Hluttaw Commission and, 186 , 117 Government’s Guarantees, Pledges Htay Oo, 231, 248 and Undertakings Vetting Htin Kyaw, 96 Committee, 50 Htoo Moq (Tin ), 309 Group of Friends of Democracy Hudson-Rodd, N., 308 Parties, 254 n.4 Human Development Index Baseline “guardian [regime]”, 277 Survey (1997), 308 Gupta, Akhil, 338 Human Development Report, 323 n.2 Gyi Gyi Kywe, 317 Human Rights Watch, 20, 344 n.14 human rights, 114, 123–24, 314 abuses, 294, 333 H Kachin State, 20, 289 Shwe Mann and, 291 Hajji Daw Pu, 309 police and, 217, 218 ul Haq, Mahbub, 322 n.2 police and, 215, 221 Harn Yawnghwe, 121 UN Special Rapporteur, 289, 344 health care, 35, 163, 315 n.14 expenditure on, 161, 166, 315 Huntington, Samuel P., 261, 263 women and, 317, 318 “Heavily Indebted Poor Countries”, 197 hijacking of plane, 96 I Hi-Mo and Hi-Art wig “imagined communities”, 110 manufacturing factory, 145ff, 147 impunity of armed forces, 212, 290 Hkasan village, 290 In Pursuit of Peace Award, 296 Hkun Htun Oo, 344 n.12 “incongruous bicameral” (electoral Hla Galay Sein, 309 system), 232, 237, 243, 251 Hla Maung Shwe, 147 India, 94, 95 Hla Min, 271, 272 Burmese refugees and, 96, 110 Hla Myint, 192 pro-democracy movement and, 112, 124, 130 n.1 Index 365

Indian Embassy, Rangoon, 94, 95 international non-governmental Indonesia, 3, 222, 267, 270, 276 organizations, see non- civil-military transition, 273 governmental organizations communal violence, 333–34, 335 International Parliamentary Union, community policing, 216 115 reservation of seats for military, International Republican Institute, 274 116, 127, 131 n.7 separation of police from armed International Trade Union forces, 211 Confederation, 115 industrial zones, 320 internationally displaced persons, inflation, 190, 312, 314, 315 113, 127 infrastructure, 6, 163, 316 Internet, 62, 334 women and, 306, 317, 318 Inter-Parliamentary Myanmar Caucus Integrated Household Living of the Association of Southeast Conditions Assessment (UNDP), Asian Nations, 115–16 175 n.1 Inter-Parliamentary Union, 53, 58–59, Inter Pares (Canada), 131 n.7 67, 132 n.35 Internal Revenue Department, Interpol, 223 n.2 Ministry of Finance, 162, 176 n.6 investment, 6, 14, 84, 128, 162, 163 estimate of tax-to-GDP ratio, 164 Aung San Suu Kyi request to internally displaced persons, 286, 288, foreign investors, 168 293, 295 foreign investment, 162, 183–84, food needs of, 295 295 International Bar Association, 221 see also Foreign Investment Law International Crisis Group, 247 Iron Curtain, 115 In Pursuit of Peace Award, 296 Irrawaddy Dam Project, 105 International Foundation for Electoral Irrawaddy, 123, 250 Systems, 132 n.35 International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance J (Sweden), 67, 131 n.7, 132 n.35 J Yaw Wu, 59, 60, 64 International Labour Organization, Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement 139, 168 and Cooperation, 220 Decent Work Country Janowitz, Morris, 210, 261 Programme, 151–52 Japan Bank for International International Law Enforcement Cooperation, 198 Academy (Bangkok), 220 Japan External Trade Organization, 7 International Monetary Fund, 167, Japan, 190, 197 190, 196, 294 Johns Hopkins University, 318 “Article IV” advisory mission, journalists, 45, 49 189 366 Index

Judge Advocate General’s office, 268 Khaing Khaing, 317 Judicial and Legal Affairs Committee , 51 (Pyithu Hluttaw), 60 Khin Mar Mar Kyi, 14, 16, 338 judicial independence, 44, 52 , 344 n.12 Khin Maung Yi, 54, 61 Khin Nyunt, 323 n.3 K Aung San Suu Kyi and, 27 police force reform and, 207 Kachin Hills, 298 Khin Ohmar, 131 n.20 Kachin Independence Army, 213, 288, Khin Saw Oo, 190 289, 332, 333 Khun Htun Oo, 72 n.34 Kachin Independence Organization, Khun Maing block-making factory, 34, 47, 285, 288, 299, 300 n.1 142 Kachin people, 287–88, 298, 300 , 117, 125, 141, 147 meeting with Shwe Mann, 291 Rakhine State inquiry self-determination and, 286, 298 commission and, 344 n.12 use of violence against, 287, 332, Ko Ko, 271 333 Konrad Adenauer Foundation, 132 Kachin State, 66, 269, 291, 298, 300 n.35 aid for, 293, 295 Korea, 320 conflict in, 12–13, 20, 28, 34, 105, Korean Embassy, Yangon, 146 292, 297 Kyar Min garment factory, 150 armed forces and, 31, 165, 288, , 268 293 Kyaw Kyaw, 148 displaced persons, 286, 288, Kyaw Kyaw Tun, 271 293, 295 Kyaw Nyein, 99 parliament and, 64, 292 Kyaw Nyunt, 271 terror campaign in, 287, 297 Kyaw Soe Lwin, 13, 339 elections (2010), 47 Aung, 13, 339, 341 forced labour and, 291 Kyaw Thu, 268 separatist groups, 223 n.6 Kyaw Yin Hlaing, 344 n.12 Kachin State Progress Party, 70 n.6 Kyaw Zan Myint, 271 kala, 335 Kamaing-Mogaung road, 290 Karachi, 261 L Karen National Union, 20, 24, 124, La Nan (KIO spokesperson), 299 296 labour , 172 activists, 138, 152 Kayin (Karen) State, 268, 273 collective bargaining, 137 Kean, Thomas, 16 conditions for workers, 139, 320, kekaryaan system (Indonesia), 273 321–22 Index 367

corruption of officials, 140, 142 ownership, 82, 83, 84, 86, 193, laws, 139, 142, 321 308 regulations, employers and, 140, reform, 193ff 142, 149 rights, 82, 84, 193 rights, 139, 141, 142, 321–22 gender and, 308 wages and allowances, 140–41, Land Nationalization Act (1953) 321 and, 193–94 workers’ lack of organization, 151 dispute and, 340 labour associations, 150, 151 Ma-ubin conflict and, 85, 341 Tai Yi Shoe Workers’ Association, Saya San rebellion and, 82 145 Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands labour conference (June 2012), 147, Management Law and, 82 150 Land Investigation Committee, labour protests, 138–39, 142–43, 144, 200–01 n.14 152 Land Nationalization Act (1953), 193 88 Generation Students group Laos, 315 and, 143, 146ff Large Taxpayers Unit, 167, 176 n.6 government responses, 148 Latin America, 261 riot police and, 145 law and order, 214, 215, 219 sacking of workers, 151 Law Defining the Fundamental Rights structural violence and, 339 and Responsibilities of the People’s Tai Yi workers’ appeal against Workers (1964), 143 court ruling, 144–45 Law relating to Forming of Union Election Commission and, Organizations (1988), 122 149 Lemargie, Kyle, 15 Labour Organization Law (2011), 142, Letpadaung copper mine dispute 79, 321 123, 215, 218, 340 Lagos, 261 apology by government, 214 Laiza, 289 police and, 214, 215, 218, 222 land, 83 Letpadaung copper mine dispute as collateral, 163, 193 commission of enquiry, 55, 218, land confiscation, 60, 83 340, 344 n.12 “land grabbing”, 82, 83, 201 alternative report by 88 n.14, 340 Generation Students group, disputes and structural violence, 337 339, 341 Aung San Suu Kyi and, 337 law, 76, 84, 85, 88, 161 criticism of, 67, 341 security of tenure and, 340 police impunity and, 341 Farmland Law, 82, 86, 193, 200 recommendations, 222 n.15 n.13; 201 n.14 voting by military members of parliament, 63 368 Index

Light Infantry Battalion 13, 290 Max Myanmar Group, 200 n.10 Lintner, Bertil, 131 n.20, 294 Mayangone Labour Directorate office, Lisu people, 59 145 Local Resource Centre, 128 media, 13, 20, 81, 87, 270 Lon Htein (riot police), 145, 214, freedom of the press, 20, 21 217–18 Kachin conflict and, 299 London School of Economics, 297 parliament and, 44, 58 Lun Maung, 278 n.5 police and armed forces and, 334–35 transparency and, 161 M violence and, 336 Members of Parliament Union, 115 Ma Khin Mar Mar Kyi, see Khin Mar members of parliament, 45, 53, 61, Mar Kyi 62, 67 Ma Lay, 319 military members of parliament, Ma Ma San, 312–13 46, 51, 63, 274, 275, 276 Ma Ma, 316 Mendes, Errol, 218 Ma Myint, 313, 314 Metta Sutta, 311 Ma Thet Thet Aung, 148 Mi Mi Khaing, 309 Magwe Region, deficit of, 172 militarization, 260, 306, 307, 338 Mahbub ul Haq, 322 n.2 military courts, 266 Mahn Sha, 130 n.5 Military Intelligence, 101, 102 Malaysia, 110, 318, 343 n.5 military regimes, 263, 264 “managed float” of exchange rate, military rule (in Myanmar), 22, 24, 182 259 , civil society groups in, 79 military-civil transition, 260 Mandela, Nelson, 253 n.2 Millennium Development Goals, 163 Manerplaw, 124 , 21, 63, 270, 275 marginalization, 247, 315 2013 Armed Forces Day speech, Maritime Police, 208, 223 n.3 64 market-oriented economic reforms, National Defence and Security 26, 140, 199 Council and, 271 maternal health care, 318, 319 , 131 n.10, 146, 149 Ma-ubin conflict, 85, 341 Letpadaung inquiry and, 344 , 29, 276 n.12 Maung, Dr Cynthia, 131 n.20 Min Zeya, 117 Maung Maung (Federation of Trade Minister of Agriculture and Unions-Burma), 131 n.20, 151 Irrigation, 194 Maung Maung (President of Minister of Border Affairs, 271 Myanmar in 1988), 27 Minister of Defence, 271, 272 Maung Wuntha, 344 n.12 Minister of Home Affairs, 211, 271 Index 369

Minister of Information, 268 Ministry of Religious Affairs (Burma), Minister of Social Welfare, Relief and 99 Resettlement, 268 Ministry of Transport, 169 Ministers of Electric Power and “mixed systems” (electoral system), Industry in States and Regions, 237, 250 authority of, 171 mixed-member proportional electoral Ministers of National Races Affairs, system, 237, 240, 250 170 , 97, 123 Ministry of Agriculture and mobile phones, 5, 7 n.1, 85, 89 n.1 Irrigation, 166 modernization, 25, 262 Ministry of Border Affairs, 166, 171, Moe Thee Zun, 131 n.20 270 , SEE funding and, 172 Ministry of Communications and monetary policy framework, 189 Information Technology, 169 “Multiple Religious Prayer Ministry of Construction, 166, 171 Campaign”, 118 Ministry of Defence, 166, 174, 270 Muslims, 20–21, 331, 336, 343 n.5 Letpadaung mine project and, 55 Mya Mya, 316 “special funds” and, 166 Myanma Agricultural Development Ministry of Education, 166 Bank, 83 Ministry of Energy, 166 Myanma Economic Bank, 169, 176 Ministry of External Affairs (India), n.11, 189 96 Myanma Investment and Commercial Ministry of Finance and Revenue, Bank, 189 162, 166, 167 Myanmar, administrative divisions, Central Bank of Myanmar and, 170 190 Myanmar Agri-business Public Internal Revenue Department, Corporation Limited, 200 n.10 162, 176 n.6 Myanmar Air Force, 223 n.3 Ministry of Health, 166 Myanmar Development Resource Ministry of Home Affairs, 171, 270 Institute, 8 n.2, 123 code of conduct for police, 207 Framework for Economic and Ministry of Human Resource Social Reforms and, 198 Development (India), 98 Myanmar Economic Corporation, 169 Ministry of Information and Myanmar Egress, 123, 147 Broadcasting (India), 95 Myanmar government, 3, 44, 83, 219 Ministry of Labour, 148, 149 ASEAN chairmanship, 167 Ministry of Myanmar Industrial Cyclone Nargis and, 119–20 Development, 166 development and, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, Ministry of National Planning and 192 Economic Development, 174, 176 foreign governments and, 26, 28, n.8, 198 127 Kachin State and, 293, 299, 300 370 Index

Letpadaung copper mine dispute “national causes”, 23, 209–10 and, 214 National Coalition Government for Paris Club and, 161 the Union of Burma, 16, 115, 120, people-centred development, 4, 124, 127, 130 n.4 172 National Committee for International Rakhine State violence and, 337 Cooperation and Sustainable reform process, 4, 11 Development (Netherlands), 116 Myanmar Investment Commission, National Comprehensive 162, 185–86 Development Plan, 5 Myanmar National Human Rights National Convention, 46, 266, 275, Commission, 71 n.26 309, 323 n.3 Myanmar National Mobilization National Defence and Security Committee, 336 Council, 25, 211, 271 Myanmar Navy, 223 n.3 National Democratic Force, 47, 104, Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise, 120, 149 168, 176 n.10, 183 Democratic and Ethnic Alliance Aung San Suu Kyi and, 168 and, 254 n.4 Myanmar Peace Centre, 123, 296 proportional representation and, Myanmar Peace Support Initiative, 235, 248 296 National Democratic Front, 344 n.12 Myanmar Police Force, see police National Democratic Institute, 67, 131 Myanmar Police Force Maintenance n.7, 132 n.35 of Discipline Law, 207 National Economic and Social Myanmar Special Economic Zone Law, 5 Advisory Council, 147 Myanmar Times, 45, 83, 231, 248 National Endowment for Democracy, Myanmar Youth Union, 126 116, 127 Myanmar/Burma Update Conference National League for Democracy, 13, 2013, 11, 17 n.1, 343 n.1 24, 27, 36–37, 44, 160, 274 Myat Myat Ohn Khin, 268 by-elections (2012) and, 229, 233 Myat Thein, 86 elections (1990) and, 27 Myint Hlaing, 51–52 elections (2010) and, 46, 102, 120 Myitsone Dam, 172, 173 elections (2015) and, 28, 32, 33, M-Zine, 97 45, 229, 230 electoral reform and, 32, 66, 230, N 232, 234, 243, 250, 251, 253 n.1 ethnic parties and, 32, 66 Na Sa Ka, see Border Control Force first-past-the-post voting system Naga Daw Oo, 309 and, 234, 242–43 Naing Aung, Dr, 131 n.20 Foreign Investment Law and, 185 Nan Thaung Yin, Daw, 145, 146 government and, 26, 28, 35 narcotics trafficking, 213, 220 Letpadaung inquiry commission and, 337 Index 371

parliament and, 46, 54, 59, 60, 64 non-violence, 113 proportional representation and, Nordlinger, 261, 262, 263, 264, 277 32, 235, 242–4, 250 North Africa, 30 reforms and, 22, 35 Northern Progress Party, USDP and, 32 70 n.6 workers and, 148, 149 Norway, 197, 296 re-registration as political party, Norwegian Agency for Development 28, 105 Cooperation, 116 National Parliament, see Pyidaungsu Norwegian Burma Committee, 131 Hluttaw n.7 National Party (South Africa), 253 n.2 Norwegian Church Aid, 131 n.7 National Peace Convention, 105 Norwegian Peoples Aid, 131 n.7 National Registration Cards, 59 Nu Nu, 317 National Unity Party, 48, 61, 235 Nyan Tun, 278 n.4 national workshop on Rural Nyan Win, 250 Development and Poverty Nyo Nyo, 316 Alleviation, 191 natural gas, 29, 174, 183 Naw Lay Dee, 131 n.20 O Naypyitaw Council, 166–67, 176 n.5 Obama administration, 29 , 22, 93, 94, 159, 259, 272, 276, Obama, Barak, 60 306 Office of Foreign Assets Control Nehru, Pandit Jawaharlal, 98 (U.S.), 200 n.6 Netherlands, 197 Oil Revenue Law (2004) (Sao Tome Netherlands Institute for Multiparty and Principe), 196 Democracy, 132 n.35 Olaf Palme International Centre, 131 New Light of Burma, 82 n.7 New Way shoe manufacturing Oo Hla Saw, 343 n.1 factory, 140 “Open Heart Campaign”, 118 Nezat detha luwinhmu Sitseye Open Society Institute, 116 Kutkehmu tanachok (Border Area Burma Project, 112 Immigration Scrutinization and opposition political parties, 32, 44, 55 Supervision Bureau), see Border Orde Baru (Indonesia), 273 Control Force Oxfam-Novib, 131 n.7 “No Foreign Investment Law”, 185 Nobel Peace Prize Aung San Suu Kyi and, 115, 235 Thein Sein and, 296 P non-government organizations, 76, Pakistan, 265 122, 315, 337 Panglong Agreement, 249, 298 international NGOs, 6, 127 “parallel system” (electoral system), 232, 237, 240, 243, 250, 251 372 Index

Paris Club, debt cancellation and, Public Accounts Committee, 50, 161, 197, 295 165, 274 parliament, 31, 44, 45, 46, 48ff, 58, 59, Shwe Mann and, 51, 53, 55, 274 60–62, 64, 65, 66–67, 274 States and Regions, 46, 170 “15-minute parliament”, 49 Party for Democracy and Peace, 104, Bill Committee, 50, 57, 274 254 n.4 budget and, 161, 166, 272 Party for Unity and Peace, 104, 254 check-and-balance mechanism, n.4 16, 44, 71 n.14 patriarchy, 315, 338 Committee for Rule of Law and Paung Ku, 76, 80, 81, 87, 88, 89 n.1, Peace and Stability, 20, 60, 253 128 n.3 civil society networks and, 78, 85 committees, 50, 58 Paw Oo Htun (alias Min Ko Naing), constitution and, 4, 483, 250 117 Constitutional Tribunal and, 52, see also Min Ko Naing 53–54 Pedersen, Morten, 12 corruption and, 44, 53 People’s Assembly, see Pyithu Hluttaw electoral system, 230, 232, 235, People’s Police Force, 207 250 People’s Tribunal on Food Scarcity engagement with community, 57 and Militarization, 307 ethnic minorities and, 64, 230 People’s Workers’ Council, 137 former military personnel and, people-centred development, 4, 172 272ff Perlmutter, Amos, 261, 262, 277 Government’s Guarantees, personal violence, 332ff, 337 Pledges and Undertakings in Kachin State, 332, 333 Vetting Committee, 50 structural violence and, 337, 339, Hluttaw Rights Committee, 50 341, 342 Judicial and Legal Affairs see also violence Committee, 60 Phaloun Sawaw Democratic Party of Kachin conflict and, 64, 292 the Karen, 104, 254 n.4 lack of facilities and capacity, Philippines, 267, 270, 272 62–63 Phoe Phyu, 138, 149 Land Investigation Committee, , 61 200–01 n.14 Pilger, John, 131 n.20 media and, 45, 49, 58 Planning and Finance Committee, 165 military members and, 46, 51, 63, Planning Commission, 175 274, 275, 276 planning, 161, 199 military seats, number of, 273 police, 208, 209–10, 212, 213, 215, 216, NLD and, 46, 54, 59, 60, 64 217, 220, 334 opposition members and, 44, 49 armed forces and, 209, 211, 212, Planning and Finance 214–15, 334 Committee, 165 Aung San Suu Kyi and, 206, Index 373

Central Committee for Drug training and, 220 Abuse Control and, 213 United Nations Children’s Fund Civil Aviation department, 208, and, 220 223 n.3 women in, 208 communal violence and, 215, 337 policing, seven basic principles, 221 community policing and, 207, political exiles, see exiles 208, 209, 218 political parties, 44, 100–01, 235 corruption and, 208, 209, 210, political prisoners, 28, 60, 62, 138, 217, 218 160, 275 counter-terrorist unit, 214 Ten Fraternal Parties and, 104, 105 Cyber Crime Division, 208 Pone Cho, 117 Department Against poverty, 35, 173, 312, 313, 315 Transnational Crime, 208 alleviation of, 5, 20, 171, 176 n.15 funding of, 210, 220 feminization of, 309, 312, 323 n.4 Letpadaung copper mine dispute gender and, 308 and, 214, 215, 218, 222, 341 militarization and, 306 manpower numbers, 207 structural violence and, 341–42 Maritime department, 208 Praetorian Guard, 262 media and, 334–35 praetorianism, 14, 259, 261, 262, 277, Ministry of Home Affairs and, 334 211 praetorian “regime” types Myanmar Police Force “arbitrator”, 262 Maintenance of Discipline “guardian”, 263, 264 Law, 207 “moderator”, 263 paramilitary police, 207, 208, “participant-ruler”, 263, 264 208–09, 214, 217–18, see also “praetorian ruler”, 263 riot police “referee”, 263 Rakhine State violence and, 215, “ruler”, 263, 277 337 praetorian state, 259, 260, 262 reforms and, 14, 206, 207, 209, “praetorian transition”, 260 218, 219 President’s Office, 174, 293 relations with public, 214, 216, Presidential Order 28/2011 (on 217 release of political prisoners), 105 riot police (Lon Htein), 145, 214, press, freedom of the, 20 217–18 privatization, 168, 169 rule of law and, 206, 215, 218 Privatization Commission, 168, 176 sharing of security n.8 responsibilities, 212–13 pro-democracy movement, 95, 112, Special Branch, 213 113–14, 115, 116, 117 Thein Sein and, 206 donors and, 116, 126, 127, 131 n.7 Tourist Police unit, 208 elections (2010) and, 120 374 Index

ethnic-nationality members of, R 112–13 racial intolerance, 13 India and, 112 Radio Free Asia, 81 relations between exiles and in- Rakhine Nationalities Development country activists, 113, 125–26 Party, 70 n.7, 104, 343 n.1 Thailand and, 112 Democratic and Ethnic Alliance propaganda, use against KIO, KIA, and, 254 n.4 293–94 Rakhine State, 29, 172, 343 n.1 proportional representation, 71 n.22, communal violence in, 64, 105, 230, 235, 243, 248 165, 215, 331, 335, 337 Democratic and Ethnic Alliance Cyclone Giri, 79 and, 235 USDP candidates in, 47 ethnic-minority parties and, Rakhine State inquiry commission, 248–49 336, 340, 344 n.12 geographic representation and, 88 Generation Students group 237 and, 336–37, 344 n.12 International Crisis Group Rangoon, 261 recommendation, 247 reconciliation, 247–48, 249–50 National Unity Party and, 235 “Reengagement and Reform Support NLD and, 32, 235, 242–43, 250 Credit to Myanmar” (World USDP and, 230–31, 243, 248 Bank), 198 Prospect Burma (UK), 131 n.7 referendum on 2008 Constitution, 120 Protection of Peasants’ Rights Law reforms, 4, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 29, (1963), 82 30, 35, 199, 219, 220 proverb, “uma-saung-hma thila-saung- armed forces and, 14, 26, 29–30, naing”, 311 219, 272, 334 Public Accounts Committee, 50, 165, cost of living and, 314, 318 274 police and, 14, 206, 207, 209, 218, Public Expenditure and Financial 219 Accountability assessment, 167, process of, 7, 11, 19 175 n.3 NLD and, 22, 35 Public Expenditure Review, 168 Western governments and, 22, 28 Public Financial Management reform second stage of, 175 strategy, 168 structural violence and, 338 public protests, law, 138 “top down” approach, 75, 215 Public Works Department, Ministry transfer of leadership and, 22 of Construction, 171 “transition pact” and, 334 , 44, 46 violence and, 333 Pyithu Hluttaw, 45, 46, 232, 243, 251, refugees, 109, 306 272 India and, 96, 97 Thailand and, 96 Index 375

Regional Assembly, Mandalay, 103 S Regional Assembly, Yangon, 103 “Saffron Revolution” (2007), 24, 109, religious intolerance, 13 118, 119, 214 see also communal violence police and, 207 research on Myanmar, 15, 16–17 , Dr, selection as vice- Resource Governance Index, 167 president-2, 48 responsiveness of government, 80, 88 sanctions, 26, 28, 29, 106, 115, 320 returnees, see exiles banks and, 189 , 49 “Specially Designated Nationals” revenue mobilization, 162 and, 189 Revenue Watch Institute, 167 suspension of, 4, 126–27, 162, 188 rice, 84, 314 Ten Fraternal Parties and, 104 Rights and Democracy (Canada), 131 Sang Gang village, 288 n.7 Sangha (Buddhist monastic order), 21 riot police (Lon Htein), 145, 207, Sao Seng Suk, 130 n.5 208–09, 214, 217–18 Sao Tome and Principe “Road Map” (for development Extractive Industry Transparency towards democracy), 260, 265, Initiative and, 196 323 n.3 Oil Revenue Law (2004), 196, 197 Robinson, Gwen, 37 n.1 Save the Children, 89 n.1 Rockefeller Foundation, 131 n.7 Saw Kyaw Min, 148 Rohingya, 70 n.7, 343 n.5, 344 n.10, Saya San rebellion, 82 344 n.11 Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, 342 designation as “Bengalis”, 335, School of Foreign Languages (India), 336 99 Rome Statute of the International Schumpeter, Joseph, 76 Criminal Court, 292, 300 n.4 security sector reform, 220, 222 “rooted cosmopolitans”, 110–11, 112 security, 23, 212, 213 rule of law, 5, 212, 220 Sein Win, Dr, 16, 131 n.20 police and, 206, 215, 218 Sein, Zipporah, 131 n.20 Thein Sein and, 205, 219 self-determination, 286, 298 Rule of Law, Peace and Stability Selth, Andrew, 14, 334 Committee, see Committee for Sen, Amartya, 322 n.2 Rule of Law and Peace and Seng Maw Lahpai, 13, 332, 333 Stability separation of powers, 51 rules of war, 287 “sequencing” of development, 192 Rural Development and Poverty Settlement of Labour Disputes Law Alleviation workshop (May (2012), 142, 321 2011), 191 sex education, 318, 319 rural development, 5, 6, 163 sexual violence, armed forces and, Russia, 117 290 376 Index

Shan Federated States, 298 Southeast Asian Games, 167 Shan Nationalities Democratic Party, Soviet Union, 30 47, 54, 61, 66, 104, 233, 254 n.4, “special agricultural development 254 n.8 companies”, 191, 200 n.10 Shan Nationalities League for Special Branch, intelligence collection, Democracy, 66, 72 n.34, 344 n.12 213 Shan State, 47, 286, 332 special economic zones, 6, 79 Shwe gas field, 29, 174 “special funds”, 166 Shwe Mann, 21, 31, 45, 57, 267, 269 “Specially Designated Nationals”, 189 Aung San Suu Kyi and, 55, 65, Sri Lanka, 335 66, 75 Standard Chartered Bank, 188 checks and balances and, 71 n.14 State Law and Order Restoration Democratic and Ethnic Alliance Council, 24, 137, 138, 139, 306, and, 235 309 Kachin conflict and, 291 State Peace and Development National Defence and Security Council, 24, 43, 46, 77, 300 n.1, Council and, 271 306, 320 parliament and, 51, 53, 55, 274 dissolution of, 45, 49, 260, 264 pay rise for civil servants and, 56 labour movement and, 137, 138, presidency and, 32 139 relations with armed forces head, sanctions and, 188 269–70 “transit regime” and, 265 Thein Sein and, 55, 65, 75, 274 women and, 309 “triumvirate” with Aung San , 286, 287, 332 Suu Kyi and Thein Sein, 75 state-owned economic enterprises, “Signature Campaign”, 118 168, 169, 182 Singapore, 110, 318, 320 Myanmar Economic Corporation, Small and Medium Enterprises Law, 169 5, 7 State and Region governments small and medium-sized enterprises, and, 169, 172 164 Union of Myanmar Economic social movement organizations, 112 Holdings, 169 Social Security Act (1954), 142 States and Regions, 46, 170, 171, 176 socialism, 22, 25 n.12 Soe Myint, 96, 97 armed forces and, 174–75, 268 Soe Nandar Linn, 12, 338 lack of resources, 164, 170 Soe Thane, 196 state-owned economic Soros Foundation, 116, 127 enterprises and, 169, 172 Soros, George, 127 tax collection powers, 171 South Africa, 253 n.2 state-society relations, 35, 287 South, Ashley, 76 statistical data, collection of, 165 Index 377

Stepan, Alfred, 261 Tate Naing, 131 n.20 stress, as health issue for women, 315 , see armed forces strikes (in 2012), 138, 142–43, 143ff, taxes, 184 145, 149 reform of tax system, 161, 162, structural inequity, 306 167 structural violence, 332, 338, 339, 342 tax revenue and GDP, 164, 167, personal violence and, 337, 339, 339 341, 342 Tay Za, 189 juridical instruments and, 341 Ten Fraternal Parties, 104, 105, 106 see also violence see also Democratic and Ethnic students Alliance “2007 Generation”, 118 terror, 292 88 Generation Students group, campaigns in Kachin State, 286, 117, 121, 125, 126, 130 n.2, 141 287 labour protests and, 143, 146ff terrorism, 286, 287, 332 civil society organizations and, see also state terrorism 118 textile industry, 320 Rakhine State crisis inquiry Thailand, 190, 270 commission and, 336–37, 344 Burmese refugees and, 96, 110, n.12 124 , 138 parallel voting system and, 237 Suharto, 273, 333 pro-democracy movement and, Sun, 82 112, 130 n.1 “Sunday White Campaign”, 118 Than Shwe, 25, 26, 29, 47, 80, 118, Supreme Court, 266 264, 276 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, 267 appointment of military Swedish Burma Committee, 131 n.7 members of parliament, 273 Swedish International Development Aung San Suu Kyi and, 27 Cooperation Agency, 116 SPDC dissolution and, 22, 49 Than Than Nu, 15, 111, 344 n.12 Thant Myint-U, 44 T That Naing Oo, 150 thayenaye funeral groups, 78 Ta Pein Chinese hydropower project, “The Burmese Way to Socialism” 288 (political tract), 201 n.19 Tai Yi shoe factory, 141–42, 143ff “The Role of the Burmese Clergy in Tai Yi Shoe Workers’ Association, 145 Political Activism”, 98 “talking peace and waging war”, 292 “The System of Correlation of Man Tamils, attacks on, 335 and his Environment”, 201 n.19 , SEE funding and, The World of Burmese Women, 309 172 Thein Htay, 271 378 Index

Thein Nyunt, 55, 60 armed forces and, 264 Thein Sein, 20, 26, 29, 30, 32, 37 n.1, cost of living and, 314, 318 48, 49, 52, 84, 210, 249, 267, 270, exchange rate reform, 182 285, 295, 334 labour protests and, 148 Aung San Suu Kyi and, 28, 50, land law reform and, 82 65, 75 peace-building strategy, 247 budget reforms and, 165 Ten Fraternal Parties and, 105 by-elections (2012), 233 Thein Soe, 268 cabinet reshuffle (2012), 174, 268 Thet Thet, 320 Constitutional Tribunal Law and, Thet Yee, 309 53 Thi Thi, 317 Democratic and Ethnic Alliance Thilawa special economic zone, 79 and, 235 Thu Wai, 99, 103, 106, 254 n.5 ethnic groups and, 34 Thurain Aung, 148 exiles and, 121 Tilly, Charles, 332 Extractive Industry Transparency Time magazine, 343 n.7 Initiative Leading Authority Tin Aung Aye, 235 and, 195 , 48, 267, 271, 278 Foreign Investment Law and, n.4 183–84, 185 Tin Aye, 235, 249, 268 governance and, 172–73 Tin Maung Than, 123 In Pursuit of Peace Award and, Tin Tin Aye (Htoo Moq), 309 296 Tom Lantos (JADE) Act, 188 Kachin conflict and, 289, 292 “top down” approach to reform, 75, Nobel Peace Prize and, 296, 297 215 police and, 206, 207 Tourist Police unit, 208 political prisoners and, 105 township dispute committee (Hlaing reform and, 21, 120, 138, 159, 175, Tharyar), 144 205, 206, 219 trade, 6, 161, 163 rule of law and, 205, 219 Trade Disputes Act (1929), 142 Shwe Mann and, 55, 65, 274 Trade Union Act (1926), 142 succession, 66 trade unions, 13, 20, 138 Ten Fraternal Parties and, 106 trafficked persons, 306 Than Shwe and, 22 transaction costs, 164 “transit regime” and, 264, 266 “transit regime”, 264, 277, 334 “triumvirate” with Shwe Mann transition to democracy, 6, 15, 219, and Aung San Suu Kyi, 75 259, 272 USDP and, 47, 56 as “top-down” transition, 75, 76 Thein Sein government, 45, 120, 160, leadership of Thein Sein, 22 268 “transition pact”, reform and, 334 agriculture reform and, 191 transnational advocacy networks, 114, 115 Index 379 transnational crime, 220 warning on assistance to striking transnational pro-democracy workers, 149 movement, 112, 128 Union of Myanmar Economic transparency, 5, 161, 167 Holdings, 38 n.6, 71 n.20, 169, armed forces expenditure and, 268 165 Union of Myanmar Federation of Aung San Suu Kyi and, 168–69 Chambers of Commerce and EITI and, 196 Industry, 148 MOGE and, 168 Union of Myanmar Federation of Transportation Ministers in States National Politics, 149 and Regions, 171 Union Peacemaking Working Trocaire, 131 n.7 Committee, 299 trust, 6, 222 Union Solidarity and Development Tun Tun Oo, 268 Association, 47, 309 Turnell, Sean, 14, 338, 339 Union Solidarity and Development Party, 13, 20, 32, 43, 47, 51, 55, 56, 57, 61–62, 65–66, 86, 149, 248 U by-elections (2012), results, 233 chairmanship of, 71 n.19 U Aggasara, (Burmese monk), 98 constitutional amendment and, U Htay, 142, 148, 149, 150 299 U Kyaw Lwin, 343 n.7 criticism of military U Myint, 123 representation, 274 , 15, 93, 94, 95, 107 disregard of election rules, 103 U Thant funeral crisis, 109 election (2010) results, 48, 70 n.2 U Wirathu, 343 n.7 elections (2015) and, 30, 33, 45, “uma-saung-hma thila-saung-naing” 56, 57, 229–30 (proverb), 311 electoral reform and, 66, 234 Union and Peace Party, see Party for ethnic minority members of Unity and Peace parliament and, 64 Union Budget Law 2011-12, 166 former military personnel and, Union Budget Law 2012-13, 166 211, 268–69 Union Civil Services Board, 268 proportional representation and, Union Democracy Party, 104, 254 n.4 230–31, 243, 248 Union Election Commission, 70 n.7, strike at Hi-Mo factory and, 146 100, 101, 105, 235, 243, 252, 268 United Kingdom, 116, 197, 220, 296 campaign regulations, 101–02 United Nationalities Federal Council, disregard of election rules, 103 66, 72 n.35 293, 299 electoral reform and, 66, 235–36, United Nations, Myanmar Peace management of elections, 249 Support Initiative and, 296 refusal to register certain ethnic United Nations Children’s Fund, groups, 47 police and, 220 380 Index

United Nations Development V Programme, 67, 175 n.1, 191 Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Bill, United Nations Economic and Social 195 Commission for Asia and the Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Pacific, 7 Management Law, 57, 82 United Nations General Assembly, Vahu Development Institute, 121, 123 205, 295 van Klinken, Gerry, 333, 334 United Nations High Commission for Vigorous Burmese Student Warriors, Refugees, 97 armed resistance and, 113 United Nations Human Rights violence, 287, 331ff, 335–36 Council, 344 n.11 969 movement, 336, 343 n.7 United Nations Industrial Buddhists and, 20–21, 335 Development Organization, 7 media and, 336 United Nations Office on Drugs and militarization and, 307, 342 Crime, 220, 221 nexus between personal and United Nations Population Fund, 319, structural violence, 339, 341, 322 n.1 342 United Nations Security Council, 117 Rakhine State and communal United Nations Special Rapporteur violence, 64, 105, 165, 215, 331, on , 335, 337 289, 344 n.14 Rakhine State inquiry United States, 3, 167, 220 commission, 336, 336–37, 340, Office of Foreign Assets Control, 344 n.12 200 n.6 see also structural violence, sanctions and, 106, 188, 189, 320 personal violence, communal Ten Fraternal Parties open letter violence to, 104 Voice of America Burmese Service, United States Agency for 81, 344 n.14 International Development, 116 “voice” of citizens, 84 United States Campaign for Burma, voter education, 252 130 n.1 voting systems, 241 United States Institute of Peace, 221 first-past-the-post, 230, 232, 234, United Wa State Party, 47 242–43, 243, 247, 248 Unity and Democracy Party of mixed-member proportional Kachin State, 70 n.6 system, 237, 240, 250 Unlawful Association Act 1908, 291 parallel system, 232, 237, 240, uprising (1988), 22, 24, 27, 94, 109, 111 243, 250, 251 proportional representation, 32, 71 n.22, 230, 235, 237, 242–43, 247, 248–49, 250 Index 381

W Community Driven Wa armed separatist groups, 223 n.6 Development programme, 5 wages, 140, 321, 322 debt and, 198, 295 Wai Lwin, 271 Oil Revenue Law (2004) (Sao Walton, Matthew J., 297 Tome and Principe) and, 196 Wanbao company, 38 n.6, 71 n.20 “Reengagement and Reform Ward and Village-Tract Administration Support Credit to Myanmar”, Law, 54, 63 198 weakness (as issue for women), 315, World Economic Forum (2013), 12 338 World Food Programme, 312 Weekly Eleven, 83 World Health Organization, 315 Wells, Tamas, 13, 339, 341 Western governments, 22, 28 Western Union, 187 X “White Expression Campaign”, 118 Xinhua, 253 n.3 Wilkinson, Paul, 287 Win Shein, 146 Wings (NGO), 99 Winston Set Aung, 12, 123 Y women, 14, 305, 308, 309, 310, 315, Yangon International Airport, 106 320 Yangon Port, 168 civil society networks and, 87 , 172 commerce and, 309 Ye Aung, 269 feminization of labour, 320 Ye Myint, 269 health issues, 313, 314–15, 318, Ye Tun, 61, 62 319, 338 Yin Yin Nwei, 344 n.14 infrastructure and, 316 YouTube, 344 n.7 labour rights and, 142 maternal health care, 319 Z Myanmar Police Force and, 208 , 344 n.12 poverty and, 312, 315 Zarni, Dr, 112 stress and, 313, 314, 338 Zaw Min, 268 structural violence and, 338 Zaw Oo, 123 working conditions of, 320, Zaw Win, 271 321–22 Zaw Zaw, 189, 200 n.10 Women’s League of Burma, 114 Zaykabar company, 83 Workers’ Association, 137 Zipporah Sein, 131 n.20 workers, 140, 144, 151 Zizek, Slavoj, 291, 292 workers’ rights, see labour rights World Bank, 167, 175 n.3, 294, 296 Central Bank of Myanmar Law and, 190