DOCSLIB.ORG

Topic: Evolution of Look East to Act East Policy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Topic: Evolution of Look East to Act East Policy Binit Lal E-Content for Dept of Political Sc M.A. Political Sc. Sem- 2 Nalanda College Paper: Contemporary Issues in IR Topic: Evolution of Look East to Act East Policy 1. Introduction: One of the primary focus of India‘s foreign policy since 1991 has been the ―Look East‖ policy. The initial orientation of the project was primarily focussed on the ASEAN countries, which then opened onto India‘s eastern neighbours like China, Japan, and South Korea and, lately, South Pacific states including Australia and New Zealand too. The end of cold war heralded a new set of changes - qualitative and structural in nature- that thereby created distinct orientations in the foreign policies of India and countries of Southeast Asia. India‘s changing relation with Southeast Asia was meant to build up strong political, economic and strategic ties with these countries. This further saw a dilution of past inhibitions from Southeast Asian countries that opened themselves up to develop friendly and warm relations with India. This region thus gained more prominence in the foreign policy of India through the adoption of Look East Policy in 1991 which was introduced by Indian Prime Minister P. V. Narsimaha Rao. 2. Concept of Look East Policy: The beginnings and evolution of the Look East Policy was to be done with a lot of fanfare and rigour, even though it was not to be smooth sailing all the way. The relations with ASEAN witnessed India becoming a sectoral dialogue partner with ASEAN in 1992 and full dialogue partner in 1995.In July 1996, I.K. Gujral the then Foreign Minister of India, first participated in the ASEAN conference in Indonesia. Giving positive appraisal of the Indian government of this new relationship, he said, "we see the full dialogue partnership with ASEAN as manifestation of our Look East destiny..........India would work with ASEAN as a full dialogue partner to give real meaning and content to the prophecy and promise of the 'Asian century' that is about to draw upon us"1 On a closer look at India‘s Look East policy, what gets revealed is that along with improved relations with Southeast Asia it was an attempt to relieve the negative reaction to navy and the political atmosphere in a Post-Cold War world. This policy was an attempt to strengthen strategic relations with many countries on bilateral and multilateral platform and also intended to have closer links with ASEAN on political and economical grounds. Further, it was also an attempt to make a place for itself in the larger Indo- Pacific region by showing India‘s economic potential for investment and trade. It had a major impact on India‘s foreign policy. By moving away from the policy of aloofness over regional multilateral relations, India started to participate in regional organisations. The Look East Policy built a road for co-operating several regional and smaller countries of Southeast Asia. At the end, it helped India in coming out of the closet and feelings of leaving out in Asia pacific organisations like Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) or the ASEAN Post-Ministerial Conferences (ASEAN-PMC) after becoming dialogue partner of ASEAN. ASEAN is only forum for regional cooperation and strategic collaboration. However, both of the parties have not admitted the rise of China in the background of the Look East Policy openly, but it makes a significant impression on it. 4. Compulsions for Look East Policy: It was sensed in the political circle that India‘s reluctance to join any International forums of this sort could damage our long term interest in the wider Asian region. Especially with the announcement that India will be opening its economy for the global integration. Being an outsider to the most important regional arrangements, India was increasingly concerned about the adverse impact of the growth of regionalism. Since the 1980s indeed the number of regional trade agreements effected had increased dramatically. No fewer than thirty four regional agreements were notified to GATT (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade) Under Artical XXIV, between 1990 and 1994. India was then afraid that this proliferation of regional trading arrangements would lead to protectionism and inward looking trade blocs. In the beginning of the 1990s, the world trading system seemed to be on the way to getting fragmented into three 1Gujral, I. K., 25 July, 1996, cited in The Times of India major regional blocs, with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the European Union and, possibly, Japan with East Asia. 4.1 India's Hesitancy about Projecting NE India in its Look East Policy: For an enhanced approach of Look East Policy of India, North Eastern States need to give a direct role in it. The NER has a natural advantage for border trade. The same justifies the need for and significance of establishing Regional Cooperation for facilitating growth of business and investment between the NER and the South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). If it happens, then the NER of India could become an economic bridgehead for tapping a market of 500 million people in our extended neighbourhood in South East Asia. Indo-Myanmar Cross Border Trade through Moreh-Tamu sector (Manipur), Champhai-Rih sector (Mizoram) and Nathur Pass (Sikkim) cross border between India and China is the continental dimension so far. Further opening up of Stillwell road and more border trade will boost the regional economic cooperation between India and South East Asian countries. North East India is closer with South East Asian countries' markets than mainland India i.e. Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai. Hence, the region has more advantages to have trade relation with Myanmar and other South East Asian countries. 4.2 Changing International Order After World War II, the world was ruled by victors of it, the USA and the Soviet Union because of their military and economic power. In economic domain, many Bretton Woods institutions like World Bank and IMF were created where the US Dollar has an upper hand. International trade was monitored by GATT and then WTO. After the failure of League of Nations, United Nations was crafted on the learned lessons for a nuclear era (Frédéric2001: 92). These nuclear weapons had significant impact on international order. The international politics was defined by many events that were significant in nature like the Cold War, the war in Vietnam, Non- Alignment, Bipolarity, and rapid growth in international trade and emergence of new nations after end of colonialism. Advanced healthcare and medicine availability explode the population. In Indian context the life expectancy rose up to 70 from 27 at the time of Independence. The most rapid growth happened in India and China with more than two billion in both the countries. 4.6 The Rise of China The transformation of Chinese economy in context of geo-politics and geo-economics is the significant example of technology development. In comparison to India, China‘s rise shook the world order. It was greatest transformation in human history. It diminished the hegemony of western developed economies over the global economy. The transformation in Chinese economy clearly started in 1978 and since then it has overtaken the economy of Japan. With GDP around USD 10 trillion in real terms, it is catching up with the USA. China has become the largest merchandise exporter in the world with huge trade surpluses with major economies. The One Belt and One Road initiative is the most geo-strategic initiative for geo-economics. However it is doubtful for continued financing of the project by China because of burden of debt over Chinese banks. Its military modernisation especially of navy has led it to the path of becoming great power and dominating the Indo-Pacific region. With the shift of global economy to Asia, China has flexed its muscles for becoming economic and military power. The BRI project has lured many countries to remain in Chinese geo-economic orbit. However, India has opposed it for it goes through the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (PoK) that is matter of its sovereignty, but India can‘t stop it progressing. 4.7 Multi-polarity After the Cold War, the International power structure was likely to lead by a multi-polar world with more than 3 Superpowers. It depended on large demography and economies of the world. After Bi-polar world, the USA, China, France, the UK, India, Russia, Brazil, Germany and Japan became leading power for balancing the Power vacuum where India was a huge market for energy, goods and investment. It had a significant impact on India‘s domestic and foreign policy. One such organisation of multiple countries is G-20 which later became regional forum for global economies and fiscal policies. The G-7 group of developed countries has only Japan from Asia even not the fastest growing economies of today- India and China. That is why it is less credible. 4.8 Strategic Considerations On the strategic front, India made leaps and bounds towards establishing a closer relationship with its Asian partners. Prior to the early 1990s, a fixation on U.S. - Soviet relations and border conflicts with China, Pakistan, and Bangladesh had largely directed India‘s political attention northward and westward. Strategic engagement with ASEAN was also blocked amid fears in Southeast Asia that India was expanding its military presence in the Indian Ocean and aimed to extend its influence into the region. Once the geopolitical barriers of the Cold War were broken, Southeast Asian countries became more receptive to cooperating with India strategically. Along with India, Southeast Asian countries were too ―facing the trauma of an uncertain future‖ in the post-Cold War atmosphere of political flux.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Look East Policy’ and Its Implications
    IDSA Monograph Series No. 26 October 2013 China’s Perception of India’s ‘Look East Policy’ and Its Implications Baladas Ghoshal CHINA’S PERCEPTION OF INDIA’S ‘LOOK EAST POLICY’ AND ITS IMPLICATIONS | 1 IDSA Monograph Series No. 26 October 2013 China’s Perception of India’s ‘Look East Policy’ and Its Implications Baladas Ghoshal 2 | IDSA MONOGRAPH SERIES Cover Map Courtesy: GIS Lab, IDSA Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, sorted in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA). ISBN: 978-93-82169-26-0 Disclaimer: It is certified that views expressed and suggestions made in this Monograph have been made by the author in his personal capacity and do not have any official endorsement. First Published: October 2013 Price: Rs. 299/- Published by: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses No.1, Development Enclave, Rao Tula Ram Marg, Delhi Cantt., New Delhi - 110 010 Tel. (91-11) 2671-7983 Fax.(91-11) 2615 4191 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.idsa.in Cover & Layout by: Geeta Kumari Printed at: M/S A. M. Offsetters A-57, Sector-10, Noida-201 301 (U.P.) Mob: 09810888667 E-mail: [email protected] CHINA’S PERCEPTION OF INDIA’S ‘LOOK EAST POLICY’ AND ITS IMPLICATIONS | 3 CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION: PERCEPTIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY ................... 5 Indian Perception of China ....................................................... 11 II. GENESIS OF INDIA'S LOOK EAST POLICY ......................................
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Korea Bilateral Relations
    India – Republic of Korea Bilateral Relations India-Republic of Korea (RoK) relations has made great strides in recent years and has become truly multidimensional, spurred by a significant convergence of interests, mutual goodwill and high level exchanges. Bilateral consular relations were established in 1962 which was upgraded to Ambassador-level in 1973. In course of time, RoK's open market policies found resonance with India's economic liberalization and 'Look East Policy' as well as “Act East Policy”. Consistent Indian support for peaceful reunification of the two Koreas has been well received in this country. According to "SamgukYusa" or "The Heritage History of the Three Kingdoms" written in the 13th century, a Princess from Ayodhya (Suriratna) came to Korea, married King Kim-Suro, and became Queen Hur Hwang-ok in the year 48 AD [wife of former President Lee Myung-bak (Mrs. Kim Yoon-ok), former President Kim Dae-jung, former President Kim Young-sam and former PM Kim Jong-pil, inter alia, trace their ancestry to the royal couple]. Korean Buddhist Monk Hyecho (704–787 CE) or Hong Jiao visited India from 723 to 729 AD and wrote travelogue "Pilgrimage to the five kingdoms of India" which gives a vivid account of Indian culture, politics & society. The travelogue was rediscovered in China in 1908 and was subsequently translated into different languages, including Hindi, under the aegis of UNESCO. The original fragment is now owned by the National Library of France. Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore also composed a short but evocative poem – 'Lamp of the East' - in 1929 about Korea's glorious past and its promising bright future.
    [Show full text]
  • Look East Policy Dr.A.Sundaram
    International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue5, May-2013 169 ISSN 2278-7763 Look East Policy Dr.A.Sundaram Associate Porfessor,Depatment of Economics,Govt Saiha college,Affiliated to Mizoram University,North East India, Saiha, Mizoram, [email protected]. ABSTRACT India’s LEP has over the last two decades strengthened its economic, political, security, and civilization links with the rest of Asia. In order to cope with the global financial turmoil, India however should become even more persistent and proficient in deepening its linkages with the rest of Asia, while strengthening its capacities to meet its developmental challenges. In order accomplish this task, India will need to develop far greater expertise in geo-economics, an area which has not received the requisite attention. India should also consider establishing a well- funded, resources, think-tank for researching, communicating, and influencing foreign policy issues and options. This will also enable India to better communicate its intentions to rest of the world, including its partners in Asia. The current global financial turmoil represents an opportunity for Asia to assume global responsibilities commensurate with its strength. The EAS is an appropriate forum to begin structuring Asia’s future role in the global order as its membership is more inclusive, involving all major countries. Even though it is too early to presume that the Look East policy is a failure, skeptics argue that there is more rhetoric than substance in the policy. With the Northeastern region filled with armed insurrections and the subsequent law and order problem, the implementation of various developmental projects is an arduous task.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Southbound Policy and India-Taiwan Relations | Page 2
    The New Southbound Policy & India-Taiwan Relations Dr Teshu Singh VIF Paper | April 2019 The New Southbound Policy and India-Taiwan Relations | Page 2 © Vivekananda International Foundation, 2019 Vivekananda International Foundation 3, San Martin Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi - 110021 Tel: 011-24121764, Fax: 011-43115450 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.vifindia.org All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by Vivekananda International Foundation. The New Southbound Policy and India-Taiwan Relations | Page 3 About the Author Dr. Teshu Singh is an Associate Fellow with Vivekananda International Foundation (VIF), New Delhi. Previously, she was working with Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS), New Delhi. Her research interest include Maritime Security, Chinese Foreign Policy and India-China Relations. She is particularly interested in the developments of the Indian Ocean Region and the South China Sea vis-a-vis China. In 2015, she completed her PhD from the Department of East Asian Studies, University of Delhi on the subject “China and the geopolitics of the Indian Ocean: Implications for the Regional Security”. She received the Huayu Enrichment Scholarship to study Mandarin Language in Taiwan (September 2015 - February 2016). She has presented papers at several national and international conferences on her
    [Show full text]
  • Look East Policy of India
    LOOK EAST POLICY OF INDIA When did Look East Policy Start? Look East Policy of India was launched in 1991 by the Government of India led by the former Prime Minister Narasimha Rao. The objective was to develop political, economic and security co-operation with countries in Southeast Asia. After the cold war, India wanted to act as a counterweight to China in Southeast Asia. Which policy of India succeeded Look East Policy? Act East Policy of India succeeded Look East Policy. The main objective was to have greater engagement in all spheres with countries in Southeast Asia as well as with far Eastern countries like Japan, South Korea, and countries in the Pacific region like Australia. What is the difference between the Look East Policy and Act East Policy? The major difference is Act East Policy not only focussed on developing political co- operation but also a cultural and strategic relationship between India and extended neighbourhood of Asia Pacific region. India has upgraded its relationship to a strategic level with many Asia Pacific countries. There is continuous engagement with these countries at regional, bilateral, and multilateral level. There is a greater impetus on people to people contacts, involvement in infrastructure projects of India and enhanced co-operation in Maritime security-related issues. When was Act East Policy Launched? Act East Policy was launched in 2014 by the Government of India led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Important Facts about Look East Policy of India 1. The look east policy tends to connect to ASEAN and the East Asian nations with an Asianisation content.
    [Show full text]
  • India and South Korea: Exploring New Avenues, Outlining Goals
    February 2020 India and South Korea: Exploring New Avenues, Outlining Goals iStock/Getty Images K.V. Kesavan, A. Singh, L. Powell, M. Joshi, A. Mukhopadhyay, N. Sahoo Observer Research Foundation (ORF) is a public policy think-tank that aims to influence the formulation of policies for building a strong and prosperous India. ORF pursues these goals by providing informed and productive inputs, in-depth research, and stimulating discussions. ISBN: 978-93-89622-58-4 © 2020 Observer Research Foundation. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied, archived, retained or transmitted through print, speech or electronic media without prior written approval from ORF. Attribution: K.V. Kesavan, et al., “India and South Korea: Exploring New Avenues, Outlining Goals”, ORF Special Report No. 101, February 2020, Observer Research Foundation. CONTENTS Foreword ............................................................................................................................... 4 K.V. Kesavan India’s ‘Act East’ Policy and Regional Cooperation ............................................................ 7 K.V. Kesavan Strategic and Maritime Relations: Shared Imperatives, Common Goals ......................... 17 Abhijit Singh Addressing Challenges in Decarbonising Energy Systems ................................................ 29 Lydia Powell Partnerships in Technology ................................................................................................. 47 Manoj Joshi CEPA: Fulcrum of Future Trade and
    [Show full text]
  • South Korea's New Southern Policy and the United States Indo-Pacific
    South Korea’s New Southern Policy and the United States Indo-Pacific Strategy: Implications for the U.S.-ROK Alliance Andrew Yeo July 22, 2021 *Note: This is a working paper prepared for a panel presentation hosted by the Mansfield Foundation. For comments or suggestions, please contact [email protected]. Introduction In 2017, the South Korean government launched the New Southern Policy to promote greater cooperation with countries in Southeast Asia and India. This comes at a time when other major powers, China and the United States in particular, have also turned their attention to Southeast and South Asia. Does the Moon government’s New Southern Policy (NSP) reflect greater foreign policy autonomy or opportunities for increased alignment with the Biden administration’s Indo- Pacific strategy? Are there specific areas of policy convergence in U.S.-South Korea relations as Washington and Seoul seek greater engagement with members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)? How might Beijing perceive enhanced U.S.-Republic of Korea (ROK) cooperation in Southeast Asia? This working paper examines the NSP, its significance to South Korean foreign policy, and its appropriateness for alignment with other broader Indo-Pacific strategies. It concludes with a set of policy recommendations for Seoul and Washington to consider. Launching the New Southern Policy The NSP is the first major initiative to advance South Korean interests in Southeast and South Asia under a single framework. However, even prior to the NSP, relations between South Korea and ASEAN and India, respectively, had been moving forward. Formal relations between ASEAN and Korea were first established in 1989 when ASEAN added South Korea as a sectoral dialogue partner.1 However, relations between the two sides remained fairly limited until the Asian financial crisis when ASEAN strengthened ties with the three major Northeast Asian countries - China, Japan, and South Korea – to form the ASEAN Plus Three (APT).
    [Show full text]
  • India's Look East Policy: Challenges and Options for Pakistan (Raja Qaiser Ahmed)
    INDIA’S LOOK EAST POLICY: CHALLENGES AND OPTIONS FOR PAKISTAN Raja Qaiser Ahmed Abstract The article focuses on India’s emerging trajectory of foreign policy under Narendra Modi’s premiership and its moves to evolve closer relations with the eastern economic powers, especially Australia and Japan and its implications for Pakistan. India and Pakistan, the immediate neighbours, are locked into an incessant rivalry since their inception. The change of political rule or a policy schema in either country brings profound implications for the regional competitive environment. This paper seeks to identify the patterns and processes which are likely to be altered in Indian Foreign Policy under Modi and possible responses from Pakistan. The theoretical conception of cognitive interconnectedness of ideas and actions has been used to explain this new trend in the Indian foreign policy. Introduction The India-Pakistan relations are a haunting tale since their inceptive years more ostensibly in the realm of mutual antagonism and the character of animosity in which they are embedded. The construct of the relations and mutual suspicion which take over the discourse, these bilateral relations can be exhaustively interpreted in the framework of contained instrumentalism1 which kept the communitarian differentiation intact based on the character of identity.2 The interconnectedness in the mutual relations of India and Pakistan has made these polities largely proportional to one another. The eventuality in respect of one brings profound implications for the other. India’s threat spectrum and its immediate neighbours are contradictory to one another. India envisages cross border terrorism and external manoeuvring as a major threat3 as far as the frame of internal security is NDU Journal 2015 55 India’s Look East Policy: Challenges and Options for Pakistan concerned.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Priority in India's Look East Policy
    ISA S Insights No. 111 – 31 August 2010 469A Bukit Timah Road #07-01, Tower Block, Singapore 259770 Tel: 6516 6179 / 6516 4239 Fax: 6776 7505 / 6314 5447 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isas.nus.edu.sg A New Priority in India’s Look East Policy: Evolving Bilateral Relations with Bangladesh Dr Iftekhar Ahmed Chowdhury1 Abstract India is a country and nation on the rise. The process would be facilitated by a supportive regional environment. While with Pakistan relations continue to be challenged, with Bangladesh they appear on the mend. Bangladesh has for a variety of reasons proved to be the calmest country in the region and is also emerging as a responsible international actor. However, if this relationship is to evolve satisfactorily, India will be required to assume a disproportionately greater and non-reciprocal responsibility. The Indian leadership has already intellectually accepted this role and the article recommends some mutual steps towards advancing it. This relationship is also in consonance with India’s Look East policy, in which Bangladesh appears to have become a new priority. The Indian Express brought out an editorial on 3 August 2010 that deserves to be quoted extensively. The leader stated: ‘Rising powers need friendly neighbours. A relationship with our neighbours that is supportive, or at least cordial, would free us to think on a larger scale.’ Of course, India’s western border shows no signs of being unproblematic any time soon. But to the east, an election in Bangladesh that brought in the Awami League - which does not subscribe to the anti-Indian rhetoric that is the characteristic of the other main party, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) - should have been seized with both hands.
    [Show full text]
  • India and Myanmar: Looking East Through a Strategic Bridge
    NO. 144 IPCS ISSUE BRIEF MARCH 2010 India and Myanmar Looking East through a Strategic Bridge Harnit Kaur Kang Research Officer (SEARP), IPCS, New Delhi How significant is Myanmar to India’s calculations? Lawlessness in the region also bolsters a thriving This paper examines the feasibility of closer India- informal economy. To improve communication, Myanmar relations, under the larger diagram of cross-border fiber optic cables were installed along India’s Asia-centric Look East Policy (LEP). It delves the Myanmar border during the Indian delegation’s into the major obstacles, the headway made so far visit. In a mood of goodwill, the Myanmarese and avenues that hold the potential for the same. officials also expressed their gratitude for India’s assistance in wake of the devastating cyclone I Nargis. During this visit India’s LEP was elucidated to UNDERSTANDING MYANMAR’S STRATEGIC the Myanmarese officials and how according to IMPORTANCE Indian perceptions; their country is valued for not only routing insurgents in India’s Northeast but also Myanmar holds the promise of tremendous strategic as a gateway to Southeast Asia. and economic consequence. It is abundant in natural resources, yet stands as an island of II stagnation among a sea of burgeoning Asian INDIA’S INITIATIVES: ECONOMIC COLLABORATIONS economies. The US led and self imposed periods of isolation have dealt a blow to its citizens. The 2007 India’s economic collaboration with Myanmar has uprising against the military regime were been slow but it has been steadily increasing and symptomatic of not only an ailing civil society diversifying since 1999 onwards.
    [Show full text]
  • ASEAN Relations India's Look East Policy Was Initiated in 1990S and Since Then, India's Relationship with ASEAN Remains
    India- ASEAN Relations India's Look East Policy was initiated in 1990s and since then, India's relationship with ASEAN remains one of the cornerstones of our foreign policy and the very foundation of our Look East Policy. India became a sectoral dialogue partner of ASEAN in 1992, which was upgraded to full dialogue partnership in 1996. Since 2002, we have had annual Summits with ASEAN. ASEAN and India commemorated the 20th anniversary of dialogue-level partnership and the 10th anniversary of Summit-level partnership with a Commemorative Summit in New Delhi under the theme 'ASEAN-India Partnership for Peace and Shared Prosperity' on December 20-21, 2012. The Commemorative Summit attended by the Leaders from all the 10 ASEAN countries endorsed elevating our partnership to a 'Strategic Partnership'. The Leaders also adopted the 'ASEAN-India Vision Statement', which charts the future of ASEAN-India cooperation. ASEAN-India functional cooperation is diverse and includes cooperation across a range of sectors, such as trade, science & technology, agriculture, environment, human resource development, space science, new and renewable energy, information and communication technology, telecommunications, transport and infrastructure, tourism and culture, and health and pharmaceuticals. At the 7th ASEAN-India Summit in October 2009, India announced a contribution of USD 50 million to ASEAN-India Cooperation Fund to support implementation of the ASEAN-India Plan of Action 2010-15, which envisages cooperation in a range of sectors in the political, economic and socio-cultural spheres for deepening and intensifying ASEAN-India cooperation. This was in addition to the ASEAN-India Science & Technology Fund set up in 2007 with an initial corpus of US$ 1 million and the ASEAN- India Green Fund also established in 2007 with US$ 5 million for funding pilot projects to promote adaptation and mitigation technologies in the field of climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • China Rises, India Ponders: India's 'Look East'
    earless f nadia China Rises, India Ponders: India’s The Fearless Nadia ‘Look East’ Occasional Papers on India-Australia Relations Policy Gathers The Fearless Nadia Occasional papers are original essays commissioned by the Australia India Institute focusing on various aspects of the relationship between India and Momentum Australia. Fearless Nadia (1908- 1996) was an Australian actress born Mary Ann Evans in Perth, Western Australia, who began her career working in the Zarko circus and eventually became a celebrated Harsh V. Pant star of Hindi films in India. Fearless Nadia brought a new joie de vivre and chutzpah into Indian cinema with her breathtaking ‘stunts’. Her role in the renowned film Hunterwali, where she appeared dressed in boots and wielding a whip, became an iconic image in 1930s Bombay. The Occasional Papers series seeks to inject a similar audacity and creative dialogue into the relationship between India and Australia. Spring 2013: Volume 1 www.aii.unimelb.edu.au The Fearless Nadia Occasional Papers on India-Australia Relations earless f nadia Editor CHRISTOPHER KREMMER Permission to use the name and image of “Fearless Nadia” is a courtesy extended by Wadia Movietone to the Australia India Institute for use only as the title of its Occasional Academic Papers. This is on the clear understanding that the name and image will be used only for the Occasional Academic Papers under this umbrella, and not for any commercial use. Wadia Movietone retains sole global copyright and ownership under intellectual property and copyright law of the Fearless Nadia and Hunterwali characters and personas, and any depiction and usage of the same.
    [Show full text]