In Japan 2016 on the Environment

Annual Report on the Environment in Japan 2016 Annual Report on the Environment 02 in Japan 2016 03 Table of Contents Foreword

Foreword - 03

A new stage for global e year 2015 was a historic one for the global environment. In October, the United Nations General Assembly adopted warming countermeasures - 04 1 the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a universal (1) A new international framework to address global warming - 05 (2) Japan’s global warming countermeasures - 06 set of goals and targets for achieving sustainable development (3) Plan for adaptation to climate change - 08 that involve the entire world. In December, the 21st Confer- (4) Research and development - 10 ence of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Con- (5) Green ﬁnance - 12 vention on Climate Change (COP21) adopted the Paris (6) International cooperation - 12 (7) Strategic actions targeting the long-term goal - 13 Agreement, the rst legally binding agreement since the Tamayo Marukawa (8) Other international frameworks - 14 Kyoto Protocol eighteen years earlier. And, in May 2016 in Minister of the Environment Japan, the Cabinet approved the Plan for Global Warming Reconstruction after Countermeasures, the G7 Ise-Shima Summit was held in Ise-Shima, Mie Prefecture, and the G7 Toyama Environment the Great East Japan Earthquake - 16 2 Ministers’ Meeting was held in Toyama City, Toyama Prefec- (1) Progress in restoration of the environment - 17 ture. Both internationally and domestically, it could be said (2) Restoration of the environment in areas contaminated - 18 by radioactive materials that global warming countermeasures and the creation of a (3) Health management for people exposed to radiation - 20 sustainable society have entered a new stage. Japan is already (4) Preparedness for environmental risks caused by disasters - 21 making major strides towards the achievement of three of the goals established by this process—reducing greenhouse gases Biodiversity and 26.0% by FY 2030, reducing them 80% by 2050, and achieving a sustainable society. 3 ecosystem services - 22 e main theme of the 2016 Annual Report on the Environ- Harmonizing The Cycles of ment is “a new stage for global warming countermeasures.” It explains the actions Japan is taking to combat global warm- Nature and Economic Society - 24 4 ing in the context of international discussion regarding measures on global warming. It also describes eorts for reconstruction and environmental recovery after the Great Additional materials - 26 East Japan Earthquake, as well as progress made on the 2030 - Low-carbon society - 26 - Biodiversity - 28 Agenda and other fronts. - Sound material-cycle society - 30 - Atmospheric and water environments - 32 It is my hope that this report will contribute to the realiza- - Environmental risks of chemical substances - 34 tion of a sustainable society.

Unless otherwise indicated, tables, charts and pictures are provided by the Ministry of the Environment.

This publication is an English-language digest of parts of Japan’s Annual Report on the Environment, the Sound Material-Cycle Society, and Biodiversity, which was approved by the cabinet on May 31, 2016. The statements and information included here are current as of the date of the cabinet decision. Annual Report on the Environment 02 in Japan 2016 03 Table of Contents Foreword

Foreword - 03

Unless otherwise indicated, tables, charts and pictures are provided by the Ministry of the Environment.

e Paris Agreement

e Paris Agreement was adopted at the 21st At the opening ceremony of the COP21 leaders’ Conference of the Parties to the United Nations segment, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe reasserted A new stage for Framework Convention on Climate Change this policy, indicated that the new international (COP21) held in Paris, France from November 30 framework should include the setting of a long-term to December 13, 2015. It is the rst legally binding goal as well as the establishment of a common international agreement since the Kyoto Protocol process for the review of NDCs (Photo below) and eighteen years earlier. also announced “Actions for Cool Earth 2.0 (ACE 2.0)”. Representing the Japanese government at the global warming e Paris Agreement is considered a groundbreak- high-level segment, Minister of the Environment ing international framework. It is the rst interna- Tamayo Marukawa stated that the legal agreement tional treaty to agree to “holding the increase in should include a global long term goal, a cycle the global average temperature to well below 2°C whereby all Parties communicate and update their above pre-industrial levels.” It includes “pursuing NDCs, and a report and review system. countermeasures eorts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C Japan strongly welcomes and highly appreciates the above pre-industrial levels” and sets a goal “to adoption of the Paris Agreement, which is a fair achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions and eective international framework applicable to by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse all parties. gases in the second half of this century.” “e Paris Agreement is a monumental triumph for people and our planet,” stated In addition, this agreement is applicable to all parties. Each party shall communicate or update its Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations after the adoption of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) every ve years, and engage in adaptation planning agreement on the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework processes and the implementation of actions, as Convention on Climate Change (COP21) held in Paris. All participants shared their appropriate. And as Japan had insisted, the new international framework is a fair and eective one delight, with comments such as “a turning point for the world”, and “an agreement applicable to all parties. of conviction, an agreement of solidarity”. In this chapter, we describe the circumstances brought about by the agreement and highlight Japan’s commitments.

Opening Ceremony of COP21 leaders’ segment 1 Photo: Cabinet Public Relations Oce Annual Report on the Environment 04 in Japan 2016 05 1 A new international framework to address global warming

e Paris Agreement

Opening Ceremony of COP21 leaders’ segment 1 Photo: Cabinet Public Relations Oce Annual Report on the Environment 06 1. A new stage for global warming countermeasures Plan for Global Warming in Japan 2016 07 2 Countermeasures The Plan for Global Warming Countermeasures

Introduction Japan’s global warming In December 2015, Japan formulated its Policy for - Scientific findings on global warming - Actions during the 1st commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, Global Warming Prevention Measures Based on the Actions by 2020 under the Cancun Agreement Paris Agreement. is policy includes formulation of - Establishment of an international framework after 2020 and communication of Japan’s INDC countermeasures Ch.1 the Plan for Global Warming Countermeasures based Basic direction regarding the promotion of on the Act on Promotion of Global Warming global warming countermeasures - Directions to pursue Countermeasures with the aim of meeting the FY 1. Actions to achieve mid-term target (26% reduction by 2030) History of global warming Japan’s mid-term 2030 mid-term reduction target. In addition to this, it 2. Strategic actions towards long-term goal (80% reduction by 2050) 3. Actions toward global greenhouse gas reduction was decided that Japan would actively contribute to - Basic concepts countermeasures by Japan reduction target (FY 2030) the development of detailed international rules for the 1. Integrated improvements of the environment, economy and society 2. Steady implementation of measures listed in Japan’s INDC implementation of the Paris Agreement, and would 3. Response to Paris Agreement Japan formulated its Action Program to Arrest In July 2015, Japan decided on its Intended 4. Enhancement of R&D and contribution to global greenhouse gases emissions implement the domestic procedures required to ratify reduction through Japan’s leading technologies Global Warming in 1990, and has continued to Nationally Determined Contribution, including its 5. Transformation in conciousness of all actors, evocation of action and enhancement the Paris Agreement. of collaboration implement global warming countermeasures ever FY 2030 mid-term reduction target, and submitted 6. Emphasis on PDCA cycle Ch.2 since. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted at it to the United Nations Framework Convention In May 2016, the Cabinet approved both the Plan for Greenhouse gas reduction target COP3, with Japan committing to reduce total on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat on the Global Warming Countermeasures based on the Act - Japan’s greenhouse gas emission reductions target - Reduction of 26% by FY2030 (25.4% compared to FY2005) greenhouse gas emissions by 6% compared to the same day. Japan’s FY 2030 mid-term reduction on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures - More than 3.8% reduction by FY2020 compared to FY2005 and the Government Action Plan. As Japan’s sole - Planning period FY 1990 level in the rst commitment period target is at the level of 26.0% by FY 2030 - From date of cabinet decision (May 13, 2016) to FY2030 (2008-2012). Consequently, in 1998 Japan enacted compared to FY 2013 (25.4% reduction compared comprehensive plan regarding global warming, the Ch.3 Plan for Global Warming Countermeasures provides Polices and measures for achieving targets the Act on Promotion of Global Warming to FY 2005). e target was set based on the - Basic roles of national government, local governments, businesses and citizens Countermeasures, a framework under which the amount of domestic emission reductions and the following basic directions for global warming - Measures and Policies for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction and Removal countermeasures: actions to achieve the mid-term - Energy-originated CO national government, local governments, business- removals assumed to be obtained. Measures and Policies by Sectors es, and citizens address global warming together. target (26% reduction by FY 2030), strategic actions (industrial, commercial and other, residential, transport, energy conversion) towards the long-term goal (80% reduction by FY - Non-energy-originated CO, CH, NO Based on this act, the Kyoto Protocol Target - Four fluorinated gases: HFCs, PFCs, SF and NF Estimated emissions of greenhouse gases 2050), and actions toward global greenhouse gas - Removals by Land Use, Land Use change and Forestry (LULUCF) Achievement Plan was approved by Cabinet in - Cross-sectional strategies in each sector in Japan’s INDC reduction. It also describes basic matters regarding April 2005, and Japan has implemented the - Foundational measures (mil. t-CO) measures taken by businesses and citizens, and - Basic matters regarding measures to be taken by Local Governments countermeasures comprehensively and strategically. Estimated - Expected Eorts of Business Operators with Large Emissions in Particular FY 2013 regarding policies and measures taken by national and emissions of each - Promotion of nationwide campaign (FY 2005) As a result, average net emissions over the ve years sector in FY 2030 local governments for achieving the target. Based on - Promotion of global emission reduction, international collaboration of the rst commitment period of the Kyoto this plan, Japan is promoting global warming counter- and cooperation Energy originated CO 927 1,235 [1,219] - Response to Paris Agreement Protocol came to 1.278 billion tonnes, a 1.4% measures comprehensively and strategically. - Global emission reduction due to Japan’s contribution Industry 401 429 [457] increase compared to the FY 1990 level, but when - Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) Commercial and other 168 279 [239] - Actions by industries forest sinks and Kyoto Mechanism Credits are Furthermore, in May 2016, the Act on Promotion of - Support of reduction of emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) Residential 122 201 [180] - Cooperation with other countries and international organizations factored in, the result was an 8.7% reduction Global Warming Countermeasures was revised in Transport 163 225 [240] Ch.4 compared to FY 1990, which met the Kyoto order to strengthen actions for tackling global Progress Management of the Plan Energy conversion 73 101 [104] Yearly progress review, consideration of the plan’s revision every 3 years Protocol target (6% reduction compared to the warming. e revised Act stipulates that the Plan for base year). (mil. t-CO) Global Warming Countermeasures needs to specify Appendix (Target of each measure) - Energy-originated CO Emissions target issues related to promotion of public awareness and FY 2013 of each gas - Non-energy-originated CO (FY 2005) international cooperation, and it also promotes actions In order to continue with the implementation of in FY 2030 - CH, NO global warming countermeasures thereafter, the for tackling global warming at local level. - Four fluorinated gases Non-energy originated CO 70.8 75.9 [85.4] - Removals by LULUCF Act on Promotion of Global Warming Counter- - Cross-sectional policies Methane (CH) 31.6 36.0 [39.0] measures was revised in 2013, and the Plan for Nitrous oxide (NO) 21.1 22.5 [25.5] Global Warming Countermeasures was formulated Four fluorinated gases 28.9 38.6 [27.7] as a plan for the comprehensive and strategic HFCs 21.6 31.8 [12.7] implementation of Japan’s global warming counter- PFCs 4.2 3.3 [8.6] National campaign for global warming measures to replace the Kyoto Protocol Target SF¦ 2.7 2.2 [5.1] Achievement Plan. Furthermore, based on the NF§ 0.5 1.4 [1.2] countermeasures (COOL CHOICE) Cancun Agreement adopted at COP16 in 2010, at COP19 in 2013 Japan announced a 3.8% reduc- (mil. t-CO) COOL CHOICE is an initiative in which industry, academia, the private tion target for Japan’s greenhouse gas emissions in FY 2030 FY 2013 sector, and consumers participate as one united front, with prime minister removal target (FY2005) FY 2020 compared to the 2005 level. Shinzo Abe standing at its fore. Launched in July 2015, it is a national LULUCF sector 37.0 – [ – ] campaign aimed at meeting the new mid-term reduction target. e COOL Forest management 27.8 – [ – ] CHOICE logo is an easy-to-understand arrow symbol designed to make it Cropland management 7.9 – [ – ] /Grazing land management easy to choose products, services, and behavior that are low-carbon or save Revegetation 1.2 – [ – ] energy. It promotes smart choices that allow individual consumers to immediately engage in global warming countermeasures on their own. Trademark of “COOL CHOICE” Source: Submission of Japan’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) For the Future, Choose Now Annual Report on the Environment 06 1. A new stage for global warming countermeasures Plan for Global Warming in Japan 2016 07 2 Countermeasures The Plan for Global Warming Countermeasures

Introduction Japan’s global warming In December 2015, Japan formulated its Policy for - Scientific findings on global warming - Actions during the 1st commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, Global Warming Prevention Measures Based on the Actions by 2020 under the Cancun Agreement Paris Agreement. is policy includes formulation of - Establishment of an international framework after 2020 and communication of Japan’s INDC countermeasures Ch.1 the Plan for Global Warming Countermeasures based Basic direction regarding the promotion of on the Act on Promotion of Global Warming global warming countermeasures - Directions to pursue Countermeasures with the aim of meeting the FY 1. Actions to achieve mid-term target (26% reduction by 2030) History of global warming Japan’s mid-term 2030 mid-term reduction target. In addition to this, it 2. Strategic actions towards long-term goal (80% reduction by 2050) 3. Actions toward global greenhouse gas reduction was decided that Japan would actively contribute to - Basic concepts countermeasures by Japan reduction target (FY 2030) the development of detailed international rules for the 1. Integrated improvements of the environment, economy and society 2. Steady implementation of measures listed in Japan’s INDC implementation of the Paris Agreement, and would 3. Response to Paris Agreement Japan formulated its Action Program to Arrest In July 2015, Japan decided on its Intended 4. Enhancement of R&D and contribution to global greenhouse gases emissions implement the domestic procedures required to ratify reduction through Japan’s leading technologies Global Warming in 1990, and has continued to Nationally Determined Contribution, including its 5. Transformation in conciousness of all actors, evocation of action and enhancement the Paris Agreement. of collaboration implement global warming countermeasures ever FY 2030 mid-term reduction target, and submitted 6. Emphasis on PDCA cycle Ch.2 since. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted at it to the United Nations Framework Convention In May 2016, the Cabinet approved both the Plan for Greenhouse gas reduction target COP3, with Japan committing to reduce total on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat on the Global Warming Countermeasures based on the Act - Japan’s greenhouse gas emission reductions target - Reduction of 26% by FY2030 (25.4% compared to FY2005) greenhouse gas emissions by 6% compared to the same day. Japan’s FY 2030 mid-term reduction on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures - More than 3.8% reduction by FY2020 compared to FY2005 and the Government Action Plan. As Japan’s sole - Planning period FY 1990 level in the rst commitment period target is at the level of 26.0% by FY 2030 - From date of cabinet decision (May 13, 2016) to FY2030 (2008-2012). Consequently, in 1998 Japan enacted compared to FY 2013 (25.4% reduction compared comprehensive plan regarding global warming, the Ch.3 Plan for Global Warming Countermeasures provides Polices and measures for achieving targets the Act on Promotion of Global Warming to FY 2005). e target was set based on the - Basic roles of national government, local governments, businesses and citizens Countermeasures, a framework under which the amount of domestic emission reductions and the following basic directions for global warming - Measures and Policies for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction and Removal countermeasures: actions to achieve the mid-term - Energy-originated CO national government, local governments, business- removals assumed to be obtained. Measures and Policies by Sectors es, and citizens address global warming together. target (26% reduction by FY 2030), strategic actions (industrial, commercial and other, residential, transport, energy conversion) towards the long-term goal (80% reduction by FY - Non-energy-originated CO, CH, NO Based on this act, the Kyoto Protocol Target - Four fluorinated gases: HFCs, PFCs, SF and NF Estimated emissions of greenhouse gases 2050), and actions toward global greenhouse gas - Removals by Land Use, Land Use change and Forestry (LULUCF) Achievement Plan was approved by Cabinet in - Cross-sectional strategies in each sector in Japan’s INDC reduction. It also describes basic matters regarding April 2005, and Japan has implemented the - Foundational measures (mil. t-CO) measures taken by businesses and citizens, and - Basic matters regarding measures to be taken by Local Governments countermeasures comprehensively and strategically. Estimated - Expected Eorts of Business Operators with Large Emissions in Particular FY 2013 regarding policies and measures taken by national and emissions of each - Promotion of nationwide campaign (FY 2005) As a result, average net emissions over the ve years sector in FY 2030 local governments for achieving the target. Based on - Promotion of global emission reduction, international collaboration of the rst commitment period of the Kyoto this plan, Japan is promoting global warming counter- and cooperation Energy originated CO 927 1,235 [1,219] - Response to Paris Agreement Protocol came to 1.278 billion tonnes, a 1.4% measures comprehensively and strategically. - Global emission reduction due to Japan’s contribution Industry 401 429 [457] increase compared to the FY 1990 level, but when - Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) Commercial and other 168 279 [239] - Actions by industries forest sinks and Kyoto Mechanism Credits are Furthermore, in May 2016, the Act on Promotion of - Support of reduction of emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) Residential 122 201 [180] - Cooperation with other countries and international organizations factored in, the result was an 8.7% reduction Global Warming Countermeasures was revised in Transport 163 225 [240] Ch.4 compared to FY 1990, which met the Kyoto order to strengthen actions for tackling global Progress Management of the Plan Energy conversion 73 101 [104] Yearly progress review, consideration of the plan’s revision every 3 years Protocol target (6% reduction compared to the warming. e revised Act stipulates that the Plan for base year). (mil. t-CO) Global Warming Countermeasures needs to specify Appendix (Target of each measure) - Energy-originated CO Emissions target issues related to promotion of public awareness and FY 2013 of each gas - Non-energy-originated CO (FY 2005) international cooperation, and it also promotes actions In order to continue with the implementation of in FY 2030 - CH, NO global warming countermeasures thereafter, the for tackling global warming at local level. - Four fluorinated gases Non-energy originated CO 70.8 75.9 [85.4] - Removals by LULUCF Act on Promotion of Global Warming Counter- - Cross-sectional policies Methane (CH) 31.6 36.0 [39.0] measures was revised in 2013, and the Plan for Nitrous oxide (NO) 21.1 22.5 [25.5] Global Warming Countermeasures was formulated Four fluorinated gases 28.9 38.6 [27.7] as a plan for the comprehensive and strategic HFCs 21.6 31.8 [12.7] implementation of Japan’s global warming counter- PFCs 4.2 3.3 [8.6] National campaign for global warming measures to replace the Kyoto Protocol Target SF¦ 2.7 2.2 [5.1] Achievement Plan. Furthermore, based on the NF§ 0.5 1.4 [1.2] countermeasures (COOL CHOICE) Cancun Agreement adopted at COP16 in 2010, at COP19 in 2013 Japan announced a 3.8% reduc- (mil. t-CO) COOL CHOICE is an initiative in which industry, academia, the private tion target for Japan’s greenhouse gas emissions in FY 2030 FY 2013 sector, and consumers participate as one united front, with prime minister removal target (FY2005) FY 2020 compared to the 2005 level. Shinzo Abe standing at its fore. Launched in July 2015, it is a national LULUCF sector 37.0 – [ – ] campaign aimed at meeting the new mid-term reduction target. e COOL Forest management 27.8 – [ – ] CHOICE logo is an easy-to-understand arrow symbol designed to make it Cropland management 7.9 – [ – ] /Grazing land management easy to choose products, services, and behavior that are low-carbon or save Revegetation 1.2 – [ – ] energy. It promotes smart choices that allow individual consumers to immediately engage in global warming countermeasures on their own. Trademark of “COOL CHOICE” Source: Submission of Japan’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) For the Future, Choose Now Annual Report on the Environment 08 1. A new stage for global warming countermeasures in Japan 2016 National Plan for Adaptation 09 3 to the Impacts of Climate Change Plan for adaptation to climate change e “National Plan for Adaptation to the Impacts impact that occurs, creating a secure, safe, and of Climate Change” (National Adaptation Plan) sustainable society that can quickly recover from was approved by Cabinet in November 2015. change. It indicates basic adaptive measures for Assessment of climate change impacts rough the implementation of an adaptive government ministries and agencies to take in strategy, the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) aims seven sectors—Agriculture, Forests/Forestry, In March 2015, the Central Environment Council ndings, viewing each impact from the standpoint to minimize or avoid damage from the impacts of Fisheries; Water Environment/Water Resources; formulated the “Report on Assessment of Impacts of signi cance, urgency, and con dence. Nine climate change on people’s lives, property, Natural Ecosystems; Natural Disasters/Coastal of Climate Change in Japan and Future Challeng- categories, including paddy eld rice, fruit trees, lifestyles, the economy, and the natural environ- Areas; Human Health; Industrial/Economic es”, which summarised impacts in seven sectors plant pests/weeds, ood, storm surges/high waves, ment, regardless of the type of climate change Activity; and Life of Citizenry and Urban Life. with 30 categories and 56 sub-categories, and and heat illness, were assessed as having very high made clear the impacts of global warming based on signi cance, high urgency, and high con dence. Climate Change Impacts and Basic Adaptation Policies and Measures the judgment of experts in light of scienti c Basic Adaptation Policies and Measures Sector Projected Climate Change Impacts Includes measures for other purposes, that also contribute to adaptation

Outline of Assessment of Climate Change Impacts Agriculture, Agriculture Declining ratio of first-class rice Development and dissemination of high-temperature-resistant varieties; Forest / establish soil and water management Sectors Categories Sub-categories Significance Urgency Confidence Forestry, Poor coloring of apples and other Switch to superior colored varieties of fruit; development of breeding materials adapted to Agriculture, Agriculture Paddy field rice Fisheries fruits; northward shift of locations high temperature conditions; and dissemination of cultivation management technologies Forest/Forestry, Vegetables suitable for cultivation Fruit trees Fisheries Barley / Wheat, Soybean, Feed crops, and other crops Increasing frequency and severity of Implementation of studies on situations of occurrences of plant pests; disseminate Livestock Farming mountainous disasters timely and appropriate information; import /domestic quarantine Plant pests and weeds Forest / Forestry Increasing frequency of occurrence Ascertaining more accurately which areas are at high risk of mountain disasters occurring; Water, Land and Agricultural Infrastructure and intense of mountainous development of aorestation structures and forests preparing for occurrence of debris Forest / Forestry Timber production (e.g. Plantations) disasters flows or wood debris runo Non-wood forest products (e.g. Mushrooms) Fisheries Migratory fish stocks (Ecology of fishes) Fisheries Changes in distributed migration range Improvement in the precision of fishing ground projection; Propagation and Aquaculture including sardine (e.g., shift northward) provision of real-time monitoring information Water Environment, Water Environment Lakes / Marshes, Dams (Reservoir) Water Water Deterioration of water quality Measures for wastewater from factories and business premises; Water Resources Rivers Environment, Environment measures for domestic wastewater Coastal areas and Closed sea areas Water Water resources Water supply (Surface water) Water Increase in droughts due to an increase Optimal use of existing facilities, use of rainwater, reclaimed waste water, and creation Resources Resources Water supply (Groundwater) in the number of rainless days and a of collaborative frameworks among stakeholders for actions including promoting the decrease in the total amount of snowfall formulation of timelines (sequenced action plans) in order to mitigate damage as a drought Water demand Natural Ecosystems Terrestrial ecosystems Alpine / Subalpine zone Natural Diverse Expansion of the habitat of sika deer, Management of national parks by eliminating plants which are newly distributed Natural forests / Secondary forests covers ecosystem Ecosystems Ecosystems decreasing area suitable for the accompanied by climate change; creation of networks of ecosystems to allow creatures Countryside-landscape (Satochi-Satoyama) services and impacts growth of reef-building coral to migrate and spread to adapt to climate change Planted forests on ecosystems Damage from wildlife Natural Water Disasters Increasing frequency of heavy rainfall - Disaster prevention measures to address natural hazards that could occur relatively Material balance Disasters, and short-term intense rainfall; frequently e.g., steady improvements of facilities; improvements of facilities based on Freshwater ecosystems Lakes / Marshes Coastal increasing frequency and intense of disaster risk assessments; design of facilities to avoid rework Rivers Areas water disasters accompanied by - Disaster-reduction measures to cope with natural hazards that exceed the capacity Marshlands increases in precipitation from heavy of facilities rainfall events Coastal ecosystems Subtropics (1) Improving aspects such as facilities’ operations, design, and Temperate / Subarctic maintenance/upkeep procedures Marine ecosystems (e.g., making the most use of existing facilities) Phenology (2) Integrating with urban development/local development Shifts in distribution and populations (covers ecosystem services and impacts on native ecosystems) (e.g., measures to reduce inundation in cooperation with urban development/ local development; providing/sharing detailed disaster risk information) Natural disasters, Rivers Floods Inland waters (3) Preparations for evacuation, emergency operations, business continuity Coastal areas (e.g., avoid catastrophic damage by preparing timelines) Coastal areas Sea-level rise Storm surges, High waves Storm Surge, Expansion of inundation damage and Weather and marine monitoring, and assessment of the results; to promote improvements Coastal erosion High Waves coastal erosion due to increases in to make port and coastal structures more robust; support for formulation of port/harbor Mountain areas Debris flows, Landslides, and other disasters sea-level rise, typhoons and other hazard maps; technology development to enable flexible responses; strengthen coastal Others (e.g., Strong winds) events erosion prevention Human Health Winter warming Mortality in winter season Heat stress Risk of mortality Sediment-related Increased frequency of sediment-related Locating facilities and equipment to be most eective in protecting human life; Heat illness Disasters disasters; increases in sediment promotion of baseline surveys and designation of sediment-related disaster hazard areas; Infection Water- and food-borne diseases movement events exceeding design scale implementation of urgent surveys when large scale sediment-related disasters occur Vector-borne diseases Other infectious diseases Human Health Heat Stress Increasing frequency of heat waves in Information provision relating to topics such as cautionary alerts; awareness raising Industrial / Economic activities (covers services and impacts on complex impacts) summer; doubling of the number of heat regarding prevention and treatment, and status of outbreaks illness patients transported by ambulance Industrial / Manufacture Energy Energy demand and supply Economic activities Infection Expansion of suitable habitat for Measures targeting sources of larvae of mosquito vectors and extermination of adult Commerce arthropods that are vectors for insects; calling attention to mosquito-prevention measures Finance, Insurance infectious diseases Tourism Leisure Construction Industrial and Finance and Increasing insured losses Pay attention to eorts of the General Insurance Association of Japan and other Medical Economic Insurance organization eorts Others Other impacts (e.g., Overseas impact) Activity Life of Citizenry, Urban infrastructure, Critical services Water supply, Transportation, and the others Life of Citizenry, Urban Urban Life Life with sense of culture and history Phenology Impacts on infrastructure and critical Measures to prevent inundation of places such as underground stations; formulation of Traditional events / local industry Urban Life Infrastructure, services due to an increase in short-term Business Continuity Plan (BCP) for ports and harbors; enhancing the resilience of water Others Impacts on life due to heat stress Critical Services intense rainfall events and droughts supply and waste disposal facilities

Significance: Particularly High Not Particularly High N/A (currently cannot be assessed) Heat Island Further increases in temperature in Improving ground cover using vegetation and water; reducing artificial exhaust heat; E ect urban areas improving urban design Urgency: High Medium Low N/A (currently cannot be assessed) Confidence: High Medium Low N/A (currently cannot be assessed)

Source: Central Environment Council “Report on Assessment of Climate Change in Japan and Future Challenges (Comment Submission)” Annual Report on the Environment 08 1. A new stage for global warming countermeasures in Japan 2016 National Plan for Adaptation 09 3 to the Impacts of Climate Change Plan for adaptation to climate change e “National Plan for Adaptation to the Impacts impact that occurs, creating a secure, safe, and of Climate Change” (National Adaptation Plan) sustainable society that can quickly recover from was approved by Cabinet in November 2015. change. It indicates basic adaptive measures for Assessment of climate change impacts rough the implementation of an adaptive government ministries and agencies to take in strategy, the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) aims seven sectors—Agriculture, Forests/Forestry, In March 2015, the Central Environment Council ndings, viewing each impact from the standpoint to minimize or avoid damage from the impacts of Fisheries; Water Environment/Water Resources; formulated the “Report on Assessment of Impacts of signi cance, urgency, and con dence. Nine climate change on people’s lives, property, Natural Ecosystems; Natural Disasters/Coastal of Climate Change in Japan and Future Challeng- categories, including paddy eld rice, fruit trees, lifestyles, the economy, and the natural environ- Areas; Human Health; Industrial/Economic es”, which summarised impacts in seven sectors plant pests/weeds, ood, storm surges/high waves, ment, regardless of the type of climate change Activity; and Life of Citizenry and Urban Life. with 30 categories and 56 sub-categories, and and heat illness, were assessed as having very high made clear the impacts of global warming based on signi cance, high urgency, and high con dence. Climate Change Impacts and Basic Adaptation Policies and Measures the judgment of experts in light of scienti c Basic Adaptation Policies and Measures Sector Projected Climate Change Impacts Includes measures for other purposes, that also contribute to adaptation

Source: Central Environment Council “Report on Assessment of Climate Change in Japan and Future Challenges (Comment Submission)” Annual Report on the Environment 10 1. A new stage for global warming countermeasures in Japan 2016 11 4 Research and development

GOSAT—Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite Floating oshore wind turbine

the world’s rst spacecraft Latitude coast of Kabashima Island in Nagasaki Prefec- specically for observing green- ture by the Ministry of the Environment. e house gases. GOSAT has been technology for practical implementation was monitoring carbon dioxide (CO ) July,2009 successfully established, and in addition, the and methane (CH) in the oating structure was conrmed to act as a sh atmosphere from space, and can Longitude aggregating device (a oating shing reef). calculate the whole-atmospheric mean concentrations of these gases (through observations from the surface to the top of the atmosphere). As observed by GOSAT, the whole-atmospheric monthly mean concentrations of carbon dioxide, while varying from season to season, are Floating oshore wind turbine demonstration increasing as years go by, and the Latitude project near Kabashima Island, Nagasaki global atmospheric monthly mean July 2012 CO concentration observed vertically through the whole Longitude atmosphere exceeded 400 ppm in December 2015 for the rst time. ermal grid system

In FY 2015, Japan’s demonstration project using a conditioning heat sources (chillers) and air condi- thermal grid system reduced CO emissions by tioning equipment (loads) in existing buildings more than 70% in summer. e system linked air with double loop piping. Latitude Hydrogen lling stations supplying hydrogen July, 2015 from renewable sources

Longitude In FY 2011, the Japanese government launched a the project is now providing support for the demonstration project in Saitama City with Japan’s establishment of hydrogen lling stations that 370 380 390 400 410 rst small-scale solar hydrogen lling station that supply hydrogen derived from renewable energy. XCO (ppm) produced hydrogen from solar power, establishing e aim is to deploy about one hundred hydrogen technology for practical implementation. In order lling stations by FY 2020. Source:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, National Institute for Environmental Studies and Ministry of the Environment to make hydrogen available for fuel cell vehicles, Annual Report on the Environment 10 1. A new stage for global warming countermeasures in Japan 2016 11 4 Research and development

GOSAT—Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite Floating oshore wind turbine

e Ministry of the Environment CO concentration map derived Japan is a maritime country with the sixth (MOE), the National Institute for from the observation data of “IBUKI” largest exclusive economic zone in the world. Environmental Studies (NIES), Compared to land-based systems, ocean-based and the Japan Aerospace Explora- wind power has greater potential for providing tion Agency (JAXA) have jointly substantial amounts of renewable energy. Japan’s developed the Greenhouse Gases rst commercial-scale oating wind turbine Observing Satellite (GOSAT), demonstration project, with a maximum power also known as “IBUKI”, which is output of 2MW, was trialed in FY 2010 o the the world’s rst spacecraft Latitude coast of Kabashima Island in Nagasaki Prefec- specically for observing green- ture by the Ministry of the Environment. e house gases. GOSAT has been technology for practical implementation was monitoring carbon dioxide (CO ) July,2009 successfully established, and in addition, the and methane (CH) in the oating structure was conrmed to act as a sh atmosphere from space, and can Longitude aggregating device (a oating shing reef). calculate the whole-atmospheric mean concentrations of these gases (through observations from the surface to the top of the atmosphere). As observed by GOSAT, the whole-atmospheric monthly mean concentrations of carbon dioxide, while varying from season to season, are Floating oshore wind turbine demonstration increasing as years go by, and the Latitude project near Kabashima Island, Nagasaki global atmospheric monthly mean July 2012 CO concentration observed vertically through the whole Longitude atmosphere exceeded 400 ppm in December 2015 for the rst time. ermal grid system

Longitude In FY 2011, the Japanese government launched a the project is now providing support for the demonstration project in Saitama City with Japan’s establishment of hydrogen lling stations that 370 380 390 400 410 rst small-scale solar hydrogen lling station that supply hydrogen derived from renewable energy. XCO (ppm) produced hydrogen from solar power, establishing e aim is to deploy about one hundred hydrogen technology for practical implementation. In order lling stations by FY 2020. Source:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, National Institute for Environmental Studies and Ministry of the Environment to make hydrogen available for fuel cell vehicles, Annual Report on the Environment 12 1. A new stage for global warming countermeasures in Japan 2016 13 5 7 Green finance Strategic actions targeting the long-term goal ESG investing

As of March 2016, 41 of Japan’s pension funds and Non-nancial information, including the environ- Long-term Climate Change Strategy Advisory Group investment managers, including the Government mental, social and governance information that is Pension Investment Fund (GPIF), were signatories essential to decision-making in ESG investing e Paris Agreement sets as a goal “to achieve a fully achieved by 2050. e example illustrates a to the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI). techniques, is generally dicult to obtain and balance between anthropogenic emissions by future in which everything possible is done to ESG investing (investing that takes environmental, compare. e Ministry of the Environment sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases reduce energy demand, low-carbon energy is social and governance factors into account) is became a world leader in this area by commencing in the second half of this century.” Based on the supplied, and electrication is promoted (see gure expected to expand in Japan as the nation is development of a system for disclosure of non-- Paris Agreement, Japan aims to achieve the “One example of directions towards long-term inuenced by world trends. nancial information, predominantly environmental long-term goal of reducing greenhouse gas emis- drastic greenhouse gas reduction”). It points out information, and is trialing a platform for opera- sions by 80% by 2050 while pursuing both global that, instead of just accumulating improvements tion of the system. warming countermeasures and economic growth based on the existing social structure, there is a under a fair and eective international framework need for disruptive innovation (innovation of the in which all major parties participate. structure of society) to create a completely new structure of society as a whole. An advisory group report, Proposal by the Minister of the Environment’s Long-term Climate Change Discussion about how to achieve this kind of Strategy Advisory Group in February 2016, long-term drastic greenhouse gas reduction has provides one example of a society in which an 80% only just begun, and it is important to ask a wide reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is success- range of citizens for their opinions.

6 One example of directions towards long-term drastic greenhouse gas reduction

International cooperation 1 Reduce energy consumption

Electricity Thermal Joint Crediting Mechanism projects - Reduce energy demand as much as possible e Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) is a - Improve energy eciency of appliances, etc. Amount of energy consumption mechanism for appropriately evaluating contribu- 2 Change to low-carbon energy tions from Japan to greenhouse gas emission 3 2 reductions or removals in a quantitative manner 2 achieved through the diusion of advanced low Electricity Thermal Thermal 1 1 carbon technologies as well as implementation of Electricity

mitigation actions in developing countries, and for - Expand use of low-carbon electricity using them to achieve Japan’s emission reduction (renewable energy, etc.)

Intensity of CO emissions 2050 CO emissions target. Japan has established the JCM with 16 Current CO emissions partner countries. ere are 13 registered JCM 3 Convert energy projects and another 76 projects in the pipeline. Accumulated emission reductions or removals by 3rd JCM Partner Countries’ High-level Meeting Electricity Thermal FY 2030 achieved through the JCM are estimated

as ranging from 50 to 100 million tonnes-CO. - From gasoline to electric vehicles - Heat pumps for heating and water system, etc.

Source: Long-term Climate Change Strategy Advisory Group Recommendations: Long-term Orientation for Major Greenhouse Gas Reduction and a Simultaneous Resolution to Economic and Social Issues Annual Report on the Environment 12 1. A new stage for global warming countermeasures in Japan 2016 13 5 7 Green finance Strategic actions targeting the long-term goal ESG investing

6 One example of directions towards long-term drastic greenhouse gas reduction

International cooperation 1 Reduce energy consumption

Source: Long-term Climate Change Strategy Advisory Group Recommendations: Long-term Orientation for Major Greenhouse Gas Reduction and a Simultaneous Resolution to Economic and Social Issues Annual Report on the Environment 14 1. A new stage for global warming countermeasures in Japan 2016 15 8 Other international frameworks

e 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development G7 Ise-Shima Summit

e 2030 Agenda was adopted at the United For example, on the day after the adoption of the e G7 Ise-Shima Summit was held in Ise-Shima, and international demonstration of the political Nations Sustainable Development Summit for the 2030 Agenda, member organizations of Japanese Mie from May 26 to 27, 2016 under the presidency will of G7 countries to aim for a new world in adoption of the post-2015 development agenda on NGOs and corporations, with cooperation from of Japan. Continuing the momentum created by which environmental policies betting the twen- September 25, 2015. government and researchers, made a joint two historic international agreements of 2015, the ty-rst century are spread and shared throughout announcement from civil society and business Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda, the the world. e G7 Ise-Shima Leaders’ Declaration “Universality”, meaning that the goals apply to all regarding the adoption of the 2030 Agenda. is summit provided an opportunity for a domestic can be viewed at the following link. countries including both developed countries and initiative symbolizes the global partnership that is developing countries, is a key feature of the 2030 one of the key features of the 2030 Agenda. G7 Ise-Shima Leaders’ Declaration Agenda. Furthermore, in light of the fact that action for “integrated improvements of the e relevant ministries are currently coordinating http://www.mofa.go.jp/ﬁles/000160266.pdf environment, economy, and society” was insu- with relevant ministries, and considering the cient in the Millennium Development Goals direction of actions to be taken for the SDGs by (MDGs), one of the precursors of the Sustainable the government as a whole. In order to promote G7 Toyama Environment Ministers’ Meeting Development Goals (SDGs), the agenda explicitly the implementation of SDGs, particularly in the states that “we are committed to achieving sustain- environmental dimension, Japan’s Ministry of the e G7 Toyama Environment Ministers’ Meeting e communiqué can be viewed at the following link. able development in its three dimensions— Environment holds stakeholders’ meetings, starting was held in Toyama City from May 15 to 16, 2016. economic, social and environmental—in a in 2016, to provide a venue where businesses, civil balanced and integrated manner.” is thinking is groups, researchers, local governments and each Communiqué in line with the appropriate orientation of Japan’s ministry working on SDGs can get together to environmental policy. share and discuss advanced actions. https://www.env.go.jp/earth/g7toyama_emm/english/_img/meeting_overview/Communique_en.pdf

In Japan, the government, NGOs, and businesses are beginning to take action based on the SDGs. e Tripartite Environment Ministers Meeting Among China, Japan, and Korea

In recent years, Northeast Asia has undergone Environment Ministers Meeting among China, rapid economic development. At the same time, Japan, and Korea (TEMM) on an annual basis however, problems such as environmental pollution since 1999. Within this framework, the three and ecosystem deterioration have also come to countries aim to take a leading role in regional light, making it important to nd a way to achieve environmental management, and contribute to sustainable development. While the respective global environmental improvement. economic and social conditions dier in the Northeast Asian nations of China, Japan and the TEMM 18 was held from April 26 to 27, 2016 in Republic of Korea, all of these nations share the Shizuoka City, Shizuoka Prefecture. e three common task of having to combat environmental ministers reviewed the progress of the Tripartite Joint problems at domestic, regional, and global levels. Action Plan on Environmental Cooperation that In this context, the environment ministers of the was formulated in 2015, and exchanged views. e three countries have been holding the Tripartite communiqué can be viewed at the following link.

Joint Communiqué

http://www.temm.org/sub03/11.jsp?commid=TEMM18

Source : United Nations Information Centre Annual Report on the Environment 14 1. A new stage for global warming countermeasures in Japan 2016 15 8 Other international frameworks

e 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development G7 Ise-Shima Summit

In Japan, the government, NGOs, and businesses are beginning to take action based on the SDGs. e Tripartite Environment Ministers Meeting Among China, Japan, and Korea

Joint Communiqué

http://www.temm.org/sub03/11.jsp?commid=TEMM18

Source : United Nations Information Centre Annual Report on the Environment 16 in Japan 2016 17 1 Progress in restoration of Reconstruction the environment Natural environment

Studies of ora and fauna in the tsunami disaster area where important habitats remain indicate ongoing after restoration of the natural environment, with all areas showing an increase in the number of species found. Radiation levels

Findings from environmental radiation (in air) monitoring by aircraft conducted within the 80-kilometer zone of the Tokyo Electric Power the Great East Legend Company (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant show that Radiation dose rates in air (µSv) radiation levels in September 2015 had decreased 65% (to approximately at 1 m above the ground one third) compared to seven months after the accident. (see Figure below) 19.0 < 9.5 – 19.0 e main reasons for the decrease, besides the physical decay of radionu- 3.8 – 9.5 clides, are thought to be the in uence of rainfall and other natural 1.9 – 3.8 phenomena, and the impact of decontamination eorts. 1.0 – 1.9 Japan Earthquake 0.5 – 1.0 0.2 – 0.5 0.1 – 0.2 ≦ 0.1 Area where radiation dose rate in air was not surveyed * Radiation dose rates in air observed in the zone include radiation from On March 11, 2011, East Japan was struck by the largest earthquake ever recorded natural radionuclides. in or around Japan. With magnitude 9.0, it triggered enormous tsunamis that caused Distribution maps of radiation dose rates in air within 80-km zone immense, widespread damage, primarily along the Pacic coast of the Tohoku region. e tsunami caused accidents at the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, which resulted in the release of

large amounts of radioactive materials into the environment. is remains the 30km 30km greatest environmental challenge in Japan. 20km 20km

Fukushima Daiichi Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Nuclear Power Plant

N N 0 10 20km 0 10 20km

1 month after accident 54 months after accident (April 29, 2011) (September 29, 2015) 2 Source: The Secretariat of the Nuclear Regulation Authority Annual Report on the Environment 16 in Japan 2016 17 1 Progress in restoration of Reconstruction the environment Natural environment

Fukushima Daiichi Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Nuclear Power Plant

N N 0 10 20km 0 10 20km

1 month after accident 54 months after accident (April 29, 2011) (September 29, 2015) 2 Source: The Secretariat of the Nuclear Regulation Authority Annual Report on the Environment 18 2. Reconstruction after the Great East Japan Earthquake in Japan 2016 19 2 Restoration of the environment in areas contaminated by radioactive materials

Handling of waste in the management area Naraha—An example of the e ectiveness of

e government estimates that there was, as of end of February 2016, approximately 770,000 tons decontamination work January 2016, approximately 1.16 million tons of of this waste, equivalent to approximately 66%, disaster-related waste in the region designated as had been transported to temporary storage areas. In Naraha, decontamination work commenced in these eects were maintained. en, in September the management area, which covers part or all of e volume of waste is being reduced by incinera- September 2012 on the basis of the decontamina- 2015, Naraha became the rst of the municipalities 11 municipalities in Fukushima Prefecture. By the tion at temporary incineration facilities. tion implementation plans, and was completed in that had been totally evacuated to have its evacua- March 2014. Air dose rates decreased after decon- tion orders lifted. tamination, and monitoring has con rmed that Disposal of designated waste Interim Storage Facility As of December 2015, a total of approximately incineration facilities and sewage treatment 170,000 tons of incinerator ash, sewage sludge, and facilities, and on agricultural land in these prefec- e Interim Storage Facility will be established as a in Fukushima Prefecture in 2015 and 2016. by-products of agriculture and forestry (rice straw, tures, while storage managers follow national centralized facility for safely managing and storing e Five-year Ad-hoc Policy on Interim Storage manure, etc.) in 12 prefectures has been labeled guidelines, and prevent scattering/leaking by soil containing radioactive materials generated Facility, published in March 2016, shows that “designated waste” by the Minister of the Environ- covering the waste meticulously with seepage from decontamination work in Fukushima Prefec- approximately 5 million to 12.5 million m of ment. Japanese government policy is for disposal of control sheets, etc., and by measuring air dose rates ture, and designated waste exceeding 100,000 bq/kg contaminated soil is expected to be delivered to designated waste to take place in the prefecture in and con rming that the waste is not aecting the being stored in Fukushima Prefecture, until nal the facility by FY 2020. which the waste was generated. Designated waste is surrounding area. disposal is conducted. currently being temporarily stored at waste e Ministry of the Environment con rmed safe Decontamination of soil contaminated by radioactive materials and secure transportation from 43 municipalities

eight prefectures in the Intensive Contamination Tomioka Survey Area had formulated decontamination Kawauchi

implementation plans of their own supported by Ono Naraha the Ministry of the Environment. e implementa- Iwaki

tion of decontamination in all municipalities is Evacuation orders were lifted planned to be completed by the end of March 2017. Completed Residential areas completed Implemented

the Special Decontamination Area Residents have diculties in returning for a long time Annual Report on the Environment 18 2. Reconstruction after the Great East Japan Earthquake in Japan 2016 19 2 Restoration of the environment in areas contaminated by radioactive materials

Handling of waste in the management area Naraha—An example of the e ectiveness of

e Ministry of the Environment is conducting Decontamination Progress decontamination on the basis of decontamination in the Special Decontamination Area Recycling and reducing volume of contaminated soil (as of the end of March 2016) implementation plans in the 11 municipalities in Necessary measures should be taken for the nal of technology that reduces the volume of contami- Fukushima Prefecture designated as the Special Date Decontamination Area. By the end of March 2016, disposal outside Fukushima Prefecture within 30 nated soil. Consequently, the Ministry of the whole area decontamination had been completed in Iitate years after operations start at the Interim Storage Environment is investigating strategy for the Facility. In preparation for nal disposal outside development of technology applicable to recycling Tamura, Okuma, Naraha, Kawauchi, Katsurao, Kawamata Minami Fukushima Prefecture, it is important to raise the and volume reduction, and is conducting demon- Kawamata, and Futaba. e target for completing soma proportion that can be recycled and reduce the stration projects for newly-developed technologies. whole area decontamination in the remaining Nihonmatsu amount requiring nal disposal to the greatest municipalities (except for designated dicult-to-re- Katsurao turn areas) is the end of March 2017. Namie extent possible through the development and use Futaba Tamura Fukushima Daiichi As of the end of March 2016, 93 municipalities in Okuma Nuclear Power Plant eight prefectures in the Intensive Contamination Tomioka Survey Area had formulated decontamination Kawauchi implementation plans of their own supported by Ono Naraha the Ministry of the Environment. e implementa- Iwaki tion of decontamination in all municipalities is Evacuation orders were lifted planned to be completed by the end of March 2017. Completed Residential areas completed Implemented the Special Decontamination Area Residents have diculties in returning for a long time Annual Report on the Environment 20 2. Reconstruction after the Great East Japan Earthquake in Japan 2016 21 3 4 Health management Preparedness for environmental for people exposed to radiation risks caused by disasters

Health management in Fukushima Prefecture In light of the lessons learned from the Great East Japan Earthquake and recent natural disasters, actions are being taken in order to be prepared for environmental risks due to disasters. e government provides support to Fukushima Prefecture made the assessment that the internal Prefecture for health management, including grants exposure dose levels of those who were examined “are Revision of Waste Disaster Waste Ecosystem-based to the Fukushima Residents Health Management not high enough to aect their health conditions”. Management and Public Treatment Network Disaster Risk Reduction Fund. One of the ways that Fukushima Prefecture Cleansing Act and has been utilizing those grants is to conduct the In addition, thyroid examinations have been Disaster Countermeasures e Disaster Waste Treatment In the face of intensifying meteoro- Fukushima Health Management Survey. performed on approximately 370,000 residents Network (D.Waste-Net) was logical disasters due to climate who were about 18 years old or younger at the time Basic Act established in September 2015 to change and growing areas of With regard to external exposure, the Fukushima of the disaster. e committee’s interim report on enhance support for disaster waste under-used or unused land due to Health Management Survey’s basic survey had the Fukushima Health Management Survey Massive amounts of disaster waste management by local governments. declining population, the Japanese covered 460,000 of the 2.02 million residents of (published March 2016) made the assessment that are generated in the event of a With a membership including government has issued a handbook the prefecture by the end of 2015, estimating judging from an overall perspective, the cases of large-scale disaster, as might be experts on disaster waste, engineers, on the concept of Ecosystem-based external exposure doses during the four months thyroid cancer discovered to date are unlikely to be caused by large earthquakes and members of relevant industry Disaster Risk Reduction after the accident. Fukushima Prefectural Over- due to the eects of radiation. is conclusion was predicted as “the Nankai-Trough groups, D.Waste-Net supports local (Eco-DRR) and compiled a set of sight Committee Meeting for the Fukushima reached because a) exposure doses were small Large-scale Earthquake” or “Tokyo governments to cooperate in examples in order to disseminate Health Management Survey evaluated the results overall compared to the Chernobyl accident, b) the Inland Earthquake”. To prepare for appropriate disaster waste manage- Eco-DRR. such disasters, it is necessary to take ment by sharing the latest scientic and concluded that the radiation doses estimated period from exposure to discovery of cancer was http://www.env.go.jp/nature/biodic/ measures such as formulation of and technical knowledge. so far are unlikely to cause adverse eects on short, at about one to four years, c) cancer was not eco-drr/pamph04.pdf disaster waste disposal plans before health, although this conclusion is based on discovered in individuals who were 5 years old or an emergency occurs. In order to In September 2015, experts and external radiation doses estimated only for the rst younger at the time of the accident, and d) there ensure the formulation of such engineers of this network gave advice four months following accident. were no signicant dierences in prevalence from plans, and to ensure the proper and to local governments in disaster areas Disaster-resistant one area to another. e interim report also stated rapid treatment of disaster waste, aected by heavy rain and ooding renewable energy Surveys of internal exposure covered approximately that the thyroid examinations should continue. the Waste Management and Public in the Kanto and Tohoku regions. 280,000 residents by March 2016, and Fukushima Cleansing Act and the Disaster e Japanese government is support- Countermeasures Basic Act were ing the installation of decentralized revised in August 2015. e Regional councils and self-reliant energy systems at revisions included simplifying the for disaster wastes evacuation centers and disaster Studies by experts regarding health management procedures for installation and management prevention centers. By the end of utilization of waste treatment March 2015, over 600 local govern- facilities in times of disaster and e government organized an Expert Meeting “We have not found any evidence of biological eects In order to promote wide-area ments had installed self-reliant energy proxy measures for waste treatment (group of experts) to examine health management due to the radiation exposure up to this time, and coordination across prefectural systems at a total of approximately by the Minister of the Environment. after the accident from a medical and scientic have concluded that there was little possibility that boundaries, as well as to strengthen 2,400 locations. Most installations combine solar power generation with perspective. e Interim Report by the Expert the risk of some diseases would increase by radiation regional disaster waste management, batteries for storage, enabling them to Meeting published in December 2014 stated, exposure going forward.” regional councils have been established in eight blocks across provide renewable energy under Japan to build frameworks for normal circumstances, and continue disaster waste treatment. Partici- to provide sucient power for lighting pants in these councils include the and communications from batteries representatives of prefectural after a disaster and at other times governments, major municipalities, when mains electricity is unavailable. local private-sector enterprises, and disaster waste management experts.

Solar panel installation subsidized by the goverment Photo: Minamisoma City Annual Report on the Environment 20 2. Reconstruction after the Great East Japan Earthquake in Japan 2016 21 3 4 Health management Preparedness for environmental for people exposed to radiation risks caused by disasters

Solar panel installation subsidized by the goverment Photo: Minamisoma City Annual Report on the Environment 22 Overview of ecosystem in Japan 2016 23 services Biodiversity and Results of Ecosystem Services Assessment Many of the provisioning services in Japan were Assessment Result assessed as being in decline, particularly with Between From Overuse or ecosystem services 50 and 20 20 years ago underuse* agricultural and sheries products and timber, years ago to present which are seeing major declines compared to Agricultural crops

biodiversity and ecosystem services in Japan over former responsible for the deterioration of resources Timber through overuse, habitat destruction and other the past 50 years. factors, and the latter responsible for underuse of Raw materials 3 Climate resources as a result of change in lifestyle and

historical levels. Non-timber In March 2016, the government published Japan forest products Both the supply and demand sides contribute to Seafood Biodiversity Outlook 2, the results of an assessment of Provisioning the decline of provisioning services, with the services Freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem services in Japan over former responsible for the deterioration of resources Timber through overuse, habitat destruction and other the past 50 years. factors, and the latter responsible for underuse of Raw materials 3 Climate resources as a result of change in lifestyle and

increased dependence on imported food and Air quality resources. Water Results of Biodiversity Assessment Regulating Overview of biodiversity One of the causes of underuse is Japan’s exception- services Soil Long-term trend of impact Degree of ally heavy dependence on imported food and impact Disaster mitigation e assessment found that biodiversity in Japan Between From and resources. Decreased domestic production of food 50 and 20 20 years ago current Biological control continues to be in a state of long-term decline. years ago to present trend and resources leads to an increase of abandoned e four major drivers indicated were: 1) development Development, alternation of farmland. e number of workers in the agricultur- Religion / festivals and other human activities; 2) the reduction in ecosystems al/forestry/sheries industries is falling due to a use/management of nature; 3) invasive alien species, First Eutrophication Education Crisis shift in economic structure and resulting popula- chemical substances, and other things introduced by Loss of endangered species tion ow from rural to urban areas, which could Cultural Landscape humans; and 4) global climate change. Examples of services Reduced and management result in the loss of traditional knowledge and skills Traditional each of these drivers of the decline in biodiversity of Satochi-Satoyama arts & crafts necessary to harness the bounties of nature. include the following. Second Reduced direct use of wildlife Tourism / Crisis recreation Loss of endangered species Dis-service Damage caused e rst driver is the result of continued habitat Soil erosion control and other regulating services of by wild animals Invasion and establishment articial forests are sometimes compromised due to alteration of the Japanese ecosystem, including forests, of alien species Validity of the questionnaire assessment was examined by taking into account the results lack of management. In addition, reduced human of expert questionnaire surveys conducted as part of JBO2. farmlands, wetlands, and tidal ats, due to develop- Third Chemical substances Drivers of Biodiversity Loss of Biodiversity Drivers ment during the period of high economic growth, Crisis activities in Satochi-Satoyama are creating conicts Note: Descriptions of the terms used in the table are as follows: Loss of endangered species - Provisioning services are services that provide food, fuel, timber, fiber, medicine, water with around 40% of tidal ats having disappeared. with wild animals, thereby increasing disservices to and other important resources for human living brought by agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. - Regulating services are services that modulate the environment, such as climate alleviation, River crossing structures are aecting the continuity Climate change humans, including attacks by bears. flood mitigation, and water purification by forests. Fourth - Cultural services are services that provide spiritual fulfillment, aesthetic enjoyment, between upstream and downstream, and between Crisis Loss of endangered species religious/social foundation, recreational opportunities, etc. rivers and oceans, and deterioration of the continuity ? ? ? Inter-regional food diversity is gradually being lost of rivers may be obstructing the movement of animals Note: Descriptions of the terms used in the table are as follows: throughout Japan along with landscape diversity Legend going upstream. Furthermore, development and - First Crisis is the impact on biodiversity caused by development, exploitation and other human activities, including habitat alternation, direct use, and water pollution. that creates a colorful mosaic of dierent vegeta- Quantitative trend exploitation were indicated as drivers of extinction for - Second Crisis is the impact caused by decline in human intervention in nature, tion and ecosystems. is fact suggests the loss of in services received the 26 species so far conrmed extinct in Japan. In the including reduced use/management of Satochi-Satoyama. - Third Crisis is the crisis brought by alien species, chemical substances, and other cultural services as well, which are rooted in each Results of Where data is consequences of modern lifestyles and human activities. quantitative insucient case of the second driver, there has been a loss of assessment - Fourth Crisis is the impact due to climate and other environmental changes including locality and its natural environment. Satochi-Satoyama, the secondary natural environment global warming, increased occurrence of strong typhoons, change in precipitation patterns, formed through human intervention in nature, such as decreased fisheries catch, and ocean acidification. Increasing Overuse Interaction with nature has positive eects on our farmland and grassland. For example, the loss of Legend physical and mental well-being. While urbaniza- Slightly increasing Underuse secondary grassland is indicated as a driver of the Drivers based on tion has deprived children of opportunities to Same dramatic loss of grassland birds and butteries. Degree of impact during Long-term and data assessment period current trend of impact interact with nature on a daily basis, many people based on With regards to the third driver, the eects of alien Slightly decreasing are still interested in nature and are increasingly questionnaire species are a concern, for example, as indicated by the Weak Decreasing increase in agricultural damage caused by raccoons. looking for ways to reconnect with rural communi- Decreasing Medium Same With regard to the fourth driver, cases have been ties and get back into nature through eco-tourism, Notes: Graphic symbols may not represent all of the multiple factors related to the indicators in question. Strong Increasing etc. reported of disruption of phenological synchronism Arrows circled by dotted lines indicate that information is insucient to make accurate assessments. relationship between biological cycle events and Very strong Increasing rapidly seasonal variation, such as mismatches in timing Notes: Graphic symbols may not represent all of the multiple factors related between the owering of alpine plants and the to the indicators in question. appearance of the bumblebees that pollinate them. Arrows circled by dotted lines indicate that information is insucient Also, average coral coverage around the Okinawa to make accurate assessments. Main Island is reported to have decreased to 7.5% due to factors such as rising ocean temperatures. Annual Report on the Environment 24 in Japan 2016 25 Harmonizing Harmonization of two cycles e Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound and the 3Rs-related initiatives addressed in the G7 The Cycles of Nature Material-Cycle Society states that, in order to sustain Summit Leaders’ Declaration at Schloss Elmau in circulation in nature in a sound way and coexist with Bavaria, Germany and in the Sustainable Develop- it, we must minimize adverse eects on the natural ment Goals (SDGs). Consumption of resources is world caused by economic society, by conserving increasing worldwide, and concerns grow about the and Economic Society resource use in our socioeconomic system as much as scarcity of resources and about the environmental possible and by promoting recycling, as well as by impact of mining and consuming resources. Japan, e Leaders’ Declaration of the G7 Summit in 2015 asserted, minimizing the environmental loads due to mining or which is dependent on imports for many of its land ll. Put simply, it aims to achieve harmonization resources, must take an integrated approach, reorga- “ e protection and ecient use of natural resources is vital for of two cycles—the circulation in the natural world nizing in terms of various existing environmental sustainable development.” An improvement of resource eciency and the material cycle in our socioeconomic system. policies, economic policies, and social policies, while 4 In other words, it stresses the importance of sustaining responding in an appropriate manner to socioeconom- and a reduction of waste are also embraced in the SDGs. the healthy circulation in the natural world by ic system reforms and changes in regional societies and minimizing adverse eects on that circulation through global trends. sound material cycles in our socioeconomic system (see gure below). Moving forward with these actions, the potential to Current state of measures for promoting achieve a sound material-cycle society realizes for the In order to make this kind of society a reality, in rst time the harmonization of the two cycles—the a sound material-cycle society addition to achieving reduction, reuse, recycling, and circulation in the natural world and the material cycle proper disposal at the discarding / recycling stage, it is in our socioeconomic system. At the same time, it is In 2000, the rst year of the “sound material-cycle In order to improve resource productivity and promote necessary to broaden our perspective and consider linked with surmounting a diverse range of environ- society,” the Basic Act on Establishing a Sound 3R, rather than just focusing on actions at the stage at actions for reducing environmental loads during mental, economic, and social issues, including eorts Material-Cycle Society was enacted with the aim of which things are discarded or disposed of, it is various stages, including resource mining, procure- such as global warming countermeasures, conservation forming a sound material-cycle society in order to important to move ahead with reducing the amount of ment of materials, production, distribution, and of biodiversity, and measures for toxic substances. minimize consumption of natural resources and resources consumed, eco-friendly design, and use / consumption. Consequently, it also contributes to the realization/ reduce environmental loads. In addition, progress was reuse of recycled materials at the earlier stages of achievement of sustainable development. made towards developing the individual recycling production, distribution, and consumption. Events around the world indicate that initiatives for laws. Under the basic act, priorities were established achieving a sound material-cycle society have become for the use of resources through the 3Rs (Reduce, Resource Productivity [Target] a world trend, with improvement of resource eciency Reuse, Recycle) initiative, heat recovery and proper (thousand Yen/t) 460 thousand yen/t 500 disposal were promoted, and the Fundamental Plan 450 for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society was 400 Harmonizing the material cycle in the natural world and the material cycle in our socioeconomic system determined by Cabinet decision in March 2003, for 350 300 systematically building a sound material-cycle society. 250 As a result, the nal disposal amount of waste was 200 150 dramatically reduced after 2000 when the basic act 100 was enacted, declining from approximately 56 million Productivity Resource 50 nom tons in 2000 to approximately 16.30 million tonnes in 0 co ic 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 (FY) E so 2013, and the rate of cyclical use has steadily increased Resources ci Cyclical Use Rate [Target] e from 10.0% in 2000 to 16.1% in 2013. Extraction of resources t (%) 17% y 18 Meanwhile, the ird Fundamental Plan for Estab- 16 lishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society, which was 14 12 determined by Cabinet decision in 2013, pointed out 10 the inadequacy of the eort for 2R (reduction and 8 Material cycle reuse), which are higher priorities than recycling. Even 6 in socioeconomic for recycling, although the rate of recycling of Use Rate Cyclical 4 Emissions system 2 Material cycle industrial waste has made relatively good progress, at 0 in nature 53.4% as of 2013, the rate of recycling of municipal 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 (FY) solid waste, which is more directly related to our Final Disposal Amount (mil. t) everyday lifestyles, is still only 20.6%. Furthermore, 120

although resource productivity (378,000 yen/tonne) is 100 Gas/liquid waste Solid waste showing long-term improvement since FY 2000 80 (248,000 yen/tonne), achieving the Fundamental 60 Plan’s target for FY 2020 (460,000 yen/tonne) appears [Target] extremely dicult. 40 17 million tonnes Nature 20 Final Disposal Amount Source: Compiled by Ministry of the Environment based on Comparative Analysis on Images of Cycle-Oriented Society by Hashimoto Seiji, et al. 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 (FY) Annual Report on the Environment 24 in Japan 2016 25 Harmonizing Harmonization of two cycles e Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound and the 3Rs-related initiatives addressed in the G7 The Cycles of Nature Material-Cycle Society states that, in order to sustain Summit Leaders’ Declaration at Schloss Elmau in circulation in nature in a sound way and coexist with Bavaria, Germany and in the Sustainable Develop- it, we must minimize adverse eects on the natural ment Goals (SDGs). Consumption of resources is world caused by economic society, by conserving increasing worldwide, and concerns grow about the and Economic Society resource use in our socioeconomic system as much as scarcity of resources and about the environmental possible and by promoting recycling, as well as by impact of mining and consuming resources. Japan, e Leaders’ Declaration of the G7 Summit in 2015 asserted, minimizing the environmental loads due to mining or which is dependent on imports for many of its land ll. Put simply, it aims to achieve harmonization resources, must take an integrated approach, reorga- “ e protection and ecient use of natural resources is vital for of two cycles—the circulation in the natural world nizing in terms of various existing environmental sustainable development.” An improvement of resource eciency and the material cycle in our socioeconomic system. policies, economic policies, and social policies, while 4 In other words, it stresses the importance of sustaining responding in an appropriate manner to socioeconom- and a reduction of waste are also embraced in the SDGs. the healthy circulation in the natural world by ic system reforms and changes in regional societies and minimizing adverse eects on that circulation through global trends. sound material cycles in our socioeconomic system (see gure below). Moving forward with these actions, the potential to Current state of measures for promoting achieve a sound material-cycle society realizes for the In order to make this kind of society a reality, in rst time the harmonization of the two cycles—the a sound material-cycle society addition to achieving reduction, reuse, recycling, and circulation in the natural world and the material cycle proper disposal at the discarding / recycling stage, it is in our socioeconomic system. At the same time, it is In 2000, the rst year of the “sound material-cycle In order to improve resource productivity and promote necessary to broaden our perspective and consider linked with surmounting a diverse range of environ- society,” the Basic Act on Establishing a Sound 3R, rather than just focusing on actions at the stage at actions for reducing environmental loads during mental, economic, and social issues, including eorts Material-Cycle Society was enacted with the aim of which things are discarded or disposed of, it is various stages, including resource mining, procure- such as global warming countermeasures, conservation forming a sound material-cycle society in order to important to move ahead with reducing the amount of ment of materials, production, distribution, and of biodiversity, and measures for toxic substances. minimize consumption of natural resources and resources consumed, eco-friendly design, and use / consumption. Consequently, it also contributes to the realization/ reduce environmental loads. In addition, progress was reuse of recycled materials at the earlier stages of achievement of sustainable development. made towards developing the individual recycling production, distribution, and consumption. Events around the world indicate that initiatives for laws. Under the basic act, priorities were established achieving a sound material-cycle society have become for the use of resources through the 3Rs (Reduce, Resource Productivity [Target] a world trend, with improvement of resource eciency Reuse, Recycle) initiative, heat recovery and proper (thousand Yen/t) 460 thousand yen/t 500 disposal were promoted, and the Fundamental Plan 450 for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society was 400 Harmonizing the material cycle in the natural world and the material cycle in our socioeconomic system determined by Cabinet decision in March 2003, for 350 300 systematically building a sound material-cycle society. 250 As a result, the nal disposal amount of waste was 200 150 dramatically reduced after 2000 when the basic act 100 was enacted, declining from approximately 56 million Productivity Resource 50 nom tons in 2000 to approximately 16.30 million tonnes in 0 co ic 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 (FY) E so 2013, and the rate of cyclical use has steadily increased Resources ci Cyclical Use Rate [Target] e from 10.0% in 2000 to 16.1% in 2013. Extraction of resources t (%) 17% y 18 Meanwhile, the ird Fundamental Plan for Estab- 16 lishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society, which was 14 12 determined by Cabinet decision in 2013, pointed out 10 the inadequacy of the eort for 2R (reduction and 8 Material cycle reuse), which are higher priorities than recycling. Even 6 in socioeconomic for recycling, although the rate of recycling of Use Rate Cyclical 4 Emissions system 2 Material cycle industrial waste has made relatively good progress, at 0 in nature 53.4% as of 2013, the rate of recycling of municipal 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 (FY) solid waste, which is more directly related to our Final Disposal Amount (mil. t) everyday lifestyles, is still only 20.6%. Furthermore, 120 although resource productivity (378,000 yen/tonne) is 100 Gas/liquid waste Solid waste showing long-term improvement since FY 2000 80 (248,000 yen/tonne), achieving the Fundamental 60 Plan’s target for FY 2020 (460,000 yen/tonne) appears [Target] extremely dicult. 40 17 million tonnes Nature 20 Final Disposal Amount Source: Compiled by Ministry of the Environment based on Comparative Analysis on Images of Cycle-Oriented Society by Hashimoto Seiji, et al. 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 (FY) Annual Report on the Environment 26 in Japan 2016 27 Additional materials from the 2016 Annual Report Low-carbon society on the Environment Additional materials provide more details about the global warming issue.

Breakdown of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Japan (FY2014) Breakdown of CO Emissions by Sector Globally, fossil fuel combustion produces massive amounts Industries was the sector with the largest CO emissions in FY 2014, accounting for approximately 34% of Japan’s total. of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, particularly CO , which accounts for approximately 93% of Japan’s total greenhouse gas emissions. Commercial and other sectors CO (Commerce, Services and Oce etc.) 92.8% Energy Industries sector Industries sector Transport sector (Power Plant etc.) (Plant, etc.) (automobiles etc.) Total greenhouse gas emissions (FY2014): Direct NF 0.1% million tonnes emissions SF 0.2% 1,364 PFCs 0.2% CO equivalent Indirect HFCs 2.6% emissions NO 1.6% Residential sector CH 2.5% Industrial Processes and Products Use (consumption of limestone etc.) 1,265 million tonnes Waste (incineration of plastic and waste oil) Total CO Emissions FY2014 Others (Leakage from fuel etc.)

Notes: The upper bar represents the share of direct emissions from each sector. The lower bar represents the share of each ﬁnal demand sector, correcting emissions from power generation by the electric utility companies and emissions from heat generation by heat supply operators to ﬁnal demand sectors in proportion to their electricity and heat consumption level. Due to statistical errors and rounding, the sum of percentages of emissions does not always add up to 100%. Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Japan Japan’s total greenhouse gas emissions in FY 2014 were equivalent to approximately 1,364 million tonnes of CO , a 3.1% drop from the previous year. is was due to energy originated CO emissions decreasing as lower electricity consump- Energy originated CO Emissions by Sector tion and the improvement of carbon intensity in power generation resulted in less CO production from power generation. Plotting energy originated CO emissions by sector reveals that emissions in most sectors are currently on a downward trend.

NF (mil. t-CO equivalent) (mil. t-CO) SF 1500 PFCs 600 Figures in parentheses show change (%) from FY 2005 HFCs Industries sector NO (Plant etc.) 1400 CH 457 426 (6.8% decrease) 500 CO

1300 400

1200 Transport sector (automobiles etc.) 300 Commercial and other sectors 240 217 (9.5% decrease) (Commerce, Services and Oce etc.) 1100 239 261 (9.2% increase)

200 CO emission amount 1000 Greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse Residential sector 180 192 (6.6% increase)

100 Energy Industries sector (Power Plant etc.) 104 94 (9.6% decrease) 0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (FY) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (FY)

Note: Emissions data is subject to change due to corrections or recalculations of statistical data in annual reports. Annual Report on the Environment 26 in Japan 2016 27 Additional materials from the 2016 Annual Report Low-carbon society on the Environment Additional materials provide more details about the global warming issue.

Breakdown of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Japan (FY2014) Breakdown of CO Emissions by Sector Globally, fossil fuel combustion produces massive amounts Industries was the sector with the largest CO emissions in FY 2014, accounting for approximately 34% of Japan’s total. of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, particularly CO , which accounts for approximately 93% of Japan’s total greenhouse gas emissions. Commercial and other sectors CO (Commerce, Services and Oce etc.) 92.8% Energy Industries sector Industries sector Transport sector (Power Plant etc.) (Plant, etc.) (automobiles etc.) Total greenhouse gas emissions (FY2014): Direct 40% 27% 16% 6% 4% 4% 2% 0.1% NF 0.1% million tonnes emissions SF 0.2% 1,364 PFCs 0.2% CO equivalent Indirect 7% 34% 17% 21% 15% 4% 2% 0.1% HFCs 2.6% emissions NO 1.6% Residential sector CH 2.5% Industrial Processes and Products Use (consumption of limestone etc.) 1,265 million tonnes Waste (incineration of plastic and waste oil) Total CO Emissions FY2014 Others (Leakage from fuel etc.)

NF (mil. t-CO equivalent) (mil. t-CO) SF 1500 PFCs 600 Figures in parentheses show change (%) from FY 2005 HFCs Industries sector NO (Plant etc.) 1400 CH 457 426 (6.8% decrease) 500 CO

1300 400

1200 Transport sector (automobiles etc.) 300 Commercial and other sectors 240 217 (9.5% decrease) (Commerce, Services and Oce etc.) 1100 239 261 (9.2% increase)

200 CO emission amount 1000 Greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse Residential sector 180 192 (6.6% increase)

Note: Emissions data is subject to change due to corrections or recalculations of statistical data in annual reports. Annual Report on the Environment 28 in Japan 2016 29 Additional materials from the 2016 Annual Report Biodiversity on the Environment Additional materials provide more details about biodiversity in Japan.

Threatened Wildlife Species in Japan Growing Range of Sika Deer With an increasing number of species being put on the Red List, which publicizes threatened wildlife species, it is While certain ora and fauna are endangered, there are clear that the circumstances of wildlife in Japan continue to be grave. also issues with other species, such as sika deer and wild (Reported in September 2015) boar, that are suddenly expanding their range of habitat Threatened (b) Category I Species for Extinct Near Data Threatened and growing their populations. Such species are causing Extinct (critically endangered + endangered) Category II Total number Taxonomical group the survey in the wild threatened Deficient local (vulnerable) of Red-listed increasing damage, resulting in an increasingly serious (a) IA IB population (Critically endangered) (endangered) (b/a) EX EW CR EN VU NT DD situation for the agricultural, forestry, and sheries 33(34) 160 18 5 63 23 industries. For example, the habitat range of sika deer Mammals 7 0 24(24) (160) (7) (0) 9(10) (17) (5) (63) (22) 12(12) 12(12) expanded approx. 2.5 fold from 1978 to 2014. 97(97) approx. 700 14 1 21 17 150 2 Birds 54(54) (approx. 700) (14) (1) 43(43) (21) (17) (150) (2) 23(23) 31(31) 36(36) Reptiles 98 0 0 17 3 56 5 (98) (0) (0) 13(13) 23(23) (17) (3) (56) (5) 4(4) 9(9) 22(22) 20 1 43 0 Range of distribution of sika deer Amphibians 66 0 0 11(11) (66) (0) (0) 11(11) (20) (1) (43) (0) 1(1) 10(10) Range of distribution in 1978 167(167) Animals Brackish water and approx. 400 3 1 34 33 238 15 123(123) Expanded range of distribution by 2014 freshwater fish (approx. 400) (3) (1) 44(44) (34) (33) 238) (15) 69(69) 54(54) 358(358) approx. 32,000 4 0 353 153 868 2 Insects 171(171) (approx. 32,000) (4) (0) 187(187) (353) (153) (868) (2) 65(65) 106(106) 563(563) Molluscs approx. 3,200 19 0 451 93 1126 13 (approx. 3,200) (19) (0) 244(244) 319(319) (451) (93) (1126) (13) Other invertebrate approx. 5,300 0 1 61(61) 42 42 146 0 (approx. 5,300) (0) (1) 20(20) 41(41) (42) (42) (146) (0) 1337(1338) Animals subtotal 47 3 956 347 2690 60 (47) (3) 660(660) 677(678) (956) (347) (2690) (59) 1779(1779) Plants approx. 7,000 32 10 297 37 2155 0 Tracheophyte 1038(1038) etc. I (approx. 7,000) (32) (10) 741(741) (297) (37) (2155) (0) 519(519) 519(519) Estimated Number of Deer in Japan (excluding Hokkaido*) approx. 1,800 241(241) Bryophyte 0 0 21 21 283 0 (approx. 1,800) (0) (0) 138(138) 103(103) (21) (21) (283) (0) approx. 3,000Note 1 116(116) Furthermore, the number of sika deer on the main Japanese island of Honshu and further south is forecast to increase to Algae 4 0 41 40 202 0 Plants (approx. 3,000) (4) (0) 95(95) 21(21) (41) (40) (202) (0) 1.7 times its 2011 level by 2023. etc. II approx. 1,600 4 1 61(61) 42 46 153 0 Plants, etc. Plants, Lichen (approx. 1,600) (4) (1) 41(41) 20(20) (42) (46) (153) (0) approx. 3,000Note 1 62(62) (thousand) Fungi 26 0 21 50 160 0 (approx. 3,000) (26) (0) 39(39) 23(23) (21) (50) (160) (0) 2259(2259) Plants etc. Subtotal 66 12 422 194 2953 0 (66) (12) 1351(1351) 908(908) (422) (194) (2953) (0) 6000 If current rate of capture (percent of population culled) 3596(3597) Total of the 10 taxonomical groups 113 15 1378 541 5643 60 is maintained, numbers will increase to approx. (113) (15) 2011(2011) 1585(1586) (1377) (541) (5643) (59) 4.53 million by FY 2023 (approx. 1.5 times the number in FY 2013). * Figures in parentheses indicate the species (including subspecies, and, in the case of Plants, etc., variants (in part varieties)) for the 4th Red List, reported in 2012 and 2013. Note: Results of simulation LP shows the number of local populations surveyed. Approximately Note 1: Numbers of species exclude species that cannot be identified visually. 3.96 million Note 2: Data on the assessed animal species (including subspecies) were derived from the Environment Agency’s Checklist of Japanese Species of Wildlife (1993, 1995, and 1998). 4000 Note 3: Among “Plants, etc.,” data on species (including subspecies) of tracheophytes were derived from data aggregated by the Japanese Society for Plant Systematics. 90% confidence interval (the upper limit of 50% confidence interval) Note 4: Among “Plants, etc.,” data on species (including subspecies) of non-tracheophytes (bryophytes, algae, lichen, and fungi) were derived from Ministry of the Environment surveys. 50% confidence interval Approximately The categories are considered as follows: Median 3.05 million Extinct: Species thought to already be extinct in Japan / Extinct in the Wild: Species surviving in cultivation, in captivity, or as a naturalized population well outside its historic range / Critically Endangered + Endangered: Species in danger of extinction / Vulnerable: Species facing increasing danger of extinction / (Median) Near Threatened: Species with weak foundation for survival / Data Deficient: Species with insu¦cient data to make an assessment Approximately Source: Table of species listed in Red List by the Ministry of the Environment 2000 2.47 million (the lower limit of 50% confidence level) The number of population

Drivers of Loss of Endangered 100

Species (insects) VU Approximately 80 EN thousand CR 380 ere are various drivers of loss of 1989 2000 2013 (Year) (number culled in FY2013) endangered species, but typical drivers 60 include development, capture/collec- 40 tion, abandonment of management or *: In FY 2013, estimated number in Hokkaido was approx. 540,000, and number culled was approx. 130,000 (Hokkaido data).

succession, overuse, water pollution, 20 and alien species.

0 Note 1: Horizontal axis represents number of species.

There are some species for which multiple drivers of loss apply. Other Note 2: CR: Category IA. EN: Category IB. VU: Category II. Unknown Ski resorts Inbreeding Lime mining Golf courses Water pollution Trac accidents Land reclamationDam construction Infectious disease Natural disasters Local distribution LoggingLake ofRiver development forests development Road construction PesticideCapture pollution /collection CoastalMarsh development development Farmland developmentCave disappearance or Grassland development Being crushed underfoot PredationPredation (by alien (by localspecies) species) environmental degradation CompetitionCompetition (by alien (by local species) species) AbandonmentSuccession of / managementvegetation change CrossbreedingCrossbreeding (with (with alien local species) species) Annual Report on the Environment 28 in Japan 2016 29 Additional materials from the 2016 Annual Report Biodiversity on the Environment Additional materials provide more details about biodiversity in Japan.

Drivers of Loss of Endangered 100

0 Note 1: Horizontal axis represents number of species.

There are some species for which multiple drivers of loss apply. Other Note 2: CR: Category IA. EN: Category IB. VU: Category II. Unknown Ski resorts Inbreeding Lime mining Golf courses Water pollution Trac accidents Land reclamationDam construction Infectious disease Natural disasters Local distribution LoggingLake ofRiver development forests development Road construction PesticideCapture pollution /collection CoastalMarsh development development Farmland developmentCave disappearance or Grassland development Being crushed underfoot PredationPredation (by alien (by localspecies) species) environmental degradation CompetitionCompetition (by alien (by local species) species) AbandonmentSuccession of / managementvegetation change CrossbreedingCrossbreeding (with (with alien local species) species) Annual Report on the Environment 30 in Japan 2016 31 Additional materials from the 2016 Annual Report Sound material-cycle society on the Environment Additional materials provide more information about current eorts to form a sound material-cycle society.

Material Flow in Japan

In order to establish a sound material-cycle society, it is necessary to comprehend material ows (or substance ows)

to understand the extent of material extraction, consumption, and disposal in Japan. Japan uses material ows to determine *1 Water content: water contents of wastes (sludge, livestock waste, night soil, waste acid, waste alkali) and sediments dumped in association with the process of economic activities targets for the three indicators of resource productivity, cyclical use rate, and nal disposal amount. (sludge in mining, construction and in waterworks as well as slag)

FY2000 (for reference) FY2013

Imported products (48) Export (120)

Imported products (59) Imported Import Net additions to stock resources (800) (1,110) Export (182) (752) Total material input Imported (2,138) Import Net additions to stock resources (816) (757) Total material input (515) Input of (1,674) Energy consumption and Domestic natural resources industrial process emissions resources (1,925) Input of Energy consumption and (500) Domestic (1,125) Compost natural resources industrial process emissions (16) resources (1045) (553) Compost Food consumption (97) (588) (13) Natural return (85) Food consumption (85) Natural return (81) Waste generation Waste generation 1 (584) Water content etc. * (595) Water content etc. *1 Reduction (241) Reduction (218) (299) Final disposal (258) Final disposal (56) (16)

(mil. tonnes) Recycled amount (269) (mil. tonnes) Recycled amount (213)

Total Volume of Waste Generation and Waste Volume Per Person Per Day Final Disposal Amount and Final Disposal Amount Per Person Total generated waste and waste generated per person per day are declining year by year. Final disposal amount of waste and nal disposal amount per person per day are trending downwards.

(ten thousand tons/year) (g/person-day) (ten thousand tons) (g/person-day) Volume of waste generated per person per day 6,000 1,500 2,100 280

The final disposal volume per person per day Final disposal amount per person per day 5,500 1,400 1,800 The final disposal volume per person per day 240 4,432 (Includes non-Japanese citizens from FY 2012 onwards) 5,000 1,500 Direct final disposal amount 200 1,300 Final disposal amount after intermediate treatment

4,500 1,200 160 1,200 4,000 900 845 809 120 732 93 1,100 681

Final disposal amount 635 92 3,500 600 553 80 507 484 482 947 465 454 430

Total volume of waste generated of waste volume Total 1,000 53 3,000 Total volume of waste generated 300 40 Volume of waste generated per person per day 378

2,500 900 0 0 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (FY) (FY) Note 1: In the ﬁgures for FY 2005 onwards, total generated waste is considered the same as the total volume of municipal solid waste, deﬁned as “volume of waste collected by local governments + waste directly brought into waste treatment facilities + group collection of recyclable waste” in the Basic Guidelines for the Comprehensive and Systematic Promotion of Waste Reduction Measures and Other Appropriate Treatments, developed based on the Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Act. Note 2: Waste generated per person per day calculated by dividing total generated waste by total population x 365 days, or 366 days. Note 3: From FY 2012 onwards, total population includes population of non-Japanese residents. Annual Report on the Environment 30 in Japan 2016 31 Additional materials from the 2016 Annual Report Sound material-cycle society on the Environment Additional materials provide more information about current eorts to form a sound material-cycle society.

Material Flow in Japan

In order to establish a sound material-cycle society, it is necessary to comprehend material ows (or substance ows) to understand the extent of material extraction, consumption, and disposal in Japan. Japan uses material ows to determine *1 Water content: water contents of wastes (sludge, livestock waste, night soil, waste acid, waste alkali) and sediments dumped in association with the process of economic activities targets for the three indicators of resource productivity, cyclical use rate, and nal disposal amount. (sludge in mining, construction and in waterworks as well as slag)

FY2000 (for reference) FY2013

Imported products (48) Export (120)

(mil. tonnes) Recycled amount (269) (mil. tonnes) Recycled amount (213)

(ten thousand tons/year) (g/person-day) (ten thousand tons) (g/person-day) Volume of waste generated per person per day 6,000 1,500 2,100 280

4,500 1,200 160 1,200 4,000 900 845 809 120 732 93 1,100 681

Final disposal amount 635 92 3,500 600 553 80 507 484 482 947 465 454 430

Total volume of waste generated of waste volume Total 1,000 53 3,000 Total volume of waste generated 300 40 Volume of waste generated per person per day 378

2,500 900 0 0 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (FY) (FY) Note 1: In the ﬁgures for FY 2005 onwards, total generated waste is considered the same as the total volume of municipal solid waste, deﬁned as “volume of waste collected by local governments + waste directly brought into waste treatment facilities + group collection of recyclable waste” in the Basic Guidelines for the Comprehensive and Systematic Promotion of Waste Reduction Measures and Other Appropriate Treatments, developed based on the Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Act. Note 2: Waste generated per person per day calculated by dividing total generated waste by total population x 365 days, or 366 days. Note 3: From FY 2012 onwards, total population includes population of non-Japanese residents. Annual Report on the Environment 32 in Japan 2016 33 Additional materials Atmospheric and from the 2016 Annual Report water environments on the Environment Additional materials provide more information about atmospheric and water environments.

Annual Average Density of NO (from FY1970 to FY2014) Achievement of Environmental Standards (BOD or COD) A gradual fall in mean nitrogen dioxide levels can be seen recently at both ambient air pollution monitoring stations An overall level of 89.1% has been achieved for the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen and roadside air pollution monitoring stations. demand (COD) environmental standards relating to the maintenance of living environments. BOD and COD are leading indicators of water quality in respect of organic pollution. (ppm) 0.060 (ppm) 100 93.9 Roadside air pollution monitoring stations 0.050 90 89.1 Ambient air pollution monitoring stations 80 79.1

0.040 70

60 0.030 55.6

Density 50 Achievement rate Achievement 0.020 40

30 Total Rivers 0.010 Lakes 20 Sea areas

10 0.000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 (FY) 0 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2014 (FY) Source: “Air Pollutions in FY2014 (for press release)” by Ministry of the Environment

Source: “Measurement Results of Water Quality in Public Waters FY 2014” Ministry of the Environment

pH in Precipitation Irkutsk Coverage of Population Served by Waste Disposal System Listvyanka in EANET Region Mondy (Average pH 2011 - 2014) Xi’an e population coverage of wastewater treatment systems in Japan is 89.5%. Wastewater treatment facilities are - Shizhan Terelj - Jiwozi Rishiri being installed to cover the population not yet served by the wastewater treatment systems. Ulaanbaatar e Acid Deposition Monitoring Ochiishi (ppm) Chongqing Primorskaya Network in East Asia (EANET) - Haifu 100 - Jinyunshan Oki Tappi was established through a Japanese Banryu Sado-seki Zhuhai Kanghwa Happo initiative with the aim of establish- Tokyo 90 89.5 - Xiang Zhou Imsil ing a regional cooperative frame- - Zhuxiandong Cheju Ijira Hanoi Yusuhara work regarding acid rain, and of 80 Hoa Binh 77.6 Hedo Ogasawara making clear the state of the acid Vientiane Xiamen deposition issue and its impact in 70 Chiang Mai - Hongwen Khanchanaburi - Xiaoping pH the East Asian region. Currently Cuc Phuong 60 Yangon Mt.Sto.Tomas N/A thirteen East Asia nations partici- Pathumthani Da Nang Metro Manila <4.5 Bangkok Phnom Penh 4.5–4.8 pate, collecting reliable data Total Los Baños 50 Samutprakarn Ho Chi Minh 4.8–5.1 through acid deposition monitoring Waste disposal system Nakhon Ratchasima Can Tho 5.1–5.4 Sewerage system Danum Valley using the same methodology. e 40 Tanah Rata 5.4–5.7 Agricultural drainage facilities, etc. Petaling Jaya Kuching 5.7–6.0 network will expand its range of Kototabang 6.0< operations to include PM2.5 and 30 Jakarta Maros Serpong ozone monitoring. Bangdung 20

10 8.9 2.8 Source: EANET “Data Report on the Acid Deposition 0 in the East Asian Region 2013” 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (FY)

Source: press release of “Coverage rate of population served by waste disposal system (September, 2015),” Ministry of the Environment Annual Report on the Environment 32 in Japan 2016 33 Additional materials Atmospheric and from the 2016 Annual Report water environments on the Environment Additional materials provide more information about atmospheric and water environments.

0.040 70

60 0.030 55.6

Density 50 Achievement rate Achievement 0.020 40

30 Total Rivers 0.010 Lakes 20 Sea areas

Source: “Measurement Results of Water Quality in Public Waters FY 2014” Ministry of the Environment pH in Precipitation Irkutsk Coverage of Population Served by Waste Disposal System Listvyanka in EANET Region Mondy (Average pH 2011 - 2014) Xi’an e population coverage of wastewater treatment systems in Japan is 89.5%. Wastewater treatment facilities are - Shizhan Terelj - Jiwozi Rishiri being installed to cover the population not yet served by the wastewater treatment systems. Ulaanbaatar e Acid Deposition Monitoring Ochiishi (ppm) Chongqing Primorskaya Network in East Asia (EANET) - Haifu 100 - Jinyunshan Oki Tappi was established through a Japanese Banryu Sado-seki Zhuhai Kanghwa Happo initiative with the aim of establish- Tokyo 90 89.5 - Xiang Zhou Imsil ing a regional cooperative frame- - Zhuxiandong Cheju Ijira Hanoi Yusuhara work regarding acid rain, and of 80 Hoa Binh 77.6 Hedo Ogasawara making clear the state of the acid Vientiane Xiamen deposition issue and its impact in 70 Chiang Mai - Hongwen Khanchanaburi - Xiaoping pH the East Asian region. Currently Cuc Phuong 60 Yangon Mt.Sto.Tomas N/A thirteen East Asia nations partici- Pathumthani Da Nang Metro Manila <4.5 Bangkok Phnom Penh 4.5–4.8 pate, collecting reliable data Total Los Baños 50 Samutprakarn Ho Chi Minh 4.8–5.1 through acid deposition monitoring Waste disposal system Nakhon Ratchasima Can Tho 5.1–5.4 Sewerage system Danum Valley using the same methodology. e 40 Tanah Rata 5.4–5.7 Agricultural drainage facilities, etc. Petaling Jaya Kuching 5.7–6.0 network will expand its range of Kototabang 6.0< operations to include PM2.5 and 30 Jakarta Maros Serpong ozone monitoring. Bangdung 20

10 8.9 2.8 Source: EANET “Data Report on the Acid Deposition 0 in the East Asian Region 2013” 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (FY)

Source: press release of “Coverage rate of population served by waste disposal system (September, 2015),” Ministry of the Environment Annual Report on the Environment 34 in Japan 2016 35 Additional materials Environmental risks from the 2016 Annual Report of chemical substances on the Environment The following data provides information on action regarding chemical substance emissions into the environment and initiatives for children’s environmental health.

Breakdown of Reported Releases by industry and The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) Estimated Releases of chemical substances in FY 2014 e Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS), a large-scale, long-term national birth cohort study involving 100,000 mother-child pairs, was launched in January 2010. e Sub-cohort study, which includes home visits for Reported Releases environmental measurements, medical examinations and children’s bio-specimen collection, began in November 2015, by industry involving 5,000 participants selected from the Main Study. From mobile sources 15% 40% JECS is a large-scale, long-term prospective cohort study to examine the impact of the exposure Reported Releases Top 10 Chemicals with High-volume of to chemical substances during pregnancy and childhood on children’s health. From households by industry Reported Releases and Estimated Releases The Total Amount of (FY 2014) 11% Reported Releases and 40% Background The eects of chemical substances in the environment on children’s health Large-scale epidemiological studies are Estimated Releases have not been well documented. That leads to growing concern among parents. warranted in order to identify these eects. 339,000 t/year Toluene 54 43 98 FY 2010: Establishment of national and regional organizations and formulation of research protocols Recruitment Xylene 28 41 69 January 2011: Start of recruitment period (100,000 pregnant women) (3 years) From industries not March 2014: Completion of the recruitment subject to reporting Ethylbenzene 15 19 34 - Questionnaire Chemical analysis on bio-specimens Pregnancy - Collection of maternal blood, urine, and hair samples 22% From industries Long-term storage of bio-specimens Polyoxyethylene as well as paternal blood samples subject to 22 22 - Health check of the babies alkyl ether At birth reporting 0.10 Study protocols Follow-up - Collection of cord blood samples Multivariate analysis of the environmental period factors on children’s health including 12% n-hexane 10 7.2 18 - Physician’s examination and questionnaire One month old hereditary, lifestyle, and social factors (13 years) - Collection of breast milk and babies’ hair samples Dichloromethane (DCM) Estimated Releases 11 12 - Physician’s examination and questionnaire Methylene chloride Until 13th birthday Identiﬁcation of the impact of 1.6 - Collection of children’s bio-specimens environmental factors on children’s health 60% n-alkylbenzenesulfonic Reported releases acid and its salts 11 11 0.013 Estimated releases Follow-up completes in 2027 / Study concludes in 2032 HCFC-22 9.9 10 The ﬁgure in brackets is the total Notes: The reported releases are from the business entities 0.22 of reported releases and categorized as subjected to reporting. Releases are estimated releases. Ministry of the Environment (MOE) estimated for businesses that do not meet the reporting D-D 8.9 8.9 Considers environmental policies incorporating results of the study, and requirements, such as number of employees, annual 0.004 conducts coordination with other ministries as well as on an international level. handling quantity, etc., and are exempted from reporting. Dichlorobenzene 8.7 8.8 Programme Oce Regional Centers Figures in parentheses are the totals of reported and 0.090 (National Institute for Environmental Studies) (15 universities and institutes) estimated releases. 0 50 100 Organization Leads the study, manages the collected data and bio-specimens, Recruit participants and conduct follow-up study (thousand tonnes/year) and conducts exposure analysis (in cooperation with local health care providers) Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and Ministry of the Environment and Ministry of the Environment Medical Support Center Accreditation from the MOE (April 2011) (National Centre for Child Health and Development) [1] Hokkaido [2] Miygai [3] Fukushima [4] Chiba [5] Kanagawa Provides medical expertise [6] Koushin [7] Toyama [8] Aichi [9] Kyoto [10] Osaka [11] Hyogo [12] Tottori [13] Kochi [14] Fukuoka [15] South-Kyushu / Okinawa

In March 2016, the government compiled data reported from businesses concerned on release and transfer of chemical Expected - Policy development to provide parents with the safe and secure child-raising environment substances complying with the Act on Con rmation, etc. of Release Amounts of Speci c Chemical Substances in the outcomes - Development of better strategies for chemical risk assessment and management that considers children’s vulnerability Environment and Promotion of Improvements to the Management ereof (PRTR Law). Releases that were not subject to reporting were estimated.

Cover: Drift Ice on Shiretoko Annual Report on the Environment, Shiretoko, a national park in Hokkaido, was registered as the Sound Material-Cycle Society and Biodiversity a World Heritage Site in 2005. e peninsula, untouched in Japan 2016 and abundant with wildlife, is an excellent example of the interrelationship of marine and terrestrial biodiversity Published by Ministry of the Environment thanks to rich nutrition brought by drift ice. It Environmental Strategy Division provides a breeding and wintering area for Environmental Policy Bureau endangered species such as marine [email protected] www.env.go.jp/en/ mammals and raptors. Global warming Shiretoko may decrease drift ice in Hokkaido, the World Heritage Site Published in September 2016 southernmost coast that drift ice reaches in Cover Photo©GYRO PHOTOGRAPHY/a.collectionRF/amanaimages the northern hemisphere. Copyright©2016 Ministry of the Environment, Japan. All rights reserved. Annual Report on the Environment 34 in Japan 2016 35 Additional materials Environmental risks from the 2016 Annual Report of chemical substances on the Environment The following data provides information on action regarding chemical substance emissions into the environment and initiatives for children’s environmental health.