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Thesis Pdf (392.9Kb) University of Wisconsin Eau Claire Dead and Gone: How the Home Run Lifted Baseball Out Of the Dead Ball Era By: Zac Thome Dr. James Oberly Department of History History 489 20 April, 2007 1 "The game of base ball has now become beyond question the leading feature of the outdoor sports of the United States ... It is a game which is peculiarly suited to the American temperament and disposition; ... in short, the pastime suits the people, and the people suit the pastime."1 Author Charles A. Peverelly 1866 Charles Peverelly was an author in the mid 1800‟s. He was one of the first authors in American history to write about modern sports.2 As Peverelly states, baseball is a pastime. It is often referred to as America‟s pastime. In some cases it has even been called a religion. Annie Savoy (Susan Sarandon) in the movie Bull Durham said, "The only church that truly feeds the soul, day-in day- out, is the Church of Baseball."3 Comparing baseball and religion may sound absurd, but nobody can deny that baseball, too many Americans, has become a large part of their every day lives. In the early years of the game only a few hundred thousand people came out to support their favorite teams. As popularity grew Major League Baseball attendance jumped over seven million people from 1900 (1,829,490) to 1920 (9,120,875).4 The season was longer in 1920 which is why ticket sales were up, but it is only one reason. The season length went from 136 games in 100 to 154 1 Baseball Almanac, http://www.baseball-almanac.com/ (accessed 1 March, 2007). 2 Guttmann, Allen. “Who's on First? Or, Books on the History of American Sports.” The Journal of American History, Vol. 66, No. 2. (Sep., 1979), pp. 348-354. 3 Ron Shelton, Bull Durham, (California: Metro Goldwyn Mayer, 1988). 4 1880-1899 Attendance http://www.ballparksofbaseball.com/attendance.htm (accessed 18 April, 2007 2 games by 1920.5 With its growing popularity stadiums grew larger to hold the thousands of people migrating to the ball parks of their favorite teams. It is a special moment walking into a big league stadium for the first time. To see the green grass and thousands of fans cheering on their favorite team and players, to eat a hot dog or bratwurst with one hand while your glove is in the other hoping to catch a fly ball, are events that many people cherish. However, this wasn‟t always the case. The game of baseball that is loved by many went through transitions to get to where it is today. There may be no bigger transition than the entrance to the live ball era from the dead ball era. What knocked baseball out of the dead ball era into the live ball era was the shift in scoring via the home run. The sport of baseball has been played in this country since the early 1800‟s. There was not a major league at this time. In fact, during this time period baseball did not have any set rules. The original teams were informal, and the rules were different pending on what town you were playing in. The modern game of baseball was not invented until the mid 1800‟s. Alexander Joy Cartwright, in 1845, invented the modern baseball field. This field and game was based off of the English game called “rounders”. The first recorded baseball game was in 1846 when Alexander Cartwright's New York Knickerbockers lost to the New York Baseball Club in Hoboken, New Jersey. Twelve years after the first 5 Year-by-Year Baseball History, http://www.baseball-almanac.com/yearmenu.shtml 3 recorded baseball game the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) was born.6 The NABBP, in 1876, gave way to the National League which is still around today. There were eight teams in the league (Chicago White Stockings, St. Louis Brown Stockings, Hartford Dark Blues, Boston Red Caps, Louisville Grays, New York Mutuals, Philadelphia Athletics, and Cincinnati Red Stockings). In 1901 a new league was formed that joined the National League and eventually became Major League Baseball. This league also had eight original teams which made up the new American League (Chicago White Stockings, Boston Americans, Detroit Tigers, Philadelphia Athletics, Baltimore Orioles, Washington Senators, Cleveland Blues, and the Milwaukee Brewers).7 In 1903 the first World Series was held and the champion of the National League met the champion of the American League.8 This tradition still occurs every October/November (no world series in 1904). Today‟s league has many different dimensions than in the 1800‟s and early 1900‟s. The rules were different, for example, base runners could be called out by being struck with the ball.9 The number of teams that make up the league are different. In 1998 6 The History of Baseball, http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbaseball.htm (accessed 1, April 2007). 7 Year-by-Year in Baseball History, http://www.baseball-almanac.com/yearmenu.shtml (accessed 1March, 2007). 8 World Series History, http://www.baseball-almanac.com/ws/wsmenu.shtml (accessed 1, March, 2007) 9 Rader, Benjamin G., Baseball: A History of America’s Game. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992, 4. 4 major league baseball had it most recent expansion with the additions of the Arizona Diamondbacks and the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. That gave the league a total of 30 teams. The league increased by four divisions, two in the American League and two in the National League equaling a total of six divisions. They are put into divisions based on where they are geographically. As the game became more modern there was a greater emphasis placed on statistics. Leonard Koppett, who wrote the book, A Thinking Man's Guide to Baseball said, "Statistics are the lifeblood of baseball. In no other sport are so many available, and studied so assiduously by participants and fans."10 There is one stat in particular that people talk about more than any other, the home run. If you follow sports two numbers, 714 (Babe Ruth‟s career home run mark) and 755 (Hank Aaron‟s career home run mark) are sacred to baseball. Currently Barry Bonds is on the verge of breaking what many sports fans call the most hallowed record in all of sports, the career home run record. Home runs now fly out of ball parks at very high numbers. They are one of the most exciting parts of the game of baseball. However, the home run was not always an important part of the game. Strategies like base stealing, the hit and run, and bunting were the best ways to advance base runners and score runs. In 10 Baseball Almanac, http://www.baseball-almanac.com/teamstats/statmaster.php (accessed 6, March 2007) 5 today‟s game hitting for power and hitting home runs are seen as the best way to score. Why did the concept of how to score change around 1920 when it moved from the dead ball era to the live ball era? Were their modifications in equipment, or rule changes that lead to the increased importance of the home run? What did the stadiums look like? Were they built for the home run like today‟s newly built stadiums? In order to uncover the reasons behind the increase in home run totals we must first learn what the dead ball era is and what changed around the year 1920 to help baseball leave the dead ball era and enter the live ball era. The dead ball (1901-1919) era was the era in baseball where home runs were not very common. In this era was a greater emphasis placed on strategy and nuances of the game. The ball itself did not carry as well as the baseballs of today. The baseball that was used was softer, and it was rarely changed during the game, if ever. The bats that the players used were compared to wagon-tongues.11 They way the players swung their bats was even different. There were few hitters in the dead ball era that held the bat at the end and took full swings.12 Hitters tried to punch the ball over the infielder‟s heads and managers would go as far as fining or benching free swinging players.13 Tactics like the hit-and-run, sacrifice bunt, and base stealing were more important to the game 11 New York Times, 29 June, 1963. 12 Rader, 89. 13 Rader, 89. 6 of the dead ball era as compared to today. The average number of homeruns by a player who lead the league between the years of 1901-1919 was 12 a year.14 The highest home run total by a dead ball hitter was 29 in 1919, by Babe Ruth.15 These numbers are far lower than the numbers of today. Between the years of 2000 and 2005 the average number of home runs by the league leader was 51 a year, much higher than the 12 home run per year average by the dead ball era sluggers.16 One of the dead ball eras most famous sluggers was John Franklin Baker. Better known as “Home Run” Baker. Bakers first season in the big leagues was in 1909. He played third base for the Philadelphia Athletics. His first game of the 1909 season Baker stepped up to the plate with the bases loaded and hit a grand slam.17 Baker lead the American league in home runs four times (1911, 1912, 1913, and 1914) with his highest number of home runs coming in the 1913 season where he hit 12.18 In 1920 Babe Ruth hit 54 home runs, a total far higher than the 12 by Home Run Baker in 1913.19 There were other aspects of the game that allowed this era to be called the dead ball era.
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