Pemodelan Dan Simulasi Berbasis Agen Untuk Evakuasi Kebakaran Pada Gedung Bertingkat

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Pemodelan Dan Simulasi Berbasis Agen Untuk Evakuasi Kebakaran Pada Gedung Bertingkat Pemodelan dan Simulasi Berbasis Agen untuk Evakuasi Kebakaran pada Gedung Bertingkat Dewi Putrie Lestari Ilmiyati Sari Rifki Kosasih Penerbit Sanga Sanga Grup ii Pemodelan dan Simulasi Berbasis Agen untuk Evakuasi Kebakaran pada Gedung Bertingkat Penulis: Dewi Putrie Lestari, Ilmiyati Sari, Rifki Kosasih ISBN No.: 978-602-50589-6-7 Editor: Muhamad Wirawan Putra Penyunting: Ratna Juwita Desain Sampul dan Tata Letak: Dwi Yacita Listosari Penerbit: Sanga Sanga Grup Redaksi: Perumahan Bukit Rivaria Blok C4 No.11 Sawangan-Depok 16519 Email: [email protected] Cetakan pertama, Desember 2020 Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang Dilarang memperbanyak karya tulis ini dalam bentuk dan dengan cara apapun tanpa ijin tertulis dari penerbit iii Kata Pengantar Bismillahirrahmanirrahiim Assalammu’alaykum warrahmatullahi wabarakatuuh Alhamdulillahirabbil’aalamiin Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah Yang Maha Kuasa karena hanya atas berkat dan rahmat-Nya sajalah sehingga penyusunan buku ini dapat terselesaikan. Pertumbuhan penduduk yang pesat mengakibatkan kebutuhan akan lahan semakin bertambah. Pembangunan gedung bertingkat merupakan salah satu solusi untuk kebutuhan lahan yang selalu tetap. Tempat tinggal berupa apartemen dan rumah susun, gedung perkantoran, pusat perbelanjaan sampai gedung sekolah sekarang dibuat lebih dari satu lantai. Solusi tersebut bukannya tidak menambah masalah baru. Bencana seperti kebakaran di gedung bertingkat menjadi masalah yang perlu dipikirkan solusinya agar korban dapat diminimalkan. Namun, simulasi penyelamatan diri ketika terjadi kebakaran pada gedung bertingkat tidak efisien jika dilakukan. Oleh karena itu, buku ini memaparkan pemodelan dan simulasi berbasis agen untuk mengetahui dampak dan rute terbaik untuk menyelamatkan diri ketika kebakaran pada gedung bertingkat terjadi. Simulasi ant colony, particle swarm, dan cellular automata juga dihadirkan pada buku ini. Penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada semua anggota tim serta pihak-pihak yang berperan dalam membantu penyelesaian buku ini. Penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran sebagai bekal penyempurnaan penulisan-penulisan selanjutnya. Akhir kata, penulis berharap semoga tulisan ini dapat bermanfaat dalam pengembangan keilmuan Teknologi Informasi serta disiplin ilmu lainnya. iv Wassalammu’alaykum warrahmatullahi wabarakatuuh Depok, November 2020 Penulis v Daftar Isi Halaman Halaman Judul .................................. ii Kata Pengantar .................................. iv Daftar Isi ...................................... vi Bab 1 Pendahuluan ............................... 1 1.1 Definisi dan Terminologi ............... 2 1.2 Pentingnya Menentukan Rute Evakuasi Kebakaran pada Gedung Bertingkat ....... 4 1.3 Metode-Metode Penentuan Rute Evakuasi Kebakaran ...................... 5 Bab 2 Pemodelan dan Simulasi Berbasis Agen untuk Evakuasi Kebakaran .................. 10 2.1 Pemodelan dan Simulasi ................. 10 2.2 Pemodelan dan Simulasi Berbasis Agen ... 11 2.3 Perangkat Lunak untuk Simulasi Berbasis Agen ......................... 16 2.4 Pemodelan dan Simulasi Berbasis Agen untuk Evakuasi Kebakaran dalam Gedung .. 19 Bab 3 Simulasi Berbasis Ant Colony ............. 25 3.1 Simulasi Jejak Feromon Gerombolan Semut .................................. 27 3.2 Optimasi Ant Colony .................... 28 3.3 Algoritma Klaster-Semut ................ 32 3.4 Simulasi Klaster-Semut dengan Swarm ... 34 3.5 Pendekatan Berbasis Ant Colony pada Masalah Rute Jaringan ............ 36 3.6 Pemisahan Pekerjaan pada Ant Colony ... 39 3.7 Kerja sama pada Semut Tentara ......... 42 3.7.1 Altruisme Semut Tentara ......... 42 3.7.2 Definisi Masalah ................ 43 3.7.3 Kriteria Penilaian untuk Memasuki Kawasan Altruisme ............... 46 3.7.4 Kriteria Penilaian Pemicu Pembentukan Rantai .............. 51 vi 3.7.5 Perubahan Strategi Berdasarkan Jumlah Agen ..................... 55 3.7.6 Eksperimen Kooperatif ........... 55 3.7.7 Simulasi dengan Peran Tetap Sesuai Ketentuan di Awal ........ 60 Bab 4 Simulasi Partikel Swarm .................. 61 4.1 Simulasi Boid-Boid dengan Swarm ........ 68 4.2 Swarm Chemistry ........................ 70 4.3 Optimasi Partikel Swarm ................ 74 4.3.1 Algortima Optimasi Partikel Swarm 75 Bab 5 Simulasi Cellular Automata ............... 80 5.1 Kelas Conway dengan Swarm ............. 90 Daftar Pustaka ................................. 96 vii Bab 1 Pendahuluan Dengan berkembangnya kota-kota modern, semakin banyak bangunan tinggi yang menjulang dibangun di berbagai belahan dunia. Berikut ini adalah sepuluh bangunan bertingkat tinggi di dunia, yaitu: 1. Menara Khalifa, Dubai, tinggi 828 m, Uni Emirat Arab; 2. Menara Shanghai Center, dengan tinggi 632 m, Cina; 3. Abraj Al Bait, tinggi 601 m, Arab Saudi; 4. 101 pencakar langit, tinggi 509 m, Tionghoa Taipei; 5. Pusat Keuangan Dunia Shanghai, tinggi 492 m, Cina; 6. Pusat Perdagangan Internasional Hong Kong, tinggi 490 m, Cina; 7. Kuala Lumpur, Menara Kembar Petronas, tinggi 452 m, Malaysia; 8. Menara Puncak Ungu Nanjing, tinggi 450 m, Cina; 9. Gedung Chicago Jiageweilai Group (menara Sears), tinggi 443 m, Amerika Serikat; 10. Shenzhen KK100 (dahulu: KingKey Financial Center, tinggi 441,8 m, China. Menurut laporan tahunan CTBUH (Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat) menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun 2015, 106 gedung bertingkat tinggi dengan total ketinggian lebih dari 200 m di dunia selesai dibangun. Meskipun ketinggian dan jumlah gedung bertingkat bartambah setiap tahun, metode evakuasi darurat kebakaran tetap tidak berubah. Saat ini, evakuasi gedung bertingkat terutama mengandalkan tangga biasa. Ada juga cara evakuasi dengan lift dan tangga. Evakuasi dengan cepat sejumlah besar orang dalam waktu singkat di gedung-gedung bertingkat telah menjadi sebuah masalah di seluruh dunia yang sedang dieksplorasi. Evakuasi dengan cepat orang-orang di gedung bertingkat tinggi telah lama menjadi masalah penting tetapi sulit dilakukan dengan 1 mempertimbangkan banyak faktor, mulai dari banyak lantai, ketinggian dan orang-orang yang terkonsentrasi pada tempat tertentu. 1.1 Definisi dan Terminologi Menurut definisi National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, 2012), bangunan bertingkat tinggi didefinisikan sebagai bangunan yang tingginya lebih dari 75 kaki (sekitar 23 m) dengan ketinggian bangunan diukur dari tingkat terendah akses kendaraan pemadam kebakaran ke lantai lantai tertinggi yang bisa ditempati. Menurut Hall (2011), penggunaan bangunan utama yang dapat diidentifikasi untuk mengkategorikan jenis bangunan ini adalah gedung perkantoran, gedung tempat tinggal (misalnya hotel, gedung apartemen) dan fasilitas perawatan kesehatan. Masing-masing kategori ini menampilkan karakteristik yang berbeda dari sudut pandang infrastruktur dan penduduk. Oleh karena itu, analisis penggunaan gedung sangat penting untuk memprediksi kemungkinan perilaku penghuni dan memberikan desain keselamatan kebakaran yang memadai. Faktanya, dinamika evakuasi mungkin secara substansial dipengaruhi oleh infrastruktur dan populasi yang mengungsi yang sedang dipertimbangkan, misalnya kemampuan fisik penghuni, keakraban penghuni dengan lingkungan, dll. Meskipun peraturan bangunan menetapkan persyaratan minimum untuk desain bangunan bertingkat tinggi, fitur keselamatan hidup tambahan sering kali diperlukan untuk mengurangi masalah yang berasal dari kompleksitasnya dan kesulitan tambahan dalam operasi pemadaman kebakaran dan penyelamatan. Perspektif pedoman teknis internasional, misalnya, NFPA101 di Amerika Serikat (NFPA, 2012), atau Dokumen yang Disetujui The Building Regulation 2006 di Inggris adalah untuk memberikan informasi tentang desain komponen jalan keluar (misalnya, karakteristik geometris tangga) yang bisa diaplikasikan untuk bangunan tinggi. Di sisi lain, 2 informasi lebih lanjut tentang masalah perilaku yang terkait dengan kinerja jalan keluar selama evakuasi gedung tinggi masih diperlukan. Di Indonesia, Persyaratan teknis mengenai sistem proteksi kebakaran pada bangunan gedung dan lingkungan telah diatur pada Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum nomor: 26/PRT/M/2008 tanggal 30 Desember 2008. Pada Bab I, bagian 1, pasal 1 diberikan pengerian mengenai sistem proteksi kebakaran pada bangunan gedung dan lingkungan antara lain: 1. Sistem proteksi kebakaran pada bangunan gedung dan lingkungan adalah sistem yang terdiri atas peralatan, kelengkapan dan sarana, baik yang terpasang maupun terbangun pada bangunan yang digunakan baik untuk tujuan sistem proteksi aktif, sistem proteksi pasif maupun cara-cara pengelolaan dalam rangka melindungi bangunan dan lingkungannya terhadap bahaya kebakaran 2. Bangunan gedung adalah wujud fisik hasil pekerjaan konstruksi yang menyatu dengan tempat kedudukannya, sebagian atau seluruhnya berada di atas dan/atau di dalam tanah dan/atau air, yang berfungsi sebagai tempat manusia melakukan kegiatannya, baik untuk hunian atau tempat tinggal, kegiatan keagamaan, kegiatan usaha, kegiatan sosial, budaya, maupun kegiatan khusus. 3. Perencanaan tapak adalah perencanaan yang mengatur tapak (site) bangunan, meliputi tata letak dan orientasi bangunan, jarak antar bangunan, penempatan hidran halaman, penyediaan ruang-ruang terbuka dan sebagainya dalam rangka mencegah dan meminimasi bahaya kebakaran. 4. Sarana penyelamatan adalah sarana yang dipersiapkan untuk dipergunakan oleh penghuni maupun petugas pemadam kebakaran dalam upaya penyelamatan jiwa manusia maupun harta benda bila terjadi kebakaran pada suatu bangunan gedung dan lingkungan. 5. Sistem proteksi kebakaran pasif
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