Material Bernini

Edited by Evonne Levy and Carolina Mangone

Routledge R Taylor & Francis Croup

LONDON AND NEW YORK Contents

List of Illustrations vii

Contributors xHi Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxi Abbreviations xxiii

Obstacles in the Path to a Material Bernini (1900-Present) 1 Evonne Levy

PART I: IMMATERIAL/MATERIAL

The Matter of Metaphor: Truth, Sculpture, and the Word 23 Maarten Delbeke

Im/material Bernini 39 Fabio Barry

Bernini scultore pittoresco 69 Carolina Mangone

Body and Clay: Material Agency from an Early Modern Perspective 105 Joris van Gastel

PART II: CLAY BOZZETTI

What Is a Bozzetto? 123 Michael Cole

Bernini's Bozzetti and the Trope of Fire 147 Steven F. Ostrozv

The Concept of Bernini's "Calculated Spontaneity" A Critical Reassessment 169

Tara L. Nadeau vi MATERIAL BERNINI

Bernini/Not Bernini: Reflections on the Role of Technical Evidence in the Attribution of Bernini's Terracottas 187 CD. Dickerson III and Anthony Sigel

Bibliography 219 Index 239 Illustrations

Cover image: Gianlorenzo Bernini, 3.4 Gianlorenzo Bernini and Cathedra Petri, detail, 1647-53, gilt bronze, Guillaume Courtois, apse with St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican. (Photo: © Martyrdom of St. Andrew, 1668, Alessandro Vasari) S. Andrea al Quirinale, Rome. (Photo: Fabio Barry) The Matter of Metaphor: Truth, 3.5 Gianlorenzo Bernini, lateral portal Sculpture, and the Word of Cornaro Chapel, 1647-52, S. Maria della Rome. Fabio 2.1 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Truth, 1645, Vittoria, (Photo: marble, Galleria Borghese, Rome. Barry) of (Photo: Scala, Florence—courtesy 3.6 Gianlorenzo Bernini, back wall of le Attivita the Ministero per i Beni e Cornaro Chapel, 1647-52, S. Maria della Culturali) Vittoria, Rome. (Photo: Fabio Barry)

2.2 Francois Spierre after Lazzaro 3.7 Odoricus, Tessellated Pavement, Baldi, frontispiece to Giovanni Borboni, detail, 1268, Westminster Abbey, Delle statue (Rome: Nella stamparia di London. (Photo: © Dean and Chapter of Iacomo Fei, 1661). (Photo: Bibliotheca Westminster, London) Hertziana) 3.8 "Rustic Gate XXIX," in Sebastiano Serlio, Tutte d'architettura, book 6, Im/material Bernini Vopere Libro estraordinario (Venice: Francesco de' 3.1 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Comoro Chapel, Franceschi, 1584), 17. (Photo: Fabio Barry) 1647-52, S. Maria della Vittoria, Rome. 3.9 "Pyramid of Diffusion of Light (Photo: Richard Wittman) into Matter," in Athanasius Kircher, 3.2 Guidobaldo Abattini (attr.), The Obeliscus Pamphilius (Rome: Grignani, Cornaro Chapel, ca. 1651, oil on canvas, 1650), 169. (Photo: Fabio Barry) Staatliches Museum Schwerin. (Photo: 3.10 "Pyramid of Light and Pyramid Erich Lessing) of Darkness within the Circuit of the

3.3 Gianlorenzo Bernini, interior view Universe," in Athanasius Kircher, of S. Andrea al Quirinale, 1658-71, Rome. Obeliscus Pamphilius (Rome: Grignani, (Photo: Richard Wittman) 1650), 171. (Photo: Fabio Barry) Viii MATERIAL BERNINI

3.11 "Hierarchy of the Elements and Fogg Art Museum Funds (1937.68). Angelic Choirs," in Athanasius Kircher, (Photo: Imaging Department © Musurgia Universalis (Rome: Corbelletti, President and Fellows of Harvard 1650), 2:450. (Photo: Fabio Barry) College)

3.12 Raphael and Gianlorenzo Bernini, 4.3 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Portrait of Chigi Chapel, begun 1513, completed a Young Man, ca. 1627, oil on canvas, 1655, S. Maria del Popolo, Rome. Vatican Museum, Vatican State. (Photo: (Photo: Fabio Barry) Scala/Art Resource, NY)

3.13 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Pio Chapel, 4.4 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Angel with 1647-52, S. Agostino, Rome. (Photo: the Scourge, detail, ca. 1667-68, Fabio Barry) terracotta, Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 3.14 Francesco Rustici, Allegory of Alpheus Hyatt Purchasing and Friends Painting and Architecture, ca. 1621-22, of the Fogg Art Museum Funds oil on canvas, Galleria degli Uffizi, (1937.68). (Photo: Anthony Sigel Florence. (Composite image made by © 2015 President and Fellows of the author. Photos: Ministero per i Beni Harvard College) e le Attivita Culturali Soprintendenza 4.5 Gianlorenzo Portrait Speciale per il Patrimonio Storico, Bernini, of a

oil on Galleria Artistico ed Etnoantropologico e per il Youth, 1623-34, canvas, Polo Museale della citta di Firenze) Borghese, Rome. (Photo: Scala/Art Resource, NY) 3.15 Giovanni Lanfranco, Assumption of the Virgin, 1625-28, fresco, S. Andrea 4.6 Gianlorenzo Bernini, David and della Valle, Rome. (Photo: Fabio Barry) Goliath, 1623, oil on canvas, Palazzo Barberini, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte 3.16 Baciccio, Apotheosis of St. Ignatius, Antica, Rome. (Photo: Scala/Ministero ca. 1685, oil on canvas, Galleria per i Beni e le Attivita culturali/Art Nazionale di Arte Moderna, Rome. Resource, NY) (Photo: Web Gallery of Art) 4.7 Guercino, Apollo and Marsyas, ca.

1619-21, oil on canvas, Collezione dei Bernini scultore pittoresco dipinti antichi della Banca Popolare 4.1 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Head dell'Emilia Romagna, Modena. (Photo: Erich of St. Jerome, ca. 1661, terracotta, Lessing/Art Resource, NY) Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum, 4.8 Pier Francesco Mola, Portrait Cambridge, Massachusetts, Alpheus of Pope Alexander VII, ca. 1659, oil on Hyatt and Friends of the Purchasing canvas, private collection. (Photo: Fogg Art Museum Funds (1937.77). Palazzo Chigi, Ariccia) (Photo: Imaging Department © President 4.9 Alessandro Head and Fellows of Harvard College) Algardi, of St. Paul, ca. 1634, terracotta, Museo 4.2 Gianlorenzo Bernini, with the Angel Nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia, Rome Scourge, detail, ca. 1667-68, terracotta, (PV 13228). (Photo: Soprintendenza Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum, Speciale per il Patrimonio Storico Cambridge, Massachusetts, Alpheus Artistico ed Etnoantropologico per il Hyatt Purchasing and Friends of the Polo Museale della Citta di Roma) Illustrations ix

4.10 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Allegorical Body and Clay: Material Agency from Figure, detail, 1630-31, terracotta, an Early Modern Perspective Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum, 5.1 Woodcut in Agnolo Cambridge, Massachusetts, Alpheus Firenzuola, Prose (Florence: Giunti, Hyatt Purchasing and Friends of the 1548), 105r. (Photo: Staats- und Fogg Art Museum Funds (1937.75). Universitatsbibliothek Hamburg Carl (Photo: Imaging Department von © President and Fellows of Harvard Ossietzky)

College) 5.2 Parmigianino, Madonna with

the oil on 4.11 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Long Neck, 1535^40, wood, Galleria Uffizi, Florence. Half-Kneeling Angel, detail, 1672, degli (Photo: Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain) terracotta, Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Massachusetts, Museum, Cambridge, 5.3 "Natura Potentior Ars," etching and Friends Alpheus Hyatt Purchasing in Giovan Battista Pittoni, Imprese di of the Art Museum Funds Fogg diversiprencipi, duchi, signori, e d'altri (Photo: Department (1937.66). Imaging personaggi et huomini letterati et illustri © President and Fellows of Harvard (Venice: s.n., 1562), no. 51. (Photo: College) www.archive.org/PublicDomain) 4.12 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Bust of Pope

Urban VIII, ca. 1658, bronze, partly gilt What Is a Bozzetto? private collection, Florence. (Photo: Model © Arrigo Coppitz) 6.1 Gianlorenzo Bernini, for the Lion on the Four Rivers Fountain, 4.13 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Bust of ca. 1649-50, terracotta, Accademia Pope Urban VIII, ca. 1632, bronze and Nazionale di San Luca, Rome. (Photo: © porphyry, private collection, Rome. 2012 Zeno Colantoni) (Photo: © Arrigo Coppitz) 6.2 Antonio Raggi (attr.), Sea Deity 4.14 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Bust of Pope with Dolphin, ca. 1652-53, terracotta, Urban VIII, detail, ca. 1658, partly gilt Collection of Gerolamo and Roberta Etro, bronze, private collection, Florence. Milan. (Photo: © 2015 Anthony Sigel) (Photo: © Arrigo Coppitz) 6.3 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Self-portrait, 4.15 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Bust of c. 1635, Galleria Borghese, Rome. Pope Gregory XV, ca. 1621-22, bronze, (Photo: Scala/Art Resource, NY) Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, 72.8. Howard A. Noble Fund, (Photo: 6.4 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Head of Tom Little) St. Jerome, detail, ca. 1661, terracotta, Harvard Art Museum, 4.16 Alessandro Algardi, Bust of Museums/Fogg Massachusetts, Alpheus Pope Innocent X, ca. 1650, bronze and Cambridge, and Friends of the porphyry, Palazzo Doria Pamphilj, Hyatt Purchasing Art Museum Funds Rome. (Photo: Saskia, Ltd.) Fogg (1937.77). (Photo: Anthony Sigel © 2015 President 4.17 Pier Francesco Mola, Portrait and Fellows of Harvard College) of Pope Innocent X, ca. 1650-52, oil on 6.5 Gianlorenzo Head canvas, Palazzo Chigi, Ariccia. (Photo: Bernini, of Palazzo Chigi, Ariccia) St. Jerome, detail, ca. 1661, terracotta, X MATERIAL BERNINI

of on National Gallery Art, Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum, paper, D.C., Woodner Collection, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Alpheus Washington, the Patron's Permanent Fund 1991.190.2. Hyatt Purchasing and Friends of National Gallery of Art, Fogg Art Museum Funds (1937.77). (Photo: D.C.) (Photo: Anthony Sigel © 2015 President Washington, and Fellows of Harvard College) 6.13 Giambologna, or workshop,

a Fountain, ca. 1571—75, 6.6 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Four Members Drawingfor and brown ink over black chalk, of the Cornaro Family, ca. 1647-49, pen Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. (Photo: terracotta, Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Ashmolean Museum, Oxford) Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Alpheus Hyatt Purchasing and Friends Funds of the Fogg Art Museum Bernini's Bozzetti and the Trope (1937.73). (Photo: Imaging Department of Fire © President and Fellows of Harvard College) 7.1 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Angel with the Superscription, ca. 1667-68, 6.7 Giambologna, Rape of a Sabine, terracotta, Museo Nazionale del ca. 1579-80, wax, Victoria and Albert Palazzo di Venezia, Rome (PV 1195). Museum, London. (Photo: © Victoria (Photo: Soprintendenza Speciale per and Albert Museum, London) il Patrimonio Storico Artistico ed

6.8 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Saint with Etnoantropologico per il Polo Museale Book, ca. 1647 or ca. 1659-60, terracotta, della Citta di Roma) Museo di Roma, Rome. (Photo: © 2015 7.2 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Kneeling Anthony Sigel) Angel, 1672, terracotta, Harvard Art 6.9 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Marine God Museums/Fogg Museum, Cambridge, with a Dolphin, 1652-53, black chalk, Massachusetts, Alpheus Hyatt The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Purchasing and Friends of the Fogg (Photo: J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Art Museum Funds (1937.63). (Photo: Angeles) Imaging Department © President and Fellows of Harvard College) 6.10 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Study for the Memorial to Carlo Barberini, 1630, 7.3 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Angel with the pen and brown ink, red chalk on Crown of Thorns, ca. 1667-68, terracotta, white paper, Museum der bildenden Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth (AP Kiinste, Leipzig. (Photo: bpk, Berlin/Art 1987.02b). (Photo: Kimbell Art Museum, Resource, NY) Fort Worth)

6.11 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Allegorical 7.4 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Angel with the Figure, 1630-31, terracotta, Harvard Art Superscription, ca. 1667-68, terracotta, Museums/Fogg Museum, Cambridge, Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth (AP Massachusetts, Alpheus Hyatt 1987.02a). (Photo: Kimbell Art Museum, Purchasing and Friends of the Fogg Fort Worth) Art Museum Funds (1937.75). (Photo: 7.5 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Angel with the Anthony Sigel © 2015 President and Crown of Thorns, ca. 1667-68, pen and Fellows of Harvard College) ink, Museum der bildenden Kiinste, 6.12 Benvenuto Cellini, Satyr, 1543-45, Leipzig (NI. 7867). (Photo: Museum der pen and brown ink and brown wash bildenden Kiinste, Leipzig) Illustrations xi

7.6 Gianlorenzo Bernini, Angel with the 9.3 Antonio Giorgetti, eye of Female Crown of Thorns, ca. 1667-68, terracotta, Head, ca. 1657, terracotta, Collection of Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum, Mark S. Weil, Saint Louis, held in trust Cambridge, Massachusetts, Alpheus for the Saint Louis Art Museum. (Photo: Hyatt Purchasing and Friends of the © 2015 Anthony Sigel) Fogg Art Museum Funds (1937.58). 9.4 Antonio Giorgetti, side view (Photo: Imaging Department of Female Head, ca. 1657, terracotta, © President and Fellows of Harvard Collection of Mark S. Weil, Saint Louis, College) held in trust for the Saint Louis Art 7.7 Auguste Rodin, Pair of Standing Museum. (Photo: © 2015 Anthony Sigel) Nude Male Figures Demonstrating the 9.5 Antonio Giorgetti, Angel, detail of Principles of Contrapposto According face, ca. 1657, alabaster, Spada Chapel, to Michelangelo and Phidias, ca. 1911, S. Girolamo della Carita, Rome. (Photo: terracotta, The Metropolitan Museum © 2012 Zeno Colantoni) of Art, New York, Gift of the Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Foundation (1987.179.1, 9.6 Left: Antonio Giorgetti, Female

2). (Photo: The Metropolitan Museum Head, ca. 1657, terracotta, Collection of Art/Art Resource, NY) of Mark S. Weil, Saint Louis, held in

trust for the Saint Louis Art Museum;

right: Afitonio Giorgetti, Angel, ca. 1657, The Concept of Bernini's "Calculated alabaster, Spada Chapel, S. Girolamo Spontaneity": A Critical Reassessment della Carita, Rome. (Photos: left 8.1 Gianlorenzo Bernini, St. Longinus, © 2015 Anthony Sigel, right © 2012 ca. 1630-31, terracotta with gilding over Zeno Colantoni) gesso, Harvard Art Museums/Fogg 9.7 Antonio Giorgetti, hair of Female Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Head, ca. 1657, terracotta, Collection of Alpheus Hyatt Purchasing and Friends Mark S. Weil, Saint Louis, held in trust of the Fogg Art Museum Funds for the Saint Louis Art Museum. (Photo: (1935.51). (Photo: Imaging Department © 2015 Anthony Sigel) © President and Fellows of Harvard College) 9.8 Antonio Giorgetti, Model for Angel with the Sponge, ca. 1668-69, terracotta, State Hermitage Museum, Saint Bernini/Not Bernini: Reflections on (Photo: © 2015 Anthony Sigel) the Role of Technical Evidence in the Petersburg.

Attribution of Bernini's Terracottas 9.9 Luc-Francois Breton, Kneeling Angel,

ca. 1766, terracotta, Musee des Beaux-arts 9.1 Antonio Giorgetti, Female Head, ca. et d'Archeologie, Besangon. (Photo: 1657, terracotta, Collection of Mark S. © 2015 Anthony Sigel) Weil, Saint Louis, held in trust for the Saint Louis Art Museum. (Photo: © 2015 9.10 Luc-Frangois Breton, bottom Anthony Sigel) of Kneeling Angel, ca. 1766, terracotta, Musee des Beaux-arts et d'Archeologie, 9.2 Antonio Giorgetti, back of Female Besanqon. (Photo: © 2015 Anthony Head, ca. 1657, terracotta, Collection of Sigel) Mark S. Weil, Saint Louis, held in trust for the Saint Louis Art Museum. (Photo: 9.11 Luc-Frangois Breton, fingers © 2015 Anthony Sigel) of Kneeling Angel, ca. 1766, terracotta, XII MATERIAL BERNINI

Triton with a Musee des Beaux-arts et d'Archeologie, 9 15 Unknown sculptor, Detroit Besangon (Photo © 2015 Anthony Sigel) Shell, ca 1650 or after, terracotta, Institute of Arts, Detroit (Photo © 2015 912 Luc-r rangois Breton, Model for Anthony Sigel) Fontaine des Dames, detail, ca 1776, terracotta, Musee des Beaux-arts et 9 16 Unknown sculptor, fingers of d'Archeologie, Besanqon (Photo Triton with a Shell, ca 1650 or after, © 2015 Anthony Sigel) terracotta, Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit (Photo © 2015 Anthony Sigel) 9 13 Luc-Frangois Breton, Habakkuk and the Angel, detail, 1760s or after, 9 17 Unknown sculptor, face of Triton terracotta, Musee des Beaux-arts et with a Sea Serpent, ca 1650 or after, d'Archeologie, Besangon (Photo terracotta, Detroit Institute of Arts, © 2015 Anthony Sigel) Detroit (Photo © 2015 Anthony Sigel)

9 14 Unknown sculptor, Triton with a 9 18 Unknown sculptor, bottom of Sea Serpent, ca 1650 or after, terracotta, Triton with a Shell, ca 1650 or after, Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit (Photo terracotta, Detroit Institute of Arts, © 2015 Anthony Sigel) Detroit (Photo © 2015 Anthony Sigel)