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Individual Tree Measurement: Key to Forest Assessment

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Individual Tree Measurement: Learning Objectives … Key to Forest Assessment Ø Know why we measure and sample vegetation Ø Know how to measure basic tree attributes Ø Know what basic tree & stand attributes are important Ø Know basic forest development patterns and structures ESRM 304 Why Sample Forest Vegetation? Why Sample Forest Vegetation? Ø Need information on forest vegetation for making sound decisions l What is the recreation potential? v Ultimate objective is to obtain quantifiable l What silvicultural treatment will result in best critical habitat enhancement? information about the resource that allows l What silvicultural treatment will result in best growth & reasonable decisions on its destiny, regeneration of the trees? management, and use l What species is / are most suitable for reforestation? l What is the value of the timber and the land? l Is there sufficient value in timber to offset cost of silvicultural treatments? l What is the status of biodiversity on the area? l How is the forest currently storing carbon? 1 Individual Tree Measurement Need to see the forest for the trees ! l Diameter Ø Individual tree measurement forms the basis l Most frequently measured diameter is Diameter Breast Height, for all forest assessment / inventory or, DBH for short l DBH is average stem diameter (in inches!) outside bark of a Ø Many relationships can be derived from tree measured at breast height above ground level individual tree attributes l In U.S., breast height is taken to be 4.5 ft. l Species l On steep slopes measure on the uphill side of tree l Age l Leaning trees require measurement along the bole l Diameter l Trees forking below breast height are treated as two l Height l Trees forking above breast height – avoid swells l Other stem deformities – move above it Ø Direct measurement, sampling, prediction are all involved l Most commonly used measurement device is the D-tape Diameter Measurement … DBH l Diameter (size) distributions 2 Diameter Measurement … Some Stand Attribute Definitions … l Basal Area (ba) l ba (or g) is directly related to crown surface area l Average stand DBH is a useful statistic for l Cross sectional area of the tree at breast height – silviculture, stewardship, management assuming stem circularity – always in square feet! (in U.S.) l Mean DBH (DBH) - The simple arithmetic mean 2 a = πr DBH of all trees in the stand 2 ⎛ d ⎞ l Quadratic Mean DBH (DBHq, QMD, or a = π sometimes Dg) – the DBH of the tree with ⎝⎜ 2 ⎠⎟ mean basal area 2 ⎛ D ⎞ a = π = 0.005454154D2 g ⎜ ⎟ QMD = Dg = ⎝ 2 ⋅12⎠ 0.005454 2 g = 0.005454154DBH Individual Tree Measurement … Individual Tree Measurement … l Age l Tree Height l Trees in temperate zones grow one distinctive layer of l Total height: distance from tree base to tip wood per year so age is found by counting these annual rings (volume, biomass, site quality) l Care is needed to avoid counting ‘false’ rings l Height-to-crown: distance from tree base to base l Tree Age: of live crown l Total Age: Elapsed time since germination of a seed or l Merchantable height: Height to a minimum top time since budding of a sprout or cutting diameter l Breast-height age: Elapsed time since tree height exceeded breast height l Instruments are called “hypsometers” l l Stand Age: Direct measurement: Height poles l Plantation age: Elapsed time since planting – regardless l Indirect measurement of seedling age § Similar triangles l Even-aged vs. Uneven-aged § Trigonometric principles (clinometer) 3 T Height Measurement Slope correction for height measurement Tree Height = DT + BD. O D O D DT/OD = tan(TOD), therefore, DT = OD x tan(TOD) B DB/OD = – tan(DOB), therefore, DB = – OD x tan(DOB), D’ Tree Height = OD x tan(TOD) + [– OD x tan(DOB)], or, Tree Height = OD x [tan(TOD) – tan(DOB)]. OD/OD’ = cos(DOD’) Horizontal distance OD is measured with a tape. OD = OD’ x cos(DOD’) Clino measures tangents of angles TOD, DOB in percent (100 x tan), so Measure angle DOD’ with clinometer in degrees & plug into height equation: Tree Height = OD x [TOD% / 100 – DOB% / 100], or Tree Height = [OD’ x cos(DOD’)] / 100 x [TOD% –DOB%] Tree Height = OD / 100 x [TOD% – DOB%] Some Stand Attribute Definitions Tree Crown Classes l Trees per unit area (TPA) – Average number of live trees existing on a characteristic unit of area. The most basic measure of stand density. (In U.S.A., units are Trees Per Acre.) l Stand Basal Area (SBA, BA, or G) – sum of individual tree basal areas in a stand. D = Dominant: Crowns extend above general level of canopy; l Species Composition – proportion of each receives light from above and substantially from sides, C = Codominant: Crowns form general level of canopy; receives species present in a stand light from above, but comparatively little from sides, l Height – (H, AveHt) Arithmetic mean height of all I = Intermediate: Shorter than two preceding with crowns extending trees in a stand well into general level of canopy; receiving some light from above O = Overtopped: Crowns entirely below general level of canopy; receives no direct sunlight 16 4 Stand Attributes … Stand Attributes … l Dominant Height l Dominant Height in relation to age - Site Quality l Definitions vary l l Average height of just dominant trees (crowns extend Trees are resource integrators above general level of canopy) l Site Index: The average height of undamaged dominant trees at a reference age l Average height of dominants and co-dominants (trees whose crowns form the general level of the canopy) l Dominant tree height insensitive to crowding l Reference, or base, or index age chosen l Predominant Height – average height of 100 tallest trees per hectare (40 per acre) appropriately l Species dependent l Top Height – average height of 100 largest diameter trees (40 per acre) l Sometimes dominant trees are unavailable; challenge esp. in mixed stands 17 l Requires trees on the site 18 Site Index Site Index & Basal Area - An application James King (1966) published site index curves for Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest" 5 Permanent Sample Plot Layout Large Tree measurement plot Small Tree measurement plot ·! 0.1 acre plot è 37.2 foot radius ·! 0.025 acre plot è 18.6 foot ·! white PVC pipe at plot center ; plot number radius written on it w/ indelible ink ·! same plot center as large plot ·! all trees within the plot have aluminum tags ·! trees are not tagged ·! first tree on plot marked with pink flagging ·! perimeter is not marked Plot and Tree Enumeration Card Page of Upper Canopy Surveys Date Team Forest Compartment Stand Plot l! Field Trip to St. Edward State Park Aspect Slope Elevation o l! Tu, We 19, 20 Nov Tree Spp DBH Ht. Dist S ( ) B. (%) T. (%) C. (%) Add-on Comment(s) l! Depart from behind Bloedel Hall (C-10 parking lot) promptly at 12:30 P.M. l! Dress appropriately: long pants, sturdy footwear (with ankle support), rain gear(!!!), etc. 24 6 .
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