Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan

New Series No. 100 Supplement

A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan

Edited by

MATSUMOTO, T.,

T. HAMADA, H. UJIIE and Y. TAKAYANAGI

(English editor: R. FUSEJIMA)

Palaeontological Society of Japan June, 1976 Preface

At the annual meeting on January 25th, 1975, our Society decided to publish "A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan" as No. 100 supplement of the Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of japan, New Series, to commemorate the continued activity of the Society since its foundation in 1935. This has been materialized by cooperation of a number of contributors under the editorship of a committee specially organized for this purpose. We are very happy to present here this commemorative volume. On behalf of the Society we thank many of the members who have given valuable suggestions and/or financial support to enable us to publish this concise but memorial number 100s, and Honorary President Dr. Teiichi KOBAYASHI and other contributors to the following chapters.

Apart from a short note entitled " List of fossil subgenera, genera and higher taxa proposed through Japanese publications" compiled by T. HAN AI and K. KONISHI, which appeared as an appendix to Geology of japan (TAKAI, MATSUMOTO and TORI­ YAMA, ed., 1963), the present publication is the first attempt of a comprehensive review of the history of palaeontology in Japan written in a Western language. In view of the great advancement in palaeontology and related sciences in recent years, the need of retrospects and prospects is keenly felt in each field as well as in the interdis­ ciplinary domain. The present work has been intended to meet these requirements, although each article is done as concisely as possible. Most of the references cited

in the articles are found in " Bibliography of Japanese Palaeontology and Related \ Sciences, 1941-50; 1951-1960; 1961-1975" published in Palaeontological Society of japan, Special Papers, No. 1 (1951), No. 9 (1962), and forthcoming issue (1977). For brevity we omitted duplicate listing. It is our eager hope that the present publication may serve for improvement and advancement in future palaeontological studies at home and abroad. Editors A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan

Introduction to the History of Palaeontology in Japan

Teiichi KOBAYASHI*

Education and Research: It was the the Noachian deluge and Lusus Naturae. early quarter of last century that LA­ Since the Renaissance Natural History MARCK restricted the term fossil to progressed in Europe steadily. In the organic remain. Until the last quarter Orient Chu HSI 1 correctly understood the of the century, however, little has been origin of petrified shells some 300 years known of fossils in Japan. H. Th. GEYLER before DA VINCI, but the matter was not was the first to publish Fossile Pflanzen probed deeper to the bottom. In China, aus ]uraformation japans, Palaeonto­ however, was a long history of Pentsao2 , graphica, Band XXIV, 1877, denominating probably from the first century. Includ­ Podozamites reinii for a land plant in ing the knowledge on stone medicines favour of J.J. REIN who procured it at Pentsao was imported to Japan through the foot of Volcano Hakusan, Province Korea in the fifth century and made of Kaga (Ishikawa Prefecture), 1875. great advances in diverse trends since A Survey of Fossils from japan Illus­ the seventeenth century. Sekitei KIUCHI trated in Classical !yfonographs, 1963 con­ (1724-1808) recorded in Unkonshi3 (1773, sists of reproduced illustrations of ten '79, 1801) various rocks and minerals articles by ten pioneers which were pub­ including coin stone (crinoid), stone turf lished in Europe and their revised identi­ (coral), nails of a long nosed goblin4 fication. GEYLER was followed by NAU­ (shark's teeth) and so forth. This book MANN, SCHWAGER, MOJSISOVICS, NATH­ may be comparable to Lapidarium Sini­ ORST, BRAUNS, TEMPERE, YOKOYAMA, cum5 by H.T. CHANG", 1921. Such col­ NEUMAYR and JIMBO. YOKOYAMA's ar­ lecting and appr~ciation of curios bore ticle was the seventh, 1890 and JIMBo's no scientific value by themselves, but the the last, 1894, both on Cretaceous fossils. ardent curiosity of the so-called Roseki The others were SCHWAGER's fusulinids, (stone-trifling) school7 combined with the MOJSISOVICs' Triassic ammonites and serious efforts of Dutch scholars and pelecypods, NEUMAYR's Jurassic corals, others of Oriental Classics during the brachipods and molluscs in addition to age of national isolation prepared fertile YOKOYAMA's foraminifers, NATHORST's ground for west!;!rn seeds of palaeonto­ Mesozoic and Caenozoic land plants and logy and other sciences to be transported NAUMANN's elephants. Thus various as­ and soon naturalized in Japan. pects of Upper Palaeozoic and later fossils In 1877 when GEYLER's paper was were already sketched in these articles. published in Germany, the University of It was just about the dawn of Palaeonto­ Tokyo was established and palaeontology logy in Japan. _ was begun to be taught. Edmund NAU­ It was the fifteenth century that Leo­ MANN was the first professor of geology nardo DA VINCI challenged the tradition of 1 *;a 2 *lj!! a ~t&;t 4 ~E. Ez, ::R~IiJJT\E * University of Tokyo, Professor Emeritus. 5 E~ "*~iU 7 WEi*

Trans. Pro c. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., (lOOs), 1976 2 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: and his chair was succeeded by Toyo­ zoic biostratigraphy of the festoon is­ kichi HARADA in 1885 through David lands. Because this series of his papers BRAUNS and Carl Christian GOTTSCHE. is such an indispensable reference to BRAUNS, Geology of the Environs of To­ Tertiary students, its taxonomic revision kio was printed in the i'vfemoirs of Sci­ was carried out by MAKIY AMA, T AKI and ence Department, Tokio Daigalw1 (Uni­ OYAMA in the light of recent conchology versity), No. 4, 1881. YOKOYAMA gra­ in Special Papers of the Palaeontological duated from the University in 1882 and Society of Japan, Nos. 2 & 6, 1954 & 1959 was appointed professor of palaeontology and OYAMA's re-revision on the type speci­ in 1889 when his jurassic Plants from mens from the Kanto area in Spec. Papers, Kaga, Hida and Echizen was published No. 17, 1973. Most of Japanese palaeont­ through jour. Col!. Sci. Imp. Univ., vol. ologists are, needless to say, either his 3, part 1. In 1882 the Geological Survey direct pupils or indirect ones through of Japan was established and in 1893 the Y ABE, MAKIY AMA, 0ZA WA and others. Geological Society of Tokyo (later Japan) Therefore, to commemorate this progeni­ founded and published its journal. Thus tor the Palaeontological Society of Japan Tokyo was the center of education and prepared its society medal with YOKO­ research in geology and palaeontology in YAMA's relief and conferred it first to the Meiji era (1869-1912). Y ABE in the Twenty-fifth Anniversary Products of this era were studies on of the Society. Mesozoic land plants and Jurassic marine YOKOYAMA ·was an excellent writer of molluscs by YOKOYAMA, fossil echinoids popular science. His ·books propagated by YciSHIWARA (later TOKUNAGA), Des­ palaeontology aud related sciences widely mostylus by YOSHIWARA and IWASAKI, in Japan. Many of technical terms and Cretaceous ammonites by Y ABE, Tertiary taxonomic names of his version into foraminifers, corals, bryozoans, gastro­ Chinese characters are internationally pods and Lithothamnium by NISHIWADA, used in the Orient. Early in 1891 he NEWTON and HOLLAND, Neogene ptero­ published Japanese Text-book of Palaeon­ pods by YAM AKA WA and [W ASAKI and tology1 in a concise form. Later he wrote so forth. Y ABE's Mesozoic plants and two standard hand-books with titles of Gigantopteris from Korea, 1905 and 1908 Prehistory of the World 2 (Historical Geo­ and YOKOYAMA's Mesozoic and Palaeo­ logy), 1918 and Elements of Palaeon­ zoic plants from China, 1906 and 1908 tology3, 1920. This work was succeeded were early contributions to the conti­ by 13 palaeontologists and Palaeontology nental palaeontology. YoKOYAMA's Cli­ in 2 volumes was published in 1954 and matic Changes in japan since the Pliocene 1957. Now Palaeontology is in the way Epoch, 1911 gave rise to a moot .discus­ of complete revision by many authors sion in Japan and abroad. and 3 of 4 volumes appeared already in Matajiro YOKOYAMA (1860-1942) devot­ 1973-75. In short, it is not too' empha­ ed much of his time from 1910 to 1932 sizing that the education and research to the studies on Tertiary and later mol­ of Japanese palaeontologists were origi­ luscs from various areas from Karafto nated from YOKOYAMA. (Sakhalin) to Taiwan (Formosa) which In 1912 the second geological institute greatly urged the advancement of Caeno- was established at the Tohoku Imperial A Concise History of Palaeuntology in Japan 3

University. It was split into two insti­ Until 1945 three more geological insti­ tutes in 1922, namely Institute of Geology tutes were established in the Imperial and Palaeontology and Institute of Mine­ Universities at Kyoto (1921), Sapporo ralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology. (1930) and Fukuoka (1939) in addition For the establishment of the geological to a few others in other universities. institute Y ABE came to Sendai and con­ Beside these institute publications a large ducted education and research with his amount of palaeontological papers were colleagues forcefully and results were published in Proceedings of Imperial published in Science Reports of the in­ Academy (1912-, later Proc. japan Acad.) stitute. H. MATSUMOTO published many and japanese journal of Geology and Geo­ papers on fossil mammals of Japan and graphy which was primarily (1922) pub­ China in the early volumes (1915-30) of lished from the National Research Coun­ this publication. It was an interesting cil (1920-49) but from the Science Coun­ coincidence that this and Memoires Serv. cil of Japan from 1949. It is a great geol. l' Indochine, Hanoi were two equally pity that the latter organization aban­ gigantic palaeontological publications in doned in 1975 the publishing of this jour­ Eastern Asia both started in 1912. nal ( 45 vols.) together with some other Hisakatsu Y ABE (1878-1969) is the other Japanese Journals, all internationally well important founder who set Japanese known. palaeontology on the firm basis. His Members of the Geological Society of works in the science are so numerous Japan were about 200 in 1910, but in­ and extensive that his papers are count­ creased to 900 in 1940. In 1935 the less and cover nearly every branch such Palaeontological Society of japan was as foraminifers, corals, brachiopods, am­ established as a section of the Geological monites, other molluscs, mammals, rock­ Society. Papers of the Palaeontological forming algae, land plants and so forth. Society were published in its section of Among them, however, he devoted parti­ the other's journal and these reprints cularly to the ammonites, corals and were compiled under the title of Trans­ foraminifers. His contributions to the actions and Proceedings of the Palaeon­ geology of Japan and adjacent areas are tological Society of japan. The number not the less important. Since 1925 he of its members was 283 at the beginning had particular interest in the coral-reef among which were several biologists and problem which has led him to visit many about 20 foreign members. They are south sea islands. It is of crucial impor­ now 523 in total, about 10 percents being tance that he educated many leading foreign members. In 1957 the Society geologists and palaeontologists on one became independent from the Geological side, while on the other he supported Society. Prior to this New Series of scientific societies and activities. In fact, Transactions and Proceedings and Special the Palaeontological Society of Japan Papers began to be published in 1951. would not have been founded so early Subsequently in 1960 a journal in Japa­ without his effort. He was not only nese named Kaseki or Fossils was added elected honorary member of many domes­ to them. tic and foreign scientific societies but also From 1949 Japan entered the age of awarded Cultural Merits (1952) and Cul­ many universities, and palaeontology has tural Medal (1953) from the Department been taught widely in the course of of the Imperial Household. geology or earth sciences. In 1962 a 4 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: palaeontological laboratory was set up parties. in the National Science Museum, Tokyo Among the palaeontological results which was primarily the Education Min­ achieved on the continental side are the istry Museum, 1872. studies on the Cambrian and Ordovician As outlined above, thanks to European faunas, Cathaysian flora (KAWASAKI and scholars palaeontology as a science of KoN'No), non-marine Mesozoic fossils (K. Natural History was imported to Japan SuzuKI et a!.), discoveries of Silurian and in the last quarter of last century and Devonian fossils (K. OZAKI et a!.), late studies on the fossils from the continent Pleistocene Dalainor skull with early were already commenced at the begin­ Mesolithic implements (R. ENDO, 1945), ning of this century. The Geological exploration of contemporaneous remains Survey of Korea was instituted at Seoul at Kushantun near Harbin and so forth. in 1918, Shanghai Science Institute in On the Pacific side those are on larger 1926, Geological Institute of Taihoku and smaller foraminifers, living and fossil (Taipei) University in 1928, Central Mu­ corals, a deep well in Kita Daito-jima seum at Changchung, Manchuria and (North Borodino Island) and others. Tropical Industry Institute at Palau, both In these 30 years our palaeontological in 1938. studies were made on the North Pacific On the continent RICHTHOFEN travelled side (T. MATSUMOTO, KANNO et a!.) and China extensively for four years from further in the Andean region on one side 1868. His China in 5 volumes was its and in Southeast Asia, Near and Middle outcome which was the source book of East and Africa on the other. Their re­ the primary importance for the geology sults are so far partly published. One of Eastern Asia. Volumes 4 and 5 of Chi­ of them is Geology and Palaeontology of na contain various fossils described by Southeast Asia in 15 volumes (1962-) specialists. Subsequently, Loczy (1877- which clarified Cambrian and later bio­ 1880), WILLIS and BLACKWELDER (1903), stratigraphy of the zone from Thailand J. Coggin BROWN (1907-11), J. DEPRAT to the Philippines through the Malayan (1909) and others repeated geological re­ Peninsula and Borneo. Amud (Neander­ connaissances in China and their collec­ thal) man (H. SUZUKI and TAKA!, 1970) tions greatly amplified our knowledge. was found in Palestine by Tokyo Uni­ The Tokyo Geographic Society under­ versity Expedition toW estern Asia. 1961- took such a reconnaissance in central 74. NAKAZAWA's party found Permian and south China in 1911-1916. Y ABE and relic brachiopods and pelecypods in the HAYASAKA's Palaeontology of Southern lowest Skytic fauna in a continuous China, Reports of Geographic Research Permo-Triassic section in Kashmir. In­ in China, vo!. 3, 1920 include3 many cidentally, S. MATSUSHITA (1926) dis­ Palaeozoic fossils. In 1933 the First covered a productid in the Skytic Kuro­ Scientific Expedition to Manchuria was taki limestone, Shikoku Island, long ago. carried out under the leadership of S. Here a brief mention is added as to TOKUNAGA. Its reports included 4 vol­ the international co-operation through umes in geology and palaeontology. IPU and other organizations. Japan has During the following ten years or so participated early in the originating such scientific reconnaissances were re­ meeting of the International Palaeon­ peated to Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, tological Union which was held at Cos­ North China and other areas by Japanese mos Club on the occasion of the XVI A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 5

International Geological Congress at tember, 1960. In its 360 pages 187 (90, Washington, D.C., 1933. Since then our 74, 22), 54 (28, 20), 38 (25, 11), 26, 24 (14, palaeontologists and society always sup­ 9), 12 and 9 pages are occupied respec­ ported IPU (now IPA) in various ways. tively by Mollusca (Pelecypoda, Gastro­ Its Asian Filial (now Regional branch) poda, Cephalopoda), Protozoa (Smaller meeting was held at Tokyo in 1965. and larger Foraminifera), Planta (Vas­ Japanese palaeontologists often coop­ culares, Non-Vasculares), Coelenterata, erated with the Pacific (formely Pan­ Arthropoda (Trilobita, Crustacea), Bra­ Pacific) Science Congress in its standing chiopoda and Vertebrata. The remainder committees on coral reef, correlation, etc. includes Echinodermata, Bryozoa, Pori­ or symposia, such as a symposium on fera, Annelida and Problematica. Roughly Tertiary Correlation and Climatic Changes a half of the species belongs to Mollusca in the Pacific (ASANO, HAT AI), 1965, and (a quarter to Pelecypoda), one-seventh to with the International Commission on Protozoa and one-tenth to Planta. In Stratigraphy, lUGS, formerly IGC, as other words, more than three-quarters of active members, in the compilation of them are objects of palaeoconchology, Lexique Stratigraphique International in micropalaeontology and palaeobotany. part of Asia, vol. 3 and Oceania, vol. 4 This is an aspect of the above fossils. (HANZA w A) for example. So are they at HAY AMI's A Systematic Survey of the present with International Geological Mesozoic Bivalvia from japan, 1975 con­ Correlation Programme (IGCP). They tains 867 species which consist of 236 participated in many international con­ Triassic species, 247 Jurassic ones and ferences and colloquia in geology and 284 Cretaceous ones. biology insofar as they were related to Mop.ographic works were already pub­ palaeontology. lished on fossil woods (SHIMAKURA, I have written above the growth of 1936), Proboscidea (MAKIY AMA, 1938), the palaeontological circle in Japan and Cenozoic brachiopods (HAT AI, 1940), its national and international activities in Tertiary smaller foraminifers (ASANO, three ages of Tokyo, several universities 1950-52), Mesozoic corals (EGUCHI, 1951), and many universities, although the later Upper Palaeozoic calcareous algae (R. the age, the shorter the statement. Now, ENDO, 1951-61), Coralliaceae (ISHIJIMA, shall we see the aspects of the fossil 1954), Permian and Carboniferous corals biota of Japan and her surroundings and (MINATO, 1955), Cretaceous foraminifers the achievements of our palaeontologists (TAKA YANAGI, 1960), Palaeogene Mollusca through these ages. (OYAMA and MIZUNO, 1960), Jurassic am­ monites (SATO, 1962), echinoids (NISHI­ Palaeontography or Descriptive Palaeon­ YAMA, 1966, 68), Lower Cretaceous pele­ tology: As usual in natural history, cypods (HAY AMI, 1965-66), Silurian tri­ palaeontology of Japan started with de­ lobites (KOBAYASHI and HAMADA, 1975) scriptive work. Catalogue of Type Speci­ and so forth. In addition there are Il­ mens of Fossils in japan, 1961 records lustrated Catalogue of East-Asiatic Fossil type specimens of 5856 species of plants Plants by OISHI, 1950, leones of Fossil and animals from Japan, Korea, and Plants from japanese Islands by S. ENDO, Manchuria beside some other areas which 1955, and Index Fossils of japan by SRI­ were described mostly by japaneses but KAMA, 1964. partly by foreigners from 1888 to Sep- List of Fossil Subgenera, Genera and 6 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.:

Higher Taxa proposed through japanese A copious Pleistocene fauna was de­ Publications in Geology of japan, 1963 scribed from fissure deposits of Kuzuu, comprises 1249 taxa in total, including Tochigi Prefecture (SHIKAMA, 1949). 1079 genera and subgenera (A) and 170 Pleistocene Nipponoanthropus akashiensis subfamilies and higher taxa (B). In A was collected from near Akashi, Hyogo group Mollusca occupies almost a half, Pref. (NAORA, 1931). Additional human followed by Arthropoda (1/5), Coelen­ bones of Palaeolithic age are known from terata, Protozoa, Brachiopoda, Vertebrata Mikkabi, Shizuoka Pref., Ushikawa. Aichi and others. B group consists of 90 taxa Pref. and Iejima, Okinawa Pref. (TAKA! of Arthropoda, 41 of Mollusca, 11 of and SUZUKI). Echinodermata and smaller numbers of Palaeontography of the japanese fossil Coelenterata, Brachiopoda and Vertebrata. biota is at present fairly well advanced It is noteworthy that Mollusca is, as in as to the leading groups, but much re­ the above species number, first in A mains to be done on some minor groups group and second in B group, but Arthro­ or ill-preserved ones. Sponges, belem­ poda is different. It is fifth in species nites and crinoids belong to such groups. number, but second in A group and first Studies on the Cirripedia, insects and in B group. This means that Arthropoda fishes are recently improving. Neither becomes proportionally larger in higher graptolites nor cystoid is as yet un­ taxa in the list whereas Mollusca is covered in Japan. largest or almost so in all of the three groups. Classification, Phylogeny, Ontogeny and HANAI and KONISHI (1963) outlined Evolution: OzAwA's classification and systematic palaeontology in Japan. in a zonation of the Fusulinidae, 1925 were very concise but well condensed form. later developed by Y ABE, HANZA WA, Histological studies on Araucarioxylon FUJIMOTO, TORIY AMA, KANMERA, and Tankoense, Cyathocaulis naktongensis, others. The family revision was carried Cycadeoidella japonica, and many other out further on the Polymorphidae (OzA­ fossil woods were done by STOPES, Fum, WA, 1931), Dipteridaceae (OISHI and Huzr­ OGURA and other botanists. Metasequoia OKA, 1936), Halysitidae (HAMADA, 1957), MrKI, 1941 is a fossil genus still sur­ Waagenophyllidae (MINATO and KATO, viving in China ; Tingiostachya KoN'No, 1965), Pteriidae (ICHIKAwA, 1958), Myo­ 1929 is a cone with which Tingiales was phoriidae (NAKAZAWA, TAMURA, et al.), erected in the Articulatae ; Nilssoniaceae Trigoniidae (YEHARA, NAKANO, et al.), was proposed with Nilssonocladus by Ta. Turritellidae (KOTAKA, 1959), Tertiary KIMURA and SEKIDO, 1975. Propilina is a Pectinidae (MASUDA, 1962), Cytherideidae Monoplacophoran genus. Metanothosau­ (HAN AI, 1959), Lycopteridae (TAKA!, 1943) rus is an aquatic Triassic reptile; Man­ and other families of Tertiary foramini­ chrodon a Pantotherian mammal from the fers and molluscs, Cretaceous ammonites, Jurassic of Manchuria (YABE and SHr­ older Palaeozoic trilobites and so forth. KAMA, 1938); Nipponosaurus an Upper Y ABE and SUGIYAMA have shown a Cretaceous ornithopod from Sakhalin phyletic rejuvenescence of the Stroma­ (NAGAO, 1936). They are only a few toporoidea in the Jurassic Torinosu sea. genera among rare or conspicuous fossils. In pointing out the deviation of the lJIRI's histological study on Desmostylus' Volborthellida from the principal lineage teeth is a nice piece of work. of the Cephalopoda, the incipient diver- A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 7 gence of Ordovician uncoiled nautiloids of W AAGEN's mutation to DE VRIES' mu­ was traced back to late Cambrian Plec­ tation (i.e. saltation) was elucidated by tronoceras whose siphuncle was no.t holo­ means of zone-time (1944, 45). The choanoidal (1935, 37) .. The final diver­ Glyptagnostus hemera was pointed out gence of late Mesozoic ammonites was, to be the oldest world instant in the on the other hand, explicitly illustrated Phanerozoic. eon (1949). in Japan as the result of prolonged re­ search from YOKOYAMA to MATSUMOTO Biostratigraphy, Palaeogeography and through Y ABE, SHIMIZU, and others. Palaeoecology: As indicated by SMITH's Nipponites is a classical example of the second law of stratigraphy the rock most aberrant form indicating a terminal sequence of the Japanese islands was specialization. extended back with the discoveries of While K. SAITO (1936) discovered a Lower Carboniferous, Devonian and spheric protoconch of Hyolithes globiger, Silurian fossils respectively by I. HAYA­ ventro- and centrosiphonate types of SAKA (1922), Y ABE and M. NODA (1933) apical ends were distinguished among and ONUKI (1937). The oldest so far Ordovician nautiloids (1937). HANAI known is the copious Silurian fauna de­ (1953) discovered a new structure called scribed by SUGIYAMA (1940) and HAMADA primordial rostrum behind the proto­ (1958). Ordovician ellesmereoceroids were conch of Neohibolites miyakoensis. The discovered in New Guinea (KOBAYASHI regular apical septation was found in and BURTON, 1971). LO\ver Cambrian Helcionella and Ham­ In the early days the geological age of pilia. fo3sils, accordingly fossil beds, was deter­ Because the Proparia and Hypoparia mined by direct comparison with Euro­ are polyphyletic, combination of biochar­ pean fossils in the classical sequence. acters was emphasized for the natural Therefore YEHARA's division of Creta­ classification of the Trilobita. The ceous rocks by means of Japanese trigo­ Agnostida, Redlichida, Corynexochida niae. (1923) bears extraordinary impor­ and Ptychopariida were recognized as tance in the sense of natural division of independent primary orders, because rock sequence with reference to vertical they indicate four Lower Cambrian orig­ and horizontal distribution of indigenous inal stocks. The ontogeny was clarified fossils. The bio3tratigraphic classification of Blackwelderia quadrata (R. ENDO, 1935) was considerably improved by MATSU­ and Redlichia chinensis (KOBAYASHI and MOTO's intensive studies on Cretaceous F. KATO, 1951). HANAI (1951) has shown rocks and contained ammonites and Ino­ parthenogenesis of " Cypris " subtrian­ ceramus in which the latter NAGAO co­ gularis and sexual dimorphism of Cypri­ operated. The Cretaceous system would dea subvaldensis. HANZA WA (1964) dis­ be most advanced in fossil zonation in cussed polymorphogenesis of the Lepido­ Japan. It is divided into six series and cyclinidae and Miogypsinidae. twelve stages. Many life zones were MAKIYAMA (1924, 41) exemplified the distinguished in three groups of ammo­ :volution of minor scale with Neogene nites, namely, the Desmocerataceae, (1), Umbonium and Siphonalia. Recently HA­ Acanthocerataceae, Hoplitaceae, etc., (2) YAMI (1975) unraveled population vari­ and Heteromorpha and Lytocerataceae (3) ation of Pliocene-Pleistocene Cryptopecten beside inocerami. The whole sequence vesiculosus. Prior to this the time-relation of the system was correlated with the 8 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: classical standard in Europe and the chostraca. As the result of its extensive Cretaceous sequences of the Tethyan revision it was found that the center of and Pacific areas in detail. its distribution in Eurasia shifted from Of the provincialization it is noteworthy the west in the Palaeozoic to the east in that the Phanerozoic biosphere began the Mesozoic era in accordance with with three provinces, namely the Olenel­ continental growth by orogenies (1954, lian, Redlichian and intermediate pro­ 75). The extensive distribution of Trigo­ vinces where the last connected the two nioides and its allies in the Cretaceous others (1971, 1972). The biostratigraphy formations in Asia and similar shells in in Eastern Asia bears great importance North Africa and western North America for the interprovincial correlation and casts a question on their origin and the system boundary, the Ozarkian pro­ migration. The land connection of the blem for example (1934). islands with the continent was discussed The history of land plants is well with mammals by Y ABE (1929) and others. documented in Japan and her adjacence As done by SHUTO, CHINZEI and many from Devonian (TACHIBANA, 1950) on­ others, palaeoecological and biostratono­ ward. The northeastern limit of the mical studies were carried out with Cathaysian phytogeographic province is various materials in different ways to marked by the Kaishantun flora at the decipher the bio-, thanato- and fossil­ southeastern corner of Manchuria (KON­ history which fossils and fossil associ­ NO, 1969). Its expansion into the Japa­ ations bear. An interpretation was given nese islands was confirmed by ASAMA on diatom thanatocoenosis from the in the Abukuma and Kitakami mountains. North Pacific (KANAYA and KOIZUMI, It was thoroughly proven in the Upper 1966). Some interesting studies were Triassic paralic sequence by marine done on trace fossils and problematica. faunas that the so-called Rhaeto-Liassic Deformation of Triassic ammonites was flora by OISHI and others appeared in discussed by MAKIY AMA (1942) and de­ Japan already in the Carnic epoch (1939). fossilization in Radiolarian rocks by Ko­ Subsequently Carnic and Noric plants and BAYASHI and To. KIMURA (1944). their fructifications were described from Palynology (S. TOKUNAGA, K. TAKA­ West Japan (KoN'No). The climatic fluc­ HASH!, et al.) and nannoplankton studies tuation in Japan and Eastern Asia during became very active in last two or three the Mesozoic periods was analyzed with decades. ASANO, TAKAYANAGI, UJIIE, et land plants by the change of their com­ al. demonstrated the stratigraphic signi­ position. CHANEY, T ANAl and other Ja­ ficance of planktonic foraminifers. Cono­ panese palaeobotanists studied Tertiary dont studies by leo and others from 1963 plants in many areas in the islands from have shown much of Triassic sediments 1958 to 1972 and considerably clarified included within the Upper Palaeozoic the floral change during the Tertiary formations of previous reference. period and the problem on the ancestors C. TSUBOI and HIRATA (1935) reported and descents of the Miocene forest in the increasing tendency, from Recent to the Pacific area. Miocene, of the angle of the long axis Four suite3 of non-marine Mesozoic of aragonite fibres with the C-axis of faunas were distinguished in Eastern aragonite crystals in the shell of Gly­ Asia through studies on molluscs, fishes cymeris yessoensis. In recent years and others. One of them was the Con- new techniques, biochemical, radiometric, A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 9 palaeomagnetic and mathematical, or by tology was proposed almost simulta­ means of a scanning electron microscope, neously by Ducrotary DE 8LAINVILLE X-ray microanalyser, an electronic com­ and Fischer VON W ALDHEIM (1834). This puter or else were applied to p::llaeonto­ history of education and research is logical and related investigations in Japan what happened in japan in the later as in other countries. Ultramicrostruc­ two-thirds of the time length since the tures of various fossils were observed proposal. It is divisible into three ages and their palaeobiochemical analyses and the research achievements into three made (HONJO, AKIYAMA, I. KOBAYASHI, fields, systematic, palaeobiological and et al.); biometric studies done with mol­ biostratigraphical. In this article more luscs, larger foraminifers and others weight was laid in the older age and in (OBATA, HAYAMI, UJIIE, MATSUMARU). the achievements on the international Colloquia were thrice repeated recently bearing rather than local interest. The on isotopes in hard tissues of fossils reader will, however, find in the succeed­ (KONISHI, TAKAYANAGI). ing articles detailed informations includ­ Finally, a mention is added that KOBA­ ing those which were omitted because of YASHI (1946) elucidated the relationship page restriction. Regrettably I feel that of documents to synthesis in palaeonto­ allocated time was too short for such a logy and historical geology. Subsequent­ topic, although I have endeavored to ly IJIRI (1949) discussed method and meet the society's request. cognition in palaeontology. Palaeontography is the prerequisite for For palaeontological literature of Japan palaeobiology. The systematic descrip­ the reader is referred to Bibliography of tion of the fossil biota in Japan advanced japanese Palaeontology and Related Sci­ slowly at the beginning, but the Meiji ences, 1941-50 and 1951-60 compiled by palaeontology is astonishing for me in R. ENDO and TAKA! and printed in the that it was about a dozen of years to Palaeontological Society of Japan, Special absorb the western palaeontology so Papers, Number 1 (1951) and 9 (1962), much that Meiji palaeontologists could respectively. Bibliography of japanese develop their science principally by Palaeontology, 1961-75 is now in prepa­ themselves thereafter. It was consider­ ration. He can trace them back further ably accelerated in the Showa era (1926-) through Titles and Abstracts, in japanese through the Taisho intermezzo (1912-26). journal of Gzology and Geography, 45 The basic work of this kind was done vols. 1922-75 and Index to the journal, also on the continental side as well as vols. 1-20 (1955), 21-25 (1960), 26-30 (1961), on the south sea side until1945 and later 31-35 (1968), 36-41 (1972) and 42-45 (1975) in Southeast Asia and further beyond and and with Bibliography of History of japa­ in some Pacific areas. In consequence the nese Earth Sciences, compiled by the achievements bore a perspective aspect. Committee for History of japanese Earth Two notable points in the Showa palaeon­ Sciences, Tokyo Geographical Society tology were that fossils were touch stones and to be published through journal of for the existing palaeontology and that Geography, Tokyo. biostratigraphic facts were oriented from the global standpoint for high synthesis. Summary: Retrospect and Prospect: The These viewpoints combined have enabled above history of palaeontology in Japan any fundamental and international con­ is no more than a general view. Palaeon- tributions for Showa palaeontologists. to MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: The purpose of our work was at the were investigated on certain groups with beginning to establish the stratigraphic reference to geographic and climatic sequence of Japan and then that of ad­ changes and other factors. jacent areas. This trend of research re­ These studies shared the advancement quired the accuracy of zonation on one of palaeontology and related sciences in side and the interprovincial correlation part of the Asian and Pacific sides with on the other. At the same time it de­ the effect that it reduced the unbalance veloped into palaeoecology, biostrato­ in our knowledge between these sides nomy, p::tlaeogeography, p.1laeoclimato­ and the European-Atlantic side to some logy and so forth. extent. Therefore it may be said that Fossils are essential documents of it advanced an important step toward evolution. Therefore the evolution and the creation of a complete world statue the vicissitude of the biosphere in the of palaeontology. The method of palaeon­ Phanerozoic eon are two principal sub­ tology, however, has been conventional jects of palaeontology. Phylogeny and during several decades, although there ontogeny of some fossils were clarified were minor devices and some amerio­ as much as suitable materials were avail­ lations. Recently new techniques are able. Some new structures were dis­ affording previously unavailable data. covered and new classifications of certain Therefore, future development is prom­ families and higher categories proposed. ising, as traditional palaeontology will The migration, dispersal, provincializa­ tie up with new palaeontology in re­ tion, rise and fall of plants and animals searches and syntheses.

Paleontology and Society of Japan

Hiroshi UJIIE*

Japanese culture of today was devel­ presentation of objective views of things oped, for the greater part, during the or systematization of the results of obser­ Edo period that lasted 265 years until vation, and so the development of the the Meiji era began, mainly owing to the science of natural history was much national isolation without disturbances hampered. The Edo people esteemed by war. The culture bred up under natural objects highly only when those such circumstances attached great im­ were beautiful or extraordinary, and the portance to subjective contemplation and hobby of collecting rare objects prevailed. sense of beauty. The society that fos­ Among the collectors known as " stone­ tered the culture rejected logicality as a lovers " was Sekitei KIUCHI who made mere argumentative or unrefined way of corect sketches of stones and presented thinking. Thus the Japanese society of his views on their origin (1773-1801). the Edo period lacked the ground for But KIUCHI was an exceptional case of amateur collectors. * Department of Paleontology, National On the other hand, some branches of Science Museum, Tokyo. learning attained a high level, as repre-

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., (lOOs), 1976 A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 11 sented by Wasan (the mtive mathematics industries. The waves of colonialism of of Japan) which was developed for prac­ the Western Powers were invading the tical p'.lrposes. However, practic:1l use of coasts of the Oriental countries. Under technical le1rning was circumscribed such circumstances, exploitation of under­ within certain professions which were ground resources was a matter of urgent again restricted by the hereditary system. necessity for Jap:ln. To meet the national Accordingly, the accumulated knowledge demands, the government invited ex­ was transmitted only from father to son perts from foreign countries, such as or fro:n teacher to disciple, and was sel­ B. S. LYMAN from America in 1872 and dom allowed to spread beyond the closed E. NAUMANN from Germany in 1875. circle. Without sufficient communication These foreigners fulfilled their duties in true science could not be developed. surveying underground resources, but at Mining was a matter of primary con­ the same time they endeavored to bring cern of the Edo government, and it ac­ up their successors among Japanese. celerated practical application of techni­ Particul3.rly notable were the achieve­ cal knowledge. Toward the end of the ments of NAUMANN, who taught geology Edo period when the country was prep­ at the Tokyo Imperial University since ared to be opened to foreign intercourse, 1877 when the Institute of Geology was there rose a trend to absorb Western established in the Faculty of Science. learning. Genpo MITSUKURI, who was He also helped founding in 1878 the on the staff of the Foreign Documents Geology Section (later Geological Survey Survey under the government administra­ of Japan) under the Bureau of Geography tion, wrote a number of books intro­ belonging to the Ministry of Home ducing Western civilization to Japan. Affairs. His works included " Chishitsu Bensho " During the early part of the Meiji era, (Dialectic Geology) (1861) and two other foreign teachers and technical experts handbooks of geology. Nevertheless, he took the lead in geology and paleon­ contributed little to the development of tology, but after 1894 the graduates of geological sciences in Japan, because the Tokyo Imperial University and the most of his books were in manuscript, persons who finished their studies abroad which prevented wide circulation, and began to take phce of these foreigners. his knowledge did not go beyond trans­ It was fortunate th:1t the Japanese for­ lation of literatures. erunners in geology and paleontology During this period, foreigners began to made efforts in raising the level of learn­ come to Japan. Some of them collected ing and educating students, without animal and plant specimens and fossils seeking fame or prominent post. In the to be studied in their own countries, but meantime, Institute of Geology was the results of their study were seemingly set up in seven univenities, from the insignificant from the world-wide view Tohoku Imperial University (1911) to the since people's interest was aroused in Hiroshima University of Science and the fact that the specimens came from Literature (1943). Well-trained paleon­ " Gipang ", the land of dreams. tologists were assigned to these institutes In 1868 the Meiji government was to teach paleontology. It was a most born, and the nation-wide modernization steadfact development for those days, if started. It was strongly felt that Japan we recollect the postwar period when at that time was behindhand in modern rapidly increased universities have suf- 12 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: fered from shortage of good teachers In 1945 Japan had her first experience until quite recently. of a lost battle, and during the succeed­ Along with the progress of moderni­ ing several years the country was to3sed zation of nation!!.! constitution, Japan about by inflation and a surge of the began to extend her territory over the . social system reform. neighboring regions, and this inevitably The Association of Democratic Scien­ gave rise to geological survey organs tists was established in 1946, and the next and corresponding agencies, as exempli­ year saw the inauguration of the Associ­ fied by the Geology Section (hter Man­ ation for Geological Collaboration which choukuo Geological Survey) that was thereafter took the lead in innovation of established in 1907 in the South Man­ geologists circles in Japan. The Associ­ churian Railway Company after the ter­ ation's activities contributed greatly to mination of the Russo-Japanese War equalization of opportunities and to de­ (1905), and the Geological Survey set up struction of sectionalism among research in 1918 in the Government-General of bodies, but on the other hand they in­ Korea after the Japan-Korea amalgama­ curred antagonism with competent but tion was enacted (1910). conservative groups. With the passage Apart from the political problems, of the last thirty years, however, the geological and paleontological know:Iedge left-wingers and the right-wingers are gained from these regions was of great seemingly advancing toward reunion. value, especially with regard to Mesozoic After the several years of postwar and Paleozoic eras. To the Japanese geo­ disorder wore away, publishing circum­ logists and paleontologists the data on stances improved. A number of text­ the Chinese continent were indispensable. books began to be published, and acade­ The results of their research activities, mic journals were reissued or newly pub­ keeping out of politics, are classics still lished. The Transactions and Proceed­ useful to this day. In comparison with ings of the Palaeontological Society of the above-mentioned period, the later Japan was separated from the Journal of times that were marked with the out­ the Geological Society of Japan in 1951 break of the China Incident in 1937 and to make a start as New Series. the outset of the Pacific War in 1941 Economy of Japan became prosperous produced little noticeable results in spite owing to the special procurement boom of the fact that a great many geologists caused by the Korean war that broke out and. paleontologists traveled all over the in 1950. In 1959 the balance of the Bank Cl1jnese continent and Southeast Asia, of Japan notes exceeded 1,000,000,000,000 carrying out field work and collecting yen, and Japan entered into the age of specimens to be brought back to Japan high growth of economy. In the same for study. The poor results can be year, the liberalization of dollar exchange attributed largely to the national policy came into effect, and in 1960 foreign of those days demanding urgent exploi­ trade and international exchange were tation of underground resources, as well liberalized. These circumstances were as to the worsened economy due to the greatly favorable to international con­ long-continued wartime, but the scholars ferences and cooperative researches that and the academic society may have been were beginning to take place. Japanese partially responsible for the conse­ geologists and paleontologists to be dis­ quences. patched for, or participate in, inter- A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 13 national scientific activities abroad in­ comprises no section of paleontology, creased year after year, and overseas and that no micropaleontologist is on survey parties were sent out. From 1963, the staff of any marine research institu­ the Ministry of Education compiled a tions in this country. budget to defray funds for overseas re­ searches. Thus, the " Paleontological Supplement : Brief Review of the Trans­ Studies of Southeast Asia" that had been actions and Proceedings (New Series) of financed by nongovernmental sources the Palaeontological Society of Japan. came to receive government support The Palaeontological Society of Japan, since 1964. The purposes of these over­ that had started in 1935 as a section of seas survey parties were entirely acade­ the Geological Society of Japan and had mic, differing from the wartime prece­ been publishing the papers of its mem­ dents, and in most cases the survey bers in limited pages of the Journal of work was performed in collaboration the latter Society, came to issue a journal with the native organs, and so consider­ of its own, entitled Transactions and able results have been gained and re­ Proceedings, New Series (quarterly), from ported. It must be noted, however, an 1951 on. This was due to the stabilized upsurge of nationalism of the country to Japanese economy after the war, as well be surveyed is striking these days, and as to the increase in its members (514). it is often the case that dispatch of easy­ Animated publication of academic jour­ going survey teams is rejected under the nals was a universal phenomenon of pretext of underground resources protec­ those days; for example, Bulletin of tion or nature conservation. Review of the British Museum (Natural History), the history of Japanese paleontology may Geology (the first issue in 1949), Neues be of a help toward true international Jahrbuch fiir Geologie und PaHi.ontologie cooperative survey and study. (1950), Vaprosy Paleontologii (1950), Re­ Among the geological sciences in Japan, vista Italiana di Paleontologia e Strati­ paleontology has been taking the most gratia (1952), Senckenbergiana Lethaea academic course. With the introduction (1954) and Micropaleontology (1955), of various kinds of analytical equipment, which are enjoying worldwide fame now, microscope and computer in the 1960's, made their first appearance one after Japanese paleontology seemed to advance another in those days. toward paleobiology and paleophysiology, For the last 25 years, publication of but in broad perspective the effect of the journal was continued through the social changes on paleontology was re­ efforts of many scholars and senior re­ markable. In order to make the effect searchers including those who had al­ more positive, we need to extend such ready passed away, and the journal has fields as biostratigraphy and paleoecology, come to be known internationally, as and develop practical application of them. evidenced by the fact that about one­ Paleontology, originated as a branch of third of the subscribers are persons and geology, cannot be expected to cultivate institutions of foreign nationals. At this and develop its basic fields without a point of time it may be worthwhile to pipeline of application. In this connec­ review the contents of the journal to tion, we must look straight at the fact provide for future growth (refer to that the Geological Survey of Japan, Fig. 1). staffed with more than 500 geologists, Fig. 1 shows the changes in the relative 14 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.:

YEARS OJMMULATIVE PERCENT NO. of ARTICLES .j

Fig. 1. frequency of the articles printed in the research are too classical for the articles journal during the period from 1951 to to be duly evaluated. The same tendency 1975, with two years as the time unit is noticed throughout the world. Verte­ (which is also the unit used in number­ brates (V) also show a similar trend but ing and indexing text pages and plates). it is probably due to the limited occur­ According to the figure, fusulinids (de­ rence of fossil vertebrates in Japan and noted by Fu), Paleozoic molluscs (pM) to the scantiness of vertebrate paleon­ and Mesozoic molluscs (mM) excluding tologists. The ratios of corals (C), ammonites hold constant, though small, brachiopods (B) and trilobites (T) have ratios. On the other hand, Cenozoic been rather constant, although the num­ molluscs (eM) and larger fossil plants ber of articles is small, on account of (PI, mostly leaves), which used to account limited occurrence of specimens. More for large proportions, are decreasing sporadic ·are the articles on arthropods lately; this may be explained by that (A) excluding trilobites. the methods of study of these branches Now, our interest is aroused in the which had experienced a long history of fields whose vicisitudes reflect the epi- A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 15

sodes in the history of science. In the len and spore) were represented until field of Foraminifera (Fo), Kiyoshi ASANO 1960 by the works of Haruo OKUNO who and a few others contributed the articles studied microstructures of fossil diatoms in the early stage, and then there came by means of electron microscope. From a period of a remarkable decline between 1969 after a conspicuous gap, articles 1956 and 1960. After that, younger re­ began to appear but the subjects are searchers began to write articles from entirely different from the previous ones various points of view until 1970, but the and moved to the biostratigraphy. young power turned apparently inactive One of the greatest missions of paleon­ when it became plain that for the for­ tology would be contribution to the com­ aminiferal study up-to-date international prehensive earth sciences through bio­ information on planktonics and new tech­ stratigraphic studies. With regard to nique for benthonics are requisite. Also this point, articles on micropaleontology in the field of Bryozoa (Bry), study of dealing with pollen, spore (Po) and other which was started in 1957, articles were microfossils would naturally require wide very few between 1967 and 1969, although space for listing the specimens that are it was due to personal reasons on the found in great numbers. Other fields part of researchers who were no more than micropaleontology also need enough than two in number. space for geologic maps to indicate On ammonites (Am), the lack of arti­ occurrence in time and space of the cles from 1958 to 1962 is ascribed to materials dealt with. In this connection, private circumstances of Tatsuro MATS U­ the journal has hitherto failed to offer MOTO who was the major contributor, sufficient space for reporting the results but from 1962 on MATSUMOTO and his of studies. Since 1963, the limited num­ students, and also Yuji BANDO who dealt ber of pages for each article was in­ with Triassic ammonites, published their creased from 12 to 24, and the number results in succession. Especially the bio­ of plate from 1 to 2. As a result, the metric approach attempted by Ikuwo number of articles to be printed was re­ OBATA and Kazushige TANABE is worthy duced (see the numerals on the right of notice. column in Fig. 1), but it is a fact that Study of conodonts (Cn) became active the subjects became manifold and the since MULLER visited japan and disclosed level of articles rose. A prize for the their occurrence, but few articles have best paper published in the Transcations appeared in the journal, whereas in is also stimulating contributors since foreign countries monographs are being 1966. published successively. As conodonts Constant efforts are desired for the are very important for the study of Japa­ improvement of the journal so that it nese late Paleozoic to Triassic Systems, can print not only the representative much expectations are laid on further articles on paleontology in japan but progress in this field. also a number of excellent reports from Microfossil plants (MP1, excluding pol- abroad. 16 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.:

Paleozoic Microfossils

Hisayoshi !Go*

Fusulinaceans : The first study of Japa­ FUJIMOTO (1936) published an excellent nese Paleozoic microfossils goes as far report on the fossils from the Kanto back as the introduction of Fusulina japo. mountains. A paper by HANZAWA (1938) nica by W. GUMBEL (1874), which started on Nipponitella created a sensation among the dawning of the research activities by the fusulinacean researchers of the world. foreigners such as C. SCHWAGER (1883) His work (HANZA w A, 1938) on Pseudo­ and J. DEPRA T (1914). Hisakatsu Y ABE schwagerina and Zellia was important as took the initiative in the study of fusu­ well, and initiated the discussion of the linaceans also, and reported his results in Carboniferous-Permian boundary problem. 1899, 1902, 1903 and 1906. The proposal As the time lapsed into the 1940's, of the genus Neoschwagerina in 1903 Ryiizo ToRrY AMA took part in the re­ came from his very far-sightedness. search on fusulinaceans and described lchiro HAY AS AKA (1924) published his specimens from the Yasuba Conglomerate study on the Omi Limestone and de­ and other formations (TORIY AMA, 1942, scribed fusulinaceans contained therein. etc.). HANZA WA (1941) discussed the Roughly simultaneously with HAY ASAKA's Carboniferous-Permian boundary in Japan, work, distinguished•· reports by Yoshiaki Korea and Manchuria, attaching impor­ OzAwA (1925, 1927; -etc.) on the Akiyoshi tance to the absence of the Triticites and Akasaka Limestones were published zone. His description of Parafusulina and attracted universal attention. Fusu­ yabei is, though brief, one of the eminent linaceans of Indochina were studied by papers. COLAN! (1924) and those of North China Soon after the termination of W or!d by LEE (1927), and the both works were War II, study of fusulinaceans in Japan published in bulky volumes. Their re­ began to flourish, having been reinforced sults, along with the series of OzAwA's with young and energetic researchers. work, made a long step forward in the The postwar researches were based on researches on fusulinaceans of Eastern a detailed stratigraphic study in the field, Asia in the 1920's. entirely different from the method of In the 1930's the researches by DUN­ prewar time. Especially noticeable among BAR of North America and RAUSER­ the numerous researches are the follow­ CHERNOUSSOVA of USSR made progress, ing: while Shoshiro HANZA w A, Haruyoshi TORIY AMA (1954, 1958, etc.) made an FUJIMOTO [ =HuziMOTO] and others of exhaustive study of the Akiyoshi Lime­ Japan were actively working. Y ABE and stone, and added new information to the HANZAWA (1932) announced their new knowledge of the geologic structure of view on the classification of fusulinaceans the region since the works of OzAwA and proposed the genus Pseudodoliolina. and Teiichi KOBA YASH!. At the same * Institute of Geoscience, The University time, he established detailed fossil zones, of Tsukuba. among which the Profusulinella zone was

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., (lOOs), 1976 A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 17 recognized for the first time in Japan. During the same period, there were a in 1958, TORIY AMA's work on fusulina­ series of works by Rokuro MORIKAwA ceans was published in a bulky book of who developed the "sump" method for ex­ 264 pages and 48 plates. In the latter amining specimens, free from the micro­ half of the 1960's TORIY AMA and his scopic observation of thin sections, and collaborators worked on fusulinaceans made a unique classification (1955, 1958, of Thailand. In 1967, TORIYAMA sum­ etc.). It is regrettable that he died be­ marized the fusulinacean zones of Japan. fore the completion of his study with From the 1950's to the first half of the "Solidgraph" (1962), into which all his 1960's, a large number of distinguished energy was put forth. reports by Kametoshi KANMERA were Hisayoshi IGO (1956, 1957, etc.) pub­ published. He is known for his scrupu­ lished the result of his study of the Ichi­ lous descriptions of fusulinaceans and notani Group, which revealed the almost conscientious preparation of plates. Since perfect succession of the Millerella, Pro­ 1952 he published, in succession, the re­ fusulinella, Fusulinella, Fusulina, Triti­ sults of his studies of the Yayamadake cites and Pseudoschwagerina zones. Later, Limestone, the Kuma Formation and the IGO (1964, 1965, etc.) studied the Nyu­ Kosaki Formation. These reports, in­ kawa Group and considered the relation­ cluding the paper published in 1959, on ship between the litho-facies and the the evolution of Neoschwagerininae; are occurrence of fusulinaceans. In recent notable as they raised new problems on years, he has been proceeding with the the Upper Paleozoic stratigraphy and study of fusulinaceans of Thailand and fusulinacean zones of Japan. The Fusu­ Malaysia (IGo, 1972, etc.). lina, Triticites and Pseudoschwagerina Yasuo NoGAMI (1961) published the zones, as well as the Kuriki Series and result of his detailed study of fusulina­ the Hikawa Series, all proposed by KAN­ ceans from Atetsu-dai. In 1965 he re­ MERA, still serve as the standard strati­ examined the original specimens pre­ graphic units. The study of the Saka­ viously described by SCHWAGER. With motozawa Limestone by KANMERA and the successive studies of fusulinaceans MIKAMI (1965) was remarkable in that it in the Taishaku-dai Limeatone (Kimiyoshi revealed details of litho-facies variation SADA, 1961, 1963, etc.), the foasil faunas of the limestone and the occurrence of of limestones in the Inner Zone of South­ fusulinaceans. west Japan were clarified to a consider­ Roughly contemporaneous with KAN­ able extent. Reports by Susumu HONJO MERA, Ken'ichi ISHII made a new epoch (1959, 1960) and Masao MINATO and HoN-· in the study of the Japanese Carboni­ JO (1959, 1965) are worthy of notice in ferous fusulinaceans on the basis of his that they introduced new viewpoints in researches on the Itatorigawa Group of the study of fusulinaceans. They used Shikoku. He scrutinized the postwar enlarged photographs of Neoschwagerina, papers by Soviet researchers, which were etc. for the plates, and examined the gradually becoming available in those details of development of septula and days, and he re-examined genus Fusulina other features. and revived genus Beedeina. His papers During the period of 1950's to 1960's published during a period from 1955 to more results were published ; important 1962 brought forward some new ideas ones among them were the works of about the evolution of fusulinaceans. Michihiro KAWANO (1961) on Yamaguchi 18 MATSUMQTO,. T. r?t al., edit.:

Prefecture, Manabu KOBA YASH! (1957) on summarized the fusulinacean zones of the lbukiyama, Mosaburo KANUMA (1958- Carboniferous System (1958). 1960) on the Mino mountainland, Shigeo The study of fusulinaceans in japan SAKAGUCHI (1963) on Tamba, Kazumi seemed to pass the peak since the end SuY ARI (1961, 1962) on Tokushima Pre­ of 1960's, and TORIY AMA, KANMERA, !GO fecture. Kunihiro lSH!ZAKI (1962) on Ko­ and Ken'ichi ISHII moved the focus of chi and Ehime Prefectures, Takeshi CHI­ their researches into Southeast Asia. SAKA (1960, etc.) on the Kitakami moun­ Nevertheless, Tomowo OzAWA (1967, 1970, tainland, Yoshinari T AKAOKA (1960) on 1975, etc.) continued to publish the results the Kanto mountainland, Shigema KAWA­ of his outstanding work and established DA (1954. etc.) on the Omi Limestone, a new way of •.learning supplemented by and Masafumi MURATA (1961) on Aki­ statistics. His study of Pseudofusulinella yoshi-dai. Other noticeable results were; and his comments on the evolution of the consideration on individual growth Verbeekinoidea are worthy of special of Pseudoschwagerina by Saburo AKAGI mention, as are his excellent work on (1958), the report by Atsushi ISHII and Lepidolina multiseptata and its evolutional Hajime TAKAHASHI (1960) on Parado­ change. Of late, the achievements of xiella, the study of the southern Kanto younger researchers, including the works mountainland by SAKAGAMI (1957, etc.), of Dong Ryong CHOI (1975, etc.) on the the report on Mesoschubertella by SAKA­ Kitakami mountainland, of Fumio KOBA­ GAMI and KANUMA, the report on Vet­ YASH! (1973) on the Nagaiwa Formation, beekina by Tomomitsu SuGr (1960), the and of Kozo WATANABE (1974) on the o;:currence of Fusulina from Hida and Omi Limestone, haye been published and other studies by Kenji KoNISHI (1952, etc.) great hopes are placed on their future and the study of the lse-Shima district efforts. The fusulinacean researches in by Nobuo Y AMAGIW A (1956, etc.). Japan are far from complete yet, as there In the meantime, the scholar3 who had remain many fields to be investigated been active in the prewar day3 published and not a few problems concerning paleo­ some important studies and theories by ecology and evolution are still unsolved. making effective use of their wide ex­ Smaller foraminifers : Late Paleozoic perience, and thus gave an impetus to limestones of japan contain abundant young researchers. Y ABE (1949) was the smaller foraminifers associated with fusu­ first to point out the existence of the linaceans. Nevertheless, the study of Millerella zone, and on many occasions, these foraminifers was very slow to start. from 1964 to 1966, he discussed the 0ZA WA (1925, 1927) and FUJIMOTO (1936) problem of Lepidolina and the Carboni­ were the pioneers in this branch of sci­ ferous-Permian boundary. HANZA WA ence. Yuji OKIMURA studied the Atetsu (1949) proposed Acervoschwagerina, and Limestone and other Carboniferous lime­ in 1950 and 1954 he published interesting stones in various parts of the country papers on Eoverbeekina and Afghanella. (1958, 1965, etc.) and brought forth a lot In 1963, collaborating with MuRATA, he of new information. His earlier theory published a paper as a warning against on Paleozoic chronology, though not suf­ too much circumstantial classification of ficiently circumspect, should be rated fossils, citing instances of Neoschwager­ high in respect that he set his hand to ina, etc. FUJIMOTO assisted by !GO a difficult task. Future development of proposed the genus Hidaella in 1955, and his work is expected. A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 19

Radiolarians: The study of Paleozoic There are the work of Takashi HAMADA radiolarians was commenced by FuJI­ (1959) and the serial studies by Kunihiro MOTO (1938) with an intention to clarify IsHIZAKI (1963, etc.). Further develop­ the geologic age of cherts which are ment of this branch is anticipated as the commonly found in the Mesozoic and material for study is fairly abundant. Paleozoic Systems of Japan. His study Conodonts : The history of researches developed into the discussion of the age on conodonts is still very young in Japan. of the Sanbagawa crystalline schist. He It began with the work of IGO and Toshio maintained that Paleozoic radiolarians KOIKE (1963) and Shingo HAYASHI (1963). can be discriminated from Mesozoic ones Afterward, with the progress of the study by the percentage of Cyrtoidea. His view of Carboniferous conodonts by !Go and was opposed by Teiichi KOBA YASH! and KOIKE (1964, etc.) and KOIKE (1967), it Toshio KIMURA (1944) and KIMURA (1944), was revealed that considerable amounts and this gave rise to an active contro­ of Triassic conodonts are contained in versy in the academic world. Koichiro the limestones and cherts which had been ICHIKAwA (1950) worked on the radio­ regarded as Paleozoic (KOIKE et al., 1971, larians of the southern Kanto mountain­ etc.). This revelation brought forth not land, and his age-determination has a few topics for discussion of the Permian­ proved correct in view of the present Triassic boundary in Japan. At present, knowledge of conodonts. Researches on conodonts are known to occur in all of radiolarians of both Mesozoic and Paleo­ the Paleozoic formations of Japan, rang­ zoic are very important and future ing from Silurian to Permian, and their progress is expected. stratigraphic significance is highly es­ Ostracods : Researches on Paleozoic os­ teemed. tracods are much behindhand in Japan.

A Brief History of Post-Paleozoic Micropaleontology

Yokichi TAKAYANAGI*

In Japan, study of Post-Paleozoic micro­ the history of study of great many groups fossils was begun at the end of the 19th of miCrofossils is still short. It may be century. The first papers on foramini­ safely said that micropaleontology in fers and diatoms were published in 1890 Japan developed centering around re­ or thereabout, but those were succeeded searches on foraminifers, and so in this by little research activities until the early article the history of foraminiferal study part of the 20th century when Hisakatsu will be introduced by dividing · it into Y ABE commenced his study of foramini­ several stages which also cover the fers. Micropaleontological researches in historical progresses in various other Japan today are active and manifold, but branches. * Institute of Geology and Paleontology; The initial stage of micropaleontology Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, in the 19th centuray was opened in the Sendai. form of the study of Japanese specimens

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., (lOOs), 1976 20 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: in Europe, as exemplified by the work make a brief record of my observations of J. BRUN and J. TEMPERE (1889) who on the minute forms of the Foraminifera." studied diatoms, and Matajiro YoKO­ This introductory comment of Y ABE is YAMA's study (1890) of foraminifers, etc. interesting as it is indicative of the extent Though the source of the original ma­ of the concern of scientists in those days terial of the diatom study by BRUN and about not only smaller foraminifers but TEMPERE remains still obscure, their also the Cenozoic stratigraphy. Y ABE's work helped to let the Japanese diatoms single-handed researches on foraminifers known to the world. The circumstances extended to fossils from Southeast Asia of the early period of foraminiferal study in addition to the Japanese specimens_ were described by Y ABE in his memoirs In the 1920's his successor Shoshiro HAN­ (1953). YOKOYAMA's report (1890) on the ZA wA began to take an active part in foraminifers from the Paleogene of Hok­ the foraminiferal researches, and a large kaido (though he first assigned the age number of papers were published under to Cretaceous) was the first record of joint authorship of Y ABE and HANZA wA. the Japanese Tertiary foraminifers. The The subject of their study was Order report of E. NAUMANN and M. NEUMAYI~ Foraminiferida although their energies (1890) on the foraminifers from the Tori­ were concentrated mainly on Neogene nosu limestone of the Sakawa basin, Ko­ larger foraminifers. It was during this chi Prefecture, is one of the few records period that the first American journal of the Japanese foraminifers of the Juras­ on foraminiferal researches, Contribution sic Period. from the Cushman Laboratory for Fora­ With the beginning of the 20th century miniferal Research was published (1925). the results of Y ABE's researches on fossil Yoshiaki OZAWA studied under J. A. foraminifers came to be published one CusHMAN, and their collaboration on after another, including the discovery of Polymorphinidae bore fruit in the form the Cretaceous Orbitolina limestone in of an excellent monograph that was Hokkaido (1901), the description of the published in 1930. CusH'viAN compiled Neogene orbitoids in Yamanashi Prefec­ the results of his study into the famous ture (1906), and the list of Late Cenozoic book Foraminifera: their Classification smaller foraminifers (1908); in the intro­ and Economic Use (1st ed., 1928). In the duction of the last-named publication wake of this distinguished work, J. J. Y ABE stated, '' These minute fossils, GALLOWAY published A Manual of Fora­ though not so important geologically and minifera in 1933. Thus, the academic paleontologically as other more highly world of foraminiferal research was given organized types-for instance, Fusulina two great textbooks at one time. and its allies of the younger Palaeozoic, Publication of joint papers by Y ABE and Orbitoides and Nummulites of the and HANZA wA continued until the year older Tertiary-are too common to be 1935 when the Palaeontological Society quite ignored. As a full acquaintance of of Japan was established. It happened the detailed accounts of the Cainozoic to be the year when Kiyoshi ASANO stratigraphy which has received little started his active research on smaller attention, in the past, from our geologists, foraminifers, and afterward the number can be attained partly by a proper ap­ of foraminiferal researchers increased. preciation of the various factors of the Taking these circumstances into accout, fauna. I deem it by no means useless to the writer would like to define the year A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 21

as the beginning of the second stage of Taiwan. Unfortunately, however, he was micropaleontological study in Japan. It destined to become the one and only is true that the first stage had produced japanese micropaleontologist who was such records as Upper Paleozoic, Triassic directly victimized by the war. and Jurassic radiolarians from the Saka­ Toward the end of the second stage, wa basin of Kochi Prefecture by Singo distribution and constituent species of YEHARA (1927), Plio:::ene ostracodes from diatomite deposits in Japan were sum­ the Kakegawa district of Shizuoka Pre­ marized by Haruo OKUNO, and this paved fecture by Jir6 MAKIY AMA (1931), and the way for the post-war research on calcareous nannoplankton in the Shima­ fossil distoms after the 50-year long gap jiri Group of Okinawa by HANZA w A since the work of BRUN and TEMPEim. (1925), but rese:uch work on these The fossil radiolarians of the Sakawa fossils made no progress before the basin that remained unstudied after the second stage. work of YEHARA were taken up by To­ The second stage corresponds to the shio KIMURA, who described Upper Trias­ period from the time of the strained sic-Lower Jurassic radiolarians (1944a, social situation facing the outbreak of b, c). Teiichi KOBAYASHI and KIMURA the Pacific War to the dramatic termi­ (1944) published their general view on nation of the War in 1945. This period Paleozoic rocks and fossil radiolarian was marked with the concentrative study fauna of Japan. It was also during this of larger foraminifers by HANZA w A and period that B.L. CLARK and A.S. CAMP­ the active research work of ASANO on BELL were actively describing Upper smaller foraminifers. Their activities ex­ Cretaceous, Eocene and Miocene radio­ tended to the description, the strati­ larians in California, revealing the strati­ graphic distribution and the taxonomy graphic merits of these fossils. of fossil faunas not only in japan but The transitional period between the also over the vast Indo-Pacific region. second stage and the third stage ex­ One of the distinguished achievements perienced the worst publishing situation, of HANZA w A during this period was the and publication of micropaleontological study (1940) of larger foraminifers in the papers reached the lowest ebb just as in drill core from a deep well in Kita-Daito­ other branches of science. In 1946, how­ jima (North Borodino Island), and this ever, scientific journals began to be issued is highly valued as a pioneer work of again. With the increasing opportunities the post-war research on the structural for reporting the results in journals development of the Pacific basin. ASA­ abroad the research activities became No's paper (1938) on fossil Nodosariidae vigorous. In the case of foraminiferal is his representative work of this period. research, it was after 1950 when the new The number of researchers increased series of the Transactions and Proceed­ further during the second stage, and bio­ ings of the Palaeontological Society of stratigraphical survey of oil fields was Japan was started that the number of pushed forward by Tsuneteru OINO­ researchers increased and their activities MIKADO and others. Noticeable among became noticeable. In this period, ASANO these researchers was Kazuhiko IsHIZAKI summarized the results of his study on who produced excellent papers (1939-48) benthonic foraminifers and published on description and classification of "Illustrated Catalogue of japanese Ter­ smaller foraminifers while staying in tiary Smaller Foraminifera" (1950-52). 22 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: The Catalogue gave a stimulus to younger these devices were adopted by the Japa­ researchers, and those who specialize in nese researchers and enabled them to biostratigraphy gained in number. Con­ make highly precise investigations. Prior sequently, the objects of study which to this, investigations of Recent foramini­ had been limited mostly within the oil­ fers bad been made in Mutsu Bay (Yo­ producing regions along the coasts of shine HADA, 1931) and a few other bays the japan Sea came to include the entire and brackish lakes. In that third stage, Tertiary formations of Hokkaido, Honshu however, the area of investigation ex­ and Kyushu, and the results began to be panded largely, and a large number of published one after another since about brackish, lakes, lagoons and bays, as well 1960 (Yoshiro T AI, 1959 ; Manzo CHIJI, as the continental shelf and the upper 1960; Shigeo MuRATA, 1961; Saburo parts of continental slope were studied IWASA, 1962; Torahiko INOMATA, 1962; by many researchers. Researches on Takashi MATSUNAGA, 1963; Yoshiki KI­ biocoenoses are still few, among them KUCHI, 1964; Yii HIGUCHI, 1964; Yasu­ are the valuable work of Yukio KuwANO mochi MA TOBA, 1967; Naoaki AOKI, (1962-63) on Pacific-side biocoenoses and 1968). Many of these papers show a that of MA TOBA (1970) on Matsushima strong influence of KLEINPELL's " Mio­ Bay. Also, the achievements of Taka­ cene Stratigraphy of California" (1938) yasu UCHIO (1960), who studied the living methodologically. AsANO also took the fauna off San Diego, California, are great. initiative in the study of the Cretaceous With the progress in the ecological foraminifers in japan (ASANO, 1950a, b). study, foraminiferal researchers came to Afterwards, the results of study of the take more interest in quantitative work Cretaceous foraminifers of Hokkaido in various fields, and mathematical analy­ were summarized into the monographic sis of fauna became popular. Hiroshi work (Yokichi TAKA Y ANAGI, 1960; Sabu­ UJII:E and his students made faunal ro YOSHIDA, 1963). analyses of Recent and fossil benthonic Study of Recent foraminifers was re­ and planktonic foraminiferal assemblages. markably developed in the third stage. Introduction of electronic computers With the progress of researches on local made it possible to conduct high-order fossil assemblages and the growing inter­ analyses, and distinguished results were est in biofacies and paleo-environment, gained (e. g., Tadamichi OBA, 1969). the ecological investigation and study of In the latter half of the 1950's, H.M. dead assemblages and living assemblages BOLLI, W.H. BLOW and others set up fine in the Recent sediments were actively biostratigraphic zonation in the Caribbean carried out, laying the foundation for region by means of planktonic foramini­ clarifying the paleoecology. What had fers, and this ignited the explosive in­ put spurs to these activities was the crease of similar researches all over the study by the group of scientists at the world. The Miocene zonation by Tsune­ Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The masa SAITO (1963) was a comprehensive group, with F.B PHLEGER and F.L. PAR­ study in this field at that time, and on KER as the central figures, produced dis­ the basis of this zonation a precise cor­ tinguished results in succession during a relation of Tertiary System in the low period from the 1940's to the 1950's. The latitude regions was made for the first group developed the short corer a:nd time. Afterwards, a large number of re­ improved the vital staining method, and searchers have engaged themselves in A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 23

setting up zomtion of Paleogene to Pleis­ steady gaining results (Kuniteru MATSU­ tocene, and consequently the world-wide MARU, 1971, 1973; UJIIE, 1966, 1973). correlation is becoming more accurate. A series of studies by j. HOFKER, Sr. The biostratigraphic zonation, based on the internal structures of foramini­ mainly on marine sediments, has been feral tests greatly enlightened the Japa­ further pushed forward, covering the nese researchers. Study in this field vast region of western: North Pacific made a remarkable progress, irrespective Ocean that includes the Pacific coasts of of the types of foraminifers, that is, Southwest japan. Also, a scrutiny into larger or sm9.ller and benthonic or plank­ the "global standard" of zonation is,under tonic (e. g., UJIIE, 1965-75). In the latter way. In the meantime, .t)le japan Sea half of the 1960's, as the scanning elec­ coastal areas were taken up as the sub­ tronic microscopy became popular, the ject of biostratigraphic study, and the study developed toward the elucidation Late Cenozoic zonation, pec;uliar to japan of microstructures of test walls (TAKA­ located in middle latitudes, was proposed YANAGI eta!., 1968). Moreover, measure­ (Hisaya SHINBO and Seijuro MAIY A, 1971), ment of paleo-sea water temperature by presenting a topic relating to the history means of oxygen-isotope ratio (01" /018 ) of development of the marginal seas in was developed by H. C. UREY in 1947, the Northwestern Pacific region. As for which accelerated the study of paleo­ the Cretaceous stratigraphy, TAKAYANA­ oceans using planktonic foraminiferal GI (1965) attempted biostratigraphy of the tests by C. EMILIANI and others. OBA's Upper Cretaceous System of California work (1969) on the temperature changes on the Pacific coast. Lately, the bio­ of Pleistocene waters of the Indian Ocean stratigraphic study using microfoJsi!s in contributed to the paleo-oceanography. deep-sea sediments is serving as a strong Most recently, SAITO and j. VAN DaNK support to the development of the sea­ (1974) have proved that paleontologically floor spreading theory and the plate inferred " planktonic " and " benthonic " tectonics. japanese researchers who par­ foraminifers of Cretaceous and early ticipated in, or c;ooperated with, the Tertiary ages were actually planktonic JOIDES/DSDP project are publishing and benthonic, on the basis of oxygen their results (e. g., Hiroshi UJIIE, 1975). and carbon isotope measurements. They are expected to conduct active re­ In the third stage, researches in the search work through Japan's participation field of diatoms began with the study of in the JOIDES/IPOD project. biostratigraphic value of diatoms by W a­ The results of researches on larger taru ICHIKAwA, and elucidation of test foraminifers that had been conducted structures, making the most use of elec­ ever since the first stage were compiled tron microscopes, wa._s attempted (OKUNO, into the monograph on Micronesian fora­ 1954-1959). Although 0KUNO did not get minifers (HANZA w A, 1957), the volumi­ to reveal the phylogenetic significance of nous book of "L.arger Foraminifera" (HAN­ microstructures of diatom tests, his work ZA w A, 1968) and many other papers and is memorable in the respect that the elec­ books of HANZA w A, which formed a tron microscopy was introduced to micro­ pyramid of this field. HANZA W A's SUC­ paleontology for the first time. Since cessors, though small in number, are then, the structural study of diatom tests concentrating their attention on the sta­ has been continued .by W ataru IcHIKAwA, tistics of foraminiferal population and are Kei OSHITE, Yukitoshi HAYASHI, Yasuo 24 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.:

HASEGAwA and other researchers, who Series of the Oga Peninsula (1971) and recorded the fossil-coenoses in Upper the Miura Peninsula (1972). As a result, Cenozoic fresh-water, brackish and rna. the stratigraphic distribution of these rine sediments of various parts of Japan, groups of microfossils is becoming clear. and reported the thanatocoenoses in Re­ Radiolarian research in the third stage cent sediments. However, the methodo­ began with the work of Koichiro !CHI­ logical foundation of biostratigraphy was KA w A who made the first record of Paleo­ laid by Taro KANA Y A (1957) with his gene radiolarians (1946) and successively work on Californian Eocene diatoms. It described numerous species from the was followed by his study of diatoms in Permo-Triassic Sambosan Group (1951). the Miocene Onnagawa Formation (1959), Afterward, the study of Mesozoic fossils which resulted in the establishment of slackened until Akira Y AO (1972) started biostratigraphic zonation of the Onna­ to work on spongosaturnalids. At pre­ gawa Formation and corresponding sent, the study in this field is expected strata. KANA Y A's work that gained to become more active. Biostratigraphic worldwide frame was succeeded by ltaru study of Miocene fossils was commenced KOIZUMI who set up the Upper Cenozoic from about 1954 by Kojiro NAKASEKO. zonation of the Oga Peninsula (1968). Stratigraphic distribution of Neogene Despite of such progress, however, no fossils in Hokkaido, in the region along start has yet been made with the study the coasts of the Japan Sea, and in the of pre-Miocene diatoms in Japan. On joban and northern Kanto districts, was the other hand, the work of KANA Y A and energetically pursued by NAKASEKO and KOIZUMI (1966) on the diatom thanato­ his collaborators. On the basis of radio­ coenoses of the North Pacific Ocean made larian fossils, they set up the zonation a large contribution to the Recent diatom of the Neogene System along the japan researches. This work clarified the dis­ Sea, mainly in the Toyama and Niigata tribution of diatom thanatocoenoses in basins, and revealed the faunal changes Recent sediments, and it was on the basis with geographic position and geologic of the distribution that KOIZUMI could time (1972, 1973). NAKASEKO (1964) also accomplish his study of deep-sea bio­ recorded radiolarian assemblages in the stratigraphy (Deep Sea Drilling Project) Recent sediments from the japan Trench. in the North Pacific Ocean (1973) and in In the United States, on the other hand, the western marginal region of the Pacific study of fossils in the deep-sea sediments Ocean (1975). was started by W. RIEDEL and others at W ataru ICHIKAwA, while proceeding about the same time as NAKASEKO's with his study of diatoms, recorded in work. The results of their stratigraphic 1950 the presence .of. silicoflagellates in study are being reported with the pro­ the Miocene and Pliocene strata of Ishi­ gress of the DSDP project. On the seas kawa Prefecture for the first time. Later, around the japanese Islands the Leg 31 his collaborator A. BACHMANN (1964, report has been made lately by H. Y. 1967) made regular description and classi­ LING (1975). fication of silicoflagellates and archaeo­ The presence of calcareous nanno­ monads in the Miocene diatomite of the plankton in the Neogene sediments of Nato Peninsula. His work was followed japan and in the Recent sediments of the by LING and others who described silico­ neighboring waters was noticed during flagellates and ebridians from the Miocene the first stage, but their description A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 25 cla::sifl ::ation and stratigraphic distribu­ The first record of dinoflagellates and tion remained unrecorded until the work acritarchs was made by Kiyoshi TAKA­ of Toshiaki TAKAYAMA (1967) on the HASH! in 1964 in his work on the fossils Late Cenozoic fossils in southern K1nto from the Oligocene Asagai Formation. was published. From the next year, re­ It was in the 1970's that full-scale re­ se3.rches on nannoplankton were acti­ searches were carried forward, as ex­ vated. Shiro NISHIDA an:l UCHIO p3.rtici­ emplified by the reports on the Pleisto­ pated in the research work and many cene, Plio::ene and Miocene fossils in records were m1de on the Late Cenozoic Kyushu, Shikoku and Honshu by K. and Recent sediments in various parts TAKAHASHI, Misaburo SHIMAKURA and of Japan. The knowledge of the strati­ others, and Kazumi MATSUOKA. Kenichi graphic and geographic distributions of HARADA and his collaborators studied nannoplankton is rapidly gaining. In the fossils in the sediments of Black Sea foreign countries, also, it was only after (1973). A rapid progress in the biological 1967 when the 1st Planktonic Conference and paleontological studies in the world (Geneva) was held, that the biostrati­ was observed only after the time lapsed graphic study of this group of fossils into the 1960's. Much expectations are made a remarkable progress. In 1971 E. laid on future studies in Japan, too. MARTINI and D. BUKRY independently Since 1866 when G.S. BRADY first re­ published the zonation of Cenozoic cal­ corded Japanese ostracodes, the ostracod careous nannoplankton. Thus, the re­ researches in Japan focussed on living searches in this field came to boast of a species and the reports were made mostly great variety. Among the accomplish­ by biologists. Especially their work on ments of those days, the zonation of the bioluminescence attracted attention of youngest Cenozoic of Japan by TAKA­ the world scientists. As for the Cenozoic YAMA (1973) and the Upper Cenozoic fossils, Tetsuro HANAI (1957-1961) in his zonation of the Nansei Islands by NISHI­ serial works on ostracodes, entitled DA (1973) are noteworthy. Published re­ "Studies on the Ostracoda from Japan", cords of Paleogene and Mesozoic nanno­ dealt with living and fossil species com­ fossils are still few, but there are the prehensively for the first time, and made reports on the Paleogene Setogawa Group efforts for their phylogenetic classification (Susumu HONJO and Nachio MINOURA, with proposal for several new subfamilies. 1968) and on the Upper Cretaceous Futa­ This series includes "Historical review ba Group (TAKAYAMA and lkuwo OBATA, with bibliographic index of Japanese 1968) ; and further developments of the Ostracoda" (1959) which tells the status study are expected. On the Recent spe­ of researches in Japan up to that time. cies, a series of researches on the distri­ Description and classification of Late bution of coccolithophorids in the Pacific Cenozoic fossil assemblages were com­ Ocean were made by Hisatake OKADA menced in 1963 by Kunihiro ISHIZAKI. and HONJO in the early part of the 1970's, Synecologic researches on living bay which marked a milestone in this field fauna also were energetically carried out of research. In the later half of the 1960's by him. Mesozoic fossils, however, have HONJO and his collaborators developed been little studied. In Japan, presence of the electron microscopic technique for some Cretaceous fossils is recognized, but the study of microfossils. Their achieve­ no description has been given yet. The ment ought to be rated high. one and only achievement by Japanese 26 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: is the report on the non-marine fauna considerable attention on its functional of the Sungari Group in Northeast China significance; moreover, the latest achieve­ (HAN AI, 1951). The latest trend of the ments at the ostracod study meetings of microp:lieontological re3earches in Japan an international scale are spurring Japa­ is repre3ented by the fact that the study nese workers on to paleobiology. of microstructure of carapace arouses

Coelenterates

Makoto KA TO*

The Motsilji temple of northeastern revised the previous idea which had re­ Japan possesses a treasure called Jatai­ stricted the occurrence of Stromatopora seki (serpent stone). This is a skeleton of within the Paleozoic era. The research colony of Permian tabulate coral known activities of Ichiro HAY ASAKA. Toshio as Michelinia. It's weathered surface has SUGIYAMA and Kin'emon OZAKI, besides a serpentine appeatance. This "treasure" Y ABE, contributed towards revelation of is one of the instances of coelenterate fossil fauna of hydrozoans. mostly .stro­ fo3sils having attracted public attention matoporids, ranging from the Paleozoic since old times. System to the Cenozoic System of Japan, Scientific research of coelenterate fos­ Korea and China. In particular, the work sils in Japan was started by M. NEUMA YR of OZAKI (1938) on the Chinese -Ordo­ in 1890 when he described Convexastraea vician stromatoporids and the monograph and Ch2etetopsis, Jurassic corals from the by YABE and SUGIYAMA (1935) were dis­ Torinosu Limestone. In 1902, Hisak::ttsu tinguished achievements and largely in­ YABE described Permian Lonsdaleia from fluenced the coming researchers. the Akasaka Limestone, and this was the From 1915 to 1916 Y ABE and HAY A­ first work by Japanese. Thereafter, SAKA described Paleozoic coral fossils study of fossil coelenterates was actively which were collected from various dis­ carried out by Y ABE and his students. tricts of Japan, China and Korea. The The history of study of fossil coelen-· specimens examined by them included terates in Japan can be divided into two many new species and genera, and their periods, before and after World War II. reports served as important literature on The prewar period may be represented coelenterates. A series of these papers by sporadic descriptions of specimens. contained no figure, but Atlas of Fossils Though the number of researches was in Geographical Research in China, 1911- small, remarkable results were produced 1916 published in 1920 made up for the for various groups of coelenterates. deficiency. In the first place, Y ABE (1903) reported The research of the Omi Limestone by Stromatopora from Mesozoic beds, and HAY AS AKA (1924) was the first attempt

* Dc.Jartm~nt of G-eology and Mineralogy, of biostratigraphic study of Japanese Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Paleozoic System by means of fossil co­ Sapporo. elenterates. The work was succeeded by

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., (lOOs), 1976 A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 27

OzAwA (1925) who studied. the Akiyoshi in the Recent coral reefs also, and carried Limestone. Later, Paleozoic corals from out topographical, geological, biological many parts of eastern Asia were de­ and paleontological researches of coral scribed by Y ABE, SUGIYAMA, Motoki reefs of the Palao Islands, collaborating EGUCHI and others. Generally speaking, with zoologists of the Palau Tropical however, researches on fossil corals were Biological Station. These researches gave less active than those on stromatoporids rise to many distinguished workers in­ or other groups of coelenterates. cluding TAYAMA, SUGIYAMA, EGUCHI and The oldest fossil-bearing bed in japan ASANO. The deep boring in Kitadaito­ belongs to the Silurian System. From jima conducted by YABE and others this bed Y oshio ONUKI detected Halysites, opened a new way of geological and and SuGIYAMA (1940) wrote a monograph paleontological research of coral reefs. on corals and stromatoporids. Its dis­ Through these processes, the taxonomic covery originated from OZAKI's study study of Recent corals was advanced by (1934) of Silurian corals of Korea. Nip. paleontologists. The monographs on reef­ ponophyllum, a representative genus of building corals of japan and South Seas japanese Silurian corals, was established by Y ABE, SUGIYAMA and EGUCHI (1936, then. With regard to tabulate corals, 1941) are the most remarkable products. classification of Halysites by Y ABE (1915) One of the interesting achievements is is notable. the work of MA (1934) on the seasonal In connection with the classification of growth of coral skeleton. His work was the so-called heterophyllids, Y ABE and a herald of modern methods to be em­ SUGIYAMA (1940) proposed to divide ployed in the postwar researches such as Tetracoralla into Tetracoelia and Dico­ the pursuit of the paleo-equator, the elia. These subdivisions correspond to elucidation of continental drift, the chro­ Order, so they are in the highest rank nological study, and so forth. among taxa proposed by japanese for As an instance of a particular group, coelenterates. Conulariida was studied by HAY AS AKA Researches on Mesozoic corals of japan and SUGIYAMA. were conducted with Motoki EGUCHI as With the above-mentioned works at the the central figure. The results were com­ peak, the first period of study came to piled by EGUCHI (1951) after the war, an end. The war and the postwar chaos though the major parts were the products followed. Slackening of research activi­ of researches made in the prewar days. ties was conspicuous. Cenozoic corals, including the living ones, are involved in the problems of The postwar period after 1945 began paleoclimate, sea level fluctuation and with the resumption and continuance of reef formation, and so they have been the prewar researches. In the postwar the object of attention of geologists since researches on fossil coelenterates, Masao old days. The controversy on the geo­ MINATO took a leading role. His study logic age of the raised coral reef of of Paleozoic corals resulted in a mono­ Numa is especially famous. This reef is graph on Carboniferous-Permian corals now assigned to Holocene, and is not of japan (MINATO, 1955), in which he regarded as a typical tropical or sub­ defined a number of coralline fossil zones tropical reef. in the Upper Paleozoic System. His work Y ABE and his students took interest on the ontogeny of Silurian corals of 28 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.:

Gotland Island of Sweden. was published In the study of Cenozoic and Recent in 1961. It introduced a new technique corals, EGUCHI kept an . unchallenged of study and at the same time exerted a position. HAMADA (1963) published an large influence upon the later researchers. atlas of corals from Numa. Living coral MINA To's wor\< and the Treatise on specimens collected by the Emperor from Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Co­ Sagami Bay were compiled into a mono­ elenterata, whi!;:h was completed in 1956, graph by EGUCHT (1968). served to bring up many researchers of OTA (1968) in his facies analysis of Paleozoic corals. Those who engaged the Akiyoshi Limestone mentioned the themselves in the study of fossil corals structure of Paleozoic coral reef. MINATO were; EGUCHI, Haruyoshi FUJIMOTO and ROWETT (1968) discussed the way of [ =HUZIMOTO], Hiroya GOTO, Takashi reproduction of Paleozoic corals. Since HAMADA, Wataru HASHIMOTO, HAYA­ 1968, KONISHI, Akio OMURA and others SAKA, Hisayoshi !GO, Ken-ichi IsHII, Ta­ have been conducting dating of Quater­ dao KAMEl, Kametoshi KANMERA, Mako­ nary corals by means of uranium isotope to KA TO, Shigema KA w ADA, Michihiro (KONISHI et al., 1975). KAwANO, Kenji KONISHI, Shiro MAEDA, Study of Conularia began again lately MINATO, Masafumi MURATA, Takumi by MURATA. On Mesozoic hydrozoans NAGAO, Mitsuo NODA, C. OKAMURA, Yo­ there are the research reports by HASHI­ shio ONUKI, Masamichi OT A, OZAKI, C.L. MOTO. Stromatoporoids were neglected ROWETT, Shigeo SAKAGUCHI, Toshihiko for a long time after the war, but MORI SA TO, Eitaro TAKAHASHI, H. TAKEDA, (1968, 1970) studied the Silurian speci­ YABE, Y. YAMADA, Nobuo YAMAGIWA, mens from Gotland Island of Sweden Tsuruo YoKOYAMA and T. YOSHIDA. from the biostratigraphic and paleo­ Especially noticeable achievements ecological standpoints, and completed a were the serial studies on Halysitids by highly appreciated monograph. HAMADA (1956-59), the study of fine Coelenterate fossils of japan leave structure of corals by KA TO (1963), and much room for future study in view of the phylogenetic and paleogeographic description and taxonomy. With the rese:uches on Waagenophyllidae, Durha­ introduction of various methods of study, minidae, Geyerophyllidae and Pseudo­ interest of many researchers has over­ pavonidae by MINATO and KATO (1965a, grown the mere descriptions of fossils or b; 1975a, b). New techniques of study, fossil faunas and has turned towards the such as statistics and electron micro­ histology and functional morphology of scopy (SATO, 1963), were introduced. skeleton, in other words a study of Rezearches on Mesozoic corals became physiology and ecology of coelenterates, less active than in the first period, but which would require the knowledge and Jurassic corals were studied by HASHI­ technique of paleo-biochemistry, geo­ MOTO, MURATA, ONUKI, Kei MORI, and chemistry and sedimentology. Triassic corals by KANMERA. Y AMA­ The changes of hard tissue due to GIW A investigated the Triassic corals of diagenesis and the process of fossilization Timor Island and South America. Thus, are being pursued, as these will expand the researches on corals by japanese our knowledge of phylogeny of coelen­ scientists covered the Pacific regions and terates and will also afford a clue to the the continents other than Antarctica and natural resources of marine origin such Africa. as limestones and oil-bearing reef de- A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 29

posits. exchange of information and cooperative In 1971 the International Committee on researches became possible on a global Fossil Corals and Coral Reefs was organ­ scale. Future progress in this field must ized, and MINATO was elected as vice­ be remarkable. chairman. With this Committee in action,

History of Bryozoological Research

Sumio SAKAGAMI*

Study of fossil bryozoans commenced ponostenopom from the ]:lpanese Carbo­ in 1924 when Ichiro HAY AS AKA reported niferous and Permian systems, respec­ five species of the Carboniferous bryo­ tively. In the following year, descriptions zoans from the Omi Limestone. HAY A­ and taxonomic researches of the Permian SAKA's work was succeeded by Yoshiaki bryozoans from several localities of Japan OZAWA (1925) who described five bryo­ were summarized by SAKAGAMI into a zoans from the Carboniferous-Permian monograph. After that, he devoted his Akiyoshi Limestone. In either of the two energies to the study of Carboniferous papers, however, bryozoans were not the bryozoans, while concurrently supple­ main subject of study as they were re­ menting his report on the Permian bryo­ corded only as accessory fossils in as­ zoans with newly obtained data. Thus, sociation with other important fossils he was able to clarify the Lower Carboni­ such as fusulinaceans and corals. About ferous bryozoan fauna at Hikoroichi, Omi fifteen years later, Toshio SUGIYAMA and Akiyoshi. At the 1st International (1941) reported three species of "Bato­ Conference on Bryozoa held in Milan in stomella" (specifically indeterminate) from 1968, SAKAGAMI read a paper entitled the Hidaka mountains of Hokkaido and "Study on the Paleozoic Bryozoa of Japan described them as Permian bryozoans. and the Thailand-Malayan districts". In SUGIYAMA (1944) also described a Silu­ recent years, bryozoans from the Aki­ rian bryozoan of Japan, Monotrypella? yoshi Limestone (Carboniferous-Permian) yabei (n. sp.), together with tabulate have been studied by Akihiro SUGIMURA corals, etc. He was expected to take (1974). Future studies are expected to an active part in the study of the Paleo­ reveal bryozoan faunas in the Silurian, zoic bryozoans, but unfortunately he Devonian and Upper Carboniferous sys­ passed away in 1944, the year his last tems of Japan. work was published. Since then, nobody The Mesozoic bryozoans in Japan have took any notice of the Paleozoic bryo­ been studied very little. As for the zoans in Japan until 1960, when Sumio Triassic bryozoans, only 30-odd species SAKAGAMI (1960a, b) described two new have been recorded in the world. Pseudo­ bryozoan genera, Hayasakapora and NiP- batostomella kobayashii was described by SAKAGAMI (1972) from the Carnic bed of * Department of Geology, Faculty of Edu. the Sakawa basin in Shikoku. SAKAGAMI cation, Ehime University, Matsuyama. mentioned that one of the " Permian

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., (lOOs), 1976 30 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.:

Batostonzella " species reported by SUGI­ fecture, in addition to the northern part YAMA from Hidaka closely resembles of Japan (HAY AMI, 1975). Pseudobatostomella kobayashii, and he The first paper on foreign bryozoans pointed out a possibility of the Hidaka reported by Japanese was by Kin'emon specimen's being Triassic, not Permian. OzAKI (1933), in which two species col­ Occurrences of the Jurassic and Cre­ lected from the Toufangkou Limestone taceous bryozoans are known without (Ordovician) of Province of Liaoning, any paleontologic studies as yet. South Manchuria were described. OzAKI's Study of the Cenozoic bryozoans in work was succeeded by Hisakatsu Y ABE Japan was started by Katsuhiko SAKA­ and Toshio SUGIYAMA (1942) who de­ KURA (1935, 1938) when he described scribed three species of the Permian Cheilostomata and Cyclostomata from the Batostomella (Geinitzella) from Manchu­ Pleistocene of Chiba Prefecture. After ria and Yunnan of South China. a gap of about twenty years, the Ceno­ Since 1962 the paleontological research zoic bryozoans were recorded from the in Southeast Asia is in continuance under Pleistocene Daishaka Formation of Ao­ the leadership of Teiichi KOBAYASHI. In mori Prefecture by J un KATAOKA (1957). some ten papers on the Carboniferous­ Later, KATAOKA (1970)·described a large Permian bryozoans of Thailand and Ma­ number of the Pleistocene bryozoans laya, SAKAGAMI has described more than from the "Ryukyu Limestone" of Kikai­ 117 species of 27 genera. Thus, the re­ jima, Kagoshima Prefecture. Recently, lation between the Carboniferous-Permian Tomoko HAY AMI is proceeding with the bryozoan faunas of these regions and study of Japanese Cenozoic bryozoans, those of other regions is being clarified. reporting their occurrences in the Plio­ An intermediate report of the results cene of Okinawa Island and in the Mizu­ hitherto obtained has been made by nami Formation (Miocene) of Gifu Pre- SAKAGAMI (in TORIY AMA et al., 1975).

Brachiopodology in Japan-A Historical Review

Juichi YANAGIDA*

The first report on fossil brachiopods land. After Hisakatsu Y ABE (1900) re­ in Japan was the one by David BRAUNS ported the occurrence of Leptodus under (1881) which briefly described three spe­ the name of Lyttonia, lchiro HAY AS AKA cies that were found, in association with (1917, 1922, 1925) described 15 ·genera and molluscs, from the Quaternary beds of 15 species including such peculiar-shaped the Tokyo district. ones as Leptodus and Richthofenia, and A systematic study of fossil brachio­ founded the basis of biostratigraphy of pods began with the Permian specimens the Permian System of the Kitakami from the southern Kitakami mountain- mountainland. Leptodus was reported also from the Neoschwagerina limestone * Department of Geology, Faculty of Sci­ of Kinshozan, Akasaka, central Japan, ence, Kyushu University, Fukuoka. by HAY ASAKA (1925) who described 5

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., (lOOs), 1976 A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 31 species in 3 genera including Scacchinella. held the position of the standard sequence Later, HA YASAKA (1932) added 3 species in Japan. From the 1940's to the 1950's, in 2 genera including Geyerella to the list taxonomical study of Silurian and Devo­ of Permian brachiopods. Furthermore, nian brachiopods of Northeast Japan was 12 species in 10 genera, including such conducted .by Toshiro SUGIYAMA (1942), larger types as Orthotichia and Meekella, Masahiro OKUBO (1956), HAY AS AKA and were described from the Nabeyama For. MINA TO (1954), and NODA and T ACH!BANA mation of the Kanto mountainland by (1959); ·:.In and after the 1950's, Permian HAY ASAKA (1933). From the Omi lime­ brachiopods of Northeast Japan were re­ stone HAYASAKA (1924) de3cribed 18 corded in many papers including those species in 8 genera of Carboniferous by HAYASAKA, MINATO, Koji NAKAMURA, brachiopods, including Gigantoproductus Jun'ichi T AZA WA and lchiro Y ANAGI­ and four other genera of Superfamily SA w A. The Lower Carboniferous brach­ Productacea. On the basis of the result iopods of the Kanto mountainland were of this study he established fossil zones. described by Juichi YANAGIDA (1973). HAY ASAKA's study not only confirmed On the Permian brachiopods from the the existence of the thick Carboniferous Inner zone of Southwest Japan, excellent limestone but also contributed a great results were obtained by Sotoji IMAMURA, deal to the later biostratigraphical re­ Daikichiro SHIMIZU, HAY ASAKA, Makoto searches on the Carboniferous and Per­ KATO, and YANAGIDA. The Carboni­ mian Systems. Owing to the efforts of ferous brachiopods from the same region HAY ASAKA and other pioneers, the know­ were recorded by YANAGIDA, MINATO, ledge of the Upper Paleozoic of Japan and KA TO, in their distinguished papers. was widened and the yield of brachiopods In the Outer zone of Southwest Japan, increased rapidly. One of the noticeable Takashi HAMADA and NonA described achievements in those days was the dis­ Silurian brachiopods of Kyushu and Shi­ covery of the Devonian System contain­ koku, and Permian brachiopods were de­ ing Cyrtospirifer verneuili in the Kita­ scribed by YANAGIDA. kami mountainland by Y ABE and Mitsuo NAKAMURA (1972) described 25 species NODA (1933). in 7 genera of Superfamily Davidsoniacea Researches on fusulinids contributed a from the Permian system of the Kitakami great deal to gain the knowledge of the mountainland, and presented a new idea biostratigraphy of the Permian and about taxonomy and phylogeny of this the Carboniferous System. Brachiopods superfamily. SHIMIZU (1961, 1963) clari­ played an important role in clarifying fied the period of occurrence of the the biostratigraphic successions of the Upper Permian brachiopod fauna in the Lower Carboniferous and the Devonian Maizuru zone, and elucidated its habitat System of the Kitakami mountainland. and the environmental changes with time, Syringothyris and many other genera and in connection with the coexisting faunas species were identified by Masao MINA TO of other m::trine animals. YANAGIDA (1951, 1952, 1953) and Koichi T ACH!BANA (1962, 1965, 1968, 1973) classified and de­ (1956, 1962, 1969). Kitakamithyris of MI­ scribed the Carboniferous brachiopods of NATO proved effectu1l in international the Akiyoshi area and made a detailed correlation. Thus, the biostratigraphy of correlation. He also obtained a clue to the Lower Carboniferous brachiopods of the relationship between the sedimentary the Kitakami mountainland has ever since environment and the faunal changes with 32 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: time. HAMADA (1962) described 2 spe­ YoKOYAMA (1920). After the middle of cies of Lingula from the G2 stage (Wen­ the 1930's, Kotora HA TAI published the lockian) and Conchidium from the Ga voluminous results of his researches on stage (Lower Ludlovian) of the Silurian the Japanese Tertiary and Recent brach­ System in the Outer zone of Kyushu; he iopods. Especially his monograph, pub­ maintained that the former suggests a lished in 1940, was a comprehensive calm environment and the latter an en­ record of his taxonomic study of the vironment under agitated coral reef. Tertiary brachiopods of Japan. HAT AI While the data of the Paleozoic brach­ produced a l:lrge number of excellent iopods was thus accumulating, informa­ results from his morphological and struc­ tion on the Mesozoic ones remained sur­ tural study of brachiopods. He (1941) prisingly scanty. Edmund NAUMANN and also described fossil brachiopods from Melchior NEUMA YR (1890) reported on China and the Philippines. the Mesozoic brachiopods collected from In 1904 Y ABE wrote on the Devonian the neighborhood of the Sakawa basin, fossils from Hunan Province, China, and Shikoku. After that, there were reports discussed the localities, horizons and by Singo YEHARA (1926), Y ABE and Sa­ affinities of brachiopod fossils among buro SHIMIZU (1927), Kango T ATEBA YA­ them. In the 1910's. Carboniferous and SHI (1929), Teiichi KOBAYASHI (1931) and Permian brachiopods of China began to others, but many of them dealt with the be reported by HAY AS AKA. This was materials from the Triassic and Jurassic the period when RICHTHOFEN's '"China" Systems of Shikoku. Akira TOKUY AMA and MANSUY's monograph on the fossil (1957-1958) examined the materials from brachiopods of Indochina and South China the Triassic and Jurassic Systems of the were published. HAY ASAKA (1922) de­ Sakawa basin and surrounding areas and scribed 41 species in 15 genera of Paleo­ those from the Triassic System of the zoic brachiopods from Central and South Chugoku region, and attempted a detailed China, and 11 species in 7 genera from correlation. He described new genera the Lowest Permian System of North Sakawairhynchia and Spiriferinoides from China. A marked affinity between fossil the Triassic System and Naradanithyris faunas of North China and brachiopods and Neumayrithyris from the Jurassic of the Ural-Timan region was pointed System. He also expressed his view on out. grouping of the Triassic ribbed rhyncho­ From the latter half of the 1920's to nellids. the 1930's, Ryilji ENDO and KOBAYASHI On the Cenozoic brachiopods of Japan, continued their energetic study of paleon­ there was a report by KOCHIBE (1882), tology and biostratigraphy of the Cam­ which, in the form of an appendix to the brian and the Ordovician of Manchuria above-mentioned BRAUN's report (1881), (Northeast China) and Korea. A great recorded 9 species in 6 genera of Tertiary number of species including many new brachiopods from the Kanto region. This ones were classified and described, among work of KOCHIBE was, so to speak, the which Obolus and Lingulella were the first of the academic papers on the Japa­ major members. Their work was of nese Cenozoic brachiopods. Until the a global achievement, greatly contri­ first half of the 1930's, brachiopodology buting to the establishment of the Lower in Japan was largely due to the achieve­ Paleozoic biostratigraphy and the eluci­ ments of HAY ASAKA (1932) and Matajiro dation of the geologic history of East A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 33

Asia. The study was succeeded by Kin­ brachiopods from Thailand and Malaya ; emon OZAKI (1931) who minutely classi­ YANAGIDA, HAMADA, Hisayoshi IGO and fied and described the Lower Carboni­ NAKAMURA did the same on Upper Paleo­ ferous brachiopods of Hunan province, zoic ones. Permian brachiopods from China, and the Upper Carboniferous ones Cambodia were systematically described of Northeast China and Korea. The by NAKAMURA, KATO and Dong Ryong Devonian brachiopods of Northeast China CHOI. These researches disclosed more were studied, though preliminarily, al­ than 120 species in about 80 genera which ready in the early part of the 1940's by include such new genera as Echinocoeliop. YABE, SUGIYAMA, KOBAYASHI and Jun­ sis (1968), Langkawia (1969), Malayanoplia iti NONAKA. The materials collected by (1969), Perakia (1969) and Swaicoelia NONAKA from the Lesser Khingan region (1968) by HAMADA, and Permundaria by were lately re-examined in detail by NAKAMURA, KATO and CHOI (1970). HAMADA (1971). A precise correlation The history of brachiopodology in of brachiopods was attempted, and it Japan is not long, being less than 100 revealed that they present a unique years, but researches in some branches mixed fauna containing elements of other have risen to the world level. In the paleogeographic provinces. past, brachiopodology was mostly the Since the 1960's, paleontological survey means to clarify biostratigraphic succes­ parties have been dispatched abroad one sions, but nowadays the fossil brachio­ after another, and the results of these pods have begun to be studied from a efforts are accumulating with increasing purely paleobiological standpoint and the speed. A series of paleontological re­ results are gradually budding out. For searches in· Southeast Asia are particu­ further progress, more specimens that larly distinguished. The role played by were fossilized in their habitat and co­ fossil brachiopods in various parts of existed with various kinds of faunas Southeast Asia is important. Notable must be gained. Such specimens might works since 1964 are the following: be found in reef limestones which are HAMADA and KOBAYASHI made systema­ tLickly developed in the Upper Paleozoic. tic descriptions of Lower Paleozoic

Cephalopods

Ikuwo OBA T A*

The greater part of the history of re­ by Tatsuro MATSUMOTO (1975) who searches on fossil cephalopods in Japan divided the approximately 100-year long is occupied by the study of ammonites. history into four stages (refer to Con­ A comprehensive history of the ammo­ cluding Remarks by MATSUMOTO). It nites study in Japan has been published goes without saying that the history of researches in Japan owes a great deal to· * Department of Paleontology, National the active works of Japanese scholars Science Museum, Tokyo. extending over several generations, but,

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., (lOOs), 1976 34 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: as MATSUMOTO points out, it is closely fossil zone, Alpheus HYATT (1868-1894) connected to the advancement of paleon­ and W. BRANCO (1879, 1880) reported tology throughout the world. The his­ their studies of ontogeny and microstruc­ tory of cephalopod paleontology in Japan ture, Wilhelm W AAGEN (1869) announced appears to reflect the characteristic devel­ the concept of variation with time, and opment of paleontology in this country. K. A. VON ZITTEL (1876-93) published It is expected that the Japanese cepha­ textbooks. Thus, at the start of cepha­ lopod paleontology will be developed in lopod paleontology, Japan was already a unique way by making the best use of far in the rear of Europe for nearly 50 the geographical and historical characters years. of the country, as well as by conducting Cradle of cephalopod paleontology (1893- international cooperation with a global 1915): YOKOYAMA received first lessons field of vision and a sense of geobiology in paleontology from ZITTEL at the Uni­ reinforced with modern techniques. versity of Miinchen. After returning Upbringing of cephalopod paleontologists home in 1893, he held a professor's chair (1873-1892): Early in the Meiji era (1873), at the Tokyo Imperial University and a number of foreign geologists visited lectured on historical geology and paleon­ Japan and numerous fossils collected by tology. He published textbooks of paleon­ them were sent to Europe for study by tology in Japanese (1894, 1907, 1920), and prominent scholars of those days. The also described fossil cephalopods (1904a, results of the studies of these Japanese b), thus forming the basis of cephalopod specimens were reported in scientific paleontology in Japan. journals in various countries. One of the Hisakatsu Y ABE, who graduated from examples is the work of Edmund MOJSI­ the Tokyo Imperial University, studied sovrcs (1889) on Triassic cephalopods. in Europe. In 1912 at the newly estab­ In 1877 the Tokyo Imperial University lished Tohoku Imperial University he was founded. Since then, Edmund NAU­ commenced his studies of wide-ranging MANN and other foreign geologists served, taxa from various parts of Asia. His in succession, as teachers at the univer­ study of cephalopods is represented by sity, bringing up Japanese geologists, the reports that comprised the description conducting geological survey and making of Pravitoceras (1901-02), of Nipponites reports on fossils. Matajiro YOKOYAMA (1903-04) and of Scaphites (1910). The and Kotora JrMBO, who were educated results of researches during this period during this period, went to Europe and helped dating of Mesozoic formations. studied under European geologists and Between 1916 and 1920 there was a blank paleontologists. Their reports on Japa­ period in the Japanese cephalopod paleon­ nese Cretaceous cephalopods were pub­ tology, probably due to direct and in­ lished in Germany (YOKOYAMA, 1890; direct influences of the First World War JIMBO, 1894). which lasted from 1914 to 1918. In Eu­ In foreign countries of this period, the rope, however, some noteworthy achieve­ classical monographs were completed ments were recorded, such as the con­ already, as exemplified by the works of cept of biozone (R. WEDEKIND, 1916) and Alcide D'ORBIGNY (1840-42, 1842-51), Cle­ the presentation of paleobiogeographic ment SCHLUTER (1871-76) and Ferdinand province (Carl DIENER, 1916), in addition STOLICZKA (1863-65). It was also in this to descriptions and classifications of period that Albe~t OPPEL (1862) proposed cephalopods. A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 35

Start of cephalopod paleontology (1920- on the Paleozoic nautiloids. This period, 1935) : This period was marked by the therefore, may be called an epoch of activities of Saburo SHIMIZU and a few diffusion of academic interest. other specialists who studied under Y ABE. Inactiveness and poor continuance (1936- Energetically they described Japanese 1950) : This period, extending over the cephalopods of different ages collected Second World War (1937-1945), produced from various districts. At this stage, no more than brief papers, owing to the biostratigraphy based on cephalopods was forced interruption of research activities attempted by Y ABE and SHIMIZU (1933) and the worsened situation of publication. for the Triassic system, Seiichi MABUCHI Early Paleozoic nautiloids of China and (1933) for the Jurassic system, and Y ABE Korea were continuously studied by Ko­ (1927) and SHIMIZU (1931, 1935) for the BAYASHI (1936-38, 1940-42, 1947). Some Cretaceous system. Jurassic ammonites of Japan were also In England of those days, the volumi­ described by him (1947). Inside Japan, nous work of Leonard Frank SPATH, biostratigraphic efforts were continued, Gault Ammonoidea, was being published as represented by the accomplishments (1923-30, 1931-43), and Japanese research­ of MATSUMOTO (1942-43) and MATSU­ ers received the influence of SPATH more MOTO and Akira 0NO (1947). or less. SPATH carried out extensive In other countries during this period, researches on cephalopods of various various schools of learning were coming ages, using the specimens collected not to the fore, such as the British sect rep­ only in Europe but also in many other resented by W.J. ARKELL (1933, 1935-50), parts of the world. His classification is the French sect represented by Eliane based on the concept of iterative evo­ BASSE (1947) and Maurice BREISTROFFER lution. It was in this period that DIENER (1940, 1947) under Charles JACOB, and (1925) published the Fossilium Catalogue Maurice COLLIGNON (1948-50), and the of late Cretaceous ammonites, and 0. H. America! sect represested by R.W. IMLAY SCHINDEWOLF (1923, 1926, 1928, 1929, (1939, 1942, 1943, 1948), A. K. MILLER and 1932-34) demonstrated his interest in W.M. FURNISH (1937, 1938, 1940), etc. ammonites. In Japan, on the other hand, Paleozoic nautiloids were energetically the researchers came to take interest in studied by Curt TEICHERT (1939, 1940), the structure of cephalopods, and papers R.H. FLOWER (1936, 1938-1943, 1945-1950), were written on siphuncle (SHIMIZU, etc. The level of cephalopod paleontology 1929), on septa (Takumi NAGAO and in Japan at that time fell much behind Rinji SAITO, 1934) and on aptychus the world level. (NAGAO, 1931, 1932), besides descriptive, Activation and internationalization (1951- taxonomic and biostratigraphic papers. 1958) : In this period the international Fossil nautiloids of Cenozoic, Mesozoic exchange of knowledge was reopened and Paleozoic ages were also studied. and became active, supported by the Teiichi KOBAYASHI (1928, 1933, 1934, 1935) young researchers studying abroad and started the study of the Cambro-Ordo­ the mature scientists visiting overseas vician nautiloid faunas from Northeast countries, as well as by the improved China and Korea introducing a new view situation for publishing academic journals. on major classification as well as estab­ The volume on ammonites in Treatise lishing genera. In America, A.F. FOER­ on Invertebrate Paleontology was pub­ STE (1921-35) published numerous papers lished in 1957. At the same time, de- 36 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: scription, classification and biostrati­ nation by MATSUMOTO was quite unique, graphic division of Japanese cephalopods the first of its kind in the world. He developed remarkably. A great many established the zonation by consciously papers were written on Paleozoic, Meso­ discriminating three types of ammonites, zoic and Cenozoic cephalopods, in an namely, the fiat and smooth thin-shelled effort to catch up with the level of the type that predominates in the relatively western countries. Especially notable of pelagic, muddy, geosynclinal facies of the this period are that the publication of circum-Pacific region, the ornamented the monograph on the Cretaceous am­ thick-shelled ammonite predominant in monites by MATSUMOTO (1954-57) kept the neritic facies of the continental shelf on, that the description of the Jurassic region, and the type represented by ammonites by Tadashi SA TO (1954-58) abnormally coiled Baculites and Scaphites progressed, that the Cretaceous belem­ that predominate in the facies inter­ nites were studied by Tetsuro HANAI mediate between the above two. Thus, (1953), and that the Japanese Tertiary his zonation is going to play an impor­ nautiloids were described by KOBAYASHI tant role in linking the circum-Pacific (1954-58). KOBAYASHI is highly com­ region to the Tethys Sea for a global mendable for his longstanding studies of correlation. The second fact is that the various kinds of nautiloids from Asia. research work of the japanese paleonto­ In foreign countries, leading figures in logists came to deal with ammonite as­ the academic world were making their semblages and type specimens from appearance here and there, namely, C.W. foreign countries, in parallel with the WRIGHT (1952, 1953, 1955, 1957) of Lon­ popularization of air transportation and don, R.A. REYMENT (1955, 1956, 1958) of the economic development of Japan. The Stockholm, J. SORNAY (1955) of Paris, resultant numerous papers contributed to SCHINDEWOLF (1951, 1953, 1954, 1957, the international correlation and the 1958) of Ti.ibingen, Bernhard KuMMEL knowledge of paleogeography of the (1954-57) of Harvard, V.N. SHIMANSKIY world. A typical example is the work (1954-57) and Z.G. BALASHOV (1956, 1957) of MATSUMOTO (1959-60) on the Cre­ of U.S.S.R. taceous ammonites of California, which Rapid progress and new paleontology was rated high abroad as indicative of the (1959-1973): The characteristics of cepha­ high level of the japanese researchers. lopod paleontology in this period may The third fact is that the biological be represented by the following three study of fossil cephalopods was com­ facts, not to speak of the marked in­ menced. For example, Ikuwo 0BATA crease in the number of descriptive and (1959, 1960, 1965) applied the relative taxonomic papers. The first fact is that growth formula to ammonites for the first the biostratigraphic division of the Japa­ time, and distinguished minute changes nese Mesozoic was established at the in the growth pattern. This work paved international level, in consequence of ac­ the way for the study of relative growth cumulation of materials. For example, of ammonites by the researchers in the the division of the Cretaceous system by western countries. MATSUMOTO (1963) MATSUMOTO (1959, 1969), of the jurassic related the difference in habitat by the system by SA TO (1962) and of the Trias­ ammonites genera to the pattern of on­ sic system by Yuji BANDO (1964, 1967) togeny and phylogeny. Takayo Fun­ was published. Especially the fossil zo- w ARA (1961) studied amino acids in am-. A Concise Histo'ry of Palaeontology in Japan 37 monites. ment of relative growth of fossil molluscs, The volume on nautiloids in Treatise as well as in the study of their popula­ on Invertebrate Paleontology was pub­ tion genetics and life range. Statistical lished in 1964. In foreign countries, technique was adopted also by Hiro­ original ideas and techniques were intro­ michi HIRANO (1975) in his study of the duced one after another, such as the shell structure of Cretaceous Gaudryceras simulation model for examining morpho­ in its early stage of ontogeny and its logy and function of fossil cephalopods growth pattern, and by Kazunari T ANA­ (David M. RAUP, 1965-67), the combi­ BE (1975) who studied the relative growth nation of relative growth and statistic and functional morphology of Cretaceous technique (S.J. GouLD, 1966), the experi­ Scaphites. Standing on the sound basis ments on buoyancy of living cephalopod of biostratigraphy, these people are con­ shell (E. J. DENTON and J. B. GILPIN­ tinuing their research work, enduring the BROWN, 1961, 1963, 1956, 1973), the paleo­ criticism from RAUP, REYMENT, GOULD biochemical study (P. H. ABELSON, 1954, and others. Future progress in this field 1955, 1956, 1963), the functional morpho­ is expected. International cooperative logy of cephalopods and statistics (REY­ study from the paleobiological standpoint MENT, 1956, 1973), and the study of has been started. Reiner JoRDAN and cephalopod shell by means of a scanning MATSUMOTO are working on pathological electron microscope (H. K. ERBEN et at., phenomena of ammonites, ERBEN and 1969). Efforts for the taxonomic descrip­ OBATA are studying cephalopod shell tion and the systematics were continued structure by means of scanning electron (e. g., William A. COBBAN, 1961, 1962, microscopy. REYMENT (1974) analyzed 1964, 1965, 1969, 1970, 1972; J.A. JELET­ a generic level transition from Subpriono­ ZKY, 1966, 1969; Raymond CASEY, 1961- cyclus to Reesidites mainly on the Japa­ 66; Jost WIEDMANN, 1960, 1962, 1963, nese material. 1968-70; COLLIGNON, 1959-73; KOBA­ In 1976, an international meeting and y ASH!, 1959-61, 1971). Nevertheless, the a forum are to be held in Hokkaido, scientific interchange between the foreign with the object of discussing " Mid­ countries and Japan was not in a satis­ Cretaceous Events" which was adopted factory state. in 1970 as part of the International The rise of paleobiology (from 1974 on): Geological Correlation Projects. The The characteristics of this period are present level of cephalopod paleontology essentially the same as, and continuous in Japan, especially with regard to de­ from, the preceding period. Paleobiologi­ scription, classification, biostratigraphy cal study of fossil cephalopods in Japan and paleobiology of late Cretaceous am­ was given a stimulus and the level of monites, is as high as the level in the young researchers rose, bearing com­ western countries. Researches on fossil parison with the western countries. The cephalopods in Japan will be further rise of paleobiology in Japan owes a internationalized and will keep on ad­ great deal to Itaru HAYAMI (1969-71) vancing. with his efforts in the statistical treat- 38 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.:

Fossil Molluscs

Tsugio SHUTO*

Paleontological study of Japanese mol­ 1960's. Therefore, the history of fossil luscan fossils, excluding cephalopods, molluscan researches in Japan may be began with the work of D. BRAUNS (1881) divided into two periods, from 1881 to who dealt with Quaternary fossils from 1952 and from 1952 on, although the southern Kanto. It was followed by the boundary is not sharp as the two periods reports of E. NAUMANN and M. NEU­ partly overlap, and it may be admissible MAYR (1890) and Matajiro YOKOYAMA to define the first period as a period of (1890, 1910, 1911). But it was YOKOYAMA biostratigraphic study and the second (1920) who initiated a systematic study period as that of biological study. In of fossil molluscs. view of the participants of the respective In those days researches and papers works, it can be said that the first period were centered upon Cenozoic and Meso­ was marked with research activities at zoic molluscs, whereas information on Tokyo, Tohoku and Kyoto Universities, Paleozoic molluscs was extremely scanty and the second period is the time when because specimens were limited in both the center of study has been aplit into quantity and quality. In addition to this multiple institutions. It goes without unbalance of available information, there saying that there were some excellent was a tendency among the researchers to pioneer works in biology during the set their goal at elucidation of biostrati­ period of biostratigraphic study, and graphy, and so the research work was biostratigraphic researches are continued, carried on by separate groups for a with higher precision, in the present specified geologic age. Consequently, period of biostratigraphic study. This little attempt was made to put together article reviews the history according to all available information and material the respective series of researches. obtained by those specialized in Cenozoic, Mesozoic or Paleozoic molluscs, so as to Series of biostratigraphic study: Aca­ compose a phyletic evolution or to es­ demic study is apt to develop through tablish a system of classification. How­ tense competitions among researchers or ever, after the war, especially in the research groups. This applies to the 1950's, an idea that fossils should be fossil molluscan researches in Japan. The regarded as "organisms" began to spread above-mentioned three universities that among the researchers while proceeding took the lead in biostratigraphic study, with their study in the respective fields. particularly during the former half of the Based on this idea, the results of re­ first period, seem to have worked with searches in different geologic ages came different subjects and methods of study. to be linked up gradually, and the link­ That is, at Tokyo University description age is apparently growing ever since the and biostratigraphy of Cenozoic molluscs were dealt with, and biostratigraphy of * Department of Geology, Faculty of Sci­ Mesozoic and Paleozoic molluscs at To­ ence, Kyushu University, Fukuoka. hoku University, whereas Kyoto Uni-

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., (lOOs), 1976 A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 39

versity had an inclination toward more important contribution. When the re­ precise biostratigraphical and biological search activity of YOKOYAMA was about researches supported by detailed field to cease, Shichihei NoMURA and Kotara work. HAT AI began to study molluscs of M. YOKOYAMA published his volumi­ younger Cenozoic age and energetically nous works on molluscan fossils from the described the major fossil faunas of the Miura Peninsula and its vicinity (1920) Tohoku district and many other parts of and those from Shimoosa and Kazusa Japan. NOMURA published the results of (1922). After that, he came to deal with his laborious work on the fossil molluscs late Cenozoic molluscs. The area of his from Taiwan (1933, 1936) and on fossil study was vast, extending from Sakhalin and living Pyramidellidae from Nansei to Taiwan, and the subject material Shoto. HAT AI's description of living ranged in age from younger Quaternary molluscs from Micronesia was also a to Paleogene, but his efforts were con­ distinguished achievement. Yanosuke centrated on the study of the latter half OTSUKA, like MAKIYAMA, endeavored to of the Cenozoic era. His detailed reports establish detailed field stratigraphy and on the fossil molluscs of southern Kanto biostratigraphy, and produced many note­ are distinguished accomplishments. The worthy results as represented by the results of his energetic descriptions dis­ study on the northern Kitakami massif closed the outline of late Cenozoic mol­ (1934) and the Ochi Graben (1935). luscs of Japan and laid the foundation Around 1940 Koichi SUZUKI described of the present-day researches. A little Paleogene fresh-water molluscs from later than YOKOYAMA, Jiro MAKIY AMA Hokkaido and Kyushu, and Ken'ichiro started his study of younger Cenozoic OT ATUME described Paleogene fresh­ molluscs, and he employed a new method water molluscs mostly from Hokkaido. worthy of note. He restricted the area In comparison with the 1930's, the num­ of his study to a certain district where ber of papers decreased during the war­ he carried out precise field survey and time days, but it was characteristic that collected specimens, particularly in the some papers dealt with the specimens Kakegawa district. On the basis of the obtained outside the country, such as material thus obtained, he endeavored to those from the South Sea area (Ichiro establish detailed biostratigraphy (1925, HAY ASAKA, et seq.) and from the Asian 1927, 1931, et seq.). His reports on the Continent (OTSUKA, 1942; SUZUKI, 1942). Miocene molluscs from the Korean Penin­ The study of Cenozoic fossil molluscs sula (1926, 1936) deserve special mention. was greatly pushed forward by the re­ He also introduced the biological concept sults of the researchers of living mol­ and technique into the study of fossils, luscs. Publication of J. THIELE's Hand­ as will be described in the later section. buch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, Takumi NAGAO studied at first the Cre­ Bd. 1 (1931) and Bd. 2 (1935) made an taceous molluscs under the guidance of epoch in the taxonomic study of molluscs Hisakatsu Y ABE, but he later extended of the world, and with this as a turning­ his research work to the Paleogene mol­ point the modern phylogenetic classi­ luscs. His comprehensive description fication began to spread in Japan. The (1928, et seq.) of molluscs from coal fields works of W. WENZ (1938-44) and A. ZILCH in Kyushu on which the Paleogene bio­ (1959-60) in the form of Gastropoda stratigraphy was established proved an (Handbuch der Palaeozoologie, Bd. 6) 40 "MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: afforded an easier approach to the tax­ cords of description and re-examination onomic study of fossil gastropods which of numberless local assemblages of fossil the researchers had been liable to shun. molluscs. Representative works in this Tokubei KURODA is known as a leading field were; Kiyotaka CHINZEI on Sannohe figure among the japanese re3earchers (1959, 1961), Shozo HAYASAKA on the on living molluscs, and his results largely Atsumi Peninsula (1961), Katsumi HIRA­ promoted the phylogenetic classification YAMA on Arakawa (1954) and Asagai of molluscs in Japan, though qis descrip­ (1955), Junji ITOIGA WA on Mizunami tion of fossil molluscs from Shinano (1955-63), Takehiko IwAI on Tsugaru should not be overlooked either. In this (1964), Yasuhide IWASAKI on Shiobara field, contributions of Kotora HA TAI, and corresponding areas (1970), Yasuhiko Tadashige HABE and Katsura OYAMA KAMATA on joban (1962), Saburo KANNO are also remarkable. The works that on Chichibu (1960), Yoshio KASE;\10 and played an important role in spreading Nobuomi MATSUURA and Onma (1965), the Cenozoic molluscan researchers after Koichiro MASUDA on Toinnai (1966), Hiro­ the war are ; the reclassification of fossil shi OZAKI on Choshi (1958), Tsugio SHU­ molluscs from southern Kanto (Iwao TO on Miyazaki (1955-62), Kunio TAN AKA TAKI and OYAMA, 1954), the reclassi­ on Shinano (1959-60), Karyu TsuDA on fication of Cenozoic molluscs from south­ the Kurosedani formation (1959-60), Sato­ ern Kanto (MAKIYAMA, 1957-60), and the ru UOZUMI on Hokkaido (1957-66), and re-examination of the japanese Paleogene MACNEIL on Okinawa (1960). In the molluscs (OYAMA, Atsushi MIZUNO and meantime, fossil molluscs of foreign coun­ Toru SAKAMOTO, 1960). tries, mostly of Southeast Asia, were The termination of the war was the began to be described, as exemplified by return of spring to the molluscs research­ the works of KANNO (1973-75) and Ko­ ers too. Differing from the prewar days, TAKA (1975) with the specimens from the center of research was not restricted Taiwan, and of IwASAKI (1970) and SHU­ to the afore-said three universities, and TO (1969, 1971) with the Philippine speci­ a great many researchers at numerous mens. Specimens from Yakataga, Alaska institutes competed with one another in were studied by KANNO (1971), and Pec­ producing excellent results. However, tinids of North America and North Pacific most of research works were intended Ocean by MASUDA (1970-73). These for biostratigraphy of different districts, studies, however, have not yet reached and were hardly expected to give rise to the stage to establish satisfactory bio­ phylogenetic classification, evolution and stratigraphy and paleogeography. paleoecology. The study of the Cenozoic Phylogenetic classification is essentially molluscs that had been apparently pros­ a comprehensive task, and so it ought to perous for some time slowed down be mentioned in the section of biostrati­ rapidly within 10-odd years after the graphic study. But it is touched upon war when the local biostratigraphy was here because the proposed classification settled to some extent, and many re­ is closely related to stratigraphic paleon­ searchers parted from molluscs. Around tology. On account of the actively ac­ the year 1960, stratigraphic and descrip­ cumulated data, phylogenetic examination tive studies of the japanese Cenozoic of taxonomic groups of various sizes molluscs were nearing the saturation became possible in the 1960's. There point, as it were, with accumulating re- were, of course, some forerunning studieo A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 41 in this field, such as the works of Ta­ contributions were especially notable. kumi NAGAO and Kazuo FUJIOKA (1941) After the war, researches in this field on Acila and of Norio lKEBE (1942) on were expanded by Shiro MAEDA (1949, Calliostoma. Notable among the postwar et seq.), Mitsuo NAKANO (1957, et seq.), achievements were the results of Kazu­ Minoru TAMURA (1959, et seq.), Yoshi­ yoshi IDA (1952) and Tamio KOT AKA hisa 0HTA (1959, et seq.), ltaru HAYAMI (1959) on Turritella, UOZUMI (1959) on (1962, et seq.), and S.- Y. Y AN (1974). Yoldia and Portlandia, Koichiro MASUDA OHTA also re-examined corbiculids of (1962) on Pectinidae, Koji NODA (1966) North America. on Anadara, and Tokio SHIKAMA (1969) As for pelecypods of Pteriomorphia, on Fulgoraria. their stratigraphic value had been re­ The check list of the Japanese Cenozoic cognized since early days, and much molluscs (HATAI and Shozo NISHIYAMA, efforts were made in the study of them. 1952) and that of the Japanese living The Cretaceous " Inoceramus" among molluscs (Tokubei KURODA and Tada­ them was cl:l.ssified and stratigraphically shige HABE, 1952), published soon after studied by Takumi NAGAO and Tatsuro the end of the war, proved very useful MATSUMOTO (1939-1940), and on the and greatly facilitated taxonomical and Jurassic specimens similar results were biogeographic researches of Cenozoic obtained by I. HA YAMI (1960). The molluscs. Perhaps these check lists Triassic Pteriomorphia was first taken marked a suitable end of the period of up by T. KOBAYASHI (1935), and the biostratigraphic study. study was largely developed after the Study of Mesozoic molluscs was started war by Koichiro lCHIKA w A, TAMURA, by YoKOYAMA (1890) with his strati­ and Akira TOKUY AMA. The fact that graphic descriptions of Cretaceous speci­ the researches on Mesozoic molluscs were mens from U rakawa and other parts of concentrated on the above-mentioned Hokkaido, but it did not become sys­ taxonomic groups may be partly ascribed tematic until Shingo Y. EHARA reported to their abundant occurrences, but their on Trigoniinae (1915, 1923). Since Y. valuableness as index fossils must have EHARA's work, pelecypods of Palaeo­ been the major reason. heterodonta, such as " Trigonia " and Collective description of fossil assem­ "Unio ", became the major subjects of blages, treating them as a molluscan study of Mesozoic molluscs by a large fauna so to speak, commenced with the number of researchers, so that it ap­ work of Y ABE and NAGAO (1925) who peared as if these pelecypods represented studied chiefly Cretaceous marine mol­ Mesozoic molluscs. The prewar and luscs. Faunal description of molluscs wartime achievements along this line, advanced rapidly after the war, giving besides the above-mentioned Y. EHARA's rise to the study of paleogeography. work, were the reports of Teiichi KOBA­ The Triassic molluscs were studied in YASHI and Koichi SUZUKI on Rakuto succession by NAKAZAWA, ICHIKAWA, [Nagdong]-Wakino (1936), Tetori (1937) TAMURA, TOKUY AMA, the Jurassic ones and Yamaguchi (1939), of Y ABE and Zi-iti by TAMURA, HAYAMI, MAEDA, and the HAYASI on Manchuria (1938), and of Su­ Cretaceous ones by HAY AMI and ICHI­ ZUKI on Shiragi [Shiira] (1940), on the KAwA and Yasuo MAEDA. Especially, Sungari series (1941) and the summary the systematic study by TAMURA and of East Asian molluscs (1949); SuzuKI's HAY AMI is rated high. 42 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.:

Mesozoic fresh-water molluscs of for­ evolutional relations among the genera eign countries had been studied by japa­ of Umboniinae from the morphological nese paleontologists in the prewar and development of their shells. Later, he wartime days, as mentioned before. After discussed the series of evolution of the war many papers on marine molluscs Siphonalia with the similar method (1941). were written by TAMURA (1968, et seq.), MAKIYAMA (1900) also tried to analyze HAY AMI (1968, et seq.), and others in variation and affinity of populations by Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast means of statistical treatment of Gly­ Asia. In the Triassic system of Thailand cymeris yessoensis from different locali­ and Malaya, fossil faunas are being rec­ ties. His work was by far advanced at ognized (KOBAYASHI and TAMURA, 1975). that time, and was followed by not a Ichiro HAY ASAKA was the first to de­ few researchers in pursuing the evolu­ scribe Paleozoic molluscs of japan in tional series of Umbonium with additional his study of pelecypods from Kitakami material. Nevertheless, the importance and Ogachi (1923). Study of Paleozoic of morphological development as a phase molluscs made a start a little later than of ontogeny was not fully understood by that of Mesozoic and Cenozoic ones, but researchers in general, and morphology its progress was extremely slow. In 1925 was seldom put to practical use in classi­ HAY ASAKA described part of the mol­ fying and describing molluscs. It was luscs from Akasaka Kinshozan, and pub­ only after the war that the significance lished a sequel of it in 1943. HAY ASAKA's of statistical and biological researches work was the one and only example of was duly recognized and put in practice. the systematic description of Japanese The same situation applies to the signi­ Paleozoic molluscs during the prewar to ficance of pelecypod fossils perforated by wartime period. In 20 postwar years the predatory gastropods, as pointed out by molluscs from Kitakami were described I. HAY ASAKA (1933). With these fore­ by Masabumi MURATA (1964) and the running works in the background, the molluscs in the Akiyoshi limestone were results of biological researches began to described by SHIKAMA and Tamio NISHI­ be published after the war, particularly DA (1968) and NISHIDA (1968). Under from about 1953. these circumstances, the work of NAKA­ The year 1959 happened to be the ZAWA and N.D. NEWELL (1968) in sum­ lOOth year since the publication of The ming up the Permian molluscs of japan Origin of Species by Charles DARWIN. was of great value. Molluscs of foreign This gave an impetus to enlightenment countries were mentioned by KOBAYASHI movements and panel discussions on evo­ (1930, 1931) in a part of his description lution. One of the consequences of these of Ordovician faunas of Korea and Man­ activities during the 1950's was the publi­ churia. There were some other brief de­ cation of " Seibutsu Shinka " (Evolution scriptions of them. of Life), its first issue appeared in October 1953. The journal offered a Series of biological study: Commen­ common ground to biologists and paleon­ cement of biological study of fossil mol­ tologists for joint discussion. The first luscs dates back to the prewar days. wave of this stream was represented by Using fossil and living Umbonium, MAKI­ the works of KaTAKA on Anadara YAMA (1925) attempted to establish the granosa (1953) and Turritella (1954) and evolutional system, and inferred the Masae OMORI and Tsutomu UTASHIRO A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 43 on Pecten albicans (1954), who attempted tive study of living and fossil organisms, to pursue population changes and evo­ and the consequent significance of ta­ lution through statistical treatment of phonomy (1954). Although no succeeding living and fossil molluscs, and the work works are reported as yet, taphonomy of ICHIKAWA on Entomonotis (1954) in is one of the challenging problems for pursuit of morphological variation of future studies. Paleosynecology, as a groups with time. It cannot be denied branch of paleoecology, had been studied that the results of biological studies since early days, but many of the papers which were still in the budding stage showed an inclination toward environ­ are poorer than the contemporary results mental discussion (ITOIGAWA, 1959; Tsu­ of classification and description having DA, 1960; SHUTO, 1960; MASUDA, 1962; the long-standing tradition, but the above­ etc.). It may be a natural consequence mentioned works are worthy of notice that these studies were developed in the as being indicative of a trend of future manner of integrating paleogeography development. In the course of these and biostratigraphy, rather than aiming studies, the importance of speciation at Paleosynecology itself. Studies in this and its mechanism as a vital point of field are represented by the works of evolution came to be recognized, and CHINZEI and IWASAKI (1964), who ana­ attempts were made to have a correct lyzed differentiation and variation of the understanding of speciation by means of Neogene molluscan faunas of the Tohoku genetic and mathematic analyses of popu­ district, and of Shigeru AOKI (1960) and lation. I. HAY AMI improved the mathe­ CHINZEI (1963) laying stress on variation matic method (1969, 1970, with Akihiko of assemblages. Faunal analysis from MATSUKUMA) and paved a way for paleo­ association of species, feeding habit and genetics (1973), thus providing a large life form was attempted by SHUTO and possibility for future studies. The ex­ Shigemi SHIRAISHI (1971), which made cellent analysis of Inoceramus (Spheno­ one step toward functional analysis of ceramus) naumanni by Kazushige T A­ ecological community, but it leaves room NABE (1973) stands on the same basis as for doubt that to what extent the ana­ above. In dealing with the mechanism lysis of molluscs alone can be effective. of speciation, there is developing a trend An approach to paleosynecology was to grasp speciation ecologically, in view shown also by KoTAKA (1973) who em­ of such biological concepts as sympatric ployed the statistic technique for ana­ and allopatric populations (T. SHUTO, lyzing intraspecific assoc1at10n. The 1957), although any satisfactory results works of HABE (1956) on thanatocoenosis are yet to come. SHUTO's work (1974) in bays and of Qy AMA (1950, 1953-1954) discussing the relationship of embryonic who compared living and fossil communi­ ecology and spaciation of gastropods may ties served as a flywheel for paleosyne­ be placed along this line. cologic study. In parallel with increasing efforts in Paleoautoecology has been studied on the study of evolution, researchers' inter­ the basis of individual life form or be­ est in paleoecology was growing. It must havior, feeding habit and functional be noted that the Matsukawaura Research morphology. Life form or behavior of Group, a leading figure in the early part pelecypods was studied by ITOIGAWA of the history of paleoecological research, (1963) on their wood-boring, by MASUDA pointed out the importance of compara- (1968-1972) on rock-boring, by UOZUMI 44 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.:

(1956) on borrowing and boring, and by united with biochemistry of organic Iwao KOBAYASHI and OMORI (1973) on matter, and is being proceeded, heading pelecypod shells bored by coexisting towards clarification of the shell-forming polychaetes. On feeding habit, Makiko mechanism (UOZUMI and Keiji IWATA, KOBA YASH! and l. KOBA Y ASH! (1971) ex­ 1969 ; AKIYAMA, 1971 ; Hiroyuki HAT ANO, amined the relation between the predator 1971). Also, elucidation of diagenetic and its boring act, I. HAY AMI (1969) changes of conchiolin is under way studied the functional form of Mesozoic (IWATA, 1975). planktonic pelecypods, and TANABE (1973) When the 180 method was employed discussed the life form of Inoceramus for paleoclimatological analysis to obtain from the viewpoints of its shape, shell information on paleotemperature of wa­ structure and relative growth. ters, pelecypods were utilized as part of Histological study and biochemical the working material (Hitoshi SAKAI, study of fossils were introduced roughly Kenji KONISHI and Osamu NAKAMICHI, concurrently into the field of molluscs 1969; Sumio HORIBE, Nobuaki NIITSUMA paleontology. In the 1960's microstruc­ and Toyosaburo SAKAI, 1969; Fujio tures of pelecypods were studied by MASUDA and Kazuhiro TAIRA, 1974). OMORI, I. KOBAYASHI and Matsutaro Biological study of fossil molluscs made SHIBATA (1962) and their biochemistry a remarkable progress in spite of its by Masahiko AKIYAMA (1964). From the young history. For some groups of mol­ start the microstructures were discussed luscs, however, researchers are still fum­ in connection with functions (OMORI and bling in the darkness. so to speak. Really KOBA YASH!, 1963 ; SHIBATA, KOBAYASHI useful biological results are yet to be and Hisashi KAIBARA, 1968; OMORI, 1971). produced. Study of the microstructures was also

Arthropoda

Takashi HAMADA*

Trilobita: Trilobite researches in japan HARADA (1890), which mentioned PhilliP­ can be divided into two groups, study of sia-ahnlichen Trilobiten from Obama of japanese specimens and study of speci­ the Kitakami district. Afterwards, Per­ mens from abroad. When the history of mian trilobites were reported by Kotora japanese trilobite researches is reviewed ]IMBO (1896, 1902), lchiro HAY ASAKA by splitting it into four periods, the first (1933), and Takumi NAGAO (1931). period is regarded as the dawning period. The second period was, so to speak, a The first record of trilobite is found in period of development, represented by "Die japanischen Inseln" by Toyokichi the works of Hisakatsu Y ABE and Toshio SUGIYAMA (1938, 1940, 1941, 1944) follow­ * Department of Earth Sciences and Astron­ ing the discovery of Siluro-Devonian omy, College of General Education, Univer­ system in the Kitakami mountainland. sity of Tokyo, Tokyo. Phacops, Encrinurus and other trilobites

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., (lOOs), 1976 A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 45 were reported from a stratigraphic stand­ mount:lins (OKAZAKI, 1974; OKAZAKI, point. Carboniferous Palaeophyllipsia TANAKA and TANAKA, 1975; KOBAYASHI SUGIYAMA and OKANO (1944) was the and HAMADA, 1975). The results have first trilobite genus established on the been compiled into the second monograph basis of japanese material. by KOBA YASH! and HAMADA entitled The third period, from 1950 to 1972, is "Devonian Trilobites of japan" (1975, marked by accumulation of data. As the MS). occurrence of the Siluro-Devonian System On the other hand, study of foreign was reported also from the Outer Zone specimens by Japanese began with the of Southwest Japan and from the Hida Cambrian trilobites from Northeast China mountains, Encrinuridae, Cheiruridae and that were reported by KOBA YASH! (1930) Scutelluidae were discovered in succes­ and R. ENDO (1932). Chinese specimens sion. Dechenella and Thysanopeltella were studied further by SAITO (1933), from the Kitakami mountainland were ENDO (1935, 1939), and ENDO and RESSER described and re-examined. In the mean­ (1939). Before long, KOBA YASH! set about time, Ryuji ENDO and Eiji MATSUMOTO his energetic researches on trilobites of (1961) published a comprehensive report the East Asian continent. Since the pre­ on Carboniferous to Permian trilobites. war days KOBA YASH! had been pursuing Description of Wenlockian Coronocephalus the Cambrian to Ordovician trilobite kobayashii from Kyushu (Takashi HAMA­ assemblages not only in China but also DA, 1959) became the first report on com­ in the Korean Peninsula, and published plete individuals with cephalon, thorex many new views on higher taxa of trilo­ and pygidium. Furthermore, Motome bites. As early as 1935, he distinguished HIRATA, Jun'ichi HAMADA and T. HA­ 4 stocks, Agnostida, Redlichida, Coryn­ MADA (1967) listed up 9 genera and 12 exochida and Ptychoparida, and discussed species of Silurian trilobites from one fundamental problems in taxonomy of locality, and this fact must have rectified trilobites. His conception is basically the past erroneous idea that trilobites taken up in " Treatise of Invertebrate were scarce in japan. Since then, data Paleontology, pt. 0, 1959 ". Ontogenesis and specimens began to be piled up of Redlichia and Blackwelderia were ex­ rapidly. plicitly studied by KOBA YASH! and his The fourth period, from 1973 on, is collaborator (1951). characterized by animated discussions on These taxonomic studies of trilobites geologic ages and phylogeny of trilobites were based on the descriptions of Cam­ referring to the specimens hitherto de­ brian-Ordovician specimens not only from scribed. "Silurian Trilobites of japan" the Chinese continent but also from by Teiichi KOBAYASHI and T. HAMADA Tasmania, New Zealand, Australia, Yun­ (1974) was the first monograph ever pub­ nan-Tonkin, Kashmir, Siberia, Yukon­ lished in japan on japanese trilobites. Alaska border, the Canadian Rockies, and As many as 40 species were described the vast circum-Pacific region including in the monograph. Thus, japan has come Bolivia and Argentina of South America. to occupy a high place in the circum­ It is worthy of note that the studies dealt Pacific region, as well as in Asia, as with the materials of the circum-Pacific regards the occurrence of trilobites. region with Asia as its center, in spite Materials of Devonian trilobites also have of the fact that the science of taxonomy been successively gained from the Hida had been developed mainly with the 46 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.:

European materials. bites (KOBAYASHI and HAMADA, 1974, The above-mentioned far-reaching 1975). studies gave rise, as an inevitable con­ sequence, to discussions of geologic ages, Crustacea : 1. Conchostraca : The first palaeogeography and palaeoenvironment description of Japanese fossil Concho­ on the basis of trilobite assemblages, and straca is found in Matajiro YOKOYAMA a number of important papers were pub­ (1894). After a blank of 20 odd years, lished with such themes as the Ozarkian OGAWA and WATANABE (1923) reported problem (1933), the significance of the 2 species of Mesozoic Estheria from the Masari facies in the Cambrian period Korean Peninsula. It was followed by (1936, 38), the assumption of the Tsinling­ the works of KoBAYASHI and his collabo­ Keijo line in the Cambrian-Ordovician rators (FUJITA, Kmo, T ANI, et a!.) who period (1930), and the intercontinental studied the Mesozoic Conchostraca from sea connections and provincialism (1944, Northeast China, Korea and Southwest 1965, 1970, 1971, 1972). Japan, over a period of about 10 years. One of the remarkable achievements In 1954, KOBAYASHI published a com­ of postwar researches on trilobites out­ prehensive paper on Conchostraca of the side Japan is the study of geology and world, dealing with 48 genera (including palaeontology of Southeast Asia. It began subgenera) and 399 species (including with the work of KOBAYASHI (1956) de­ taxa of forms below species). scribing the Cambrian trilobites collected From about 1943, living Conchostraca by DEPRAT from the Tonkin-Yunnan became the subject of study, and obser­ border area. In 1957, Upper Cambrian vations and researches were made on the trilobites from the Thai territory of the characters of egg and shell, the sexual Malay Peninsula were reported by KoBA­ dimorphism and the relation between YASHI- His report made a great contri­ climate and life form, in parallel with bution to the geologic history of the older the study of Mesozoic specimens. The folded mountains of Southeast Asia. results, compiled by Hisashi KusuMr Since then, field survey in Southeast (1957), contributed a great deal to the Asia became active and the regional and study of fossil Conchostraca. stratigraphic knowledge of trilobites In recent years Mesozoic fossils have gained rapidly. In Geology and Palaeon­ been reported from various parts of tology of Southeast Asia, vol. 15 (1974), Southeast Asia. KOBAYASHI (1973, 1975) as many as 64 species of trilobites were has pointed out that ancestral forms of listed up by KOBAYASHI and HAMADA. Order Conchostraca were sea-dwellers Among them, 11 genera, 1 subgenus and during the Ordovician-Silurian period but 36 species are new taxa, including such afterwards they were all fresh-water unique forms as Pseudotrinodus, Lang­ forms, and that although they flourished gonia and Prodontochile. The increasing remarkably in the Mesozoic era they knowledge of these trilobites, along with vanished entirely in the Tertiary period the progress of the study of Japanese until they reappear as living forms of specimens, will throw a fresh light on today. His indications are important in the older folded region of Asia. The considering distribution and phylogeny Ordovician-Silurian boundary problem of Conchostraca. and the early Middle Devonian provincial­ Cambrian Tuzoia (ENDO and RESSER, ism were discussed on the basis of trilo- 1912) from Manchuria and Lower Per- A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 47

mian Coreocaris (KOBAYASHI, 1937) from his paper (1970) HANAI discussed schizo­ Korea are two rare phyllocariids in East dont ostracods and readjusted this prob­ Asia. lematical group, by referring to the car­ 2. Ostracoda: The history of Palaeozoic apace and the appendages that are par­ ostracods researches in Japan is still ticularly important in living species, as young. The first recorded study is the well as to horizons and distributions of one by HAMADA (1959) who described fossil species. According to him, schizo­ and taxonomically examined Devonian dont ostracods can be divided into two "Leperditia" japonica. In the same paper tribes, Schizocytherini and Paijenborchel­ he proposed a new genus Pteroleperditia lini, under Schizocytherinae, in spite of based on an exhaustive investigation of the diversity of their surface ornamen­ literature. Kunihiro ISHIZAKI (1963, 1964) tations. detected 7 genera, 18 species of silicified 3. Cirripedia: Study of Cirripedia in ostracods from Carboniferous limestones. Japan is represented by a series of ex­ His work was the first faunal description cellent works of HIRo (=UCHINOMI) on of Japanese Palaeozoic ostracods. He also living species, while records of fossil found a Lower Permian fauna, described materials are very few inclusive of some 10 genera, 19 species, and established a brief accounts on Coronula detached from new genus Hataiella (later emended as the skin of whale. Khataiella). From the Middle Permian Quite recently, Toshiyuki YAMAGUCHI ISHIZAKI reported 13 genera, 22 species, (1971, 1973) collected and arranged Japa­ but the data are too local to be used in nese Tertiary to Quaternary balanids. discussion of Palaeozoic ostracod faunas He re-examined living species and com­ in Japan. pared them with the corresponding fossil From the Sungari Group of Northeast species. In describing 5 species of China, 8 genera, 13 species and 1 variety balanids from the Miocene Mizunami of non-marine ostracods were described Group, he suggested that fossil balanids by Tetsuro HANAI (1951). This was the can be useful for reconstruction of first account of Mesozoic ostracods by paleoenvironment because they comprise Japanese, but it was no more than a elements of warm current and those of report of one isolated fauna, as was the cold current. case with the Japanese Palaeozoic ostra­ 4. Malacostraca: The history of deca­ cods. pods studies in Japan was compiled by Cenozoic ostracods of Japan were first Rikizo lMAIZUMI (1963). According to reported by Jiro MAKIY AMA (1931) with him, the first description of Japanese the specimens from the Pliocene Kake­ fossil Crustacea was made by DE HAAN gawa Group, but it was much later that who mentioned Arges parallelus in somewhat detailed description was given "Fauna Japonica" (P. F. VON SIEBOLD, by ISHIZAKI (1966). Under such circum­ 1833-51). Later, Tsune SAKAI (1939) con­ stances, a series of researches by HANAI, firmed the occurrence of the same fossil with the results recorded in Studies on species in Hiejima Island of Kagawa the Ostracoda from Japan, I-V, was an Prefecture. epoch-making achievement. Moreover, Mesozoic crabs were recorded very HANAI (1959) published a bibliography little. There was a report by JIMBO that contains all records of Japanese (1894) on Eucorystes japonicus from the living and fossil ostracods studies. In Yubari district of Hokkaido. On Ceno- 48 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: zoic fossil crabs, IMAIZUMI published his Lately, FUJIY AMA is devoting himself to successive studies (1952, 1957, 1959, 1960, description of fossil insects, and through 1961, 1962 et seq.). Especially Carcino­ his consecutive studies (1967, 1968, 1969, plax has been studied in detail. 1970, 1974) the presence of tropical insects With regard to fossil shrimp, NAGAO (Heliocopris, etc.) in the middle Miocene (1931) reported Linuparus japonicus from has become known. HruRA (1971) also the Scaphites bed of Ikushumbetsu in has described a late Miocene carabid. Hokkaido. Afterwards, IMAIZUMI (1938) With regard to Pleistocene insects, recorded three species of Astacus, late there are descriptions of dragonflies by Jurassic fresh-water shrimp, from Ling­ ESAKI and ASAHINA (1957) and ASAHINA yuan of Jehol, Northeast China. Records (1959), of bugs by OISHI (1931) and Hr­ of fossil shrimp are thus scarce includ­ URA (1961), and of a Papilio and a cicad ing a report by Hiroshi NIINO (1951). by FUJIY AMA (1968). Occurrence of Fossil isopods also are little known. fossil insects in various parts of the There is only a report by IMAIZUMI country has been reported by KINUGASA (1953) on Bathynomus from Okayama (1974). Quite recently, nearly 50 families and Ishikawa Prefectures. Anomocardia of insects contained in Pleistocene amber fossils were recorded in the papers by at Mizunami have been listed up (H!URA NAGAO and Kazuo HUZIOKA (1938), NA­ and MIYATAKE, 1974 et seq.). GAO and 0TATSUME (1938) and NAGAO (1932, 1941) reporting of Callianassa Other Arthropods: Lower Permian Eu­ species from the Oligocene to Miocene proops (KOBAYASHI, 1933) from the Jido beds in Hokkaido, by IMAIZUMI (1953, Series in Korea is a sole representative 1957, 1959) on Ctenocheles and Calliana­ of fossil Merostomata in East Asia. ssa, and by NISHIKAwA (1972) on un­ Fossil arachnids had been reported by identified anomocarid crustaceans. KISHIDA as early as 1920, but no definite description of specimen was made until Insecta : The first account of Japanese a Pliocene spider from Hyogo Prefecture Mesozoic insects was given by Ienori was described by ARIT A and Y AMANA FUJIY AMA (1973) when he described (1970). From amber in the Mizunami several species of Triassoblatta, Minese­ district, 11 species belonging in Acarina des and Ominea (Paraplecoptera), Jpsvici­ and 6 species in Arenea have been re­ oides (Hemiptera) and some species of corded (H!URA and MIYATAKE, 1974). beetle from the upper Triassic of Yama­ These specimens, along with those from guchi Prefecture. Prior to this, Ephe­ Shiobara (Tokio SHIKAMA 1965 ; Takashi meropsis nymph (mayfly) and Chresmoda HAMADA, 1975), await detailed paleon­ (Phasmid) from the late Jurassic of Jehol, tological studies. Northeast China, had been recorded by On Myriapoda, too, fossil records are Masuzo UENO (1935) and Teizo ESAKI scanty. SHIKAMA (1965) reported Diplo­ (1945). poda from the Pleistocene cave deposits Reports on Cenozoic insects have been in Ehime Prefecture, and H. MINATO restricted to those of Neogene Tertiary (1974) found Rhipidopeltis sp. in amber and younger ages in Japan. IMAMURA of Mizunami. No other reports worth­ (1974) has published a review of the past while mentioning have been published studies. NAORA (1933) reported some up to now. insects of Pleistocene and Miocene. A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 49

Echinodermata-History of Research

Akira MORISHITA*

Echinoids constitute a greater part of University to the paleontology course at fossil Echinodermata studied in Japan, the Tohoku Imperial University. He de­ and they are mostly of Cenozoic age. It scribed 88 genera, 232 species of ophiu­ is strange that no comprehensive reports roids in the seas around Japan and indi­ were written on crinoids in spite of cated their distribution. their abundant occurrence in the Permo­ Numerous papers were written on Carboniferous system throughout the fossil echinoids whose abundance ranks country. There are several papers de­ probably next to fossil molluscs. The scribing crinoids, namely, by lchiro HA­ first record was made by NAUMANN and YASAKA (1924) on '' Actinocrinus" global us NEUMA YR (1890) in describing Cidaris from the Carboniferous Omi limestone spines from Sakawa, Kochi Prefecture_ of Niigata Prefecture, by Hisakatsu Y ABE Kotora JIMBO (1894) described Ananchy­ and Toshio SUGIYAMA (1934) and by tinarum from the Cretaceous of Hok­ Masao MINA TO (1951) on Actinocrinus kaido. This was the first account of and Amphoracrinus from the Carboni­ fossil echinoids by Japanese. Since then, ferous system of the Kitakami mountain­ fossil echinoids were dealt with by many land, by Teiichi KOBA YASi:II (1935) on the authors, namely, Shigeyasu TOKUNAGA Jurassic Pentacrinus in Toyoura-gun of (formerly YOSHIWARA), Takumi NAGAO, Yamaguchi Prefecture and the Jurassic Syozo NISIY AMA (formerly AOKI), Yano­ Pseudosaccocoma from Sakawa of Kochi suke 0TUKA, lchiro HAY ASAKA, Akira Prefecture. Blastoid was recorded only MORISHITA, Masao MINATO, Wataru once when MINATO (1951) reported Nym­ HASHIMOTO, Matsutaro SHIBATA, Kei­ phaeoblastus from the Carboniferous sys­ saku TANAKA, Masahiro OKUBO, Hiroshi tem of the Kitakami mountainland. Mio­ OzAKI, Toshio SAITO, Hiroshi UJIIE and cene beds in variotfs districts are known Toshio NISHIO. to contain some asteroids, such as Luidia The paper by TOKUNAGA (1903) is and Astropecten, with Amphiura and important in that it drew up, for the other ophiuroids, but no scientific de­ first time, a comprehensive list of Japa­ scription. of these fossils ·seems to have nese fossil echinoids of various geologic been attempted so far. A· noticeable ages. He described 25 species in 19· achievement was the study ·of recent genera of echinoids ranging in age from species of ophiuroids . by Hikoshichiro Cretaceous to Pleistocene. Several years MATSUMOTO (1917) who turned from the ago, at the British' Museum (Natural zoology course at the Tokyo Imperial History)" in London I found that one specimen of Astriclypeus integer, from * Institute· of. Earth Sciences, Faculty of the Miocene series of Yamanashi Pre­ Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya. fecture, is accompanied by a note, dated

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., (lOOs), .1976 50 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.:

July 1899, sent from TOKUNAGA to Dr. the Bonin Islands were also studied. F.A. BATHER, an authority on echinoids. NISIY AMA's results and the results of all The note reminded me of TOKUNAGA's other authors were compiled into " the devotion to fossil echinoids. It is inter­ Echinoid Fauna from Japan and Adjacent esting that TOKUNAGA and MATSUMOTO, Regions, Parts 1, 2 (Palaeontological So­ both distinguished experts on mammals, ciety of japan, Special Paper, no. 11, 1966, produced achievements as pioneers in no. 13, 1968)", which Japan can boast to echinoderms also. the world as the most authentic edition A series of studies on fossil and recent on echinoderms. In this edition NISI­ echinoids of Taiwan by HAYASAKA (1947- YAMA gave detailed descriptions of fossil 1948, partly under joint authorship with echinoids, amounting to 68 genera, 114 MORISHITA) should be put on record. species and 11 subspecies (Paleozoic : 1 Since 1950, MORISHITA has been de­ genus, 2 species, Mesozoic: 17 genera, 23 scribing fossil echinoids, mostly of Ter­ species, Cenozoic : 66 genera, 89 species, tiary age, from various parts of japan. 11 subspecies), and discussed the charac­ In 1960 he fixed their biostratigraphic teristics of echinoid fauna of fossil and positions and listed up 30 genera, 65 recent species. species and 4 subspecies. He also dis­ However, paleoecology and evolution cussed their relation with lithology (1965) of echinoids have been studied very little and phylogeny of some of them (1963, in Japan. For future studies in these 1964). fields, many stratigraphic problems have After all. things taken together, it is to be solved first. For instance, Miocene undeniable that S. NISIY AMA is the rep­ Astriclypeus, Echinolampas, Brissopsis and resentative of echinoids researchers; His Kewia should be duly evaluated as signif­ consecutive studies, dating from 1935, icant and effective index fossils. Also, dealt mostly with specimens from north­ extensive studies of other echinoderms ern regions, such as the Tohoku district, of abundant occurrence, such as Paleo­ Hokkaido and Sakhalin, but some from zoic crinoids and Tertiary asteroids, are the Kanto district, Southwest japan and required,

A Short History of Vertebrate Paleontology in Japan

Tadao KAMEl*

The japanese Islands, unlike the conti­ mentary and isolated, having been trans­ nental regions, are scarce of terrestrial ported over a long distance to be buried formations such as fresh water deposits. in sediments. Moreover, they are often Accordingly, fossils of land vertebrates deformed or broken by compression and/ are extremely poor and most of them are or shearing stress caused by intensive allochthonous. They are usually frag- tectonic movements. The scarcity of fossil vertebrates re­ * Department of Geology and Mineralogy, sults in the relative paucity of research­ College of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto. ers and research reports, which accounts

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., (lOOs), 1976 A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 51 for the small rate of vertebrate paleon­ work of K. MARTIN (1883-90) on the tology among the paleontological re­ Indonesian vertebrate fossils. Under searches in Japan. Nevertheless, Japa­ these circumstances, European research­ nese vertebrate paleontology had held an ers were directing their attention to ver­ internationally important position, based tebrate fossils in japan. on the geographical uniqueness of the In 1872-74 the "Nihon Sanbutsu Shi" Japanese Islands, being located along the (Products of Japan) written by K. ITO border of the East Asian continent, and was published from the Ministry of Edu­ has developed in its own way dealing cation. This book recorded some verte­ with meager materials. The history of brate fossils. In 1877 when the Imperial vertebrate paleontology in japan can be University of Tokyo was established and divided into five stages (KAMEr, 1968), the Tokyo Museum was opened, fossil but the present article reviews the specimens were gathered and the situa­ history in four periods by relating it to tion for research activity was improved. the worldwide development of paleonto­ Japanese mammalian fossils were de­ logy and characteristic progress in japan. scribed by E. NAUMANN (1882) and D. The Initial Stage (1868-1900) : This BRAUNS (1887), both German scientists period is characterized by the research staying in Japan in those days, although work of foreign scientists. It was the there was a large divergence of views period of description. Before the Meiji between the two on specific identification, era, vertebrate fossils were mostly dating and paleoclimate. At any rate, treated as medicines due to the influence it was in this period that the study of of the Chinese thought, or as objects of fossil proboscideans became an important collection by amateurs or as treasures of theme of vertebrate paleontology in Ja­ temples and shrines, seldom as the ob­ pan. jects of modern paleontology. P.F. VON SIEBOLD, a German doctor in The Pioneering Period (1900-1920): Shige­ the employment of the Dutch East India yasu TOKUNAGA and Hikoshichiro MA­ Company, came to Japan in 1823 and TSUMOTO left their footmarks as Japa­ stayed until 1829. During his stay he nese researchers and as pioneers in ver­ introduced japanese fauna and flora to tebrate paleontology of Japan. Both of Europe. A fossil elephant that was them were zoologists, in contrast to the heaved up from the bottom of the Seto fact that Matajiro YoKOYAMA and Hisa­ Inland Sea in a fishing net was brought katsu Y ABE, pioneers in invertebrate by him to his country. This specimen paleontology, were geologists. was described later by K. MARTIN (1887). ToKUNAGA, collaborating with Juzo Prior to this, British paleontologist A. L. IWASAKI, described the fossil skull of a ADAMS (1868) reported a fossil elephant large mammal which had been discovered discovered in an area " between Edo and at Togari of Mizunami City, Gifu Pre­ Kanagawa ". fecture, and assigned it to a proboscidean. During this period, H. FALCONER and This was the first discovery of a skull R. LYDEKKER studied the Cenozoic mam­ of Desmostylus (YOSHIW ARA [ = TOKU­ malian fossils from the Siwalik Hills of NAGA] and IWASAKI, 1902). Later, the India, and the vertebrate fossils from specimen's similarity to Desmostylus hes­ China were introduced for the first time pents MARSH of California, North Amer­ by R. OWEN (1870). Also, there was the ica, was noted and it was recorded as 52 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: D. japonicus TOKUNAGA and IWASAKI fossils, but during this period a new (1914). Before this, desmostylid molars direction of study came out ; on the basis had been found in Shimane Prefecture of hitherto accumulated materials the and Gifu Prefecture in about 1898, but taxa and their phylogeny were discussed. the study of desmostylids that are pe­ With such tendency of research activity, culiar to the North Pacific region became faunal descriptions were made and posi­ an important theme of Japanese verte­ tioning of faunas in the East Asian re­ brate paleontology for the first time in gions was attempted. Furthermore, in this period. japanese vertebrate paleontology which On the other hand, the extremely rich had been strongly bound with geology contents of the fossil vertebrate fauna was born an attitude turning toward of the Chinese continent were being dis­ interdisciplinary researches to work in closed through the works of R. OWEN, concert with biology, medical science and E. KOKEN, M. SCHLOSSER, 0. ZDANSKY dentistry. and others over a period, from the 1870's Till then, the Imperial University of to 1903. In 1903, Takuji OGAwA made Tokyo where S. To'K:uNAGA taught and geological survey of Shantung and re­ the Tohoku Imperial University with H. corded several mammalian fossils. H. MATSUMOTO had been the center of ver­ MATSUMOTO studied mammalian fossils tebrate paleontology in japan, but as that had been collected from Si-chuan time lapsed into this period fossil verte­ and Honan. He pointed out that the brates began to be studied also at the Mammalian fauna of Wan-xian in Si­ Kyoto Imperial University, Hokkaido chuan Province comprises two horizons, Imperial University and Waseda Univer­ " upper Pliocene" and " lower Pleisto­ sity. cene". This was the first study which H. MATSUMOTO published his views referred to the geologic age of the Wan­ on classification and phylogeny of fossil xian fauna (H. MATSUMOTO, 1915a, b). proboscideans in a series of works with In the study of japanese fossil verte­ japanese specimens including Moerithe­ brates, it is important to consider them rium and Palaeomastodon (1923, 1924a, b, in connection with those of East Asia. c, 1926a, b, 1929a, b). Jiro MAKIY AMA of This was done by H. MATSUMOTO (1915- the Kyoto Imperial University published 1930) who consciously dealt with pro­ a monograph (1938) on the fossil pro­ boscideans and artiodactyls, particularly boscideans of the japanese Islands and bovine and cervine fossils. neighboring areas, mainly on the basis Thus, in this period the research field of the material obtained from the bottom of Japanese vertebrate paleontology ex­ of the Seto Inland Sea. The results of panded remarkably, with various sub­ these leading japanese paleontologists jects such as fossil proboscideans, desmos­ were largely adopted. in " Proboscidea, tylids, artiodactyls-especially cervine Vols. I, II, 1938-41" by H. F. OSBORN fossils-, and the faunal changes of the who contributed to the study of pro­ vertebrates in Japan in relation to East boscideans of the world. It must be Asia. mentioned here, however, that in classi­ fying proboscideans MAKIY AMA was a The Summarizing and Developing Period Jumper in contrast to H. MATSUMOTO (1920-1945): Up to this time most of re­ who was a splitter. searches were individual descriptions of Through the study of desmostylids, a A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 53 large quantities of materials were ob­ kuo conducted excavation at Kuhsiang­ tained from various parts of japan and tung of South Manchuria in 1931. They from Sakhalin as well. An epoch-making also carried out excavation at Tamalukou event was the discovery of a complete of South Manchuria and at Dokantin of skeleton at Keton of Sakhalin in 1933. North Korea, disclosing the Late Pleisto­ In those days views were diverse on the cene mammalian fauna (TOKUNAGA and taxonomic po3ition of desmostylid, but Nobuo NAORA, 1939). Ryuji ENDO and the morphological study in japan was T. SHIKAMA, working at the Central initiated by H. MATSUMOTO (1918a). Late, Natural Museum of Manchoukuo that Takumi NAGAO of the Ho:(kaido Imperial was established in 1938, proceeded with University studied the morphology of their study of fossil vertebrates. Note­ Desmostylus teeth and its geological worthy achievements were the study of significance (1935a, b, 1977a-d, 1941). the Djalainor skull (ENDO, 1945) and the Shoji IJIRI worked on the dental morpho­ discovery of Endotherium (SHIKAMA, logy and the histology of Desmostylus 1947), the oldest placental mammal, from (1937a, b, 1938a, b, 1939a, b, 1940). And the Husin coal formation (Late Jurassic yet, description and restoration of the to early Cretaceous). The study of the Keton specimen remained undone. Eocene mammals from the Hosan Coal Study of japanese cervine fossils began Fields of North Korea (SHIKAMA, 1943; with the work of H. MATSUMOTO (1918b, T AKAI, 1945) was important in the re­ 1926c), which was succeeded by S. TOKU­ lation with the Paleogene mammalian NAGA and Fuyuji T AKAI (1936, 1939), fauna of Japan, as observed in the Ube Tokio SHIKAMA (1936a, b, 1937, 1938), and and lshikari Coal Fields. The mammalian 25 species under 11 genera described so fossils of the Ryukyu Islands were stud­ far were summarized by SHIKAMA (1941). ied, too (TOKUNAGA, 1937, 1940; TOKU­ During this period, excavation and in­ NAGA and TAKA!, 1939). vestigation of vertebrate fossils were With regard to Reptilia, researches carried out on a large scope in various were made on such specimens as Mon­ districts of East Asia and Southeast Asia. jurosuchus and jeholosauripus (ENDO and Especially the discovery of " Sinanthro­ SHIKAMA, 1942; SHIKAMA, 1942) and Teil­ pus" at Choukoutien in 1926 markedly hardosaurus (SHIKAMA, 1947). In South accelerated the progress of vertebrate Sakhalin a complete skeleton of Nippono­ paleontology in the Chinese continent. saurus, a kind of land dinosaur Tracho­ Chinese vertebrate paleontology was con­ don, was found and described (NAGAO, ducted chiefly by the Cenozoic Research 1936, 1938) though its restoration was Laboratory in Peking, which was estab­ not performed. lished in 1927, and by the Geological Fossil fishes from the Mesozoic of Survey of China. Besides Chinese re­ Manchuria were described by T AKAI searchers, a large number of western (1941, 1942, 1943). scientists took part in the research work. As specimens and information of East Japanese researchers also contributed Asian vertebrate fossils accumulated, it to the development of vertebrate paleon­ became necessary to review and sum­ tology through their scientific activities marize the existing materials. It was in Northeast China (Manchuria), Korean done especially by comparing them with Peninsula and Taiwan. For example, the those of japan and by clarifying the First Scientific Expedition to Manchou- position of japanese materials (T AKAI, 54 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: 1938, 1939, 1941 ; SHIKAMA, 1941, 1942; Shoji IJIRI, since 1936, has been con­ NAORA, 1943). It is interesting that at ducting histological and physiological about . the same time the. mammalian researches on the teeth of Desmostylus fossils from the Chinese continent and and proboscidean fossils. Up to that aqjacent regions were compiled by Teil­ time, vertebrate paleontology in Japan hard DE CHARDIN and P. LEROY into a had been concerned mostly with descrip­ list entitled " Chinese Fossil Mammals" tion of specimens from the biostrati­ (1942). The list also introduced Japanese graphical viewpoint alone, but IJIRI's specimens fairly extensively. work helped to develop methodology Mentioned so far are the development which, by deliberating adopting biological and the summary of the four major techniques, synthesized the biological and themes of vertebrate paleontology in geological methods (IJIRI, 1949). Japan, that were presented in the pre­ Another advance was the approach to ceding period. But several new themes the science of evolution from the field were indicated in this period. of paleogeography. At this stage the In the regions where marine deposits regional biogeography developed into the are developed well, like the Japanese historical biogeography. !; Biogeography Islands, study of marine fossil vertebrates of Japanese Islands " by Mitoshi TOKUDA is important. Japan abounds in cetacean (1941) exerted a large influence upon and pinnipedian fossils, not counting geology, paleontology, and the science of desmostylids. Fossil Cetacea was studied evolution, as well as upon biogeography. first by MATSUMOTO (1917, 1926a, b), The correlation of mammalian faunas followed by the works of MAKIY AMA between East Asia and other continents (1936) and NAGAO (1941). SHIKAMA and since the Mesozoic time was discussed D.P. DOMMING (1970) reported on a Plio­ by SHIKAMA (1943) and TAKA! (1952). cene Sirenia Hydrodamalis which sug­ gests a relation to North America. Period of Expansion and Differentiation Then, differing from the past way of (from 1950 on) : Intensification of the individual description of fossils, a new Second World War and the chaos of trend of study came out, as represented postwar days deteriorated the condition by the description of the regional fauna of academic work and caused a tem­ as a whole and its paleoecological study. porary paralysis of research activities. Along this line there was the work of The characteristics of the postwar re­ SHIKAMA on fossiliferous fissure deposits search work are, group studies, large of the Kuzuu Limestone. He made the scale excavations and investigations, first report in 1937, but publication of comprehensive studies in various fields, the comprehensive report had to wait and activation of international scientific until the termination of the Second World interchanges. War (SHIKAMA, 1949). His work was the In 1950, the Desmostylus Research first step toward the study of the Japa­ Committee (DEREC) was organized, the nese Quaternary vertebrates, in par­ main object of which was the study of ticular the abundant fossils in cave the skeleton of Desmostylus mirabilis deposits, and it was important also in NAGAO that had been found at Keton of the respect that it presented a problem Sakhalin and preserved at Hokkaido Uni­ of the domain bordered by poleontology, versity. With H. Y ABE as the chairman, anthropology and archeology. S. IJIRI, M. MINATO, T. SHIKAMA and F. A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 55

TAKA! proceeded with the study, which A significant development during this was intended for development of one period was the study of Quaternary major theme of japanese vertebrate mammalian fossils in cave and fissure paleontology. It happened in the same deposits. It began with SHIKAMA's "The year that a complete skeleton of Paleo­ Kuzuu Ossuaries" (1949), but NAORA paradoxia tabatai (TOKUNAGA) belonging (1954) also made a comprehensive study to Desmostylia was discovered at Toki on specimens from various parts of the City of Gifu Prefecture. Part of the re­ country. Later, the presence of rich search result on this specimen was pub­ fauna was reported from Same Cave in lished (IJIRI and KAMEl, 1961 ; SHIKAMA, Shiga Prefecture (SHIKAMA et al., 1952), 1966). from Mikatagahara in Shizuoka Prefec­ Accompanying engineering works and ture (SHIKAMA et al., 1955), from Aki­ constructions that were being carried yoshidai in Yamaguchi Prefecture (SHI­ out on a large scale, findings of fossil KAMA and 0KAFUJI, 1957, 1958), from proboscideans were frequently reported Kumaishi Cave in Gifu Prefecture (OKU­ from various parts of the country. Using MURA, 1973), and from Okinawa-jima and these specimens, a systematic study was Miyako-jima (HASEGAwA. et al., 1973). undertaken on Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) The analysis of fauna in these cave de­ naumanni MAK., a Pleistocene elephant posits offered much information on smal­ commonly found in japan. Yoshikazu ler fossils, such as insectivores and HASEGAWA (1972) studied the innumer­ primates (HASEGAWA, 1957 ; SHIKAMA able specimens (Takao collection) ob­ and HASEGAWA, 1958; HASEGAWA et al., tained mostly from the -bottom off Shodo 1968; IWAMOTO and HASEGAWA, 1972; Island in Seto Island Sea, and revealed IWAMOTO and TAKA!, 1972). This made their individual variation. The specimens it possible to study micro-mammals which from the bottom of Lake Nojiri in Naga­ had been considered a difficult task for no Prefecture and Churui of Hokkaido the japanese vertebrate paleontologists. were studied by Tadao KAMEl and Biro­ · The above-mentioned research works yuki TARUNO (1971, 1973). let to synthetic studies connected with While the stratigraphical and chrono­ anthropology and archeology. Such stud­ logical studies of the Japanese Quater­ ies resulted in the discovery of human nary were in progress, the biostrati­ bones of late Pleistocene age from the graphical study based on mammalian limestone area of the Tokai district and fossils, mainly proboscideans, was con­ from the fissure deposits in limestone of ducted (KAMEl, 1962; KAMEl and SETO­ Okinawa-jima. These bones, though frag­ GUCHI, 1970 ; SHIKAMA et. al., 1973). mentary, were named Mikkabi Man, With regard to fossil cervids, early Hamakita Man, Ushikawa Man and Mi­ Pleistocene specimens obtained mainly natogawa Man, according to their locali­ from the Kuchinotsu formation of Kyu­ ties (Hisashi SUZUKI, 1962 ; T AKAI, 1966; shu were studied by Hiroyuki OTSUKA Naotsune WATANABE, 1973). An early (1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1972). Also, discovery of fossil man was made in 1931 there are the works on late Pleistocene when N. NAORA found a hipbone at the Megaloceros and Alces (SHIKAMA, 1958, Akashi coast of Hyogo Prefecture. The 1962; MATSUMOTO et al., 1959; KAMEl, bone was assigned to early Pleistocene 1958; HASEGAWA, 1968 ; Shingo 0NODERA, age (Kotondo HASEBE, 1956), but its 1970). exact horizon remained unconfirmed. 56 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: .

An example of such joint researches mals, reports ar~ still few. Little study by anthropologists, vertebrate paleon­ was made. on Aves. On Reptilia, how­ tologists and geologists in Japan is seen ever, post-Cretaceous chelonians were in the study of the " Amud Man" and found and studied (SHIKAMA, 1953, 1956, coexisting fauna of the Middle and Near 1964; URATA, 1968; OTSUKA, 1970). An­ East (SUZUKI and TAKA!, ed., 1970). cient ichthyopterygia was recorded from In 1949 it was disclosed at Iwajuku of the Lower Triassic beds in Miyagi Pre­ Gumma Prefecture that paleolithic culture fecture (SHIKAMA, KAMEl and MURATA, had existed in Japan. Since that time, 1972), and Jurassic and. Cretaceous speci­ vertebrate paleontologists and archeo­ mens are known to occur in other parts logists kept on working together, as ex­ of Japan. The Upper Cretaceous forma­ emplified by the excavation at Hanaizumj tion at Futaba, Fukushima Prefecture, of Iwate Prefecture (1958-60) (MA TSU­ yielded a complete skeleton of plesiosaur MOTO et a!., 1959; Kanto Loam Research (Ikuwo 0BATA, HASEGAWA and SUZUKI, Group, 1961). Above all, the Lake Nojiri 1970), and a pterosaur was reported from Excavation is unique. From 1962, a large Hokkaido (OBATA, HASEGAWA and OTSU­ number of people, not only specialists but KA, 1972). In Fukui Prefecture, Tedoro­ also non-specialists, have jointly worked saurus of Lacertilia was found from the in the excavation at Lake Nojiri in Late Jurassic beds (SHIKAMA, 1969). Nagano Prefecture. It was the first case Fossil reptiles of younger age are rep­ in Japan that along with numerous bones resented by Pleistocene Ophidia and cro­ of Paleolithic game animals like as ele­ codile (SHIKAMA, 1949; SHIKAMA and phant and deer, stone implements and Goro OKAFUJI, 1958). A gigantic croco­ artifacts were unearthed from the latest dile, 8 m long Tomistoma, came from the Pleistocene deposits. In many respects, Osaka group (Nobuo KoBATAKE and it may be appreciated that this excava­ KAMEl, 1966). tion opens the way for new advancement Amphibian materials are extremely in paleontological, archaeological and scanty in Japan ; hitherto recorded are geological sciences (Lake Nojiri Exc. Rec. no more than several specimens of Rana, Group, 1975). etc., collected from Pleistocene lacustrine The histological and physiological study deposits and cave deposits (OKADA, 1937; of fossil teeth, that was initiated by S. SHIKAMA, 1949, 1955 ; SHIKAMA and 0KA­ IJIRI, was further developed, and with FUJI, 1958; SHIKAMA and HASEGAWA, the progress of paleobioche_mistry such 1962). modern techniques as X-ray.analysis and Study of fossil Pisces developed re­ electron microscopy were employed. markably in recent years. The oldest There came out the reports on crystal­ specimen of Chondrichthyes is the Per­ lographic study of fossil teeth (SATO, mian Helicoprion from Gumma Prefec­ Suoo and IJIRI, 1957; IJIRI, 1955), on ture. With regard to Elasmobranchii, organic matter in fossil teeth (IJIRI and numerous teeth are known to occur in Takayo FUJIWARA, 1958, 1959; IJIRI and post-Cretaceous beds. Masatoshi GOTO KOBAYASHI, 1960), on microstructure of (1972) published a comprehensive report fossil teeth (IJIRI and KAMEl, 1961 ; KAI­ on these specimens. Osteichthyes were BARA, 1968; Masahiko AKIYAMA et a!., recorded in JaRDIN's "Description of 1968; KOZAWA, 1974a, b). New Fossil Fish from Japan" (1919), but On other vertebrate fossils than mam- at present the Cenozoic fishes are the A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 57 major subject of research work. The fish scale (HAT AI, 1900; 0HE, 1970, 1973; Miocene marine fauna in the Tohoku and 0HE and ARAKI, 1973; TAN AKA et al., Kanto districts were studied by Jiro 1966). SA TO (1962, 1965, 1966). Yoshiro TOMODA Thus, vertebrate paleontological studies et al. (1973) described the Miocene fauna in Japan at the present time are many­ of Iki Island. On the Miocene-Pleistocene sided. To serve as a window for the freshwater fishes, Teruya UYENO and internal and international scientific ex­ others made extensive researches, deal­ changes, the Association for Vertebrate ing mainly with Cypriniformis of North Paleontology of Japan (A VP J) was set America and Japan (UYENO, 1961, 1963, up in 1972 within the Geological Society 1967 ; UYENO et al., 1962, 1963, 1965, 1975). of Japan. Also, th~re are the reports on otolith and

Problematica and Trace Fossils

Hiroshi NODA *

-... -.,., ' This article gives an outline of the Yukio KuwANO (1959). These books con­ history of researches in Japan on prob­ tributed to heighten the paleoecological lematica and trace fossils which are the significance of problematica and trace records of life of ancient organisms but fossils. Particularly the systematic re­ whose original forms or formative mecha­ searches on molluscan and crustacean nism remain unravelled. The fundamen­ burrowings, excluding sporadic records tal problems and basic concept on the as "sand-pipe" (JyUzo ARAI, 1955; ARA­ systematic classification and nomencla­ KI, 1959; HAT AI, 1938-1972 ; KIKUCHI, ture of problematica and trace fossils 1966-67; Koichiro MASUDA and TAKE­ have been discussed recently by FREY ZAWA, 1961; MASUDA and Hiroshi NODA, (1973), SIMPSON (1975) and others.** The 1969 ; SAITO, 1962, etc.), have developed studies in Japan have been developed into the field of paleoecological study under a strong influence of European (ITOIGAWA, 1963a, b, 1974; MASUDA, 1968, researchers. At about the time when 1971a, b, 1972; Tsutomu UTASHIRO, 1968; paleoecology began to be actively dis­ UTASHIRO and HORII, 1965a, b). Some of cussed in Japan, two remarkable paleo­ the results were good enough for dis­ ecological books of A. SEILACHER (1953) cussing the phylogeny (Kazuo OHSHIMA, and R. Th. HECKER (1957) were trans­ 1967, 1968). lated into Japanese by Yoshio KASENO The "Trace Fossils and Problematica" (1957a, b) and by Takeo ICHIKAWA and by W. HA.NTZSCHEL and " Worms " by B.F. HOWELL, published in the Treatise * Department of Earth Sciences, Tsukuba on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. W University. ** In order to systematize the classification (1962), gave a strong stimulus to the on an international scale, efforts are being studies in Japan (for example, Jiro KAT­ made by R. W. FREY and others, including TO's work, 1960-1975, on trace fossils Kotora HATAI of Japan. from the Cretaceous to Paleogene sys-

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., (lOOs), 1976 58 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: terns of the Shimanto Terrain in Shikoku lished by HAT AI and his collaborators, and from the Miocene Series of Waka­ who studied problematical fossils ranging yama Prefecture, and Keisaku TANAKA's from the Permian (HATAI and MURATA, work, 1970, on those from the Cretaceous 1971; HATAI, Masafumi MURATA and system of the Ikushunbetsu district. KAWAKAMI, 1972; HAT AI, Tamio KOTA­ Hokkaido). In the Treatise, HA.NTZSCHEL KA and NonA, 1972) to the Jomon age (1962) re-examined Manchuriophycus (HATAI, 1970), with a view that the fos­ (Ryuji ENDO, 1933), Notaculites (Teiichi sils would be significant enough if they KOBAYASHI, 1945) and Magarikune (Ma­ were distinguishable by morphological sao MINATO and Kunio SUYAMA, 1949) characters and were effectively used in that were the forerunning results on geology. They are in continuous pur­ Japanese "trace fossils". suit of paleoecological-paleoenvironmental As Ichir6 HAYASAKA (1957, 1960) point­ signficance of problematical fossils. ed out the ichnological researcher is In contrast with the European new required to possess knowledge of living method which introduced functional ele­ forms and to conduct careful observation ments into the conventional morpho­ of the tidal zone for understanding the logical classification, HATAI and NODA taxonomical problems of these fossils. (1975) showed a new approach to the In comparison with the European study study of trace fossils using Terebellina. on these fossils contributing a great deal It ts very desirable for the propagation to reconstruction of paleoenvironment of these paleoichnological fossils that and to paleogeographical analysis, the they are introduced much more in paleon­ Japanese one produced few reports and tological texts or illustrated books (KA­ is still backward in the line, although TTO, 1973a, b, 1974; Tokio SHIKAMA, some noticeable results have been pub- 1975; UTASHIRO, 1971).

Paleozoic Plants

Kazuo ASAMA *

Before World War II, few reports were plants are distributed in Japan. Later, made on Paleozoic plants of Japan. Japa­ Devonian plants were reported also from nese paleobotanists were dealing mainly Kochi Prefecture of Shikoku. The pre­ with the Upper Paleozoic plants from sence of Gigantopteris nicotianaefolia and Korea and China. It was only after the Bicoemplectopteris hallei in the Upper war that Devonian plants were discover­ Permian system of Fukushima Prefecture ed in I wate Prefecture, followed by the was recorded. Since these species are discovery of well-preserved Permian the representative constituents of the plants at Maiya of Miyagi Prefecture. Gigantopteris flora that characterizes the These findings proved that Paleozoic Upper Shihhotse Series in Shansi Prov­ ince of China, it became evident that the * Department of Paleontology, National Upper Paleozoic plants in Japan belong Science Museum, Tokyo. to the Gigantopteris flora.

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., (lOOs), 1976 A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 59 Devonian plants: The first record of Gigantopteris and mentioned that this Devonian plants in Japan was made by plant recorded in North America is of Koichi T ACHIBANA (1950) who described Lower Permian age whereas the plant Leptophloeum cfr. australe and Cyclo­ in China and Korea belongs to Lower stigma sp. from the Upper Devonian Triassic. But, it was the voluminous of Iwate Prefecture. Motome HIRATA work of HALLE (1927) on the flora of (1966) reported Leptophloeum rhombicum, Shansi Province that revealed the whole Lepidodendropsis sp. and Dometria sp. aspect of the Upper Paleozoic plants in from Kochi Prefecture, revealing the fact East Asia. that the distribution of Upper Devonian Shigetaro KAwASAKI (1927) established plants is not limited to the Tohoku dis­ a new genus Lobatannularia which pre­ trict but extends to the Shikoku district ceded HALLE's Annularites in the date in the south. of publication. KAWASAKI gave the full Upper Paleozoic vascular plants: (Lower picture of the Heian System of Korea Carboniferous plants in Malaysia): Lower through his studies (1931-1934), partly Carboniferous plants are not known in under joint authorship with Enzo KoN' Japan or Korea. The Lepidodendmpsis NO. KAWASAKI's work is comparable to flora that was distributed from central HALLE's study on the flora of central China to Yunnan is found in Malaysia, Shansi. KAwASAKI pointed out that the as Lepidodendropsis and Lepidodendron flora of the Kobosan Series, uppermost occur at Kuantan of Pahang Province member of the Heian System, includes (ASAMA, 1973). Gigantopteris, similar to the flora of the (Cathaysia flora in East Asia excluding Upper Shihhotse Series of China, and it japan): The name Cathaysia flora was shows some features common with the proposed by Thore G. HALLE (1937) for Gondwana flora. KoN'No (1960) recorded the Carboniferous to Permian plants of Schizoneura manchuriensis from the Pen­ East Asia. The Cathaysia flora, in its chi coal field of northeastern China and early stage, was close to the Euramerian showed that the plant, which is undis­ flora, but with the passage of time it tinguishably similar to Schizoneura of came to have an East Asian character Gondwana in external appearance, was represented by Gigantopteris nicotianae­ distributed as far north as Manchuria. folia and Lobatannularia heianensis. KoN'NO (1968) also reported the flora Therefore, the later stage of the Cathay­ that contains Lobatannularia, Gigantop­ sia flora is known by the name GigantoP­ teris and Rhipidopsis at Kaishantun on teris flora. The large simple leaf plant, the eastern border of Northeast China. Gigantopteris nicotianae folia, representa­ He considered that the Gondwana ele­ tive of the Gigantopteris flora, was re­ ments in China and Korea, such as corded first from Hunan of China by A. Schizoneura and Rhipidopsis, migrated SCHENK (1883). G. nicotianaefolia was from Gondwanaland into Cathaysia land described also from Mun-gyong of Korea during the Kungro-Kazanian interval by Hisakatsu Y ABE (1908). David WHITE (KON'NO, 1960, 1963, 1966). (1912) reported G. americana from North Genichi KOIDZUMI (1936) maintained America. He considered that this plant that the specimens hitherto reported as had migrated from East Asia into North Gigantopteris from China, Korea, Sumatra America via the Bering Strait. Y ABE and North America were too much di­ (1917) discussed the distribution of verse to be included in one genus, and 60 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: he divided them into eight genera. reported the flora that contains Gigantop­ Kazuo ASAMA (1959) thought that the teris and Lobatannularia from Thailand· simple leaf Gigantopteris had evolved out and Malaysia, and indicated that the of tripinnate frond, and assumed three southern limit of the Gigantopteris flora evolutional series, Emplectopteris series, had extended to Johore. Emplectopteridium s~ries .. and Kon'noa Cathaysia flora in japan : ASAMA (1956, series. According to.3.his notion, these 1967) was the first to record the presence evolutional series resulted from the of Permian plants in Japan. He reported change in the environment of North Ca­ Cathaysiopteris, Psygmophyllum, OdontoP­ thaysia when an oceanic mild climate teris and Taeniopteris from the Para­ turned to a continental dry climate. fusulina Zone at Maiya of Miyagi Pre­ ASAMA (1970) held an opinion that fecture, and revealed that this flora is Sphenophyllum in Cathaysia had under­ comparable with the flora of Shansi Series gone more advanced evolution than the of China. ASAMA and Masafumi MURA­ Euramerian flora and had acquired East TA (1974) reported two species of Tae­ Asian characteristics, hence he sub­ niopteris from Setamai of Iwate Prefec­ divided the genus into four genera. ture, and clarified that the Lower Per­ Also, he ascribed the occurrence of mian flora in Japan consisted chiefly of Schizoneura, Sphenophyllum speciosum Taeniopteris. and Rhipidopsis in Cathaysia and Gon­ ASAMA (1974) reported Gigantopteris, dwana to the parallelism of evolution in Bicoemplectopteris, etc., from the Upper the two continents, not to their migration Permian of Takakurayama in Fukushima from Gondwada to Cathyasia (ASAMA, Prefecture, showing that the representa­ 1966, 1970). tive plants of the Gigantopteris flora ex­ KON'NO and ASAMA (1963, 1966, 1970) isted in Japan, too.

Study of Mesozoic Plants in Japan and Adjacent Regions

Tatsuaki KIMURA*

From 1877 to 1945: In Japan, fossil The Tetori-type flora resembles the con­ plants are found in the strata. .of various temporaneous floras in the Siberian ages, ranging from Triassic to, ,j~te Cre­ palaeofloristic area (V.A. VAKHRAMEEV, taceous. According to the present kJIOW:l­ 1964, 1966, 1970, 1971), and the Ryoseki­ edge, the Japanese late Jurassic tor:~gply type flora is allied to the contempora­ Cretaceous floras are divided in too the neous floras in the Indo-European area, Tetori-type flora of the Inner Zone and namely, Wealden-type floras (Tatsuaki the Ryoseki-type flora of the Outer Zone. KIMURA, 1961, 1975; KIMURA and SEKIDO, 1963). * Department of Astronomy and Earth Sci­ The first researches of the Japanese ences, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo. Mesozoic floras were made by H.T. GEY-

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., (lOOs), 1976 A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 61

LER (1877) on the Tetori-type flora, and Groups of Yamaguchi Prefecture (OISHI, by A.G. NATHORST (1890) on the Ryo­ 1932; OISHI and TAKAHASHI, 1936), Shi­ seki-type flora. Since that time to the taka flora of Kyoto Prefecture (OISHI, beginning of the 20th century the re­ 1932). search work was succeeded by Matajiro Early Jurassic floras: Kuruma flora YOKOYAMA and Hisakatsu YABE, then of Nagano Prefecture and Toyama Pre­ resumed by Y ABE's students Seido ENDO, fecture (OISHI, 1931), flora of the Nishi­ S. ToYAMA, Saburo OISHI and Misaburo nakayama Formation of Yamaguchi Pre­ SHIMAKURA. Research activities of these fecture (OISHI, 1935). palaeontologists covered not only Japan In addition to the above, they made but also China and Korea. palaeobotanical studies on Fraxinopsis and YOKOYAMA described the Tetori-type Y abeiella (OISHI, 1931), Zamiophyllum flora in 1889, the Ryoseki-type flora in (OISHI, 1939), Swedenborgia (OISHI and 1894, and the late Triassic flora of Yama­ YAMASHITA [=HUZIOKA], 1935), Die/yo­ guchi Prefecture in 1905. These pioneer zamites (OISHI, 1936), and Dipteridaceae works of YoKOYAMA were supplemented (OISHI and YAMASHITA, 1936). Enzo by Y ABE. In 1913 Y ABE described the KoN'No (1944) discussed the phylogeny Ryoseki-type flora from Omoto, Iwate of Swedenborgia, and HuziOKA (1938, Prefecture, and in 1922 he described the 1939) described Matoniaceous ferns from Japanese, Chinese and Korean Mesozoic the Nishinakayama Formation and the plants preserved at Tohoku University. lower Monobegawa Group of Kochi Pre­ In 1927 Y ABE published a comprehensive fecture. study of the Japanese Cretaceous System, Summarizing the above-mentioned re­ accompanied by description of some Cre­ sults, OISHI (1940) published his com­ taceous plants. Y ABE and TOYAMA (1928) prehensive paper on the Mesozoic plants reported early Cretaceous algae from of Japan and Korea. He divided the Iwate Prefecture. Mesozoic plants of Japan and adjacent Mesozoic plants of Japan are mostly regions into Dictyophyllum, Onychiopsis impressions, retaining no texture, except and Angiosperm Series. Chronology of for some specimens from limited locali­ the Japanese Mesozoic plants owes a ties. M. C. STOPES (1909) and STOPES great deal to Teiichi KOBAYASHI (1938, and K. FUJII (1910) studied the specimens 1942). In the present paper, the ages of obtained from the Upper Cretaceous Sys­ the respective floras are based on the tem of Hokkaido, and made a histological latest results. study for the first time in Japan. After the work of ENDO (1925), the OISHI, working either by himself or in study of the late Cretaceous flora made collaboration with Kazuo HuzroKA and little progress. Kan KORIBA and Shigeru Eitaro TAKAHASHI, described the follow­ MIKI (1931) reported Archaeozostera from ing floras from various parts of the the Izumi Sandstone. Yuzuru OGURA country and largely contributed to the (1927, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1941) and development of the Japanese Mesozoic SHIMAKURA (1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, palaeobotany. 1939, 1941) largely contributed to the Middle to late Triassic floras: Nariwa study of Mesozoic fossil wood in Japan. flora of Okayama Prefecture (OISHI, 1930, They dealt not only with Japanese speci­ 1931, 1932; OISHI and HUZIOKA, 1935, mens but also with materials from China 1938), floras of Tsubuta, Habu and Mine and Korea. 62 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.:

Fossil plants of the adjacent regions 1949, 1950, 1951, 1957, 1967, 1973; TAKA­ became the subject of study in addition HASH! and G. NAITO, 1950; TAKAHASHI to the Japanese ones. YoKOYAMA (1906) and 0KAFUJI, 1967, 1968, 1970 ; TAKA­ studied Jurassic and Cretaceous plants HASH! et a!., 1965). obtained from Yun-nan, Ssu-ch'uang, KoN'No (1949, 1962, 1968) and KoN'No Chian-hsi, Shan-tnng and Liao-ning of and NAITO (1960) carried out detailed China. Jurassic to early Cretaceous plants palaeobotanical studies on fructifications were studied also by Y ABE (1908, 1922), of plants, particularly of Articulates and Y ABE and ENDO (1934, 1935), Y ABE and Coniferales, and opened up many new OISHI (1928, 1929, 1933, 1938), OISHI (1933, fields of science. Furthermore, they 1935, 1941), TOYAMA and OISHI (1935), added new knowledge to the morphology OISHI and TAKA HASH I (1938), and and classification of Dipteridaceae. KOBAYASHI and YOSHIDA (1944), and the KoN'No (1972) described Pleuromeia and area of study expanded as far as the Neocalamites from the lower Triassic northeastern region. The histological System of Miyagi Prefecture. study of Ginkgoales by OISHI (1933) is The Nariwa flora was added with related high as a great contribution. several genera and species by Nobuo Korea has the Daedong flora ranging KOBA TAKE (1954), TAKAHASHI (1952) in age from Triassic to early Jurassic, and HUZIOKA (1970). the early Cretaceous Nagdong (formerly KIMURA (1959) described the early Naktong) flora, and the late Cretaceous Jurassic flora discovered in Gumma Silla flora. The Daedong flora was Prefecture and the early Jurassic flora studied by YABE (1922), Shigetaro KA­ of Niigata Prefecture, and he discussed wASAKI (1925, 1926, 1939) and KON'NO distribution, floral composition and charac­ (1944), the Nagdong flora by Y ABE (1905, teristics of early Jurassic plants of Japan. 1922), lwao TATEIWA (1929) and OISHI In the wake of OISHI (1938), KIMURA (1939, 1940). discussed the relationship between the Lepidopteris zone and the Thaumatopteris From 1945 on: After 1945, study of zone (T.M. HARRIS, 1937) in Japan. Kenji fossil plants by Japanese researchers was KONISHI (1952) discovered and reported discontinued for a while. But before the early Jurassic flora in Okayama long, research work was started by Prefecture. The Ryoseki-type flora is TAKAHASHI, HUZIOKA, KON'NO, Kazuo known to occur in the upper Jurassic ASAMA, Toshitsugu OYAMA, Hidekuni System of the Outer Zone of Japan, in MATSUO, and Kazuo OMURA, M. NISHIDA, the lower Cretaceous Ryoseki Group, and K. TAKAHASHI, KIMURA and Shinji SE­ in the lower Monobegawa and upper KIDO, and has been continued up to now. Monobegawa Groups. The Ryoseki-type TAKAHASHI, with Goro 0KAFUJI and plants of late Jurassic age were partly other collaborators, studied the midele to studied by 0Y AMA (1954) and ENDO late Triassic flora of Yamaguchi Prefec­ (1952). ASAMA (1968) discussed the re­ ture and the Jurassic flora in the Higashi­ lationship between the evolution of nagano, Nishinakayama, Utano and Nilssonia and the climate. Kiyosue Formations, and clarified the KIMURA, cooperated by Motome HIRATA stratigraphic distribution of plant species. andY. KANSHA, clarified the stratigraphic He also discussed the post-Mesozoic floral distribution of Ryoseki-type plants, and variation in Southwest Japan(TAKAHASHI, described some new genera and species A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 63 (KIMURA and HIRATA, 1975). HUZIOKA of Ibaraki Prefecture, Omichidani along (1973) reported W eichselia for the first the Ishikawa-Fukui prefectural border, time from Japan. upper reaches of the Asuwa River in NISHIDA (1960, 1962, 1965-1973) de­ Fukui Prefecture, Kamogata of Okayama scribed the Ryoseki-type plants and as Prefecture, Suritaki of Hiroshima Prefec­ many as 30 species of ferns and wood of ture, Kotsuki district of Nagasaki Pre­ Coniferales from the upper Monobegawa fecture, and in the Izumi Sandstone as Group in the Choshi Peninsula of Chiba well as in Wakayama, Hyogo and Ehime Prefecture. Kiyoshi TAKAHASHI (1972) Prefectures. discerned pollen and spore fossils from MATSUO (1954, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1966, the upper Monobegawa Group of Iwate 1970)described the Asuwa and Omichidani Prefecture. floras and part of the plants in the Izumi TheTetori-type plants are distributed in Sandstone. He also described the dis­ the central part of Honshu of the Inner tribution and age of the late Cretaceous Zone, ranging in age from late Jurassic plants in Japan. to early Cretaceous. The Kiyosue flora 0Y AMA (1958-1963) and 0Y AMA and of Yamaguchi Prefecture is of the Tetori MATSUO (1964) described the Oarai flora. type. The so-called Tetori-type plants OYAMA (1962, 1963) also described part distributed in Gifu, Nagano, Toyama, of the Kamogata flora. Ishikawa and Fukui Prefectures are There are the works of ENDO (1959) divided stratigraphically into four floras, on part of the Suritaki flora, of KORIBA Kuzuryu, Oguchi, Akaiwa and Tamodani, and MIKI (1958) on Archaeozostera from by their compositional characteristics the Izumi Sandstone, of T ATEIW A (1933), (KIMURA, 1975). K. TAKA HASH I (1958) and KON'NO (1962) The Kuzuryu flora of late Jurassic age on the Kotsuki flora. The age of the was described by KIMURA (1958, 1959). Oarai and Kotsuki floras is possibly The Oguchi flora constituting the main Tertiary. part of the so-called Tetori flora, was Besides the above studies, K. TAKA­ described in the papers of GEYLER, HASH! (1964, 1965, 1967) described the YOKOYAMA, YABE, and OISHI. MATSUO upper Cretaceous pollen-spore flora of and OMURA (1968), KIMURA (1961), and Hokkaido, and discussed the distribution KIMURA and SEKIDO (1965-1975) amended of pollen-spore flora in the Aquillapollenites past descriptions of the flora, and addi­ area. A. MIKI (1971, 1972) described the tionally described many palaeobotanically pollen-spore flora in the Kuji Group of interesting genera and species. OGURA, Iwate Prefecture. KOBAYASHI and Shiro MAEDA (1951) The object of study was not restricted described Xenoxylon. The Oguchi flora to Japan but was extended to Southeast and the Akaiwa flora represent the early Asia, Korea, and even as far as South and the late Neocomian respectively, America. and their comprehensive study is under T. AKAGI (1954) described the late way by KIMURA and SEKIDO. The Triassic flora of the Hongay Coal Field. Tamodani flora of late Early Cretaceous KoN'No and ASAMA described the late age was described by KIMURA (1975). Mesozoic flora of Malaya (KoN'No, 1967, Late Cretaceous plants including angio­ 1968; ASAMA, 1974), the early to late sperms are found at Hakobuchi of Mesozoic floras of Thailand (KoN'No and Hokkaido, Kuji of Iwate Prefecture, Oarai ASAMA, 1973; ASAMA, 1974), and the late 64 MATSUMOTO; T. et al., edit.: Triassic flora of Kalimantan, each time flora is being continued by KIMURA ·and in cooperation with the scientists of the B. K. KIM. KIMURA and C. VERGARA respective nations. found abudant late Cretaceous plants in KoN'No (1962) described some species Quiriquina Island of Chile (in MAEDA, and discussed the stratigraphic distri­ Takashi HAMADA, Takeshi CHISAKA, KI­ bution of the plant species in the Dae­ MURA and H. TATSUKE, 1972). dong Group. The study of the Daedong

Cenozoic Plants

Toshimasa T ANAI*

Studies of leaf and seed floras: (The first Mogi, and published a detailed report on period) : Study of Cenozoic plants of them and on the specimens from Ama­ Japan was initiated by A.G. NATHORST, kusa and Hirado of Kyushu and from C. ETTINGSHA USEN and other foreign the environs of Shimonoseki (1920). In researchers. NA THORST (1883) studied those days his work was an advanced the Pliocene plants collected from the study as it not only described the speci­ Mogi coast of Nagasaki City by the mens but also discussed paleoclimate by Swedish Vega Expedition. This was the comparing fossils with living vegetation first detailed account of Tertiary flora in of Japan. Eastern Asia, and it attracted attention of European paleobotanists (SAPORTA, (The second period): Thus, until about 1883, 1884; ETTINGSHAUSEN, 1883). Later, 1920, it was by paleobotanists of foreign NATHORST (1888) studied the Cenozoic countries that the Cenozoic plants of plants collected from various parts of Japan were introduced to the world. Japan by the staff of ·the Geological After 1920, Japanese researchers began Survey of Japan at that time, and ar­ to study Mesozoic and Paleozoic plants ranged them by localities. For a long of Eastern Asia including Japan, but the period since then, these two works of studies of Cenozoic plants were still much NATHORST have served as a guide to behindhand. the studies of Japanese Cenozoic plants. Since 1928 Seido ENDO published the A.N. KRYSHTOFOVICH, who stayed in results of his studies, mostly descriptive Japan from 1917 to 1918, examined fossil works, on Cenozoic plants, and revealed plants preserved at the Geological Insti­ a large number of extinct plants that tute of the Tokyo Imperial University had existed in the Tertiary period of and at other institutions, and wrote Japan, Korea and Manchuria. Especially several reports on them (1918-1930). R. his discussion of paleoclimate (1935) based FLORIN re-examined the ·specimens from on the comparison of the Pleistocene flora of Shiobara, Tochigi Prefecfure, with * Department of Geology and Mineralogy, living forest composition indicated a Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, direction of studies of Cenozoic floras. Sapporo. Though ENDO dealt with fossil plants

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., (lOOs), 1976 A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 65 from various parts of Eastern Asia, many zon and identification (1943). of his papers did not go beyond giving During the period from 1930 to 1943, lists of the floral components, excepting Cenozoic floras were reported in succes­ the case of the Shiobara flora (1934, 1940). sion not only from Japan but also from This may account, at least partly, for the various parts of Korea, Manchuria and retardation of Cenozoic plants studies in Sakhalin. But many of the reports were spite of the usefulness of fossil plants mere descriptions of important species, for Cenozoic stratigraphy. Enzo KoN'No and few papers dealt with details of floral (1931) made a detailed study of late composition, excepting the work of MIKI, Neogene flora of the central area of so that the Cenozoic floral sequence was Nagano Prefecture, and compared the still unestablished. There were only brief flora with known Tertiary floras of Japan. summaries of Cenozoic flora by ENDO It is a matter for regret that his paper (1931) and Y ABE and ENDO (1940). gave only illustrations of fossil species without description. H. MORITA (1931- (The third period): World War II caused 1933) and Haruo 0KUTSU (1933-1943), a temporary paralysis of research activi­ collaborating with ENDO, continued to ties in paleobotany. It was after 1950 describe important species of Cenozoic that new researchers were brought up plants. and the Tertiary stratigraphy of Japan In the meantime, Shigeru MIKI started was actively studied. Consequently, re­ his studies of late Tertiary to Quaternary searches on· Cenozoic plants came to seed floras (1933 -1941), thus opening up flourish rapidly. a field that had remained unstudied in MIKI (1948) published a comprehensive Japan till then. His work ushered in a report on seed floras of Pliocene and new phase in the paleobotany ·of Japan, younger ages in the Kinki district and and also gave a strong stimulus to the surrounding areas, and discussed the studies of Quaternary geology. Through floral changes in relation to paleoclimate. precise examination of fossil materials Since 1950 he engaged himself in precise MIKI (1941) established a new genus examination of these fossils by family, Metasequoia. Later, this unique tree was and in clarifying the relations between found growing in the mountains of Szu­ the distribution of fossil species and chuan (Szechwan)" Province of China (H. living species. His results, though not Hu, 1948), and the fact attracted attE~n­ entirely flawless ·from the biostratigraphic tion of botanists of the world as a " living viewpoint, were at a high level paleo­ fossil". botanically and served as valuable refer­ Tertiary plant-bearing beds are typical­ ences for the studies of late Cenozoic ly devloped in northern Japan. Saburo seed floras of Japan. It was also in this OISHI in collaboration with Kazuo HUZI­ period that the first atlas of fossil plant·s OKA carried out the biostratigraphic in Japan was published by OISHI (1950), study of the Tertiary system it Hokkaido to be followed by another by ENDO (1955). and Sakhalin, and examined important HuziOKA (1951-1955) described numerous Tertiary genera one after another (1941- fossils of broadleafed plants from the 1943, 1954). He also reviewed "Arctic Miocene of Korea. Also he disclosed Miocene Flora", the classical work of 0. (1950, 1952) that the "Aniai-type" flora HEER (1868-1883), and pointed out the and the " Daijima-type" flora, differing confusion in many respects of fossil hori- from each other in floral composition and 66 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: horizon, had been widely distributed in trict into 7 zones, and presented the his­ the Inner zone of northern Japan during tory of the floral changes (1961). Sada­ the early to middle Miocene. OKUTSU, masa. MuRAl (1957-1962) published his who was studying the Neogene flora of detailed reports on the Neogene flora of the Sendai area, gave the details of its the Shizukuishi basin in Iwate Prefecture. composition and the biostratigraphy of HUZIOKA in his comprehensive paper the area (1955). (1964) gave a full account of the so-called For some time after the war, the lead­ Aniai-type flora of early Miocene in ership of research work was still held Honshu. by those who had been active in prewar Thus, the researches on Cenozoic plants days. From about 1950 new researchers made a rapid progr~ss with the speci­ began to make their appearance. Toshi­ mens mostly from Hokkaido and the To­ masa TANAI published his descriptive hoku district where fossiliferous beds are works on Miocene plants (1952-1953), and developed well,, and the outline of the summarized the history of Cenozoic floral Neogene floral sequence became almost changes in Japan on the basis of published definite after 1960. On Paleogene floras, literature (1952). Study of the green tuff however, many problems remain un­ region was active in those days, which solved. Fossil plants beds, ranging in helped TANAT in compiling the atlas of age from late Pliocene to Quaternary. early to middle Miocene plants (1955). are well developed in western Japan. About that time the postwar researchers MIKI and his collaborators studied these published their first papers, e. g., Hide­ beds in detail and presented the outline kuni MATSUO (1952-1954), Kiyoshi TAKA­ of the floral sequence. KOKAWA's work HASHI (1954), Shohei KOKA WA (1954- (1958-1963) on the relations between the 1955), Keiji SUZUKI (with HUZIOKA, 1954). form of Menyanthes seed and the geologic MrKr's comprehensive study kept on age, and K. SUZUKI's summary (1962, expanding and his reports (1956-1961) in 1965) of the Quaternary floras of Japan which a great many fossil plants were are important contributions to the Ceno­ re-examined by each family made a zoic paleobotany. good guide to the study of late Cenozoic plants. ENDO (1961-1964) described Paleo­ (The fourth period) : As the general gene plants of the lshikari coal field, features of Tertiary floras were revealed and Kozo NAGAI (1957) summed up the step by step, there arose a tendency data on the Paleogene flora of Mt. Ishi­ toward re-examination of the floral se­ zuchi, Shikoku. quence that would serve as the standard T ANAl (1956-1961) continued to analyze in Eastern ·Asia, and also towards con­ the biostratigraphy and fossil assem­ sideration 9f the history of changes of blages of Neogene floras in the principal Tertiary forests in the North Pacific regions of Japan. Furthermore, he dis­ basin by comparing them with those on tinguished 6 horizons of Neogene floras the west coast of North America. Such throughout the country and compiled comparative study of Tertiary forests, the history of the floral changes (1961). with assistance of Dr. R.W. CHANEY of Meanwhile, K. SUZUKI (1958-1961) was North America, was conducted in various studying the Neogene flora in Fukushima parts of japan from Hokkaido to Kyushu, Prefecture. He divided Neogene floras and efforts for paleoecological analysis in the southern part of the Tohoku dis- of floral composition were continued. A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 67

The first report of the results was pub­ ture (K. SUZUKI et a!., 1970), from Akita lished in 1963, which gave detailed ac­ Prefecture (HuzrOKA and Kazuhiko UE­ counts of Miocene floras of southwestern MURA, 1973), from the environs of Shi­ Hokkaido (T ANAl and N. SUZUKI), of mono3eki, Yamaguchi Prefecture (Huzr­ central Akita Prefecture (HUZIOKA), and OKA and TAKAHASHI, 1973), from Yama­ of Noto-nakajima, Ishikawa Prefecture gata Prefecture (Toru ONOE, 1974), and (MATSUO). The report disclosed that many other studies. HuzroKA (1972) the forest composition was different, both published a comprehensive report on latitudinally and altitudinally, in middle Miocene floras of Korea. Miocene time (T ANAl, 1967b). As part Study of Paleogene floras is still much of the comparative study, MIKI and behindhand because of the difficulties KoKA wA (1962) made a comprehensive in specific identification. Nevertheless, report on late Cenozoic floras of Kyushu. there are some reports by MATSUO on The study was further extended to the Sakito coal-field, Kyushu (1970), the various horizons in many parts of Japan, Kishima coal-field, Kyushu (1971), on producing detailed reports on the Mio­ Tsushima (1971), and by ENDO on the cene-Pliocene floras of northeastern Hok­ Ikushumbetsu formation of the Yubari kaido (TANAl and N. SUZUKI, 1965), on coal-field, Hokkaido (1968). the Miocene floras in the northern part With the late Pliocene to Quaternary of the Nato Peninsula (Shiro ISHIDA, floras, detailed researches are being con­ 1970), and on the Paleogene floras of ducted on the floral composition and the the Kushiro coal-field, Hokkaido (TANAl, paleoclimate, along with the stratigraphic 1970), the Ube co3.l-field, Yamaguchi re-examination of fossil plant-bearing Prefecture (HuzroKA and Eitaro TAKA­ beds. Distinguished reports were made HASHI, 1970), the Takashima coal-field, by H. NIREI on the environs of Taka­ Kyushu (MATSUO, 1967). These reports tsuki City, Osaka Prefecture (1968), on were compiled into " Tertiary Floras of the environs of Kanazawa City (1969), japan, vol. 2" (1972). Through the above by SUZUKI and NAKAGAWA on the en­ works the Tertiary floral sequence of virons of Tsukahara, Fukushima Prefec­ japan was established as a standard of ture (1971),. by Keisuke KURODA on the Eastern Asia, and the results obtained Atsumi Peninsula, Aichi Prefecture (1966- so far were summed up on the basis of 1967), and by ONOE on the environs of the relations between the floras and the Ebino City, Miyazaki Prefecture (1971). paleogeographical and paleoclimatological KoKA wA, succeeding MIKI, continued to changes (TANAl, 1967a, 1972; TAN AI and work on seed flora and published his HUZIOKA, 1967). detailed descriptions of Holocene floras Since the latter half of the 1960's, the in the Boso Peninsula and the environs study of Tertiary floras turned from the of Hamamatsu City (1964, 1967). descriptive works to the analysis of vegetation and paleoclimate. Miocene Anatomical studies of fossil wood: Mor­ floras were the major subject of research phological study of Cenozoic woods in owing to their abundant occurrence. japan is not as active as that of fossil There are the works on Miocene plants leaf and seed, but its history is rather from the San'in district (Y. HOJO, 1973), long. It began with the report by K. from Hokkaido (TANAI, 1971; TANAI and REISS (1907) of Germany, who described N. SuzuKI, 1972), from Gumma Prefec- Cretaceous to Tertiary woods that were 68 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: collected in the course of mineral re­ dicotyledons, from the districts along the sources surveys in various parts of Hok­ Sea of Japan (1962). His work was an kaido. After that, researches on fossil important contribution to the studies of wood were conducted mainly with Meso­ fossil wood. zoic specimens. Cenozoic wood was dealt After the war, studies of Cenozoic with only in a few descriptive papers, wood have produced few conclusive re­ namely, on the" Umoregi" (buried wood) sults, excepting W ATARI's work (1966) on from the environs of Sendai (K. Y ASUI, the Paleogene Taxodioxylon of Kyushu. 1917; M. TAKAMATSU, 1929), on the However, with the abundant occurrence "Matsu-iwa" (pinetree rock) in the Paleo­ of Tertiary woods in Japan, lively re­ gene coal seams of Kyushu (K. OHARA. search activities are expected for the 1926; Yuzuru OGURA, 1944), and on future. Quercinium in the Paleogene of Kyushu Studies of Cenozoic plants in Japan are (OGURA, 1932). heading towards ecological researches by Since 1930 Misabur5 SHIMAKURA en­ means of analysis of vegetation and gaged himself in the study of fossil wood paleoclimate, based on precise strati­ from Japan and many parts of Eastern graphy. The intention of the researchers Asia, and published his results in succes­ is to elucidate the history of changes of sion (1933-1937). He also summarized Cenozoic forests in the Japanese Islands, the distribution of conifers by geologic and to reveal their connection with the ages (1939). Shunji WATARI, who suc­ composition of living forests in Eastern ceeded to the research work of Y. OGU­ Asia. Efforts are being made also in RA, published the results of his detailed pursuit of phyletic evolution of fossil morphological study of Cenozoic wood species from the morphological stand­ (1941-1950) from various parts of the point. The pollen analysis, which has country including Iwate Prefecture (Mio­ made a remarkable progress these years, cene series), Shimane Prefecture (Mio­ is offering very valuable information to cene series), and the environs of Yoko­ macrofossil studies. Joint studies by hama (Pleistocene series). He also pub­ pollen analysts and macrofossil research­ lished a comprehensive report on the ers would prove most effective in elu­ middle Miocene wood flora, particularly cidating the history of forest changes.

Paleopalynology and its History

Shigemoto TOKUNAGA*

Paleopalynology, a branch of palynolo­ dealing with pollen and spore produced gy, is the study of fossil pollen and spore. by fossil plants. Paleopalynological meth­ The subjects of paleopalynological study ods comprise pollen analysis, description cover the whole fossil plant kindgom, of specimens, stratigraphic correlation and inference of paleovegetation and paleoen­ * Geol. Survey Division, Nihon Hiry6 Co., vironment from the specimens studied. Ltd., Muromachi 2-1, Chuo.ku, Tokyo. In recent years a new area of study, to

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., (100s), 1976 A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 69

work on physical and chemical properties of pollen and spore, has been opened. ~ ~ffi~~~N~ooM~~ The history of paleopalynology in Ja­ 1----~--~~~------L--·-+ + + + ...~ Sl.61 1""""'4C'l1""""'4 ~ ~ pan, in comparison with the development NMLn.....-t ~ Ln "0 f7l61 ...-< II) of this field of science in the world, is ...., El.61 summarized in four stages, introduction, -~ O"l -a accumulation of material, analysis, and U61 ...-< ::I 1l61 ...rn new technology, as represented by the II) ...... ::::t' C""' ...... ,...... ( ,..c:; 01.61 N number of related literature (Table 1). .,...... M Ln M ...-1 ,...... 0 The introductory stage dates from 1935 6961 N II) c:"l 0 Lr.)...... s 8961 ...-< 0 when the technique of pollen analysis was rn 1.961 II) introduced into Japan, to be followed by .0 practice of pollen analysis, particularly 9961 "'0 3 on pollen from peat beds. Since paleo­ S961 0 ...-< ...-< ,..c:; botany in Japan had been initiated by f7961 rn E961 ...-< ...-< ...II) foreign researchers (G. NATHORST, R. II) ,..c:; FLORIN, A. N. KRISHTOFOVICH, etc.) and &961 ...., 0 the subject of study was mainly fossil 1961 rn .: leave3, the start of analytical researches 0961 0 ...-< ,..c:; 6S61 ...-< using microfossils (such as diatoms, pol­ ~ len and spore) was made much later. 8S61 ro II) The succeeding stage, from 1950 on, is l.S61 ,..c:;...., >. marked by concentration of pollen analy­ 9S61 .CJ "'0 sis for the specimens obtained mostly SS61 II) 00 t:: from high moor peat in Honshu. As a f7S61 "(ij result, pollen zones in and after the final ES61 .:0 .... 0 0 t- glacial stage were established on the ... C:S61 ...-< ...-< ""' II)... II) ...-< ::I basis of the changes in pollen assem­ 1S61 N ...., .0s ...ro blages; then, the last glacial substage ::I 6f761 was denoted by L and the postglacial z lf761 -~ ,..; II) stage was divided into RI, RII and Rill Ef761 ,..c:;...., (Jun NAKAMURA and Matsuo TSUKADA, (;f761 ,..; e 0 1952-1974). There was another opinion 8E61 ...... in which the whole Quaternary system is l.E61 divided into different pollen zones, A to SE61 ...-< F (Norio Fun, 1970). The both divisions were based on the transition of paleo­ vegetation that reflects changes in the paleoenvironment. Therefore, it may be ~; II) :0 defined that the Japanese paleopalynology ....,ro enteted the period of material accumula­ II) ,..c:; tion. E-< In the wake of pollen analysis of the I <;;...., ....,II) Quaternary deposits, analysis of the Ter­ 0 0 tiary deposits, especially lignite and coal, E-< z was commenced. Its initial object was /I 70 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: correlation of coal seams. The fine cor­ that produce pollen and spore were few. relation of Paleozoic coal seams by means Through the analysis of pollen and of fossil spore and the success of paly­ spore assemblages the changes in regional nological investigations of lignite or brown flora of early Tertiary and younger ages coal fields in western countries gave a are being clarified. In pollen analysis strong stimulus to Japanese palynologists, the knowledge of the East Asian floral and the palynological characteristics of region is especially important. In Asia, coal seams in the principal coal fields of differing from Europe where Tertiary Japan were disclosed (Kiyoshi T AKAHA­ pollen assemblages that indicate signifi­ SHI, Y oshio OKAZAKI, Seiji SA TO, Shige­ cant changes, a weighty clue would be moto TOKUNAGA, and others). And yet, found in the changes of pollen of plants the material available for setting up re­ that grew in temperate climate. presentative pollen indices for the respec­ Stratigraphic horizon of the Liquidam­ tive coal seams was insufficient. In the bar-Nyssa-Carya pollen assemblage in the meantime, there developed two trends of Tertiary system of Japan tends to move research work, one was intended for cor­ upward as the latitude of localities be­ relation, by means of morphological dis­ comes lower, which brings about a new crimination and description of fossils, from interpretation of correlation by means of a purely practical standpoint, and the fossil plants. other conformed to the nomenclature of In the Mesozoic pollen and spore, how­ botanical classification. In either way, ever, many common genera are found regional pollen diagrams of Japan were including Aquilapollenites which is char­ compiled, but the arrangement of all avail­ acteristic to northern regions such as Alas­ able data is not complete yet for general ka and Siberia. Therefore, the Mesozoic correlation on a more extensive scale. specimens must be studied from a global It was in 1964 that the presence of fos­ standpoint. sil spore in Mesozoic deposits of Japan For higher precision of analysis, pale­ was reported for the first time. Pollen ontologists' interest in microstructure of assemblages in the Omine area where the fossils is deepening, and the use of phase Triassic system is distributed and in the microscope, electron microscope and scan­ Tetori area of the Jurassic terrain are too ning electron microscope is becoming poor to deserve description. Up to now, popular. occurrence of well-preserved Cretaceous In recent years, the degree and nature specimens is limited to the Hokkaido and of alteration of pollen, spore and other northern areas of the Tohoku district. parts of plant have come to attract at­ Lately, good assemblages have been found tention of researchers because these are in the lower Cretaceous system of Iwate useful as the elements for measurement Prefecture (T. TAKAHASHI, 1974). The of geothermal temperature. Thus, a new oldest fossils are the ones reported from area of study is being developed. the Permian system of Kyoto Prefecture, From the standpoint of oil prospecting but they are meager for stratigraphic use in Japan, dating by the color of fossil (K. TAKAHASHI, 1969). pollen and spore is under investigation. The scarcity of Mesozoic specimens in No conclusive result has been produced Japan may be ascribed to tectonic move­ as yet, on account of the fact that the ments that could have affected the strata age of subject beds is limited to Tertiary and destroyed fossils, or perhaps the plants and Mesozoic. At any rate, very precise A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 71 analysis is required to attain the object. vironment. In comparison with western Future development of paleopalynology countries, the research work in japan is in Japan wili be many-sided, for it com­ concerned mainly with relatively younger prises various areas of study, namely, formations, and so the paleopalynology in microstructure of specimens, their phys­ japan and Southeast Asia is expected to ical and chemical properties, as well as make a unique development. elucidation of paleoclimate and paleoen-

Algal Conservatism -Symbiosis between earth science and biology-

Kenji KoNISHI*

The history of the researches on fossil through Bunjiro KoTo, and were identi­ calcareous algae in japan can be divided fied as Lithothamniscum ( =Lithophyllum) into three periods. nahaense (sp. nov.)' and "Lithothamnium The first period : The first report on ramossissimum" by HEYDRICH (1900) and algal fossils was made by Kyugaku NEWTON and HOLLAND (1902), respec­ NISHIW ADA (1897), who studied the reefy tively. This was the period when many Megami-Ogami Limestone of Shizuoka important papers were written on the Prefecture in his graduation work at the taxonomy of living Corallinaceae, inclusive Geological Institute, Imperial University of those by Kichisaburo YENDO (1902- of Tokyo, and identified the species to 1905). "Lithothamnium ramossissimum REuss" Hisakatsu Y ABE, who long since real­ known from Leithakalk of the Vienna ized the importance of calcareous algae basin. In Europe at that. time, palaeo­ as limestone-forming organisms, studied botanist RoTHPLETZ (1891) discovered in Europe before he took his chair with the living fossil Archaeolithothamnium, the newly founded Tohoku Imperial and divided Corallinaceae into the major University. While entrusting KARPINSKY groups, Lithophyllum-and Lithothamnium-, (1910) of St. Petersburg with the study by the difference in conceptacles of of Mizzia velebitana and Stol/eyella asexual reproductive organ. His paper ( =Mizzia) yabei collected at Mino Aka­ was an impact to botanist contemporaries saka of Gifu Prefecture, Y ABE himself FoSLIE and HEYDRICH. (1912) was dealing with Solenoporaceae, Several years later, algal nodules from discussing their phylogeny and classi­ the Riukiu Limestone of Shuri and from fication. In this study, he described limestone lenses in the Yaeyama group Metasolenopora ( =Solenopora) rothpletzi of Iriomote-jima, Okinawa Prefecture, (sp. nov.) from the Torinosu limestone were sent to the specialists in Europe at Sakawa, Kochi Prefecture, and Petro­ phyton miyakoense (gen. et sp. nov.) from * Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of the Miyako formation of Iwate Prefecture Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa. which were the first new taxa of fossil

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., (lOOs), 1976 72 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.:

algae established by Japanese. Taiwan, along with re-examination of The second period : Y ABE's constant the specimens recorded by Y ABE. He interest in calcareous algae was mani­ (1943) also proposed a new Cretaceous fested in his comprehensive report (1922) genus of possibly Chlorophycean affinity on localities and horizons of Tertiary from the Miyako Formation. coralline algae in various parts of the Characteristic of this period was that country. Before long, specialists in fossil a large number of japanese geologists algae appeared among his students. The engaged themselves in the geological first of them was Riuji ENDO (1924) who survey of the Chinese continent. Occur­ made a biostratigraphic study of the rence of stromatolites of algal origin Carboniferous-Permian System of Hiko­ from the early Palaeozoic beds and the roichi, Iwate Prefecture, as his gradu­ Sinian (Chentan) System was reported by ation work, and discovered Permian YABE, Kin-emon OZAKI, Teiichi KOBA­ Chlorophyta. Besides ubiquitous Permian YASHI, Susumu MATSUSHITA, ENDO, iV!izzia (HAY ASAKA, 1922; 0ZA W A, 1924), Rinji SAITO, Hiroshi OZAKI and Eitaro the species recorded by ENDO included TAKAHASHI. Possibility of their serving three genera of Alpine Triassic Dasycla­ as index fossils of the Precambrian daceae, differing from the results of PIA biostratigraphy was suggested by KOBA­ (1912, 1920) who was undoubtedly the YASHI (1933). It was unfortunate that world authority on the subject in those stromatolites were erroneously assigned days. For this reason, and also with to an inorganic origin when the algal the cautious attitude of Y ABE (e.g. 1952), nature of "Manchuriophycus" ENDO (1933) ENDO confined himself to give just an was rejected by the nominator himself outline of his result. (1966). Stromatolites of the Chinese In the wake of ENDO, YABE asked continent have large potentiality to be­ Shiro TOYAMA to elaborate the algal come a treasury of Precambrian micro­ study of the Jurassic Torinosu Limestone. fossils of Asia. A few examples of As the results, several new genera and fossil stromatolites have been reported species of Late Mesozoic calcareous algae from Japan (KONISHI, 1959 ; KONISHI and were described (YABE and ToYAMA, 1928), OMURA, 1965). and it was confirmed later that these The third period : With the termi­ algae were cosmopolitan reef-associated nation of the war, ENDO returned to species. In 1932 TOYAMA met with an Japan and in 1949 he resumed the bio­ accidental death, but his follow-up report stratigraphic study of Palaeozoic calcare­ was published in 1949 as a joint work ous algae. His energetic activity continued with Y ABE, and the study of the Torinosu until 1969 when he died of illness. While calcareous algae was succeeded by his accomplishing his toilsome duties as the fellow student Rikizo IMAIZUMI (1965). Dean of Faculty of Science and Liter­ Adopting the systematics of Mme ture, Saitama University, and later as LEMOINE (1911-17, and later) based on the University's President, he published vegetative rather than reproductive 30-odd papers (1951-1969) on calcareous tissue, Wataru ISHIJIMA (1933-1954, and algae, proposed more than 10 new genera, later) began to specialize in the taxonomy and discussed phylogeny of Dasycladaceae of Corallinaceae and vigorously described and other taxa. His descriptions included and classified the important species of species from the Philippines and Thailand. Cenozoic coralline algae of japan and Our knowledge of Carboniferous to A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 73 jurassic calcareous algae of Far East (e. g., jOHNSON and KO:'-IISHI, 1956-59; owes a greg_t deal to his results. His KONISHI and EPIS, 1960). At the same work has been succeeded by his students time, the role of calcareous algae as Mankichi HORIGUCHI (1957, 1962, 1965) rock-forming organisms in depositing and Manjiro NAKAMURA (1971). carbonates was revalued (e.g., LOWEN­ ISHIJIMA also was rep:ltriated from STAM, GINSBURG), after the prominent Taiwan, and compiled the results hitherto pioneering work by PIA (1926), and cal­ obtained into a monograph which was careous alg3.e came to occupy an impor­ published in 1954. His three texts (1933, tant part of carbonate sedimentology. 1950, 1956) on Japanese fossil algae are Mineralogical and geochemical examina­ among the few guidebooks written in tions of hard tissue of calc1reous algae japanese, inclusive of the atlas of fossil and other calcifying organisms, along plants by ENDO (1966). ISHIJIMA's steady their morphologies, are now essential research work is revealing the characters means for facies analysis of carbonate of fossil florules (mostly Corallinaceae) deposits and for restoration of palaeo­ from the Philippines, Pakistan and the environment and its diagenetic history. Galapagos Islands, as well as from japan In Japan, this type of research is being and Taiwan. conducted lately (KONISHI et al., 1968 and In 1953 the Japanese Society of Phy­ later) and will be concentrated toward colqgy was established under the lead of the palaeoclimatic as well as eustatic Yukio YAMADA assisted by TOKIDA, studies of the sea floor sediments. TAN AKA, SEGA WA, ARASAKI, IMAHORI, Finally, study of Coccolithophorids, the HIROSE, and others, and this gave rise calcareous phytoplankton, has begun in to the insistence to base the studies of japan and is producing biostratigraphic fossil algae on the knowledge of living results from both subaerial and submarine algae in Japan (KONISHI, 1954, 1961). At sections (Toshiaki TAKAYAMA, 1967 and the 79th meeting of the Palaeontological Shiro NISHIDA, 1969). Society of Japan in the autumn of 1961, japan is blessed with abundant deposits a symposium on fossil algae was held of algal origin, such as the shallow-water attended by phycologists of living algae. carbonates, ranging from subtropical reef One of the traits of this period was complex to subarctic "maerl" pavement, that the studies of fossil calcareous and the "high temperature type" stroma­ algae became active in North America, tolite that forms hot spring deposits. largely owing to the efforts of ]. H. These valuable deposits await future jOHNSON, REZAK, and WRAY. jOHNSON sedimentological study, in which a visited algal herberia of japanese uni­ palaeontological approach is indispensable. versities in connection with his mono­ Palaeontology as well as her offspring, graphic work on the Pacific corallines palaeophycology will continue to develop, from 1947 to 1953, and published papers by occasionally shifting the position of on fossil algae from Ishigaki and Kita­ its center of gravity but basically daito, Okinawa Prefecture (1961, 1964). maintaining once established symbiosis, Also, there was a strong tide among the that is mutualism, between earth science American palaeontogists to be inclined and biology. This prospect is strongly toward ecology and biogeography suggested by the retrospect of the (NEWELL, LADD, CLOUD). The studies japanese researches on fossil calcareous of calcareous algae accelerated this trend algae. 74 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.:

Concluding Remarks

Tatsuro MATSUMOTO

In concluding the concise history of Renaissance, piles of natural history palaeontology in japan, I should like to collections and voluminous monographs give short remarks of my own view by generations. instead of a well balanced summary of Despite these handicaps, our predeces­ the preceding chapters. sors, especially the late Professors Scientific works on fossils from Japan Matajiro YOKOYAMA and Hisakatsu Y ABE, started about a century ago, when re­ father and mother of the palaeontology connaissance geological survey was under­ in Japan, among others, endeavoured to taken in several areas of Japan. A learn the up-to-date palaeontology from hundred years history of palaeontology Europe, especially from eminent palae­ in japan may be divided into the follow­ ontologists in Germany and Austria in ing four stages, depending much on the that period, and themselves accomplished activity by generations and also on world valuable research works on various kinds development of palaeontology : of fossils obtained by geological recon­ (1) Stage I : Period of pioneers' works naissances. (1873-1911) In this stage, which corresponded to (2) Stage II : Period of works by a smaller the period of descriptive works of classical number of specialists (1912-50), with two monographs in the history of world substages divided by the establishment of palaeontology, some other monographic the Palaeontological Society of japan descriptions were given on fossils from (1935) Japan by European authors, e.g. GEYLER, (3) Stage III: Period of increasing number NAUMANN, NEUMA YR, MOJSISOVICS, of research works in various fields, with NATHORST, FLORIN etc., as well as by more frequent international exchange of several other Japanese, e. g. Kotora knowledge (1951-1970 on) ]IMBO+, Gordon YAMAKAWA+, Kono YA­ (4) Stage IV: Toward renewed palaeo­ sm+, Shigeyasu YOSHIW ARA + [ =TOKU­ biological works (1971 on) NAGA] etc. These stages may overlap to some extent Stage II. The beginning of the second in actual research works and the dates stage may be marked by the establisment indicated in parentheses are conventional, of the palaeontological institute in Tohoku although the boundary date marks the University (Sendai) (1912) under the commencement of something new (see leadership of Prof. Y ABE, where palae­ chronological table). ontologists were educated and then Stage I. Our hundred years history is specialized respectively in the study of much shorter than the history of palae­ a particular taxonomic group or a ontology in certain countries in Europe. particular geological era, e. g. Ichiro They have a cultural background of HAY ASAKA in Palaeozoic corals and brachiopoda, ShOshiro HANZA wA in larger * Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka. + deceased

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., (lOOs), 1976 A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan 75 foraminifera, Takumi NAGAo+ in Terthry defined as a period of works by a com­ and Cretaceous mollusca, Saburo SHIMI­ paratively smaller number or specialists. zu+ in Mesozoic ammonites, Seido ENno+ Their activities were, however, remark­ in Cenozoic plants, Ryilji ENno+ in able and the materials for the study trilobites and c1lcareous algae, Shichihei were not only confined to japan proper NOMURA in Cenozoic mollusca, Haruyoshi but also expanded to the geologically FUJIMOT.) [ =HUZIMOTO] in fusulina, related neighbouring areas. Saburo OISHI+ in Mesozoic floras, Toshio Stage I I I. The third stage started SUGIYAMA+ in rugo::;a, tabulata and when Japan was recovering from the strom:1toporoids, Kin'emon OZAKI in early severe damage by World War II. In 1951 Palaeozoic fo3sils, Motoki EGUCHI in the Palaeontological Society of japan Mesozoic and Cenozoic corals, Syozo issued No. 1 of the New Series of their NISIY AMA + in echinoids, Wataru ISH !JIM A journal and also No. 1 of their Special in calcareous algae, Misaburo SHIMA­ Papers. As President of the Society KURA in fossil wood:;, Kiyoshi ASANO in Prof. Y ABE and then Prof. T. KOBA YASH! smaller foraminifera, Kotora HATAI in took leadership in this rising period. brachiopoda, Tokio SHIKAMA in verte­ Owing to a new policy of educational brates and so on. Meanwhile eminent system, universities and other institutions students graduated from the University (including museums) have been renovated of Tokyo were like-wise specialized in and increased in .number. People have various fields, e. g. S. TOKUNAGA+ in got more freedom of doing what they mammals, Shingo YEHARA + in Me3ozoic wish and palaeontology has become more faunas, Jiro MAKIY AMA in Cenozoic popular. Thus in the third stage not mollusca and other faunas, Enzo KoN'No only many of the specialists who were in Palaeozoic and Early Mesozoic palaeo­ active in the second stage continued to botany, Yoshiaki OZAWA+ in Late Palaeo­ work but also numerous students of zoic fusulina and other faunas, Teiichi younger generations participated in palae­ KoBA YASH! in Lower Palaeozoic cephalo­ ontological studies. The fields of activity pod3, trilobites, etc., Yanosuke OTUKA + have become more diverse and extensive, in Cenozoic mollusca, Fuyuji TAKA! in including pollen dispersed by winds and vertebrates and so on. nannofossils from submarine areas. Geological departments weree3tablished Being aided by air transportation and in 1921 in the University of Kyoto, in affected by the issue of such comprehen­ 1930 in Hokkaido Univ. (Sapporo), in 1939 sive works as the Treatise, Osnovy, etc., in Kyushu Univ. (Fukuoka), in 1941 in and also increased number of journals, Tokyo Univ. Education, in 1943 in Hiro­ the international exchange of knowledge shima Univ. and so on. More palaeonto­ has become much easier and more fre­ logists of younger generations, thus, quent than in the preceding stages. started to work, but their numbers were Economic improvement and peaceful by no means enough. Although the state in japan have been favourable for Palaeontological Society of Japan was sound development of sciences. Under established in 1935, it was still a branch these circumstances the palaeontological of the Geological Society of japan for achievement for these 25 years can be the financial reason (i. e. too small number said remarkable, publishing various kinds of members). of papers in great numbers. Thus, the To sum up, the second stage can be Palaeontological Society of japan issued 76 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.:

No. 100 of the new series of their quar­ of japanese Fossils (1970-1976) (Tsukiji­ terly jounal at the end of 1975 and will shokan) with fine illustration and ex­ issue No. 20 of their Special Papers in planatory text. 1976. There are several other special or Despite these active publications im­ regional or temporary reaearch groups portant papers have sometimes been which have given rise to or are going to missed to be cited by authors of foreign give rise to interesting results. countries. A good bibliography has been It should be noted that before the issue and will be published by the Pal. Soc. of the Society's journal the restlts of japan (in SPecial Papers at the interval palaeontological researches in Japan had of 10 or 15 years). Of course some been mainly published by the universities, japanese authors have contributed their thoug:1 at irreguhr. intervals, aided by papers to certain international journals governmental financial support. This or books. system was followed even after the There have been, thus, considerably establishment of the Palaeontological voluminous palaeontological works in Society. Thus, the volume number of Japan, but most of them have been con­ the "journal", "Science Reports", or cerned with the systematic palaeontology "Memoirs" of several universities in jap::m and biostratigraphy, with descriptions of have exceeded 20 or even 40. The particular taxonomic groups or faunas or National Science Museum and several floras of particular areas or ages. As the other museums have their own publica­ palaeontology was delayed to start in tions in which palaeontology is included, japan, it was natural and unavoidable to whereas the Geological Survey of japan stress the systematics and the strati­ has no series of palaeontological papers, graphical palaeontology for a consider­ except for some special volumes. "Geology able period. In fact Japan and her and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia" neighbouring areas, situated at palaeo­ (edited by T. KOBAYASHI and Ryii.z6 biogeographically important position, are TORIYAMA or Wataru HASHIMOTO) has provided with diversity of faunas and been published since 1964 up to vol. 16 floras in various geological ages. Ac­ in 1975, again with grant in aid of the cordingly some of the results have given Ministry of Education. There are some outstanding contributions to the world palaeontological papers in other journals, problems in these fields of palaeontology, e. g. Proc. japan Academy, japan. jour. as explained in the foregoing chapters. Geol. & Geogr., jour. Geol. Soc. japan, This may be the primary reason why Mem. Geol. Soc. japan, Kaseki [=Fossils], the chapters of this concise history are Chikyu-kagaku [=Earth Sci.], etc. The divided in accordance with major taxo­ Pal. Soc. japan published in 1961 a com­ nomic groups. However, this way of piled Catalogue of the Type Specimens in writing would not be favourable for Japan and in 1963, A Survey of Fossils modern palaeontology, in which research from japan illustrated in Classical Mono­ projects tend to be focussed on certain graphs (reproducrion of the illustration palaeobiological subjects of general inter­ in classical monographs published before ests rather than on particular taxonomic 1900, with revised explanatory notes). In groups. addition to several textbooks (written in Stage IV. In Japan renewed palaeo­ japanese) of palaeontology in advanced biological works have recently been in­ courses there are three series of Atlas creasing. In this sense the fourth stage A Concise History of Palreontology in Japan 77 can be said to have started already, work on Permian fusulina in tracing the overlapping the third. evolutionary change of Lepidolina as well Yes, even in the systematic palaeonto­ as in proposing a revised classification logy more biological foundation should of the group. have been taken into consideration. In Itaru HAY AMI (1973) studied the intra­ fact in the years as old as the second populational variation of a Pliocene-Recent and third stages there were such works. species of scallop, Cryptopecten vesi­ Hikoshichiro MATSUMOTO's (1923-24) culosus, from japan, with a very inter­ monographs of fossil mammals, and E. esting result that samples of later ages KoNNo's palaeobotanical papers (1929-73), include two clearly discrete phenotypes Tamio KoT AKA's (1959) monograph on and that the remarkable change in the the Cenozoic Turritellidae and Tetsuro frequency of phenotypes during geologi­ HANAI's (1970) paper on some ostracods cal times can be interpreted as resulting exhibit successful examples along this from the accumulation of a mutant gene line. Similarly MAKIY AMA's (1924) paper by natural selection. This way of ap­ on the evolution of Umbonium, KoBA­ proach, if adequately combined with YASHI's (1935, 36, 37, 47) and SHIMIZU's genetical experiments, would bring forth (1934) works on the internal structures renewed contributions to the problem of of cephalopod shells and also Shoji IJIRI's evolution. Keeping pace with this kind (1937, 39) attempt in the embryology and of approach an attempt should be done the hystology of Desmostylus tooth were to bring the biostratigraphic zonation so outstanding at those dates for the stress up-to-date as to meet with the require­ to more palaeobiological aspects. ments of modern genetics. This has To conclude this concise history let us been recently discussed by HAY AMI (1971) give short comments on recent activity and HAY AMI and 0ZA W A (1975). in japan with prospects for modern On the basis of numerous specimens palaeontology. from the successive horizons of the The population concept has proved Upper Cretaceous sequences, Kazushige fundamentally important in modern TANABE (1974, 75) attempted to make biology. For some reasons, however, this clear the evolutionary change in func­ was delayed to be introduced to the tional morphology on bivalve shells of palaeontology in japan. In fact it may the group of Inoceramus (Sphenoceramus) be considerably difficult to analyse satis­ naumanni and ammonite shells of the factorily the populations on fossil materi­ species of Scaphites and Otoscaphites, als, but this should never be taken as a with promising results. This may ex­ reason to reject the population concept emplify another fresh aspect of palae­ from palaeontology. Biometric and ontology in japan. statistic analyses of samples of consider­ In addition to the population concept able size which were carefully collected recent improvements in techniques and from stratigraphically well ordered se­ methods should be briefly mentioned here. quences have recently been undertaken A textbook written in Japanese entitled by several authors of younger generations "Methods for the study of fossils" for taxonomic and other purposes, giving [=Kaseki no Kenkyu Ho] was published rise to interesting results. They are in 1971 (Kyoritsu Pub. Co., Tokyo) by a mostly on molluscan fossils, but Tomowo number of collaboratory authors. Since OzAwA (1975) has presented a successful Susumu HONJO's (1964, 67) pioneer works 78 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.:

at Hokkaido University, quite a number change in proteins, especially that of of palaeontological laboratories in Japan nucleic acids, may indeed be a fascinat­ have been equipped with scanning ele­ ing problem, if ever be made clear, but ctron-microscopes and several universities there is much to be done in treating have computer centres. Cultivation of adequately fossil materials for this some animals is carried on at several purpose. laboratories for palaeontological purposes Kenji KoNISHI (1971) and a research as equipments of chemical analyses are group around him endeavour to know the used for the same purposes. On the oc­ basic factors which control the isotopic casion of the annual meeting of our abundances in the organic tissues, espe­ Society in January 1975, a symposium cially in the shelly part. I hope this ap­ was held on the scanning electron-micro­ proach of isotope-palaeontology would scopic study of fossils, including both become one of the useful means in palaeo­ the technical aspects and the observed biological studies. results. Palaeoenvironmental analyses on fossil Being aided by technical improvement biota or individual fossils have developed the micro-and ultramicro-structures of gradually in Japan. Palaeoclimate, for "hard parts" (shells, skeletons, bones, instance, has been discussed since YoKo­ teeth, vegetable organs, tissues, etc.) and YAMA's date based on the faunal or floral their ontogeny are being studied in more analyses of various ages, but the inter­ detail, as exemplified by Iwao KOBAYASHI pretation has recently become to be done (1964, 1971), KAIBARA (1968), and Yokichi on more up-to-date grounds and in mo;e TAKA YANAGI et a!. (1968). This would international or global view point. The be concerned with comparative anatomy biogenic calcium carbonates of certain in more precision and also be useful for taxonomic groups are being examined deeper understanding of the function of for their potentialities as quantitative a particular organ or morphological thermometer or salinometer, whereas the character. Another development from up-to-date sedimentological analyses can the study of the structural details is in provide a useful information on the the problem of biomineralization, which palaeoenvironment, as remarked by in turn is related with the problems of KONISHI and Hisayoshi IGO (1973). fossilization and diagenesis on one hand Palaeobathymetry is much needed but and those of biochemistry and according­ may be more difficult, if quantitatively ly even those of pearl fishery, gnathology required. Attempts have been done by and medicine on the other hand. several authors on some Cenozoic mol­ Organic matter is often pre( er Jed lusca and foraminifera. Katsura OYAMA within the microstructure. Biochemical (1952, 1973 etc.) indicates with abbrevi­ inspection of the organic matter (mainly ated letters or symbols the vertical dis­ amino-acids) in some well preserved fossils tribution and bottom characters of had been attempted already in 1958 by molluscan species on the ground of his IJIRI in Japan and further developed by expert knowledge of natural history. him and his followers. However, this This is really useful but may be some­ seems to have been rather involved in what special. Recent and fossil reef the calcification and later alteration complexes have been actively studied problem, without giving so far fruitful from palaeoecological and other view­ results in palaeophysiology. Evolutionary points as in other countries. A Concise Histo1·y of Palaeontology in Japan 79

In the proper field of palaeoecology graphy and palaebiogeography notes intensive studies have been carried on have already given in the foregoing to analyse fossil assemblages in certain chapters and only additional remarks are Neogene foraminiferal and molluscan given here on a few points. In these faunas on the basis of association of fields the international cooperation has species and also lithofacies of fossiliferous been especially emphasized. For instance, deposits, as typically exemplified by the Silurian-Devonian boundary has long Hiroshi Unm (1962 et seq.), Tadamichi been internationally discussed and re­ 0BA (1969), Junji ITOIGAWA (1961), Kiyo­ commendations were submitted in 1972 taka CHINZEI and Yasuhide IWASAKI by the Committee, with which Takashi (1967). Most of the fossil molluscan HAMADA is incorporated as a member assemblages can be regarded as repre­ (see HAMADA, 1973). The international senting the benthic community, judging Permian-Triassic conference was held at from the recurrence of the same occur­ Calgary, 1971, in which biostratigraphic rence. An interesting example of evidence and the problem of organic "paralled community" has been shown by crisis were contained. Keiji N AKAZA w A, their study. The investigators intend to Kametoshi KANMERA and TORIY AMA make clear the chronological change of contributed papers to this conference fossil communities which would, accord­ bringing well compiled data from Japan ing to them, contribute to the problem or eastern Tethys (see LOGAN and HILLS of evolution. This may be right, but in [ed.], 1973). The same problem has been my opinion, the ecological conditions of continued to be studied by NAKAZAWA a species or better to say those of and his coworkers on the materials of Mendelian populations should be more southern Asia where international co­ directly concerned with adaptation and operation has been taken. Their results natural selection in leading trends of will be published soon. evolution. The evolutionary change of Another good compilation of biostrati­ the ecosystem would be another impor­ graphic correlation of all the known tant problem in palaeontology and also in fossiliferous formations has recently been historical geology. However, this could achieved for Southeast Asia (KOBAYASHI never be answered by treating only the and TORIY AMA [ed.], 1975). Although material of local biota of a limited time the correlation is tentative for some interval. parts, the published results mark a mile­ Tsugio SHUTO (1957) attempted to treat stone for further advances. the problem of speciation on palaeoeco­ An atlas of palaeobiogeography (HAL­ logical factors, but his example could LAM [ed.], 1973) was published with fine have been a result of biofacies differenti­ international compilation of contributors ation which was made clear by his own in which MATSUMOTO took part in the precise faunal analysis (SHUTO, 1961). palaeobiogeography of late Cretaceous The results of his study on larval eco­ Ammonoidea. logy of prosobranch gastropods (SHUTO, As one of the projects of IGCP an 1974) are significant for their biogeogra­ internationally cooperative work is being phical distribution including the problem performed on the mid-Cretaceous zonation of isolation and consequently modes of and correlation, with which MATSUMOTO, speciation. TAKA YANAGI, and others (1975) are As to the recent advances in biostrati- incorporated. 80 MATSUMOTO, T. et al., edit.: An international conference on Pacific zonation and correlation. Neogene stratigraphy will be held at The above remarks comprise my Tokyo, 1976, where the biostratigraphy personal opinions, and this chapter could will occupy the main part. Combination be written in more or less different ways of biostratigraphic correlation with radio­ by other authors. There may be some metric dating and also with palaeo­ other important aspects of the recent magnetic allocation will be one of the palaeontology, particularly micropaleonto­ interesting points of discussion, as sug­ logy, in Japan which I am afraid to have gested already by Nobuo IKEBE et a!. omitted or missed to stress. Anyhow, I (1973). believe that sound development of palaeo­ International cooperation has long been ntology in the future several years would taken and is increasingly important in depend on the well balanced advances in submarine investigations, in which various both fields of palaeobiology and strati­ kinds of microfossils are important for graphical palaeontology, which should be correlation and palaeoenvironmental inter­ intimately connected with the up-to-date pretation. In some cases, however, mega­ biology and also renewed aspects of fossils were occasionally found in the geology. In every field the international boring cores. cooperation and exchange of knowledge Recently a renewed significance has would become more and more important been afforded to the regional palaeobio­ in the future. Fresh discoveries and geography in connexion with the theory creations, as well as further improve­ of sea-floor spreading and plate tectonics. ments on the foundation of previous Although interests of these aspects are works, would promote the real advances. rather in historical geology, the palaeo­ Acknowledgements . . Although I myself biogeography itself should be essentially is responsible for the above remarks, I related with the problem of speciation owe much to a number of persons, and evolution. especially Dr. T. KOBAYASHI who wrote The aim of biostratigraphy is also in in Japanese a short historical review ten historical geology, but we need funda­ years ago and has also contributed an mental palaeontological studies on the introduction to this issue and Dr. K. organic evolution and related subjects for CHINZEI who helped me in giving up­ further refinement of the biostratigraphic to-date information on palaeoecology. Beautifully Reprinted Edition

Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, Old Series, Nos. 1-32 (1935-1950)

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Also available: Reprinted Edition of the "Cenozoic Research", Nos. 1-33 (1949-1961). A Japanese Journal of the Association for the Geological Collaboration in Japan. Cloth-bound in 2 volumes. Price . . . . . 20,000 yen. MINORU SHOBO Co., Ltd. 5-25-17, Bongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113 .

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A Concise History of Palaeontology in Japan

Preface KoBAYASHI, Teiichi: Introduction to the History of Palaeontology in Japan...... 1 UJIIE, Hiroshi: Paleontology and Society of Japan ...... 10 IGO, Hisayoshi : Paleozoic Microfossils ...... • 16 TAKA y ANAGI, Y okichi : A Brief History of Post-Paleozoic Micropaleontology . . . . 19 KATO, Makoto : Coelenterates ...... 26 SAKAGAMI, Sumio : History of Bryozoological Research ...... • ...... 29

YANAGIDA, Juichi: Brachiopodology in Japan-A Historical Review • ...... 30

0BAT A, lkuwo : Cephalopods ...... • . . . . . • ...... 33 SHUTO, Tsugio : Fossil Molluscs ...... •...... ·. . . . . 38 HAMADA, Takashi : Arthropoda • . • ...... • . . . . • • . . . • . . . • . . . • • • . . . • ...... • 44 MORISHITA, Akira: Echinodermata-History of Research ...... 49 KAMEl, Tadao: A Short History of Vertebrate Paleontology in Japan ...... 50 NODA, Hiroshi: Problematica and Trace Fossils ...... 57 ASAMA, Kazuo : Paleozoic Plants . • ...... • . • ...... • . • ...... • . . . • • . . 58 KIMURA, Tatsuaki: Study of Mesozoic Plants in Japan and Adjacent Regions . . . 60 T ANAl, Toshimasa : Cenozoic Plants ...... , ...... 64 TOKUNAGA~: Shigefri~ti): Paleop~lynoloJ; and its History ...... , ...... 68 ~ ' .. KoNISHI, Kenji: ·Algal Conservatism-Symbiosis between Earth Science and ·" ·Biology·.:... ~- ... .-.•...... •...... ••.•. '...... •...... • 71 MATSUM()TO, Tatsuro: Concluding Remarks ...... 74