Kerajaan Melayu Awal Sejarah Tahun 4

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Kerajaan Melayu Awal Sejarah Tahun 4 Kerajaan Melayu Awal Sejarah Tahun 4 MAISARA MOHD FAHMI Teacher Zaidah Binti Sarji 4 Ibnu Taimiyyah 18.05.2015 Kerajaan Melayu Awal Maisara Mohd Fahmi Isi Kandungan Pendahuluan ............................................................................................................... 3 ...................................................................... 4 ................................................................... 5 ............................................................... 6 ............................................................... 7 ............................................................ 8 .................................................................................................... 9 Kesimpulan ................................................................................................................ 10 2 Kerajaan Melayu Awal Maisara Mohd Fahmi Pendahuluan Assalamualaikum kawan-kawan. Tahukah anda, sebelum munculnya Kesultanan Melayu Melaka, telah wujud beberapa kerajaan Melayu Awal. Kerajaan-kerajaan Melayu Awal yang terletak di persisiran pantai ini dikenali sebagai kerajaan maritime. Kerajaan-kerajaan tersebut wujud oada masa yang berbeza. Kerajaan-kerajaan awal ini merupakan pusat perdagangan yang maju pada zamannya. 3 Kerajaan Melayu Awal Maisara Mohd Fahmi Chih-Tu Kerajaan Chih-Tu atau Kerajaan Tanah Merah (Anggaran dari 100 SM hingga 700 M) merupakan sebuah kerajaan Buddha purba di Semenanjung Melayu. Sejarah Dinasti Sui dari China menerangkan mengenai kewujudan kerajaan ini. Namun begitu, lokasi berdirinya Chih-Tu diperdebatkan. Ia terletak sama ada di Kelantan, Pahang, Songkhla atau Patani. Bukti yang nyata ialah dimana apabila ekspidisi Cina ini berlayar dari Chih-Tu ke Champa, mereka mengambil masa 10 hari, maka kerajaan ini mungkin terletak di Sungai Kelantan. Malahan, terdapat batu bersurat Buddhagupta yang ditemui di Kedah menerangkan tentang Raktamrtikka yang bermaksud Tanah Merah. Kerajaan Chih-Tu bersama-sama dengan Langkasuka di Kedah merupakan pusat perdagangan utama di Asia Tenggara. Ketika zaman ini pedagang Cina dan Funan berlayar ke Semenanjung Melayu untuk berdagang. Mereka menggunakan penduduk tempatan untuk membawa dagangan mereka dari Chih-Tu ke Langkasuka. 4 Kerajaan Melayu Awal Maisara Mohd Fahmi Kedah Tua Kerajaan Kedah Tua merupakan salah satu kerajaan awal terkenal yang terletak di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu. Ia juga dikenali sebagai Kataha, Kadaram, Sai, Kalah, Kalah Bar dan Kalagram. Menurut catatan I Ching dari negara China, Kedah Tua juga disebut sebagai Cheh-Cha. Kerajaan Kedah Tua diasaskan pada abad ke-5. Pada peringkat awal, Sungai Mas merupakan pelabuhan utama tetapi kemudian dipindah ke Lembah Bujang. Kedah Tua dipengaruhi oleh agama Buddha dan seterusnya diikuti oleh agama Hindu, pengaruh Hindu-Buddha ini boleh dibuktikan melalui peninggalan candi yang terletak di Lembah Bujang. Gunung Jerai telah menjadi petunjuk atau panduan kepada pedagang luar untuk singgah di pelabuhan Lembah Bujang ataupun di Sungai Mas. Pelabuhan Kedah Tua telah menjadi tempat penukaran barang, tempat persinggahan dan tempat membaiki kapal pelayar dan pedagang dari Arab, India, Sri Lanka, Parsi dan Eropah sebelum mereka meneruskan perjalanan mereka ke Timur. Ia juga menjadi pusat perdagangan pelbagai hasil tempatan yang dikumpul oleh penduduk tempatan seperti bijih timah, emas, beras, lada hitam, gading, damar, rotan, tanduk dan sebagainya. Walaupun ia adalah sebuah kerajaan samudera tetapi juga menjadi pengeluar padi terkenal kerana dikurniakan tanah pamah yang rata dan luas. Kerajaan Kedah Tua mencapai zaman kegemilangan semasa pemerintahan Sultan al- Mutawakil (847-861). Ini dapat dibuktikan melalui penemuan wang perak pada zaman Sultan al-Mutawakil, manik yang dibawa dari negara India dan barangan kaca dari Timur Tengah. 5 Kerajaan Melayu Awal Maisara Mohd Fahmi Beruas Penyelidikan pertama mengenai kerajaan Beruas dimulakan oleh Kolonel James Low pada tahun 1849 dan satu abad kemudian oleh HG Qlaritch-Males. Menurut Jabatan Antikuiti dan Muzium, kedua penyelidik bersetuju bahawa kerajaan Gangga Negara wujud tetapi tidak dapat menentukan dengan pasti tapaknya. Selama beberapa tahun, penduduk kampung telah membongkar artifak, termasuk nesan dengan tulisan yang menunjukkan bahawa Beruas mungkin merupakan titik mula penyebaran Islam di Semenanjung Malaysia. Kebanyakan artifak, dipercayai semenjak kerajaan kuno, kini dipamerkan di Muzium Beruas bertarik semenjak abad ke-5 dan ke-6. Artifak yang dipamerkan termasuk meriam 128 kg, pedang, keris pitis, ketulan timah, tembikar dari kerajaan Dinasti Ming dan pelbagai era, dan tempayan besar. Melalui artifak ini, ia telah dijangka bahawa Pengkalan (Ipoh), Lembah Kinta, Tanjung Rambutan, Bidor dan Sungai Siput merupakan sebahagian kerajaan Beruas. Artifak turut mencadangkan bahawa pusat kerajaan mungkin telah berpindah beberapa kali. Gangga Negara dinamakan menjadi Beruas selepas Islam bertapak di sana. Beberapa batu nesan diraja Aceh turut ditemui di daerah Beruas dan ini mempunyai bukti kaitan dengan sumber sejarah bahawa putera raja dari Aceh, Sumatra berehat di bawah pokok Beruas, namanya Malik. Sejarah Pasai ada menyebut mengenai Malik ul Salih yang merupakan raja Melayu Hindu tempatan pertama yang memeluk Islam pada tahun 1267. Kini pokok beruas telahpun pupus tetapi masih dapat dijumpai di perkampungan berhampiran di Pengkalan Baru dan Batang Kubu. 6 Kerajaan Melayu Awal Maisara Mohd Fahmi Gangga Negara Gangga Negara dipercayai merupakan kerajaan Melayu Hindu Lama yang hilang dan ada disebut dalam Sejarah Melayu yang kini merangkumi Beruas, Dinding dan Manjung yang pada masa kini terletak di negeri Perak, Malaysia serta Raja Gangga Shah Johan sebagai salah seorang rajanya. Para penyelidik mempercayai bahawa kerajaan ini berpusat di Beruas dan ia runtuh selepas serangan oleh Raja Rajendra Chola I dari Coromandel, India Selatan di antara tahun 1025 dan 1026. Menurut sebuah lagi catatan sejarah Melayu, Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa, Gangga Negara mungkin telah diasaskan oleh anak Merong Mahawangsa, Raja Ganjil Sarjuna dari Kedah, yang dikatakan sebagai keturunan Iskandar Agung atau keluarga diraja Khmer tidak lewat dari abad ke-2. Kerajaan Gangga Negara meliputi Beruas dan Dinding/ Manjung . Artifak arca-arca Buddha abad ke-5 dan ke-6 Masihi yang dijumpai di Beruas menunjukkan kewujudan kerajaan Gangga Negara ini. Kerajaan Gangga Negara ini berpusat di Beruas. Pengasas Kerajaan Gangga Negara ialah Raja Ganjil Sarjuna dari Kedah. Pendapat lain mengatakan Kerajaan Gangga Negara diasaskan oleh Raja Khmers dari Kemboja. Menurut kajian lain, dinyatakan bahawa Kerajaan Gangga Negara wujud tidak lewat dari abad ke-2 Masihi. Kerajaan Gangga Negara ini dipercayai terletak di daerah Dinding (Manjong), sekitar kawasan Selatan Gunung Bubu (1657 meter ) arah timur Bukit Segari di tepi Sungai Dinding. Pendapat ini juga menyebut kemungkinan pusat Kerajaan Gangga Negara berubah-ubah. Berdasarkan taburan artifak-artifak purba yang ditemui dan pengaliran cabang Sungai Perak, kerajaan ini dipercayai pernah berpusat di Pengkalan ( Ipoh ), Lembah Kinta, Tanjung Rambutan, Bidor dan Sungai Siput. 7 Kerajaan Melayu Awal Maisara Mohd Fahmi Santubong Gunung Santubong yang terletak di Sarawak, Malaysia merupakan sebuah daripada gunung legenda yang terkenal di Sarawak. Ia terletak 35 km di utara Bandar Kuching. Setinggi sekitar 810 meter, gunung ini terletak di sebuah semenanjung kecil yang dinamakan semenanjung Buntal yang popular kerana aktiviti-aktiviti pelancongannya. Mengikut sejarahnya, pada abad ke-14 Masihi pusat komersial pentadbiran negeri Sarawak ialah Santubong di mana kuala Santubong menjadi pusat kunjungan para saudagar dari Timur dan Barat untuk berniaga. Penemuan pelbagai artifak di kawasan sekitarnya menguatkan lagi dakwaan bahawa terdapat kesan langsung perdagangan di Santubong kepada penyebaran Islam dan Hindu di Sarawak. 8 Kerajaan Melayu Awal Maisara Mohd Fahmi Temasik Pada masa silam sekitar abad ke 14, pulau Singapura merupakan sebahagian daripada kerajaan Sriwijaya dan dikenali sebagai Temasek ("Kota Laut"). Dipercayai bahawa Singapura merupakan pusat pemerintahan kerajaan Melayu sebelum ia diduduki oleh Sir Stamford Raffles. Ini berdasarkan tulisan Abdullah Abdul Kadir Munshi yang menyatakan ketika Singapura dibersihkan, bukit yang terdapat di situ telahpun dikenali sebagai bukit larangan, dan terdapat banyak pokok-pokok buah yang ditanam di situ. Ini menunjukkan terdapatnya pusat pentadbiran (istana) di situ. Selain daripada itu, Abdullah Abdul Kadir Munshi turut menyatakan terjumpanya satu batu bersurat yang mempunyai ukiran tulisan yang tidak dikenali dan telah kabur. Batu bersurat Singapura itu menunjukkan Singapura telahpun menjadi satu pusat pentadbiran sejak silam lama sebelum ketibaan pihak Inggeris. Malangnya batu bersurat itu telah dimusnahkan tidak lama selepas ketibaan Inggeris oleh seorang jurutera Inggeris. Bagaimanapun, terdapat nota mengenai satu salinan tulisan tersebut telah dihantar ke London tetapi gagal ditafsirkan. Sekiranya rekod salinan tulisan itu dapat dijumpai kembali, ia boleh memberikan anggaran tarikh ia diukir melalui terjemahan ataupun sekiranya masih gagal diterjemah, melalui jenis tulisan yang digunakan. 9 Kerajaan Melayu Awal Maisara Mohd Fahmi Kesimpulan Sejak zaman Kerajaan Melayu Awal lagi, kawasan perairan negara kita menjadi laluan perdagangan antara China dan India. Kita harus bangga kerana Kerajaan-kerajaan Melayu Awal terkenal sebagai pusat perdagangan manakala Selat Melaka sebagai jalan perdagangan. Keunikan ini menjadi asa kegemilangan negara kita pada hari ini. 10 .
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