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SPOTLIGHT ON NANJING Experimental reforms boost China’s NATUREJOBS education epicentre Educational and research pedigree, combined with a new governmental initiative, propels China’s historic “southern capital” to new heights. BY HUANG KUN and WANG JUEBIN SPOTLIGHT ON NANJING, CHINA SPOTLIGHT “IF I HAD a second life, I would in Beijing and Shanghai, and (“northern capital” in Mandarin, to “After coming back to still come back to China. And of the municipal government is Nanjing’s “southern capital”), more China, more than 80 all the cities in China, I would still constructing a number of new than half of the Zhuangyuan, the choose Nanjing,” says Wu Xuefeng, towns dedicated to science and best performers in an exam held percent of my important an astrophysicist at the Purple education in the region. “Take across the nation every three years, discoveries are from Mountain Observatory (PMO), in Xianlin, the town where I live,” came from students taking the collaborations with other China’s Jiangsu Province. Wu says. “Th ere are university exam in Nanjing. Wu was born in Jiangsu, and buildings, for research, as well as According to statistics from the researchers in Nanjing." started his research career at the apartments and shops. It takes 15 Nanjing government, there are 53 PMO in 2005 after graduating minutes to walk from home into universities and some 400 research Professor Wang Xinran from Nanjing University. He left my lab. I don’t have to worry about institutes in Nanjing, which has Nanjing University for further study in the US at the other things, and can dedicate a population of around eight California Institute of Technology, myself to research.” million. Th e percentage of college Pennsylvania State University, Th is is an unsurprising move students among residents here is and the University of Nevada, in a region of China famed for its the highest in China. Las Vegas, before returning to the educational and research output. “All the talents in those observatory in 2011. Since becoming the capital of the universities and institutes compose One of his reasons for returning Wu Dynasty in 229 AD, Nanjing an excellent framework for doing to Nanjing, the provincial capital has been at the political centre of research in Nanjing, where you can of Jiangsu, is the make-up of ten dynasties in Chinese history. In easily fi nd collaborators in various the city. Th e cost of living and the recent Qing Dynasty, although subjects, and that’s the biggest commuting isn’t as high as China was governed from Beijing attraction for me,” says Wang NANJING BY NUMBERS Research output of Nanjing Nanjing's 2015 research output closely resembles China's own Nanjing University (NJU) 1,783.0 Southeast University (SEU) LEGEND Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing Normal University (NNU) Chemistry Nanjing University of Science & Technology (NUST) Earth and China Pharmaceutical University (CPU) environmental CHINA sciences Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST) 737.0 Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT) Life sciences Nanjing Medical University (NJMU) Physics 4,222 294.6 Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics (NUAA) 0 50 100 150 200 250 WFC Nanjing University (NJU) Purple Mountain Observatory (PMO), CAS 123.8 Southeast University (SEU) Nanjing Normal University (NNU) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST) NANJING Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology (NIGLAS), CAS 33.7 Nanjing University of Science & Technology (NUST) 256.7 Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT) 30.4 Nanjing Medical University (NJMU) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 AC These data are from the Nature Index. The Nature Index database tracks the affiliations of high-quality scientific articles, and charts publication productivity for institutions and countries. Article count (AC) includes the total number of affiliated articles. Weighted fractional count (WFC) accounts for the relative contribution of each author to an article and applies a weighting to correct imbalances in the Index’s subject coverage. 2016 NOVEMBER 10 | NATUREJOBS | Please see natureindex.com for more information. 3 Xinran, a professor of electronic astronomical legend in Wu changes to science in Nanjing. peers; we’re even better in many science and engineering at Nanjing Xuefeng’s institute — the The reform is part of a ways.” With that support, Wang’s NATUREJOBS University. After finishing his PhD Purple Mountain Observatory larger country-wide strategy of group has made significant at Stanford University in the US, (see Observatory on a purple “innovation driven development.” advancements, such as the epitaxy then joining another two labs in mountain). A series of policies have been of high-quality two-dimensional the US as a postdoc, Wang came Nanjing’s strength in outlined by the municipal small molecule crystals for a variety back to Nanjing in 2011 and has science has won it a unique government since 2009, including of device applications. since published some 30 papers on title — Experimental City of schemes to attract talent by In some important projects, new materials in journals including Comprehensive Reform of Science increasing benefits for researchers, Nanjing is taking a leading role Physical Review Letters and Nature and Technology System. The encouraging research investment and attracts researchers from Communications. “After coming system was launched by China’s by tax incentives, and allowing larger, wealthier cities like Beijing back to China, more than 80% central government in 2009 and scientists at universities and and Shanghai. Yuan Qiang, who of my important discoveries are Nanjing is still the only one with institutes to start their own full- worked at the Institute of High from collaborations with other the title. “Nanjing is determined time businesses while retaining Energy Physics, Chinese Academy SPOTLIGHT ON NANJING, CHINA SPOTLIGHT researchers in Nanjing,” he says. to grasp the opportunity of the their academic positions for up to of Sciences in Beijing, chose to Nanjing University is the biggest reform,” says Huang Rong, a three years. move to the PMO to continue player in the region, accounting senior official in the Nanjing The reform has boosted his research. “We’re leading for more than half of Nanjing's Municipal Science and Technology Nanjing’s research capability, and the project of the Dark Matter overall research output. “The Commission (NMSTC), the body investment in science in the region Particle Explorer satellite,” he University has a long history in in charge of implementing policy has increased rapidly. “We have says. The satellite, launched last basic research,” says Wen Hai-Hu, an annual special budget of more December, is China’s first ever a professor of physics there. “It than one million yuan ($150,000) space observatory, and will use trained Wu Jianxiong, for example, “We have an annual for buying the latest equipment in high-energy electrons and gamma who worked on the Manhattan special budget of more my lab — the National Laboratory rays to seek out dark matter; so far Project and was nicknamed the than one million yuan of Solid State Microstructures at elusive to physicists and the rest of first lady of physics. Nowadays, Nanjing University,” says Wang the scientific community. Nanjing University is performing ($150,000) for buying Xinran. “Even at Stanford they In line with the rest of the well in a lot of subjects, such as in the latest equipment." have old equipment. In terms of world economy banking on condensed matter physics.” the research environment, we’re no science to drive growth, the The city also boasts an Wang Xinran longer worse than our international reform in Nanjing emphasizes INSTITUTIONAL COLLABORATIONS IN NANJING Whilst institutions indulge in a healthy amount of collaboration within China, global collaborations are rare in Nanjing. Top ten Nanjing institutions collaborating with mainland China Collaboration scores: Nanjing University's top ten* Nanjing University 2.18 Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications 1.73 Peking Nanjing Tech University 1.58 University Purple Mountain Nanjing University of Science & Technology 1.10 Observatory, CAS CS: Nanjing Xiaozhuang University 1.03 CS: 15.5 China Pharmaceutical University 1.00 20.2 Fudan Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology 0.88 University Nanjing Forestry University 0.87 CS: Nanjing Normal University 0.87 15.1 Shanghai Southeast University 0.83 Astronomical University of Science WFC Observatory & Technology of China CS: 9.7 CS: Hefei Top ten collaborating institutions with Nanjing 34.8 Institutes of Physical Science, CAS Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications 1.38 Nanjing Medical CS: University 14.5 Nanjing Tech University 1.06 CS: Nanjing Xiaozhuang University 1.03 Zhejiang 9.7 University Shanghai Jiao Nanjing University of Finance and Economics 1.0 Tong University CS: Nanjing University 0.96 CS: 10.5 Nanjing Forestry University 0.88 French National Centre for 9.8 China Pharmaceutical University 0.81 Scientific Research Nanjing University of Science & Technology 0.79 CS: Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology 0.78 9.4 Jiangsu Hecheng Display Technology Co., Ltd 0.63 WFC | NATUREJOBS | 10 NOVEMBER 2016 NOVEMBER 10 | NATUREJOBS | 4 *Collaboration score (CS) is the sum of fractional counts derived from bilateral partnerships between Nanjing University and its partners translating science into business.