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Social Dynamics, Network Structure, and Information Diffusion in Fish Shoals

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Social Dynamics, Network Structure, and Information Diffusion in Fish Shoals University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-2017 Social dynamics, network structure, and information diffusion in fish shoals. Matthew Jerome Hasenjager University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Hasenjager, Matthew Jerome, "Social dynamics, network structure, and information diffusion in fish shoals." (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2628. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/2628 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SOCIAL DYNAMICS, NETWORK STRUCTURE, AND INFORMATION DIFFUSION IN FISH SHOALS By Matthew Jerome Hasenjager B.S., Michigan State University, 2009 M.S., Michigan State University, 2011 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology Department of Biology University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky May 2017 Copyright 2017 by Matthew Jerome Hasenjager All rights reserved SOCIAL DYNAMICS, NETWORK STRUCTURE, AND INFORMATION DIFFUSION IN FISH SHOALS By Matthew Jerome Hasenjager B.S., Michigan State University, 2009 M.S., Michigan State University, 2011 A Dissertation Approved on April 26, 2017 by the following Dissertation Committee: ______________________________ Dissertation Director Dr. Lee A. Dugatkin ______________________________ Dr. Cynthia Corbitt ______________________________ Dr. Perri Eason ______________________________ Dr. Paul Ewald ______________________________ Dr. Thomas Valone ii DEDICATION To my parents Jerome and Margaret Hasenjager for always ensuring my library was well-stocked, and for fostering my enduring love of the natural world. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Lee Dugatkin, for his guidance and support, and for the amazing opportunities he has provided me over my doctoral career. I would like to also thank the rest of my dissertation committee: Dr. Cynthia Corbitt, Dr. Perri Eason, Dr. Paul Ewald, and Dr. Thomas Valone, for all of their constructive feedback. Thank you, as well, to Dr. Stefan Krause for assistance with implementing the Markov chain fission-fusion models used in this dissertation and to Dr. William Hoppitt for answering my innumerable questions regarding network-based diffusion analysis. For all of their love and support, I would also like to thank my parents, my siblings, Aaron and Liesl Hasenjager, and my partner, Brittany Kelley. And to all those individuals with whom I’ve jammed, talked science, or simply knocked back a pint, thanks must go to you as well! This work was supported by funding from the Animal Behavior Society, the Fisheries Society of the British Isles, the Kentucky Science and Engineering Foundation, the University of Louisville, and both the Graduate Student Council and the Biology Graduate Student Association of the University of Louisville. iv ABSTRACT SOCIAL DYNAMICS, NETWORK STRUCTURE, AND INFORMATION DIFFUSION IN FISH SHOALS Matthew Jerome Hasenjager April 26, 2017 Animal populations are often highly structured, with individuals differing in terms of whom they interact with and how frequently they do so. The resulting pattern of relationships constitutes a population’s social network. In this dissertation, I examine how environmental variation can shape social networks and influence information flow within them. In Chapter I, I review the history of social network analysis in animal behavior research, and discuss recent insights generated by network approaches in behavioral ecology. I focus on the fields of: social learning, collective behavior, animal personalities, and cooperation. Animal network studies are often criticized for a lack of replication at the network level and an over-reliance on descriptive approaches in lieu of hypothesis testing. Small, shoaling fish may provide a means to address these concerns, as manipulative experiments can be conducted on replicate social groups under captive conditions. Chapters III–V examine the impacts of environmental variation on the social networks of Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata) shoals, the social dynamics from which they emerge, and information diffusion within them. In the experiments described in Chapter III, I manipulated shoal composition in terms of within-group familiarity. Mixed shoals of familiar and unfamiliar fish exhibited greater homogeneity in network v structure relative to other groups, which likely contributed to the rapid diffusion of foraging information observed within them. In the experiments discussed in Chapter IV, I manipulated the within-shoal mixture of personality types. In addition to impacting frequencies of partner switching and patterns of phenotypic assortment, individual- and group-level personality variation had strong effects on the initial acquisition of novel foraging information and the speed of its transmission through a group. In the experiments in Chapter V, I manipulated the ambient predation risk perceived by groups. High-risk conditions were associated with shifts in network structure consistent with attempts to minimize predation risk. High ambient risk also impeded the acquisition and subsequent transmission of foraging information, likely due to heightened neophobia and/or an increase in the perceived costs of personal sampling. I conclude in Chapter VI by considering the broader implications of my work and highlighting promising avenues for future research. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................x CHAPTER I: SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS IN BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY ..........1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1 A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE STUDY OF ANIMAL SOCIAL STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................10 SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS AND TOPICS IN BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY ......................................................................................................32 FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS IN BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY ...........................................................................80 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................91 CHAPTER II: INTERLUDE .............................................................................................92 CHAPTER III: FAMILIARITY AFFECTS NETWORK STRUCTURE AND INFORMATION FLOW IN GUPPY (POECILIA RETICULATA) SHOALS............94 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................94 METHODS ............................................................................................................99 RESULTS ............................................................................................................110 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................117 CHAPTER IV: GROUP PERSONALITY COMPOSITION SHAPES SHOALING DYNAMICS, NETWORK STRUCTURE, AND INFORMATION FLOW ............125 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................125 METHODS ..........................................................................................................131 RESULTS ............................................................................................................150 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................160 vii PAGE CHAPTER V: FEAR OF PREDATION SHAPES SOCIAL NETWORK STRUCTURE AND THE ACQUISITION OF FORAGING INFORMATION ......172 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................172 METHODS ..........................................................................................................176 RESULTS ............................................................................................................193 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................206 CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ...................................213 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................216 APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................249 COPYRIGHT
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