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Home , Anopterus glandulosus, Athrotaxis cupressoides, Athrotaxis laxifolia, Athrotaxis selaginoides, Blandfordia punicea, Coprosma nitida

119

THE VEGETATION AND HIGHER OF THE -PENCIL AREA, NORTHERN

by J.B. Kirkpatrick and J. Balmer

(with four tables, six text-figures, three plates and an appendix)

The Cradle Mountain-Pencil Pine area, northern Tasmania, has a highly varied vegetation and a rich and highly Tasmanian endemic flora. The distributions of the synusiae and floristic plant communities in the region arc strongly influenced by , the altitudinal environmental gradient, drainage conditions and history. Key Words: Tasmania, synusiae, plant communities.

In BANKS, M.R. et al. (Eds), 1991 (31:iii): ASPECTS OF TASMANIAN �A TRIBUTE TO WINIFRED CURTIS. Roy. Soc. Tasm. : 119-148. https://doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.124.2.119

INTRODUCTION heavily modified by glacial processes, and is lithological!y varied( fig. 1 ). formation has occurred The Cradle Mountain-Pencil Pine area has become the at the higher altitudes on all substrates and at lower focus of development of the recreational/tourism altitudes where drainage is poor or the are resource of the Western Tasmanian World Heritage siliceous. Three major occurred in this area in the Area, with the construction of a major road link, a early of this century or the late years of last dramatic expansion in accommodation outside the park century. Plates 1 and 2 provide striking evidence of the and the erection of an innovative visitor centre at its two more recent events, which burned the area between entrance. The flora and vegetation form one of the BarnBluff and Cradle Mountain and the slopes below major attractions of the area. Although statewide studies Hansons Peak. An older fire burnedfrom the northwest have indicated the plant composition of the over Hounslow Heath (fig. 2), and there are signs of area(Kirkpatrick 1983, 1986;Jarmanetal.1984, 1988a; many much older fires in the . The lowland Kirkpatrick et al. 1988; Whinam et al. 1989), their and sedgelands were burned at relatively listings are based on limited sampling. There has been frequentintervals from at least first European occupancy no general description of the vegetation and flora of the to the 1960's. Stem ages, from Jarman et al. (1988b) area since the pioneering study of Sutton (1928). In suggest that there were fires in 1916, 1935, 1941 and response to the need for a contemporary inventory of 1954. A fire, possibly caused by lightning strike, burned the biological resources of the area we have undertaken part of the east of the study area in the last two to three a quadrat-based study of community ecology, have decades (fig. 2). mapped the distribution of synusiae and have listed all higher plant that have been collected from, or observed in, the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National FLORISTICS OF THE RESERVE Park. One of the first Australian species lists that indicated ecological occurrence was produced for the Cradle area THE STUDY AREA by Sutton (1928). His plant census of the Cradle area recognised 287 plant taxa. Of these names, 101 are no The study area corresponds to that part of the Cradle longer used to represent Tasmanian taxa; a further 11 Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park represented on species are never likely to have occurred within the the 1 :25 000 TASMAP topographic sheets "Cradle" Cradle area (eg. Milligania longifolia, and "Pencil Pine". It also includes the Pencil Pine myrtifolia) and still others refer to taxa which have Development Zone which lies directly to the north of been merged with or split from others since the census the park ( fig. 1). (eg. gunnii, Epilobium billardierianum). As The area has one of the coldest and wettest climates a consequence,-the value of Sutton's plant census has in (table 1) in a landscape that has been very much diminished. A current (although incomplete) 120 J.E. Kirkpatrick and 1. Balmer

FIG. 1 -- Lithology map 0/ Cradle Mt-Pencil Pine area.

~ Area burned Area burned

No evidence of burning -o 1890-present

FIG. 2 - Fire history map 0/ the Cradle Mt-Pencil Pine area. Vegetation and flora !'v1ountain- Pencil Pine area 121 list of taxa known to occur within the including moorlands (17 600 ha), wet scrub Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park is (3800 hal eucalypt (26 400 ha including 8000 ha appended. Notes regarding the occurrence of species of old growth tall - Davies 1988) and cool within the Cradle area are included. temperate (39 400 ha). Specht et at (1974) Nearly one-third of Tasmania's vascular flora is have listed the alliances occurring within the reserve located within the Cradle Mountain National Park. More and more recent systematic community studies have than 450 native higher plant taxa from 79 families have further sampled and described these communities been recorded. The families represented by the greatest (Jarman et ai. 1984, 1988a, Kirkpatrick et al. 1988, number of native taxa are (58), Epacridaceae Whinam et al. 1989) (39), (36), Cyperaceae (31) and (20). The alpine areas contain an interesting mixture of Only eight species of and 34 ferns are recorded eastern and westem elements of the Tasmanian alpine from the reserve. There are likely to be many more flora (Kirkpatrick 1982, 1989). The central alpine native than the 1 J 6 listed, since taxo­ province occllPies a majority of the alpine area of the nomic keys are still not readily available. At least 164 park. The other vegetation types are similarly dominated of the native taxa within the reserve are endemic to by what is an essentially central Tasmanian flora (in Tasmania. particular the peatlands, buttongrass The lower plant flora is probably as diverse, if not moorlands and grassy communities). The reserve is more so, than the higher plant flora within the reserve. located in the transition zone between the drier more Unfortunately records and collections of the lower plant fertile eastern part of the state and the wet infertile flora by specialist taxonomists are at preliminary stages. region to the west. In conseqllence, it is an area where Nevertheless, substantial information on some of these a number of species reach the extreme in their groups now exists for some areas (Dr G. Kantvilas & distribution and many overlap. For example Dr S.J. Jarman, pers. comm., Parks, Wildlife and amygdaUna is largely replaced here by E. nitida and Heritage files). populations of these two species result in the Exotic species are not it· major problem for park vicinity of Lake St Clair. Similarly, in parts of the management, although at least 22 exotic weed species Cradle area E. nitida intergrades with E. coccifera over occur within the park. A number of others are historically the altitudinal gradient (Shaw et al. 1984). planted species (e.g. a Californian redwood planted near the Waldheim chalet - Ziegeler, pers. comm.). All seem to be restricted to the roadsides with THE PLANT COMMUNITIES the exception of P oa annua and C erastium g lomeratum which are also found close to huts and where sewage Methods effluent has been dispersed. The reserve is probably most important for its alpine All structural and floristic elements of the vegetation flora, containing nearly 38 700 ha of the state's alpine (synusiae) perceptible or interpretable from 1:25000 and subalpine vegetation. It also contains a range of coloured aerial photographs were mapped after ground other vegetation types (Kirkpatrick & Dickinson 1984) truthing and aerial reconnaissance. Fire boundaries were

TABLE 1 Climatic data for Cradle Valley (Lat. 41°38' Long. 145 0 57'. Elevation 914 m)

J F M A M J J A S 0 N D Yr -_.. __ .----'._._.. --_... __ .-._------, .----,------Mean daily max. temp. (DC) 17.2 17.6 14.7 11.2 7.5 5.1 4.6 5.2 6.6 9.8 12.0 14.0 10.5 Mean daily min. temp. COC) 6.3 7.8 5.9 4.3 1.5 0.1 0.1 (J.O 0.3 1.6 3.0 4.0 2.9 Mean rainfall (mm) 147 135 154 228 280 275 320 307 275 251 219 183 2744 Rain days 16 14 18 20 21 21 24 23 22 21 19 18 237 Mean days snow seen 1 0 3 5 5 9 10 8 7 3 2 Mean days frost seen 2 3 5 13 19 20 19 17 15 8 4 ------,-.' From Gutteridge et al. 1984: 36. 122 1.11, Kirkpatrick and I Balmer

PLATE 1 Photograph taken in the 1920' s of Barn Bluff, vegetation,

PLATE 2 Photograph taken Cradle in the 1920' s, showing fire-killed vegetation on the south side Dove, Vegetation and flora of Cradle Mountain- Pencil Pine area 123 identified from these photographs, historical photo­ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION graphs and ground observations. During March 1989, floristic presence and environ­ The species, life-form composition and environmental mental data were collected from c. 40 lOx 10m attributes of the 13 floristic groups selected from the quadrats located subjectively without preconceived bias TWINSPAN analysis are shown in tables 2 and 3 (Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg 1974) throughout the respectively (see pp. 138-140). The t10ristic groups major environments of the study area. These data were partiy overlap mapped synusiae. Their attributes and supplemented by quadrats from the studies of ecology and those of the synusiae are discussed below Kirkpatrick (1986), Kirkpatrick & Duncan (1987) and under four broad headings. Cullen & Kirkpatrick (1988) and by data from the files of the Department of Parks, Wildlife and Heritage. In all 141 quadrats were included in the analysis. Data Alpine Vegetation on geology (five classes: 1 == basalt, 2 == dolerite and alluvium, 3 == fine grained sedimentary rocks, 4 == glacial On dolerite and the argillaceous sedimentary rocks deposits, 5 == coarse grained sedimentary rocks), slope there is a sharp treeline at approximately 1200 m (three classes: 1 == flat, 2 == gentle slopes, 3 == moderate wherever drainage is good. On the skeletal soils of the and steep slopes), aspect (five classes: 1 == northwest, siliceous sedimentary rocks the change in stature from 2 == west and north, 3 == southwest and northeast, 4 == east to is gradational, as on the West Coast Range and south, 5 == southeast), altitude and species dominance (Kirkpatrick ] 977). Alpine vegetation extends were available for most quadrats. A fire susceptibility downslope to approximately 1100 m, where there is a index was derived for the classificatory groups by sharp boundary with Melaleuca squamea heath or attributing double the sum of the total percentage Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus sedgeland, this frequency of those taxa in table 2 known to be killed by boundary being most frequently evident on the siliceous fire and to lack any short-term mechanism for regener­ rocks. Similar sharp boundaries have been noted ation, and adding it to the sum of the percentage elsewhere in Tasmania (Kirkpatrick & Brown 1987). frequency scores of those species known to regenerate There are four strong floristic groups within the alpine poorly after fire (Kirkpatrick 1984a). Other species quadrat data set. They can be broadly characterised as scored zero. This sum was then divided by the number alpine herbfield (group 3), bolster heath (group 12), of taxa in the group that had percentage frequency heath on quartzite (group 11) and heath on dolerite values greater than 50 to give the final index. (group 10). All of these units vary structurally and The po]ythetic divisive programme TWINS PAN (Hill transgress the notional climatic treeline. 1979) was used to aid the definition of floristic The most localised group (group 3, table 2) is mapped communities. Detrended correspondence analysis (Hill as alpine herbfield (fig. 3) and is associated with deep & Gauch 1980) was used to ordinate the percentage mineral soils formed on the products of frequency data for the TWINSPAN groups. For every siltstones, usually below persistent snow patches. As split in the classificatory dendrogram, tests were made described for a similar snow patch on Mt Field West for significant environmental differences between the (Gibson & Kirkpatrick 1985b), the silt forms convex relevant two groups. Chi-squared was used for class mounds covered by a closely-cropped herb-rich lawn. data and the Student's t-test was used for parametrically Wallaby and wombat scats are present in abundance. distributed continuous data. Mean index and other The most frequent and abundant species in these lawns environmental values were regressed against the first are gunnii, Erythranthera australis, Hydrocotyle two axes of the ordination, and the residuals from the sibthorpioides and Gnaphalium collinum. Helichrysum significant regression lines were tested against the backhousii is the most common shrub found in these remaining variables. lawns, which usually grade into fjaeldmark upslope Species nomenclature follows Buchanan et al. (1989). and abut on to or coniferous heath downslope Structural tenninology follows Kirkpatrick (1983) for and across slope. The alpine herbfield and of alpine vegetation, Gibson & Kirkpatrick (1985a) for snow patches and associated deposits is maintained in bolster heath, Jam1an et ai. (1984, 1988a) for a tight sward by wallaby and wombat . Shrub and buttongrass moorland respectively, Kirkpatrick et and tree seedlings are present but do not escape into al. (1988) for grassy vegetation and Specht (1981) for adulthood. other vegetation. In the more poorly-drained parts of the alpine zone three types of bolster heath are found, over-ridden to varying degrees by the dwarf Diselma archeri and tetragona. These are largely mapped as part of the coniferous heath and alpine heath 124 J.B. Kirkpatrick and J. Balmer

Ac cOlliferous heath,on.dolerite[ d),on quartzitic conglomerate[q) Ag al pine grassland AI.PINE PLANT As al pine heath on doierite[d),un quartzitic conglomerato[q) CO.l\tIMUNITIES Fj fjacldmark Ro rock or block stream Scale 1 95000 Sb string 1000 500 0 SDDW ~ Sf patch fjaeldmark metres kilomeues

Ec Eucalyptus GOGciiera woo(1 lopen forest Ed open forest I tall open forest Eg Eucalyptus gunn!i / open forest En Eucalyptus nitida open scrub / open forest Es open forest

B heathy sedgeland G Pm grassland H herbfield L Leptospermuml Melaleuca scrub I forest S Sphagnum bog Tm Milligania tall alpine herbfield Tg Restio / Empodisma IGleichenia / Astelia, tall alpine herbfield

D deciduous heath/ scrub Ilorest K selaginoides forest P woodland I forest Rf closed forest

FIG. 3 -Alpine vegetation map of the Cradle Mt-Pencil Pine area. VegetaTion 125 126 f.B, Kirkpatrick and I Balmer complexes, Near and on Bam Bluff Phyllachne coiensoi revoluta and Riehea sprengelioides while the species high mountain cushion heath, paradoxically absent from characteristic of the group are P, lawrencd, Cradle Jlv1ountain, occurs on constantly wet slopes, The Cyalhodes straminea and sericea. t1ush area below the one large snow on the The fires that bumed parts of the alpine environment dolerite peak of Cradle Mountain supports a mosaic at the tum of the century have left substantial areas of cushion heath consisting of a mixture of Abrotanella heath, much of it dominated scoparia, Jorsteroides, Dracophyllum minimum, Donatia novae­ which are or absent, zeiandiae and Pterygopappus lawrencei. On the markedly with their elsewhere in siliceous plateaus the fonner species is absent from the r.he alpine zone, However, in the area bumed earlier on mOSaiCS and Demalia novae-zelandiae cushion heath the Hounslow Heath gymnosperms, especially common. This latter type predominates on the poorly­ tetragona and lawrencei, are drained parts of the more argillaceous mQre common. The floristic group that subsumes the bolster heath communities (12) has EpaCl'is Pentachondrapumila and as its most Treeless Low Altitude Vegetation constant species. The snow patches on conglomerate have The mapping units included in this general category are been mapped (fig. 3). Their vegetation differs markedly sedgeland, Poa grassland, herbfield, Gleichenia from that of the snow patches on siltstone and dolerite tall alpine herbfield and Sphagnum bog (fig. 4). The in that the sparse vegetation cover is evenly mapping units seem less well-matched with the floristic rather than patchy, and consists of a subset of the groups than the alpine units because of the higher of the adjacent bolster heath rather than having degree of local floristic heterogeneity, distinctive markers like Erythranthera australis and Heathy sedgeJand is the most widespread of these Gaultheria depressa. Thus, the fjaeldmark vegetation units. It is found on peaty soils of low nutrient status up of the snow patches on siliceous rocks falls into group to approximately 1100 ill a,s,!. Pure buttongrass, layered 12, while that of the argillaceous snow patches falls eastem moor, common highland sedgey and highland into group 3. dry sedgey communities are common within the mapped Floristic group II corresponds largely with coniferous area, the former two communities being concentrated heath arid alpine heath on quartzitic conglomerate, but at lower latitudes and on apparently less fertile soils also includes the most wind-exposed stands of than the latter two. Gymnoschoenus sedgeJands are most Nnthr .• fm7l" gunnii, where it fomls a prostrate heath highly concentrated in tl0!1stic communities 9 and 13, plant. Microcachrys tetragona is the most frequent although they also occur in communities 5 and 8. The dominant in this floristic community, the other highly most frequent species in community 9 are Hibbertia frequent species being dealbata, Ehrharta procumbens, Ehrharta tasmanica, Mitrasacme tasmanica, Pentachondra pumila, Richea montana, Lepidosperma Ji/iforme, Lepyrodia sprengelioides and humiJusus. tasmanica and Empodisma minus. This community The final alpine floristic group (10) is found on both occurs on highly siliceous rocks or deposits at relatively dolerite ane! the more finely-grained sedimentary rocks. low altitude. On the steeper slopes that it occupies, It is thus found in coniferous and alpine heath on these Gymnoschoenus sedgeland eventually becomes substrates. The major dominant of the coniferous heath overtopped by nitidum or Me/a/euca is Podocarpus lawrence!, while revoluta and squamea in the prolonged absence of fire, becoming Richea sprengelioides dominate much of the alpine physiognomically a heath then a scrub (mapped as heath. This floristic group also subsumes most of the Leptospermum ± Me/aleuca scrub). The scrub mapping unit labelled fjaeldmark and Milligania community is poorly-represented in the quadrat data, dens!flora tall alpine herbfield. The fjaeldmark is closely the one quadrat falling in group 13. similar to that described for Dome Hill (Kirkpatrick & tail alpine herbfield occurs in Whinam 1988) and Pyramid Mountain (Kirkpatrick situations that are better drained and more fertile than 1984b), with stone steps turning into stone stripes with those occupied by sedgeland, but less so than those increasing steepness of slope, and with the features occupied by tussock grassland. G/eichena constitutes being best developed in the direction facing the almost all the cover in the ground stratum, A sparse prevailing winds. The Milligania herbfield is found emergent layer of Richea pandanifolia characterises below the dolerite columns of the major peaks where some areas of this vegetation type, which is concentrated colluvium is constantly flushed with moisture, The in floristic group 13, most constant species of the floristic group are Poa tussock grassland occupies the most fertile and Podocarpus lawrencei, Tasmannia lanceolata, Orites well-drained of the lowland treeless land, usually on Vegetation and flora Mounlain- Pencil Pine area 127 deep, finely-textuTed, mineral, rock-free soils. Four of COl1ullunities Dominated by the grassy cOInmmities recognised by Kirkpatrick et af. (1988) occur 'Within the study area. Poa labillardieri­ EucalypTUS delegatensis, E. nitida, E. E. Trachymene hUfTiilis tussock grassland is found on the gunnii and E. subcrenulata are each found emergent more fertile soils of the northern part of the study area, over a of understorey types within the study particularly those formed on basalt. Poa labillardieri­ area (fig. 5, pp.l30--131). Eucalyptus can gracilis tussock grassland is the commonest be found with the widest variety of understorey, which grassland cmnmunity within the park. Poa includes tussock grasses, Gleichenia, labillardieri-OrlObolus distichus tussock grassland , broad-leaved shrubs and rainforest. occurs adjacent to badly drained ground, and Poa­ E. is confined to wen-drained Scirpus tussock grassland occurs on silty, high-altitude relatively fertlle soils. It attains 1000 m on sites subject to t1ushing. This latter community falls slopes. As well-drained soils become poorer in nutrients, largely within the floristic group 3 of the present study E. nitida displaces E. delegatensis. The to and has been discussed under alpine herbland. The first E. nitida grades from scleromorphic shrubs to rainforest. community corresponds largely with our floristic On the well-drained sites receiving the least summer group 1, while the other two fall within floristic group heat that are occupied by eucalypts, E. 2. The most frequent taxa in this latter group are Poa the previous two species. Whereas neither labillardieri, Agrostis spp., Microseris lanceolata, E. nor E. l1itida are strongly associated with Hydrocotyle sihthorpioides, Danthonia spp., Luzula any of our floristic communities, E. is the spp. and Oreomyrrhis ciliata. Floristic group 1 is major dominant of two. Community 4 occurs on more extremely rich in frequent species. These include the fertile sites than community 8. This difference is shrubs montana, Epacris gunnii and reflected in the most frequent species, which for 4 are Olearla algida, the grasses Deyeuxia quadriseta, Poa gunnii, P. labillardieri, Cyathodes Dichelachne rara, Elymus scabrum and Poa, and the Lycopodium herbs Geranium sessiliflorum, Hypericum japonicum, nitida, Tasmannia lanceolata, Oxalis Leptorhynchos squamatus, montana, magellanica and Geranium potentilloides, whereas for Scleranthus biflorus, Helichrysum rutidolepis, community 8 they are Epacris serpyllifolia, Boronia spp., Gonocarpus serpyllifolius, Acaena citriodora, E. coccijera, Empodisma minus and Bauera novae-zelandiae, gunnianus and Hydrocotyle ruhioides. and E. subcrenulata occur sibthorpioides. on more poorly-drained ground than the three species In the parts of the study area where stock have grazed discussed above, withE. gunnii occurring on more fertile after fire there has been little or no regeneration of tree sites than the latter species. Both species can be found species, although the intertussock flora is in a richer emergent from rainforest, sderomorphic shrubs, state than in the few grasslands within the National Gleichenia herbfield or sedgeland. Only E. gunnii can Park. These grasslands were burned and grazed in the be found with an understorey of tussock grassland or past, but have been free of fire and introduced stock Sphagnum bog. Whereas E. subcrenulata occurs grazing for several decades. The rich flowering evident sporadically in several floristic communities, E. gunnii in plate 3 can no longer be found. is concentrated in community 5. The most frequent In the north of the study area, complex pattems of species in this community are E fluvial deposition and erosion have created considerable minus. fastigiatum, Hydrocotyle variation in drainage, inundation and nutrient conditions. sihthorpioides and Ehrharta tasmanica. Consequently heath, herbland, Sphagnum bog, tussock grassland and sedgeland occur in close juxtaposition. The herbland occurs on highly fertile flushes below Rainforest rainforest and is dominated by a mat of Gunnera cordijc)/ia. The heath is extremely herb-rich and is Four rainforest synusiae have been mapped. The most dominated by various combinations of Richea acerosa, general category is simply denoted as rainforest. This Epacris gunnii and Richea gunnii. This latter species almost totally consists of forest dominated extends as a dominant to Sphagnum . Many of the cunningham ii, although Phyllocladus large bogs in the study area also support stands of aspleniifolius and other evergreen angiosperm are Athrotaxis cupressoides. Four of the Sphagnum bog often subordinate in the canopy. The deciduous tree, communities of Whinam et ai. (1989) are found in the Nothofagus gunnii, and the gymnospenus, Athrotaxis study area. These are subalpine coniferous mire, andA. are also distinguished buttongrass-Sphagnum bog, Riehea-Sphagnum bog and on the map (fig. 6, pp.132-!33). The following rainforest-Sphagnum mire. communities of Jarman et al. (J 984) have been 128 fB, Kirkpatrick and 1. Balmer

B hei,thy ser!geLmd G TREELESS SlJBALPINE Ii PLANT COIViMUNTflES L scrub i forest S Gog Scale 1 : 95000 Tm MiYigania tall ulpin{; hcrbfidd WOU 500 0 1 ; :1 ~~~~'I/;;;;;;;;;; Tg Restio /Elnpot/isma /Gleiclwnia, Ast8lia. tall alpine lwrhfield kilumetres

D dedduousheath/scrub/for8st K Atlirotaxis seiaginoidos forest P At hrotaxis cuprt:ssoicies woodland / forest Rf 8\'€rg",eI1 clOS8d forest

j\C co lliferolls heath,on doled le{ d 1,on q udrtziiic conglomerutc( q) Ag As dolerile{dl,on quartzitic conglumcrate(q) Fj fjaeldmark Ro rock or block strcanl

Be vvoodJanJ /open forest Ed dr:legatunsis ojJen forest ...i tall open forest Eg \voodland opF~n forest En IJ itida open scrub ,i open forest Es Eucalyptus 8ubcTnnuiata up en forest

F'IG, 4 -Treeless suhalpinc vegetation map of the Cradle Mt-Pcl1cii Pine area, Vegetation Mountain-- Pencil Pine area 129 130 .lB. Kirkpatrick and.!. Balmer

Ec Eucalyptus coccilenl woodland lopen forest Ed Eucalyptus delegatens;" open forest! tall open forest ElJCAI.YPl'DOMINATED Eg Eucalyptus gunnii woodland / open forest COMMUNITIES En Eucai}ptus niticia open forest Es Eucalyptus subcrenulata Scale 1 : 95000 1000 !lOO 0 1 2 3 4 Jl heathy sedge land ~~=1iiMii ...... "!1 kilometres G PO" grassland H herbfield L Leptosperrnum /i\1elaleucd scrub./ forest S Sphagnum bog Tm lYfilligania tall alpine herbfiold Tg Restio/EIIlPodis.ma IGloichenja IA8telia, tall alpine herbfi81d

D deciduous heath! scrub! forest K Athrotaxis 8claginoides forest P Athrotaxiscupressoides woodiaml ! forest Rf evergreen closed forest

Ac coniferous heath, on dolcTlte(dl,on quartzitic conglomerate[q) Ag alpine grassland As alpine healh on dolerite[d),on quartzitic conglomerate (q] Fj fjaeldmark Ro rock or block stream

FIG. 5 --Eucalypt-dominated vegetation map a.fthe Cradle Mt-Pencil Pine area. VeReiation l'vloun1ain~ Pencil Pine area 13] 132 J_B. Kirkpatrick and J. Balmer

D deci

Ec F:ucaiyptuscoccifera woodland 'open forest Ed Ruca(,rptU8 deJegateusis open forest ,i tall ~pel1 forest Eg Eucai.\'ptusgul1njj woodland ,i open forest En Ellcal.,'ptlls nitidn open scrub'" open forost Es EUC'Clfyptus sllucrcl1uiata open forest

D heath)·sedgeland G Poa £rassland H herbiield L LeptospATmum / ./.\1elf11cuca scrub / forest S SphBgm1m bog Tm Milligania tall alpine herbfield Tg ResUo! Empodisma! Gleichenia! Astelia. tall alpine herbfield

FIG. 6·-· Rainforest vegetation map of the Cradle Mt-Pencil Pine area. Vegetation and J70ra Moumain- Pencil Pine area 133 134 J.~. Kirkpatrick and J. Balmer

PLATE 3 Photograph taken in Cradle Valley in the 1920's, showing a prolific display of wildflowers in the

observed in the study area: callidendrous lA and 2A; The first axis of the ordination had an eigen value of thamnic 1 C, 4C, 5B and 5C; implicate 2A; open montane 0.603 and was most closely correlated with the fire 1,2 and 3. susceptibility index (r = 0.713, df", 12, P < 0.01). The The floristic classification of the Cradle·-Pencil Pine residuals from this regression were not significantly data set placed the rainforest sensu lato in three groups. correlated with any of the measured environmental Group 6 largely consisted of the quadrats in rainforest factors. The second axis of the ordination had an eigen dominated by . The other most value of 0.277 and was most closely correlated with frequent species in these forests were altitude (r = 0.866, df = 12, P < 0.001). The residuals gunnii, Richea pandanifolia, Trochocarpa from this regression line were significantly correlated cunninghamii and Phyllocladus aspleniifolius. Group 7 with slope (r = 0.610, df = 12, P < 0.05). In the cases has high concentrations of Notho/agus cunninghamii, of both axes, variability in the correlated attributes was Phyllocladus aspleniifolius and Athrotaxis cupress­ close to parallel with the axes. oides. The highest concentration of Nothofagus gUflnii The results of the above analyses are consistent with in a forest community is in group 8 where it is most a model of floristic variation in the vegetation of the often subordinate to . area that is based on the causal roles of summer heat, waterlogging, nutrient status and fire regimes. The upper altitudinal limit of trees within the Cradle Environmental Relationships area, and elsewhere in the state (Kirkpatrick 1982), correlates best with the mean temperature of the warmest The initial division in the classificatory analysis placed month. Summer heat is greater on north than on south­ most of the sites on quartzitic conglomerate in the facing slopes, making the upper limit of trees vary negative group and most of the sites on alluvium and appropriately. The sharp boundary between treeless basalt in the positive group (fig. 2). The quadrats in the vegetation dominated by alpine species and treeless group on infertile ground split into those of high-altitude vegetation dominated by Gymnoschoenus sphaero­ and low-altitude sites with further significant cephalus occurs below the limit of trees but, like the environmental splits being on substrate, slope, altitude treeline, varies in altitude with aspect (Kirkpatrick & and fire history. The quadrats in the positive initial Brown 1987), suggesting that summer warrnth may be group split into fUliher groups on slope and altitude. MOUn1ain-~ Pencil Pille area 135 critical in its detennination. Eucalyptus reveals recolonisation from the margins of old burns. forest fits the ,arne patrern. We suggest that the At the other extreme of fire frequency, comparison of altitudinal fj()lristic gradient indicated in the ordination grasslands and hearhy sedgelands on similar siles with analysis is largely a response to a decline in summer different times elapsed since fire suggests, that, over at warmth with altitude, although it may also be influenced least a part of their distributions, they require occasional by variation in exposure to strong winds. fire for their maintenance. The pattem of juxtaposition In the area above the treeline there is a strong of various lowland vegetation types fits closely with relationship between slope and vegetation type, with that which would be expected from the dynamic model cushion dominating the gentler situations and of Jackson (l968).The ordination, like that of upright shrubs dominating on steeper slopes. This Kirkpatrick (1984a) in a similar environment, reneets correlation seems best explained by moisture relation­ the phYIosociological gradient from ships as cushion plants can be dominant on quite steep burned to unburned sites. slopes where seepage is constant. The environmental gradient from argillaceous to Within the altitudinal zone potentially occupied by siliceous rocks is associated with a floristic shift from trees there are large treeless areas. The ratio of treeless relatively soft herbs and grasses to hard-leaved shrubs to treed vegetation increases with decreasing slope at and graminoids and with some shift in forest, treeless anyone altitude, indicating that waterlogged conditions lowland and alpine dominants on otherwise similar may be cd tical in inhibiting tree growth and sites. establishment. Even if tree growth is not totally Fertility, summer heat and soil drainage interactively prevented by waterlogging, a slowing of growth rates contribute to the potential growth rates for individual would make individuals prone to being set back to species. This integral response to the complex of ground level by fire, in the case of eucalypts, or lead to environmental conditions is reflected most clearly in an open, and therefore more inflammable forest, in the the structural/f1oristic gradient in the long, unburned case of rainforest trees. On poor soils below 1100 m rainforest. heathy sedgeland occupies most of the treeless area. It On the best sites for tree growth, Nothofagus fonns an amorphous peat with low porosity which cunninghamii tends to fonn almost monospecific stands probably exacerbates drainage problems for trees. of callidendrous rainforest. As growth rates slow Heaths rich in herbs and grasses, herb and tussock Athrotaxis species become dominant with progressively grasslands occupy the more fertile treeless areas, some more complex and species rich understoreys. On the of which are clearly well-drained and most of which poorest sites for tree species growth, Nothofagus gunllii are sufficiently well-drained to support tree growth. On dominates a deciduous scrub. Within the Athrotaxis some sites, particularly the alluvial flats in the north of forest there is little doubt that A. cupressoides occupies the study area, the absence of trees may relate to more frost-prone sites than A. seiagilloides (Cullen & occasional severe frosts and the resistance of the Kirkpatrick 1988). surviving understorey sward to fe-invasion (Slatyer 1989). Here, the topographic situation of the inverted treeline supports this hypothesis. The grasslands of Conservation Management Cradle Valley are likely to have an alternative origin. They occupy a well-drained and relatively productive Table 4 (pp. 140-141) summarises the management slope and have a jagged and topographically varied and conservation attributes of the synusiae mapped in boundary with adjacent rainforest. This boundary may figures 3 to 6. OUf present knowledge of the ecology have resulted from a single fire that killed rainforest on and conservation status of these synusiae suggests that the lower slopes and then was reinforced by repeated a policy of total fi.re exclusion is appropriate for the fires within the regenerating vegetation. Alternatively, preservation of the rainforest and alpine communities, fires may have spread from frost-induced treeless and that management should be directed towards vegetation at the base of the slope, merely extending, minimising the chances of fire entering these rather than creating, the grassland. communities. The no campfire policy presently in force There is little doubt that fire has played a major role will aid this end, but the opening of the new link road in the causation of vegetation patterning in the Cradle to the northwest of Cradle Mountain will present a area. Fire sensitive species, such as Athrotaxis major ignition danger, both in itself as an attractor of seiaginoides, A. cupressoides, Nothofagus gunnii and arsonists and in the danger of escapes from the Diselma arched (Kirkpatrick & Dickinson 1984, Brown preventative burning it may encourage. We suggest that 1988) often have jagged edges to their distributions that police or other Government patrols be placed on the do not correspond with underlying environmental susceptible sections of this road on dangerous days. In gradients, and size and age class analysis of stands the long tenn, the survival of much of the area of 136 J.B. Kirkpatrick and 1. Balmer

eucalypt iorest and lowland treeless communities may GIBSON, N. & KIRKPATRICK, lB, ] 985b: Vegetation assoc· depend on a very occasional conflagration. These do iated with localised snow accurnulation at Mount not need to be encouraged. There is no convincing Field West, Tasmania, Aust, 1. Feo!. 10: 91-99. evidence Df any totally fire-dependent species in the GUTTERlDGE, HASKL'.;S, & DAVEY, j 9R4: Environmental impact study: Link Hoad from Murchison Highway to Cradle study area. Even the eucalypts will regenerate without Mountain Tourist Road, Unpub!. rep, Dep. of Main fire in glacially·scraped country or on sharp ridges after Roads, Hobart. tree faiL HILL, M.O., 1979: TWINSPAN-·A FORTRAN PROGRAM The impact of trampling on the native vegetation has FOR ARRANGING MULI1VARJATE DATA IN A been mud! mitigated recentiy by track reconstruction, TWO·WAY TABLE BY CLASSIFICATION OF after a dimstrous start (Calais & Kirkpatrick 1986). INDIVIDUALS AND ATTRIllUTFS. Cornell The construction of toilets has also mitigated the severe University, Ithaca. damage tel alpine and subalpine root systems caused by HILL, M,O. & GAUCH, H.G., 1980:: Delrended the diggiI1g of holes for the deposition of faeces and correspondence analysis: an improved ordination technique. Vegetatio 42: 47-58. paper. This latter activity is not appropriate in alpine JACKSON, W.D., 1968: Fire, air, water and earth - an vegetatioll where surface deposition is less environ·· elemental . Pmc. Feo!. Soc. mentally damaging and no deposition is optimaL Aust. 3: 9--16. The invasion of exotic species in the National Park is JARMAN, S.J., BROWN, M.J. & KANTVILAS, G., 1984: very much dependent on nutrient enrichment, which is RAINFOREST IN TASMANfA. National Parks and only a problem around huts. In these locations Poa Wildlife Service, Hobart. annua and Cerastium glomeratum are the major JARMAN, S.l., KANTVILAS, G. & BROWN, M.J., 1988a: invaders. Exotics, if ever present, have not survived in Buttongrass moorland in Tasmania. Tasmanian the Cradle Valley grassland. Forest Research Council Inc. Res. Rep. No.2. JARMAN, S.J., KANTVILAS, G. & BROWN, M.J., 1988b: A preliminary study of stem ages in buttongrass moorlands. Tasmanian Forest Research Council Inc. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Res. Rep. No.3. KIRKPATRICK, J.B., 1977: Native vegetation of the West Coast The authors thank Dr M.J. Brown for his constructive region of Tasmania. In Banks, M.R. & Kirkpatrick, criticism of the manuscript. J.B. (Eds.): LANDSCAPE AND MAN. Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart: 55-80. KIRKPATRICK, J.B., 1982: Phytogeographical analysis of REFERENCES Tasmanian alpine . 1. Biogeog 9: 255-271. KIRKPATRICK, J.B., 1983: Treeless plant communities of the Tasmanian high country. Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust. 12: BUCHANAN, AM., MCGEARy-BROWN, A & ORCHARD, AE., 61-77. 1989: A CENSUS OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS KIRKPATRICK, J.B., 1984a: Altitudinal and successional OF TASMANIA. Tasm. Herb. Occ. Publ. 2. variation in the vegetation of the West Coast Range, BRlGGs, J.D. & LEIGH, J.H., 1988: RARE OR THREATENED Tasmania. Aust. J. Ecol. 9: 81-91. AUSTRALIAN PLAN]:,}. Aust. Nat. Parks Wildl. Servo KIRKPATRICK, J.B., 1984b: Tasmanian high mountain Spec. Publ, No. 14. vegetation II. Rocky Hill and Pyramid Mountain. BROWN, MJ., 1988: DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERV· Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 118: 5-20. ATION OF KlNG BILLY PINE. Tasmanian KIRKPATRICK, J.B., 1986: Conservation of plant species, Forestry Commission, Hobart. alliances and associations of the treeless high country BROWN, MJ., KIRKPATRICK, I.B. & MOSCAL, A, 1983: AN of Tasmania. BioI. Conserv 37: 43-57. ATLAS OF TASMANiA'S ENDEMIC FLORA. KIRKPATRICK, J,B., 1989: The comparitive ecology of Tasmanian Conservation Trust, Hobart. mainland Australian and Tasmanian alpine CALAIS, S.S. & KIRKPATRICK, J.B., 1986: The impact of vegetation. In Good, R. (Ed,): SCIENTIFIC trampling on the natural of the Cradle SIGNIFICANCE OF THE AUSTRALIAN ALPS. Mt.-Lake St.Clair National Park. Aust. GeaR. 17: 6- AusL Alps Nat. Parks Committee and Aust. Academy 15. of Science, Canberra: 127-142. DAVIES, J.B., 1988: Eucalypt species in Tasmania's tall KIRKPATRICK, J.B. & BROWN, MJ., 1987: The nature of the forests. Report to Forestry Commission, Hobart. transition from sedgcJand to alpine vegetation in CULLEN, p,c. & KIRKPATRICK, J.B., 1988: The ecology of South West Tasmania: I. Altitudinal vegetation Athrotaxis D Don () H. The distIibutions change on four mountains. 1. Biogeog. 14: 539-550. and ecological differentiation of A. cupressoides and KIRKPATRICK, J.B. & DICKINSON, K.J.M., 1984: A. selaginoides. Aust. 1. Bot. 36: 561-573. VEGETA110N MAP OF TASMANIA. 1.·500,()OO GIBSON, N. & KIRKPATRICK, J.B., 1985a: A comparison of the SCALE. Forestry Commission of Tasmania. cushion plant communities of New Zealand and Tasmania. N.z. 1. Bot. 23: 549-566. Vegetation afCradle IVfowuain- Pencil Pine area 137

KIRKPATRICK, 1.B. & DUNCAN, E. 1987: Distribution. SPECHT, R.L., 1981: Conservai',on of vegetation types. In community composition and conservation of Groves, RH. (Ed.): AUSTRAUAN VEGETATION. Tasmanian high altitude grassy ecosystems. Aust. J. Cambridge UniveEity Press, Cambridge. Ecol. 12: 73-86. SPECHT, R.L., ROE, E.M. & BOUGHTON, V.H., 1974: KIRKPATRICK, J. B., GILFEDDER, L & FENSItAM, H.. , 1988: CUY Conservation of major plant comInunities in Australia PARKS AND CEMETER!ES. TASA1ANIA'S' and Papua New Guinea. Aust. I Bot, Suppl. 7. REMNANT GRASSLANDS AND GRASSY SUTl"O'-.f, C.S., 1928: A sketch of the vegetation of Cradle . Tasmanian Conservation TruSl, Mountain, Tasmania and a census of its plants. Pap. Hobart. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1928-192.9: 132-,159. KIRKPATRICK, lB. & WHINAM, J.P., 1988: Tasmanian high WHiNAM, J., EBERHARD, S" KIRKPATRICK, J.B. & MOSCAL, A., mountain vegetation HI. Lake Ewart, Dome Hill and 1989: ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF Eldon Bluff. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 122: 145-164. TASMANIAN SPHAGNUM PEATLANDS. MUELLER-DoMBOlS, D. & ELLENBERG, H., J974: AIMS AND Tasmanian Conservation Tmst Inc .. Hobart. METHODS OF VEGETATION ECOLOGY. Wiley, New York. (accepted 10 1990) SHAW, MJ., POTTS, B.M., & REID, J.B., 1984: Variation in and between Eucalyptus nitida Hook, f. and Eucalyptus coccifera Hook.f. Aust. 1. Bot. 32: J.B. Kirkpatrick 641-654. Department of Geography and Environmantal Studies, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252C, Hobmt, Tasmania, SLATYER, RO., 1989: Alpine and valley bottom treelines. In Good, R(Ed.): THE SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Australia 70l)! OF THE AUSTRALIAN ALPS. Aust. Alps Nat. Parks J. Balmer Committee and Aust. Acadademy of Science, Department of Parks, Wildlife and Heritage, GPO Box 44A, Canberra: 169-184. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7001 138 1.13 Kirkpatrick and 1. Balmer

TABLE 2 The percentage frequency of species by TWINSPAN group* ---_._- Group LFt 1 2 3 4 5 () 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

No. of quadrats 5 15 11 10 8 8 20 14 3 15 9 IS 8

-~._.------~-. --- -.------... "-.-~-----. --- -_._------~- Melaleuca squamea S 14 7 63 Sprengeiia illcarnata S 21 33 40 50 Lycopodium laterale Fez 14 7 50 Erigeron stellatus Hrz 20 <) 10 38 14 33 33 40 62 Carpha alp ilia Mlz 27 18 14 22 80 63 ASlelia alpina Mlz 7 36 13 13 25 14 33 27 33 67 50 Baeckea gunniana S 13 25 29 33 33 53 38 Drosera arcluri Hra 7 53 J3 Oreobolus pumilio Mm 9 5 25 11 53 13 Gentianella diemensis Hra 20 7 20 47 60 Mitrasaeme montana Hm 9 7 100 II 47 75 Restio complanatus Mz 25 67 13 50 Pultenaea species S 20 7 25 15 43 67 7 50 Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus Mtz 25 5 21 100 50 Boronia eitriodora S 15 86 33 40 33 53 63 Epacris serpyllifolia S 9 15 71 27 36 80 15 Mieroeachrys tetragona Sgp 7 13 67 53 Nothofagus gunnii Td 36 25 57 7 56 Exocarpos humifusus Sp 50 40 67 20 Orites revoluta S 36 45 43 87 44 20 13 Podocarpus lawrencii Sgp 18 15 14 80 33 7 Cyathodes straminea S 9 15 7 60 33 13 S 7 27 15 14 60 11 13 38 Lepyrodia tasmanica Mz 67 38 Stylidium graminifolium Hr 25 10 43 67 7 7 25 Hibbertia procumbens Sp 25 20 14 100 Pentachondra pumi/a Sp 13 20 36 67 47 100 53 13 Riehea sprengelioides S 20 57 67 100 53 Cyathodes petio/aris S 50 14 22 13 Monotoca submutiea S 38 13 25 57 33 7 11 7 13 S 25 5 50 Oxy/obium ellipticum S 13 10 64 J! T 13 30 25 88 75 57 22 Phyl/oc/adus aspleniifolius Tg 88 55 14 Trochocarpa gunnii S 88 50 7 Athrotaxis selaginoides Tg 88 36 11 Trochocarpa cunninghamii Sp 88 36 7 44 Bauera rubioides Sp 50 20 93 67 50 Diplarrena latifolia Mtz 20 13 13 30 50 67 13 22 27 50 Eucalyptus coccifera T 13 70 50 79 7 7 25 Poa species Pt 40 67 82 80 63 45 29 67 80 33 53 63 Celmisia astehifolia Hr 27 18 13 IS 36 33 67 40 13 Cyathodes dealbata Sp 18 10 7 67 47 Empodisma minus Mz 20 60 27 40 88 13 60 64 iDO 56 87 75 Ehrharta species P 40 33 9 70 88 65 36 lOG 27 67 67 100 Uncinia species M 40 73 40 13 60 21 27 56 20 25 S 7 64 50 55 36 40 56 47 13 Gonocarpus species Sp 100 53 27 60 100 7 30 14 33 60 7 Cyathodes parvifolia S 20 13 lOO 50 38 75 57 33 7 Lepidosperma filzjorme Mlz 33 50 20 57 100 13 Vegetation and flora of Cradle Mountain-- P mcit Pine area 139

Group LF·t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

No. of quadrats 5 15 11 10 8 8 20 14 3 15 9 15 8

------~------,-,------~--~------~-,--_._-- Gleichenia alpina Fz 20 20 20 50 20 33 11 33 75 Coprosma nitida S 20 13 18 70 63 13 40 21 67 11 Tasmannia lanceolata S 40 45 80 63 55 43 73 n Restio australis Mz 20 47 10 50 15 67 50 Bellendena montana S 80 27 55 30 13 10 7 53 22 7 13 Viola species Hrs 60 60 10 50 10 67 Hydrocotyle species Hcs ]00 93 91 60 75 15 33 13 Lissanthe montana S 60 27 73 50 25 33 40 II Lycopodium fas tigiatum Fez 40 20 55 80 75 40 14 33 40 22 27 Oxalis magallenica Hrz 40 73 70 50 40 7 Geranium species Hrs 80 53 45 70 50 Epacris gunnii S 80 10 63 15 7 13 13 Rubus gunnianus Hre 100 53 36 63 45 33 27 20 25 Eucalyptus gunnii T 40 7 60 75 20 erubescens S 40 20 50 13 20 33 Lagenifera stipitata Hr 20 27 45 20 63 35 3 20 Bossiaea cordigera Sp 63 15 Libbertia pu/chella Mz 60 13 20 Blechnum penna-marina Fz 20 27 55 50 37 25 7 Leptospermum rupestre S 20 27 55 50 38 40 7 33 13 27 25 Cotula replans & Oreomyrrhis ciliata He 40 80 82 60 38 10 7 Acaena species He 80 67 55 60 25 15 7 Plantago species Hr 100 67 91 20 25 40 13 Gnaphalium species Hrs 60 60 91 10 25 33 7 Ranunculus species Hr 100 73 55 20 13 Agrostis species P 80 93 64 40 25 5 13 Helichrysum backhousii S 73 15 40 44 27 13 Diplaspis species Hr 20 64 5 7 13 Deyeuxia species P 100 73 36 10 38 20 14 33 7 13 Danthonia species P 100 100 45 10 15 7 7 47 13 Helichrysum scorpioides Hz 80 60 9 37 10 7 Carex species Mt 20 73 9 30 38 5 7 7 25 Oreobolus distichus Mm 60 20 27 13 5 20 25 Cotula alpina Hc 100 33 37 25 10 33 Leptorhynchos squamatus Hr 80 18 25 27 Helichrysum acuminatum Hr 60 33 13 20 Veronica species Hz 60 27 37 33 Asperula species He 60 27 9 10 7 Craspedia glauca Hr 60 47 9 Dichelachne rara P 80 7 25 Elymus scabrum PI 60 7 Scleranthus biflorus Hm 80 13 Velleia montana Hr 80 Olearia algida S 80 Conifer speciest g 36 - 100 75 64 87 78 60 13 Bolster shrub species# m 47

* Species that occur in less than 50% of the quadrats for all groups have been excluded. "t LF (life forms); F = fern, H = forb, M = gramminoid, P = grass, S = shrub, T = tree; a = annual/geophyte, c = creeping, d = deciduous, g = coniferous species, m = mat/cushion, p = prostrate, r = rosette, s = stoleniferous, t = tussock, z = rhizomatous. :j: Percentage of quadrats in each group with any conifer species present. # Percentage of quadrats in each group with any shrubs with a bolster form present. 140 J.B. Kirkpatrick and J. Balmer

TABLE 3 Ufe form composition and environmental attributes of TWINSPAN groups*

Group 1 2 3 4 5 (; 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

.. --~~--.-,----.---- _-_._------~- ._------, ------_.- Number ()f taxat 28 17 18 17 22 7 9 16 16 10 11 14 18 Trees 12 :; 43 33 19 9 deciduous 6 9 Shrubs 18 6 28 29 36 57 44 63 25 90 55 43 28 prostrate shrubs 4 6 6 9 29 13 19 20 36 14 6 Woody plants 18 6 28 41 41 100 77 82 25 90 64 43 28 Forbs 61 59 44 29 27 19 9 14 11 rosette forbs 36 35 28 12 23 13 9 14 6 creeping/sloloniferous forbs 29 41 22 24 18 6 annuals 14 Graminoids 4 12 6 6 14 22 19 44 18 29 39 Tussock 6 5 13 19 14 22 Grasses 18 24 11 12 9 11 13 10 9 14 11 tussock grasses 4 6 6 6 5 6 10 9 7 6 Ferns 11 12 9 - 11 Non-woody plants 82 94 72 59 59 33 18 75 10 36 57 72 mat forming herbs 10 6 7 6 rhizoDlatous herbs 7 12 17 24 28 14 19 38 9 21 45

Mean altitude (m) 826 999 1142 851 837 967 962 1049 837 1233 1196 1195 925 (st. dev.) 24 126 111 16 13 6 136 70 75 49 54 46 82 Fire score 0 6 21 2 2 59 28 30 0 24 34 19 6 Mean slope score 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.1 1.4 2.0 1.7 2.4 2.0 2.3 1.5 1.3 1.4 Mean aspect score 2.2 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.1 3.0 2.7 3.0 3.3 2.3 2.7 2.9 2.9 !,-Aean geology score 3.8 3.5 3.7 4.2 2.4 4.0 3.8 4.8 4.7 3.5 4.7 4.4 3.9 ------* Life forms of the taxa occurring in less than 50% of the quadrats for the group were excluded. The indices used for fire, slope, aspect and geology are defined in the text (under "Methods"). t Number of taxa occurring in 50% or more of the quadrats for each group.

TABLE 4 notes

Fi re Response Classes Community rarity classes (global) 1 Pennanent or semi-permanent (500+ yr) elimination of 1 Extremely rare synusia (lO km2 in toto) dominant species 2 Rare synusia (10--200 km2 in toto) 2 Long-term (100+ yr) change in dominant species 3 Common synusia (200 km2 in toto) 3 Short-term (100 yr) restoral of dominance, but not fire requiring Reservation classes (global) 4 Eliminated if fire frequency is ever less than 400 yr Percentage of 1800 AD area of type in secure reserves 5 Requires frequent fire (l in 100 yr) 1 1% 2 1-5% U sage response classes 3 5-25% I Highly susceptible to trampling (no more than 500 4 25-100% people per annum per place) and not resilient, camping likely to create long-term damage Species rarity classes 2 Highly sLlsceptible to trampling, but resilient, camping 1 Rare or threatened species common possible without severe and prolonged damage 2 Rare or threatened species uncommon or absent 3 Generally resistent to and resilient from trampling Vegetation andflora a/Cradle Mountain- Pencil Pine area 141

TABLE 4 Attributes of Perceptible

Fire response Usage Community Reservation Species response rarity status rarity ------._------1 :2 345 1 :2 3 1 2 3 1 :2 3 4 1 2

Alpine communities Ac coniferous heath x - x -- - x - - x x - Ag alpine grassland -- - x x - - x ------x x - Ah short alpine herbfield x - - x - - x - - - x x - As alpine heath x - - x -- - - x - -- x - x Fj fjaeJdmark x - - x - - x -- - x x -

Treeless subalpine communities B heathy sedgeland -- - -- x - x - - -- x - x -- x G Poa grassland -- x -- x -- - x - - - x x -- H herbfield x -- - - x - x - -- x x - Tm Milligania tall alpine herbfield x -- x -- x - - - x x - S Sphagnum bog - x - x - - x - -- - x - x Tg Gleichenia/Restio/Empodisma/ Astelia tall alpine herbfield x x - x - - x - - -- - x - x L Leptospermum±Melaleuca scrub x - - x - - -- x --- x - x

Eucalypt communities Ee Eucalyptus cocci/era woodland/open forest - - x x - - - x -- x - x - x Ed Eucalyptus deiegatensis open forest - x - - x - - x x - - x Eg Eucalyptus gunnii woodland/open forest - - x x - - x - x - - - - x - x En Eucalyptus nitida open forest x - - - x -- x --- x - x Es Eucalyptus subcrenulata woodland/open forest x - - x - - x - -- - x - x

Rainforest communities K Athrotaxis selaginoides forest x - -- - - x - x -- - x - x P Athrotaxis cupressoides woodland/forest x - x - - x - - x x -- Rf evergreen closed forest x x - - x x - - x - x - x D deciduous heath/scrub/forest x -- x -- - x - x - x

Miscellaneous Ro Rock or block stream (a) quartzitic - - x - - - - x - x - - x - x (d) on dolerite x - - - -- x - x - - x x -- 142 IB. rlnom'rlf'k and 1. Balmer

APPENDIX Cradle Mountain Lake St Clair National Park 1989 Plant Census

E = endermic to Tasmania, 1 ~ introduced to Tasmania, C = occurring on the CRADLE sheet, R = fare in Tasmania. P = occllning on the PENCIL PINE sheet.

Distribution! Ewartia pianchol1ii (HookJ.) P.Bcauv. EC status Gnaphaliwn collinum Labill. CP Gnaphaliumf(;rdianum MJ}ray R DICOTYLEDONS Gnaphalium supinum L. Gnuphalium traversii Hook.f. APIACEAE (UMBELLIPERAE) Gnaphalium umbricola 1.H.WiIlis C AcipJzytJa procumbens (F.Muen.) Benth. EC Helichrysum acuminatum DC CP Actinott/s bellidioides (Hook.f.) Benth. C Helichrysum backhousii (HookJ.) F.Muell. Actinotus moorei Rodway ECP ex Benth. var. hackhousii ECP Aetinott/;' suffocala (HookJ.) Rodway C vaL oreophilum W.M.Curtis E Centeli,:! cordifolia (Hook.f.) Nannf. Helichryswn expansifolium (P.Morris Dichosciadium ranunculaceum (EMuell. & J.H.WiIlis) N.Burb. EC ex Hook.) Domin ECP Helichrysum hookeri (Sonder) Druce C Diplaspis cordifolia Hook.f EC Helichrysum ledifolium (DC.) Benth. FC Dip/aspis hydrocotyle Hook.f. CP Helichrysum milliganii Hook.f. ECP Hydroc{)ty/e hina R.Br. ex A.Rich. Helichrysum pumilum Hook.f. Hydrocmyle muscosa R.Br. ex A,Rich. vaL pumilum FCP Hydrocotyle pterocarpa EMu ell. P var. spathulatum A.M.Buchanan EC Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lamk. CP Helichrysum rosmarinifolium (LabilL) Benth. Uiaeopsis po/yantha (Gand.) H.Eichler Helichrysum rutidolepis DC. CP Oreomyrrhis argentea (Hook.f.) Hook.f. C R Helichrysum scorpioides Labil!. CP Oreomyrrhis ciliata HookJ, CP Helipierum a/bieans (A.Cuan.) DC Oreomyrrhis eriopoda (DC) Hook.f. var. incanum (Hook.) Paul G.Wilson E P R Oreomyrrhis sessiiijloTa Hook.f. EC Hypochoeris glahra L. I P Hypochoeris radicata L. I C ASTERACEAE (COMPOS ITA E) Lagenifera stipitata (LabiIL) Druce CP Abrotanellaforsteroides (Hook.f.) Benth. EC Leptorhynchos squamalus (Labill.) Less. P Ahrotanella scapigera (F.MuelL) Benth. ECP Leon/odon taraxacoides (ViIL) Merat I C Bellis perennis L. I C P Microseris lanceolata (Walp.) Schultz-Bip. CP Brachyscome angustifolia A.Cunn.ex DC. Olearia algida Wakef. P vaL angustijolia Olearia erubescens (DC.) Dippel CP Brachyscome decipiens Hook.f. O/earia ledifolia (DC) Benth, ECP Brachyscome spathulata Gaud. Olearia myrsinoides (Labill.) F.Muell. ssp. giahra (DC) Stace ECP ex Benth, Brachyscome lenuiscapa Hook.f. O/earia obcordata (Hook.f.) Benth. ECP Celmisia asteliifolia Hook,I. CP Olearia persoonioides (DC) Benth. ECP Celmisia saxifraga (Benth.) W.M.Curtis EC Olearia phlogopappa (Labil!.) DC. CP Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. 1 C P OIearia pinifolia (Hook.f.) Benth. ECP Cotuia aipina (Hook.f.) Hook.f. CP Olearia stellulata (Labill.) DC. COlu/afilicuta (Hook.f.) Senth. Oiearia tasmanica (Hook.f.) W.M.Curtis EC Co/ufa reptans (Benth.) Benth. CP Podolepis jaceoides (Sims) Voss CP Craspedin alpina Backh. ex Hook.f. Pterygopappus lawrencii Hook.f. EC Craspedia glauca (LabilL) SprengeJ Senecio gunnii (Hook.f.) Belcher vaL gracilis Hook.f. CP Senecio jacobea L. P Erigeron pappocrmnus Labill. P Senecio lautus Forst.f. ex WiJld. Erigeron stellatus (HookJ.) W.M.Curtis ECP Senecio DC. CP Ewartia catipes (DC) P.Bcauv. EC Senecio minimus Poiret Ewartia meredithiae (F.Muell.) P.Beauv. EC Senecio pectinatus DC. Vegetation and 110ra of Cradle Mounil1il1- Pencil Pine area 143

vaL ochro je~ca EMuelL ECP ELAEOCARPACEAE vaL pectirwtus CP Aristorelia peduncularis (Labill.) Hook.f. E C P Sonchus oleraceus L. p Taraxacum officinale Weber P EPACRlDACEAE Archeria comher! Melville E C BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) Archeria eriocarpa Hook.f. E C P Cardamine gunrzii Hewson C Archeria hir/ella (Hook.f.) Hook.f. E C Cardamine paucijuga Turcz. C Archeria serpyllifoiia Hook.f. E C Cheesemania radicata (Hook.C) O.E.Shultz E C R Cyathodes dealhala KBr E P Cyathodes g/auca Labill. E CALLITRICHACEAE Cymhodes juniperina (Forsl.) Druce C P Callitriche brachycarpa Hegclm. Cyathodes parvljolia R.Ef. E C P Cyathodes petiolaris (DC) Druce F C CAMPANULACEAE Cyathodes straminca R.Br. 12 C P Pratia surrepells (HookJ.) F.E.Winuner p Dracophyllum minimum F.MueiL E C Wahlenbergia ceracea Loth. P Epacris gunnii Hook.f. E C P Wahlenbergia saxicola A.DC. ECP Epacris impressa LabilL P Epacris lanuginosa Labill. C P CARYOPHYLLACEAE Epacris serpyllifo!ia R.Bf. C P Cerastiumfontanum Baumg. P Leucopogon collinus (Labill.) KBf. C P Cerastium glorneratum Thuil!. p Leucopogon sp. aff. collin us E C P Colobanthus apetalus (Labill.) Druce CP Leucopogon milliganii (F.MueU.) Rodway E C P Sagina procumbens L. I C P Lissanthe montana KEf. C P Scleranthus biflorus (Forst. & Forst.f.) Hook.f. CP Monotoca empetrijolia R.Bf. E Scleranthus brockiei P.A.Williamson Monotoca glauca (LabUl.) Druce E C Monotoca sp. aff. linifolia E C P CASUARINACEAE Monotoca submutica (Senth.) Jamlan E C P Allocasuarina monilijera (LJohnson) var. autumnalis Jannan E LJohnson C var. submutica E Allocasuarina zephrea LJohnson Ee Pentachondra pumiZa (Forst. & Forst.f.) R.Br. C P Prionotes cerinthoides (Labill.) R.Br. E C CLUSIACEAE (GUTTIFERAE) Richea acerosa (Lindley) F.Muell. E C P Hypericum gramineum Forst.f. p Richea curtisiae A.M.Gray E C P Hypericum japonicum Thunb. CP Richea gunnii Hook.f. E C P Richea pandanifolia Hook.f. E C P CUNONIACEAE Richea procera (F.Muell.) F.MueU. E Anodopetalum biglandulosum A.Cunn. Richea scoparia Hook.f. E C P ex Hook.f. EC Richea sprengelioides (R.BL) F.Muell. E C P Bauera rubioides Andrews C Smith var. incarnata C P DILLENIACEAE var. montana R.Br. E Hibbertia procumbens (Labill.) DC CP Trochocarpa cunninghamii (DC) W.M.Curtis E C P Hibbertia serpyllifolia R.Br. ex DC Trochocarpa gumdi (HookJ.) Benth. E C P Trochocarpa thymifolia (R.EL) Sprengel E C DONATIACEAE Donatia novae-zelandiae Hook.f. C Gaultheria depressa Hook.f. C R DROSERACEAE Gaultheria hispida R.Bf. E C P Drosera arcturi Hook. c Pernettya tasrnanica Hook.f. E C Drosera binata Labill. C Drosera peltata Thunb. P Drosera pygmaea DC. C glandulosus Labill. E Tetracarpaea tasmanica Hook.f. E C P 144 J.B. Kirkpatrick and J. Balmer

EUCRYPlIIACEAE Mitrasacme pilosa Labill. EucryplJia lucida (Labill.) Bail!. EC Mitrasacme serpyllifolia R.Bf.

FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE) MENYANTHACEAE Acacia dealbata Link Liparophyllum gumlii Hook.f. C Acacia Tftucronata Willd. ex Wendl.f. C Nymphoides exigua (F.Muell.) Kuntze E Bossiae£J cordigera Benth. ex Hook.f. CP Viliarsia reniformis R.Br. Bossiae£J riparia A.Cunn. ex Benth. Oxylobi~m ellipticum (Labill.) R.Bf, CP MONIMIACEAE Pultenaea dentata Labill. CP moschatum Labill. CP Pultenaea juniperina Labill. CP Pultenaea subumbellata Hook. CP MYRTACEAE TrifoliuJf1l repens L. I C P Baeckea gunniana Schauer CP Baeckea leptocaulis Hook.f. E FAGACEAE Callistemon viridiflorus (Sims) Sweet E Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oersted C P Labill. E Nothofagus gunnii (Hook.f.) Oersted E C P Eucalyptus archeri Maiden & Blakely ECP Eucalyptus coccifera Hook.f. ECP GENTIANACEAE Eucalyptus dalrympleana Maiden Gentianella diemensis (Griseb.) J.H.Willis C P ssp. dalrympleana P Eucalyptus delegatensis R.Baker GERANIACEAE ssp. tasmaniensis Boland CP Geranium potentilloides L'Herit. ex DC. C P Eucalyptus gunnii Hook.f. ECP Geranium sessiliflorum Cav. Eucalyptus nitida Hook.f. ECP ssp. brevicaule (Hook.) Carolin P Sieber ex Sprengel ssp. pauciflora Eucalyptus rodwayi R.Baker & H.G.Smith E Sraevola hookeri (Vriese) F.Muell. ex Hook.f. C Eucalyptus subcrenulata }v1aiden & Blakely ECP Velleia montana Hook.f. C P Hook.f. ECP .Schauer C GUNNERACEAE Leptospermum lanigerum (Aiton) Smith CP Gunnera cordifolia Hook.f. ECP Leptospermum nitidum Hook.f. C Leptospermum rupestre Hook.f. ECP HALORAGACEAE Leptospermum scoparium Forst. & Forst.f. Gonocarpus micranthus Thunb. var. scoparium C P ssp. micranthus CP Melaleuca squamea Labill. C P Gonocarpus montanus (Hook.f.) Orch. CP Gonocarpus serpyllifolius Hook. f. CP ONAGRACEAE Gonocarpus reucrioides DC. P Epilobium billardieranum Ser. ex DC. Myriophyllum aquaticum (Veil.) Verde. ssp. cinereum (A.Rich.) Raven & Engelhom P Myriophyllum pedunculatum Hook.f. P Epilobium ciliatum Raf. ssp. ciliatum I C LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE) Epilobium curtisiae Raven Ajuga australis P Epilobiumfugitivum Raven & Engelhom E Prunella vulgaris L. CP Epilobium Runnianum Hausskn. C Epilobium sarmentaceum Hausskn. C LENTIBULARIACEAE Epilobium tasmanicum Hausskn. Utricularia dichoroma Labill. C Utricularia monanthos Hook.f. OXALIDACEAE Oxalis corniculata L. LOGANIACEAE ssp. corniculata CP Mitrasacme archeri Hook.f. EC Oxalis magellanica Forst.f. CP Mitrasacme montana Hook.f. ex Benth. CP Vegetation and flora Mountain- Pencil Pine area 145

PITTOSPORACEAE Ranunculus collinus R.Bf. ex DC. Billardiera longiflora Labill. CP Ranunculus decurvus (Hook. f.) Melville EC Pittosporum bieolor Hook CP Ranunculus giabrijiJ/ius Hook. p Ranunculus nanus Hook. E Ranuncuius pascuinus (Hook.O Melville E Plantago coronopus L. I C Ranuncuius trip/odomu.\' Melville ECP Plantago daltonii Decne. ECP Plantago glabrata Hook.[ ECP RHAMNACEAE Plantago glacialis B.Briggs, Carotin & Pulley R Crypiandra a/pina Hook.f. E Plantago gunnii Hook.I. EC Pomaderris apetala Labiil. Plantago lanceolata L. I P Plantago major L. I C P Plantago paradoxa Hook.f. ECP Acaena montana Hook.f. ECP Plantago tasmanica Hook.f. Acaena novae-zelandiae Kirk CP var. archer! (Hook.f.) W.M.Curtis E Aphanes arvensis L. I C var. tasmanica CP Rubus gunnjanus Hook. ECl'

POLYGONACEAE RUBlACEAE Comespermum retusum Labill. Asperu/a gunnii HQokJ. CP Muehlenbeckia axillaris (Hook.f.) Walp. CP Coprosma hitella Labill. P Rumex acetosella L. I C P Coprosma moorei F.Muell. ex Rodway CPR Rumex obtusifolius L. I P Coprosma nitida Hook.f. CP Coprosma perpusilla Colenso PORTULACACEAE Coprosma pumila Hook.f. CP Montia australasica (Hook.f.) Pax & Hoffm. C Coprosma quadrifida (Labill.) Robinson Galium austraZe DC. C PRIMULACEAE Nertera depressa Banks & Soland. ex Gaertner C Anagallis arveilsis L. P RUTACEAE Boronia citriodora Gunn ex Hook.f. CP odorata RBf. E Boronia parviflora Smith C marginata Cav. CP Boronia pilosa Labill. Bellendena montana R.Br. ECP Boronia rhomboidea Hook. CP nitida LabUI. EC Phebalium montanwn Hook. E australis R.Br. P Phebalium oldfieldii (EMuel!.) F.MuelL epiglottis Labill. E ex Benth. Ee RBr. C Phebalium squame urn (Labil1.) Eng!. ECP RBf. E po/ymorpha R.Br. E P R.Br. E Exocarpos hurnifusus KBf. Eep Orites acicularis RBr. Eep Exocarpos nana Hook.f. R RBr. E Leptomeria glomerata F.Muell. EC Orites revo/uta RBr. ECP Persoonia gunnii Hook.f. EC SCROPHULARIACEAE Labil!. collina R.Bf. Persoonia muelleri (P.Parm.) Orch. E P ssp. diemenica (Sprengel) W.R.Barker ECP (Labill.) RBf. ECP Euphrasia gibbsiae Du Rietz Ee ssp. discolor W.KBarker E RANUNCULACEAE ssp. gibbsiae E Anemone crassifolia Hook. ECP ssp. microdonta W.R.Barker E Caltha phylloptera A.W.HiIl EC R Euphrasia hookeri Weast. Clematis aristata RBr. ex DC. Euphrasia striata R.Br. EC Clematis vitalha L. C Glossostigma elatinoides (Benth.) Benth. Ranunculus cDllico/us Menadue ex Hook.f. 146 J.IJ, Kirkpatrick and 1. Balmer

Ourisia integrifolia KBr. Eep lsolepis fluitans (L.l R..Br. C Veroni ca calycina KBr. CP Lepidospermafiliforme Labill. CP Veronica gracilis KBf. I C P Lepidosperma inops F.Muell. P Veronica nivea Lindley C Lepidosperma larerale R.Br. Veronica serpyllifolia L. P Lepidosperma lineare KBf. var. inops F.Mucll. ex Redway E STYLIDIACEAE var. lineare Forsterabellidifolia Hook.f. E Oreobolus acutifdius S.T.Blake ECP Phyllachne colensoi (HookJ.) Bergg. C R Oreobolus distichus F.MuelL CP Stylidium graminifolium Swartz CP Oreobolus oligocepha/us W.M.Curtis EC Oreoholus pumilio R.Br. CP Schoenus apogon Roemer & Schultes P Drapetes tasmanicus Hook.f. CP Schoenus calyptratus Kuk. CP Pime/ea drupacea Lahill. CP Schoenusjluitans Hook.f. Pimelea lindleyana Meissner E P Schoenus maschalinus Roemer & Schultes Pimelea sericea KBr. ECP Schoenus tenuissimus Benth. Uncinia compacta KBr. CP TREMANDRACEAE Uncinia tene/la R.Br. CP Tetratheca procumhens Gunn ex Hook.f. E P Uncinia riparia KBf.

URTICACEAE HYDATELLACEAE Australina pusilla (desf. ex Puiret) Cavdich Hydatellafilamentosa (Rodway) W.M.Curtis E C Urtica incisa Poiret HYPOXIDACEAE VIOLACEAE Campynema lineare Labill. ECP Viola hetonicifolia Smith CP Viola hederacea Lahill. CP IRlDACEAE Dipiarrena latifolia Benth, ECP WINTERACEAE Diplarrena moraea Labill. 'Tasmannia lanceolata (Poiret) A,C.Smith CP lsophysis tasmanica (Hook.) T.Moore E C P Libertia pulchella Sprengel C P MONOCOTYLEDONS Patersoniafragilis (Labill.) Ashers, & Graebner

CENTROLEPIDACEAE Centrolepis monogyna (Hook.f.) Benth, ECP J uncus antarcticus Hook.f. C Centroiepis muscoides (HookJ,) Hieron, EC Juncus falcatus E.Meyer R Gaimardiajitzgeraldii F.Muell. & Rodway EC Juncus pauciflorus R.Br. Gaimardia setacea Hook.f. ]uncus planifolius R.Ef. CYPERACEAE Juncus sandwithii Lourteig C Carex sp, aff. appressa ECP Luzula atrata Edgar Carex appressa KBr, CP Luzula australasica Steudel E Carex cephaiotes F.Muell. R Luzula flaccida (Buchenau) Edgar Carex gaudichaudiana Kunth CP Luzula modesta Buchenau Carex hypandra F.Muell, ex Benth, C Luzula novae-cambriae Gandoger Carpha a/pina R.Br. CP Carpha curvata W,M.Curtis E LILIACEAE Carpha rodwayi W,M,Curtis E Aste/ia alpina KBr. Eleocharis gracilis KBr. var. alpina CP Gahnia grandis (LabiIL) S.T,Blake CP punicea (Labill,) Sweet EC Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus (R,ELl Dianella revoluta R.Er. HookJ, CP Dianella tasmanica Hook.f. P Isolepis aucklandica HookJ, CP Drymophila cyanocarpa R.Bf. CP lso/epis crassiuscula Hook.f. CP Herpolirion novae-zelandiae Hook.f. CP Vegetation and flora of Cradle Mountain- Pencil Pine area 147

Milligania demif/ora Hook.f. ECP Poa saxicola R.Br. CP Milligania lind?niana Rodway ex W.M.Curtis EC Poa sieberiana SprengeJ CP Milligania ;;tylosa (F.Muell. ex Hook.f.) Stipa rudis Sprengel F.Muell. ex Benth. E ssp. australis J.Everett & SJacobs Wurmbea unifl~ra (R.Br.) T.Macfariane E Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richter ssp. australiense Hulten ORCHIDACEAE Acianthus viriais Hook.f. C PAT AMOGETONACEAE Caladenia lyallii Hook.f. Potamogeton tricarinatus F.Muell, & A.Benn. CO/ybas diemmicus (Lindley) Reichb.f. C ex A.Benn. Eriochilus cucllllalus (LabilL) Reichb.f." Prasophyllum IIlpinum R.Br. Pterostylis fatcata R.Rogers Calorophus elongatus Labill. E Empodisma minus (HookJ.) LJohnson POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) & Cutler CP Agrostis avenacea J.Gmelin Leptocarpus tenax (Labill.) R.Br. Agrostis billardieri R.Br. Lepyrodia tasmanica Hook.f. CP Agrostis gigantea Roth Restio australis R.Br. CP Agrostis aff hiemalis (Walt.) Britton et al. Restio complanatus RBf. CP Agrostis parvijlora R.Br. CP Restio monocephalus R,Br. E Agrostis rudis Roemer & Schultes P Restio tetraphyllus Labill. Agrostis vel1usla Trin. Amphibromus archeri (Hook.f.) P.Morris XYRIDACEAE Amphibromus recurvatus Swallen Xyris marginata Rendle E Australopyrumpectinatum (Labill.) A.Love CP Xyris muelleri Malme E Dactylis glomerata L. P Xyris operculata Labill. Danthonia fortunae-hibernae Renvoize ECP Danthonia gracilis Hook.f. CP GYMNOSPERMS Danthonia nudiflora P.Morris CP Danthonia pauciflora R.Br. EC Deyeuxia accedens Vick. E Diselma archeri Hook.f. E C P Deyeuxia brachyathera (Stapf) Vick. R Deyeuxia carinata Vick. C PHYLLOCLADACEAE Deyeuxia monticola (Roemer & Schultes) Vick. CP Phyllocladus aspleniifolius (Labill.) Hook.f. E C P Deyeuxia quadriseta (Labill.) Benth. CP Dichelachne rara (R.Br.) Vick. P Ehrharta distichophylla Labill. Microcachrys tetragona (Hook.) Hook.f. E C P Ehrharta stipoides Labill. C Microstrobos niphophilus Garden & Ehrharta tasmanica (Hook.f.) Willemse L.Johnson E C var. subalpina (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Podocarpus lawrencei Hook.f. C P Willemse ECP var. tusmunica CP TAXODIACEAE Elymus scabrus (Labill.) ALove P Athrotaxis cupressoides D.Don. ECP Erythranthera australis (petrie) Zotov C Hook. ECP Hierochloe fraseri Hook.f. ex Rodway C P Athrotaxis selaginoides D.Don. EC Hierochloe redolens (Vahl) Roemer & Schultes C Holcus lanatus L. I C P PTERIDOPHYTES Pentapogon quadrifidus (Labill.) Baillon C P Poa annua L. I C P ASPIDIACEAE Poa gunnii Viek. E C P Polystichum proliferum (R.Br.) C.Presl CP Poa labillardieri Steudel var. acris Vick. ECP ASPLENIACEAE var. lahil/ardleri CP Asplenium terrestre Brownsey Poa pratensis L. 148 1.JJ. Kirkpatrick and 1. Balmer

BLECHNACEAE POLYPODlACEAE Blechnunt chambersii Tind, Microsorium diversifolium (Willd.) Copel. P Blechnuntjluviatile (R.BL) EJ.Lowe ex Salom Blechnunt nudum (Labill.) Mett. ex Luerss. Blechnunl penna-marina (Poiret.) Kuhn CP Species Found Outside the National Park Within Blechnunl vulcanicum (Blume) Kuhn the Pencil Pine Planning Area BlechnuTll wattsii Tind. CP DICOTYLEDONS DAVILLIACEAE Rumohra aaiantiformis (Forst.f.) Ching APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE) Trachymene humilis (Hook.f.) Benth. DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) I.Smith. CP ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE) Hypolepis rugosula (LabilL) I.Smith P Cassinia aculeata (Labill.) R.Br. Pteridiurn esculentum (Forst.f.) Cockayne EPACRIDACEAE DICKSONIACEAE Leucopogon hookeri Sonder Dicksonia antarctica Labill. P Leucopogon stuartii F.Muell ex Sonder

GLEICHENIACEAE RANlJNCULACEAE Gleichenia alpina R,Br. CP Ranunculus lappaceus Smith Gleichenia dicarpa R.Br. Ranunculus scapigerus Hook. Sticherus lobatus Wakef. STACKHOUSIACEAE GRAMMITIDACEAE Stackhousia puivinaris F.Muell. R

Ctenopteris heterophylla (Labill.) Tind. THYMELAEACEAE Grammiris biliardieri Wilid. CP Pirnelea ligustrina LabUl. R Grammitis magelianica Desv. ssp. ligustrina ssp. nothofagetii Parris C Grammitis meridionalis Parris P MONOCOTYLEDONS Grammitis poeppigiana (Mett.) Pichi-Senn. R CYPERACEAE HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Carex breviculmis RBr. Apteropteris applanata A.M. Gray & Carex inversa RBf R.G. Williams ECP Hymenophyllum australe Willd. P JUNCACBAE Hymenophyllum cupressiforme Labill. P J uncus aff. astreptus Hymenophyllum jlabellatum Labill. Hymenophyllum peltatum (Poiret.) Desv. CP ORCHIDACEAE Hymenophyllum rarum R,Br. CP Diuris pedunculata R.Br.

ISOETACEAE POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) [soetes gunnii A.Braun BC Danthonia penicillata (Labill.) RBf. Poa tenera F.MuelL ex Hook.f. LINDSAEACEAE Lindsaea linearis Swartz C PTERIDOPHYTES

LYCOPODIACEAE OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Lycopodium australianum Herter C Botrychium lunaria (L.) Swart Lycopodiumfastigiatum RBr. CP Lycopodium laterale R.Bf. C Lycopodium scariosum Forst.f. P