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L-Histidine Imidazolonepropionic Acid Histidase Urocanase Glutamic Acid Trans-Urocanic Acid NH

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L-Histidine Imidazolonepropionic Acid Histidase Urocanase Glutamic Acid Trans-Urocanic Acid NH MOLECULAR CLONING OF CHICKEN HEPATIC HISTIDASE AND PROTEIN REGULATION OF THE mRNA EXPRESSION OF CHICKEN HEPATIC HISTIDASE AND MALIC ENZYME by THIMMAIAH PONNAPPA CHENDRIMADA (Under the Direction of Adam J. Davis) ABSTRACT After obtaining a cDNA clone for chicken hepatic histidase, experiments were conducted to study the regulation of histidase mRNA expression by dietary protein concentrations. Histidase mRNA expression was increased within 3 h when chicks consumed higher levels of dietary protein. Increasing the dietary concentration of histidine did not alter hepatic histidase mRNA expression. The rapid increase in histidase mRNA levels in response to dietary protein intake is similar to the rapid decrease seen in malic enzyme mRNA levels in chicks fed the high protein diets. Glucagon was shown to regulate the mRNA expression of both the enzymes, and could act as a mediator for the effect of dietary protein on histidase and malic enzyme mRNA expression since an increase in dietary protein intake elevated plasma glucagon concentration within 1 h. While histidase mRNA expression seems to be regulated by concentrations of specific amino acids in the diet, malic enzyme mRNA expression seems to be regulated by the total protein or nitrogen level of the diet. Finally, addition of synthetic glutamic acid to a practical corn-soy poultry diet reduced the amount of abdominal fat present in broiler chicks at slaughter. INDEX WORDS: Chickens, Dietary Protein, mRNA Expression, Histidase, Malic Enzyme, Abdominal Fat MOLECULAR CLONING OF CHICKEN HEPATIC HISTIDASE AND PROTEIN REGULATION OF THE mRNA EXPRESSION OF CHICKEN HEPATIC HISTIDASE AND MALIC ENZYME by THIMMAIAH PONNAPPA CHENDRIMADA B.S., Arkansas State University, 1998 M.S., The University of Georgia, 2000 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2003 © 2003 Thimmaiah Ponnappa Chendrimada All Rights Reserved MOLECULAR CLONING OF CHICKEN HEPATIC HISTIDASE AND PROTEIN REGULATION OF THE mRNA EXPRESSION OF CHICKEN HEPATIC HISTIDASE AND MALIC ENZYME by THIMMAIAH PONNAPPA CHENDRIMADA Major Professor: Adam J. Davis Committee: Nicholas Dale Mark Compton Brain D. Fairchild Michael J. Azain Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2003 iv DEDICATION To my Amma and Dada v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I like to express my gratitude to my advisor Dr. Adam Davis for his support, knowledge and most importantly for imparting on me the value of the power of reasoning. His ability to listen and make sound judgments will be of great help to me as I pursue a career in scientific research. I sincerely believe that his strong work ethic and his outstanding dedication to the field of science will earn him great rewards in the future. I am proud to have worked with him as I pursued my Master’s and Doctorate degrees here in the Department of Poultry Science. My sincere thanks to Dr. Henry Marks for granting me an opportunity to work towards my Doctorate degree in this esteemed department I am honored to have had a committee dedicated to my success. Dr. Nicholas Dale, for making me think beyond the obvious; Dr. Mark Compton, for his enthusiasm in my research and his advice; Dr. Brain Fairchild and Dr. Michael Azain for their support and encouragement. I sincerely thank all of my committee members for their invaluable contributions towards my research. A very special thank you to Dr. Roger Wyatt for believing in me, and for his scholarly advice. The Davis’s lab (The Fun Lab) second in command, Liz Freeman, deserves special mention. Without her help and exemplary planning, it would not have been possible to conduct and coordinate the experiments. Thanks a lot Liz. The farm crew lead by David Perry has been of great help to me in conducting the experiments. I thank my friends and fellow graduate students Madalena Lordelo, Marcelo Hidalgo and vi Andrew Benson for helping me in my research. My special thanks to Madalena for being the best office mate I ever had. For making sure I have fulfilled everything that was required for completing the program, I thank Kerry Banks. My sincere gratitude to the Department of Poultry Science for all the encouragement that was bestowed upon me, and I hope it continues to flourish as the most accomplished poultry science department in the world. The U.S. Poultry and Egg association have been instrumental in funding this research program. Finally, a well deserved thank you to my friends and roommates for making my stay in this university memorable. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................1 1.1 REGULATION OF FOOD CONSUMPTION IN CHICKENS..................1 1.2 RECOGNITION OF PROTEIN INTAKE ..................................................2 1.3 CONCLUSION............................................................................................4 2 MALIC ENZYME.............................................................................................5 2.1 DE NOVO FAT SYNTHESIS AND MALIC ENZYME ..........................5 2.2 FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS PATHWAY .................................................6 2.3 REGULATION OF MALIC ENZYME .....................................................9 2.4 SUMMARY..............................................................................................15 3 HISTIDASE.....................................................................................................16 3.1 L-HISTIDINE...........................................................................................16 3.2 HISTIDINE CATABOLISM....................................................................17 3.3 TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF HISTIDASE AND HISTIDASE ACTIVITY ...............................................................................................19 3.4 HISTIDASE ACTIVITY IN THE LIVER ...............................................19 viii 3.5 HISTIDASE ACTIVITY IN THE SKIN..................................................20 3.6 HISTIDINEMIA.......................................................................................21 3.7 MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF HEPATIC HISTIDASE.......22 3.8 REGULATION OF HEPATIC HISTIDASE ...........................................23 3.9 SUMMARY..............................................................................................27 4 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE .........................................................................28 5 MATERIALS AND METHODS.....................................................................29 5.1 CLONING CHICKEN HEPATIC HISTIDASE ......................................29 5.2 DIETARY EXPERIMENTS ....................................................................35 5.3 TISSUE COLLECTION AND RNA EXTRACTION .............................48 5.4 NORTHERN ANALYSIS........................................................................48 5.5 STATISTICS ............................................................................................51 6 RESULTS ........................................................................................................52 6.1 CLONING CHICKEN HEPATIC HISTIDASE ......................................52 6.2 DIETARY EXPERIMENTS ....................................................................63 7 DISCUSSION .....................................................................................................90 7.1 CLONING CHICKEN HEPATIC HISTIDASE ......................................90 7.2 DIETARY EXPERIMENTS ....................................................................91 7.3 GLUCAGON ............................................................................................93 7.4 SPECIFIC AMINO ACIDS......................................................................95 7.5 PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS .............................................................100 7.6 SUMMARY............................................................................................102 8 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................103 ix LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: COMPOSITION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA STARTER DIET ....36 Table 2: COMPOSITION OF TWO EXPERIMENTAL DIETS DURING EXPERIMENT 1 – 12 .........................................................................................37 Table 3: COMPOSITION OF THE ESSENTIAL (EAA) AND THE NON-ESSENTIAL (NEAA) AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTED DIETS (EXPERIMENTS 9 AND 10). .......................................................................................................................41 Table 4: COMPOSITION OF THE BASAL SUPPLEMENTED DIETS FED IN EXPERIMENT 11 ...............................................................................................43 Table 5: COMPOSITION OF THE BASAL SUPPLEMNTED DIETS FED DURING EXPERIMENT 12 ...............................................................................................44 Table 6: COMPOSITION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL DIETS FED DURING THE STARTER PHASE (0 TO 21 D) IN EXPERIMENT
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