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Amino Acid Metabolism: Amino Acid Degradation & Synthesis
Amino Acid Metabolism: Amino Acid Degradation & Synthesis Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan, DDS, PhD All images are taken from Lippincott’s Biochemistry textbook except where noted CATABOLISM OF THE CARBON SKELETONS OF AMINO ACIDS The pathways by which AAs are catabolized are organized according to which one (or more) of the seven intermediates is produced from a particular amino acid. GLUCOGENIC AND KETOGENIC AMINO ACIDS The classification is based on which of the seven intermediates are produced during their catabolism (oxaloacetate, pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, fumarate, succinyl coenzyme A (CoA), acetyl CoA, and acetoacetate). Glucogenic amino acids catabolism yields pyruvate or one of the TCA cycle intermediates that can be used as substrates for gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidney. Ketogenic amino acids catabolism yields either acetoacetate (a type of ketone bodies) or one of its precursors (acetyl CoA or acetoacetyl CoA). Other ketone bodies are 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetone Amino acids that form oxaloacetate Hydrolysis Transamination Amino acids that form α-ketoglutarate via glutamate 1. Glutamine is converted to glutamate and ammonia by the enzyme glutaminase. Glutamate is converted to α-ketoglutarate by transamination, or through oxidative deamination by glutamate dehydrogenase. 2. Proline is oxidized to glutamate. 3. Arginine is cleaved by arginase to produce Ornithine (in the liver as part of the urea cycle). Ornithine is subsequently converted to α-ketoglutarate. Amino acids that form α-ketoglutarate via glutamate 4. Histidine is oxidatively deaminated by histidase to urocanic acid, which then forms N-formimino glutamate (FIGlu). Individuals deficient in folic acid excrete high amounts of FIGlu in the urine FIGlu excretion test has been used in diagnosing a deficiency of folic acid. -
Bacterial Metabolism of Glycine and Alanine David Paretsky Iowa State College
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1948 Bacterial metabolism of glycine and alanine David Paretsky Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Biochemistry Commons, and the Microbiology Commons Recommended Citation Paretsky, David, "Bacterial metabolism of glycine and alanine " (1948). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 13762. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/13762 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI BAG1ERIAL METABOLISM OP GL^CIKE AND ALANINE by David Paretsky A Itieais Submitted to the Graduate Faculty for the Degree of DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY Major Subjects physiological Bacteriology Approved? Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Heaa'of' "la'jo'r 'Departn^en t Signature was redacted for privacy. Dean or Graduate -Golleg^ Iowa State College 1948 UMI Number: DP12896 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. -
Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid Synthesis in Guinea Pig Epidermis
0022-202X/ 83/ 8102-0122$02.00/0 THE JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY, 81:122-124, 1983 Vol. 81, No.2 Copyright © 1983 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Printed in U.S.A. Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid Synthesis in Guinea Pig Epidermis JoHN G. BARRETT, B.Sc. AND IAN R ScoTT, M.A., PH.D. Environmental Safety Laboratory, Unilever Research, Sharnbrook, Bedford, U. K. To establish the in vivo mechanism of synthesis and MATERIALS AND METHODS accumulation of epidermal pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA), enzymes potentially capable of PCA synthesis Enzyme Assays and Separation of Viable Cells and Stratum have been quantified and located within the guinea pig Corneum epidermis. Intermediates in the synthesis of eHJPCA from a pulse of [3H]glutamine have been identified and All enzyme assays were essentially as described previously [8] except quantified to determine which of the several possible for two modifications. Firstly, the sensitivity of the assays for enzymic PCA formation from glutamine and glutamic acid was increased by metabolic routes occurs in vivo. PCA appears to be syn 3 1 thesized from substrate derived from the breakdown using [G- H] substrate (40-90 JLCi mmol- , Radiochemical Centre, Amersham). PCA was separated from glutamic acid and glutamine on within the stratum corneum of protein synthesized sev a small column (2.0 ml bed volume) of Ag50W-X8 ion-exchange resin eral days earlier. The predominant route is probably via (200-400 mesh; Bio-Rad). Secondly, epidermal homogenates were pre the nonenzymic cyclization of free glutamine liberated pared in 0.5 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.0, then microcentrifuge desalted from this protein. -
NON-HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS May Be Disposed of Via Sanitary Sewer Or Solid Waste
NON-HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS May Be Disposed Of Via Sanitary Sewer or Solid Waste (+)-A-TOCOPHEROL ACID SUCCINATE (+,-)-VERAPAMIL, HYDROCHLORIDE 1-AMINOANTHRAQUINONE 1-AMINO-1-CYCLOHEXANECARBOXYLIC ACID 1-BROMOOCTADECANE 1-CARBOXYNAPHTHALENE 1-DECENE 1-HYDROXYANTHRAQUINONE 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,5,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE 1-NONENE 1-TETRADECENE 1-THIO-B-D-GLUCOSE 1-TRIDECENE 1-UNDECENE 2-ACETAMIDO-1-AZIDO-1,2-DIDEOXY-B-D-GLYCOPYRANOSE 2-ACETAMIDOACRYLIC ACID 2-AMINO-4-CHLOROBENZOTHIAZOLE 2-AMINO-2-(HYDROXY METHYL)-1,3-PROPONEDIOL 2-AMINOBENZOTHIAZOLE 2-AMINOIMIDAZOLE 2-AMINO-5-METHYLBENZENESULFONIC ACID 2-AMINOPURINE 2-ANILINOETHANOL 2-BUTENE-1,4-DIOL 2-CHLOROBENZYLALCOHOL 2-DEOXYCYTIDINE 5-MONOPHOSPHATE 2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE 2-DEOXY-D-RIBOSE 2'-DEOXYURIDINE 2'-DEOXYURIDINE 5'-MONOPHOSPHATE 2-HYDROETHYL ACETATE 2-HYDROXY-4-(METHYLTHIO)BUTYRIC ACID 2-METHYLFLUORENE 2-METHYL-2-THIOPSEUDOUREA SULFATE 2-MORPHOLINOETHANESULFONIC ACID 2-NAPHTHOIC ACID 2-OXYGLUTARIC ACID 2-PHENYLPROPIONIC ACID 2-PYRIDINEALDOXIME METHIODIDE 2-STEP CHEMISTRY STEP 1 PART D 2-STEP CHEMISTRY STEP 2 PART A 2-THIOLHISTIDINE 2-THIOPHENECARBOXYLIC ACID 2-THIOPHENECARBOXYLIC HYDRAZIDE 3-ACETYLINDOLE 3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZINE 3-AMINO-L-TYROSINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE MONOHYDRATE 3-CARBETHOXY-2-PIPERIDONE 3-CHLOROCYCLOBUTANONE SOLUTION 3-CHLORO-2-NITROBENZOIC ACID 3-(DIETHYLAMINO)-7-[[P-(DIMETHYLAMINO)PHENYL]AZO]-5-PHENAZINIUM CHLORIDE 3-HYDROXYTROSINE 1 9/26/2005 NON-HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS May Be Disposed Of Via Sanitary Sewer or Solid Waste 3-HYDROXYTYRAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE 3-METHYL-1-PHENYL-2-PYRAZOLIN-5-ONE -
The Catabolism and Transport of Arginine By
THE CATABOLISM AND TRANSPORT OF ARGININE BY PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA by KATHLEEN ANNE COOK B.Sc. , University of British Columbia, 1967 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Department of of M icrob iology r We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA February, 1971 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Depa rtment The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Date i i ABSTRACT Pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown to constitutively degrade arginine via the arginine dihydrolase pathway to ornithine, which was converted both to glutamate and to putrescine. The conversion of ornithine to glutamate appeared to be the major route of arginine degradation in this organism, and was induced to higher activity after growth of the cells with arginine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. P_. aeruginosa did not further degrade putrescine constitutively. However, growth of the cells in arginine resulted in a partial induction of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme functioning in putrescine degradation. The anabolic ornithine transcarbamylase of P_. aerug i nosa was repressed after growth of the organism in the presence of arginine. -
Microbial Cell Factories Biomed Central
Microbial Cell Factories BioMed Central Research Open Access Differential gene expression in recombinant Pichia pastoris analysed by heterologous DNA microarray hybridisation Michael Sauer1, Paola Branduardi2, Brigitte Gasser1, Minoska Valli1, Michael Maurer1, Danilo Porro2 and Diethard Mattanovich*1 Address: 1Institute of Applied Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria and 2Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, I-20126 Milan, Italy Email: Michael Sauer - [email protected]; Paola Branduardi - [email protected]; Brigitte Gasser - [email protected]; Minoska Valli - [email protected]; Michael Maurer - [email protected]; Danilo Porro - [email protected]; Diethard Mattanovich* - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 20 December 2004 Received: 26 November 2004 Accepted: 20 December 2004 Microbial Cell Factories 2004, 3:17 doi:10.1186/1475-2859-3-17 This article is available from: http://www.microbialcellfactories.com/content/3/1/17 © 2004 Sauer et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Pichia pastoris is a well established yeast host for heterologous protein expression, however, the physiological and genetic information about this yeast remains scanty. The lack of a published genome sequence renders DNA arrays unavailable, thereby hampering more global investigations of P. pastoris from the beginning. -
Determination of Histidine A-Deaminase in Human Stratum Corneum and Its Absence in Histidinaemia
160 Biochem. J. (1963) 88, 160 Determination of Histidine a-Deaminase in Human Stratum Corneum and its Absence in Histidinaemia By V. G. ZANNONI AND B. N. LA DU National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md., U.S.A. (Received 27 February 1963) In studies on the nature of the enzymic defect in Assays of histidine a-deaminase and urocanase. For patients with histidinaemia, an inborn error of homogenates ofguinea-pig tissues, the method described by histidine metabolism (La Du, Howell, Jacoby, Tabor & Mehler (1955) was used. The assay for histidine oc-deaminase is based on the accumulation urocanic acid Seegmiller & Zannoni, 1962), it was necessary to of at 277 m,u at pH 9-2. Urocanase does not interfere with the develop a sensitive assay procedure to measure assay for histidine a-deaminase at this pH. Urocanase histidine oc-deaminase (L-histidine ammonia-lyase, activity was measured spectrophotometrically at 277 m,u EC 4.3.1.3), the enzyme that converts histidine by observing the rate of disappearance of urocanic acid at into urocanic acid. The application of this method pH 7-5. has shown that the stratum corneum of normal Because of the turbidity of homogenates of human human skin is a rich source of histidine oc-deamin- stratum corneum, the direct spectrophotometric assay ase. However, this layer in two patients (sibs) could not be used. Control and experimental tubes were with histidinaemia did not contain any detectable incubated with 0 50 ml. of 0 1 M-sodium pyrophosphate buffer, pH 9-2, and 0 05 ml. -
Article the Bee Hemolymph Metabolome: a Window Into the Impact of Viruses on Bumble Bees
Article The Bee Hemolymph Metabolome: A Window into the Impact of Viruses on Bumble Bees Luoluo Wang 1,2, Lieven Van Meulebroek 3, Lynn Vanhaecke 3, Guy Smagghe 2 and Ivan Meeus 2,* 1 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; [email protected] 2 Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; [email protected], [email protected] 3 Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Vet- erinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium; [email protected]; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Selection of the targeted biomarker set: In total we identified 76 metabolites, including 28 amino acids (37%), 11 carbohy- drates (14%), 11 carboxylic acids, 2 TCA intermediates, 4 polyamines, 4 nucleic acids, and 16 compounds from other chemical classes (Table S1). We selected biologically-relevant biomarker candidates based on a three step approach: (1) their expression profile in stand- ardized bees and its relation with viral presence, (2) pathways analysis on significant me- tabolites; and (3) a literature search to identify potential viral specific signatures. Step (1) and (2), pathways analysis on significant metabolites We performed two-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD tests for post-hoc comparisons and used significant metabolites for metabolic pathway analysis using the web-based Citation: Wang, L.L.; Van platform MetaboAnalyst (http://www.metaboanalyst.ca/) in order to get insights in the Meulebroek, L.; Vanhaecke. -
Score Plot of Principal Component Analysis Model Derived from the GC‐TOF‐MS Profiles of Liver Samples
Figure S1: Score plot of principal component analysis model derived from the GC‐TOF‐MS profiles of liver samples. Same volume of supernatant from each sample after preprocessing was mixed as a quality control (QC) sample. Blue points represent normal samples and green points mean QC samples. Figure S2: Score plot of principal component analysis model derived from the GC‐TOF‐MS profiles of jejunal content samples. Same volume of supernatant from each sample after preprocessing was mixed as a quality control (QC) sample. Blue points represent normal samples and green points mean QC samples. Figure S3: Score plot of principal component analysis model derived from the GC‐TOF‐MS profiles of ileal content samples. Same volume of supernatant from each sample after preprocessing was mixed as a quality control (QC) sample. Blue points represent normal samples and green points mean QC samples. Figure S4: Score plot of principal component analysis model derived from the GC‐TOF‐MS profiles of cecal content samples. Same volume of supernatant from each sample after preprocessing was mixed as a quality control (QC) sample. Blue points represent normal samples and green points mean QC samples. Table S1: The differential metabolites in liver on day 12 of overfeeding Differential Metabolites1 T/C2 P Trend3 proline 3.80 <0.001 ↑ Isomaltose 0.42 <0.001 ↓ guanosine 0.22 <0.001 ↓ inosine 0.29 <0.001 ↓ 6‐phosphogluconic acid 0.36 <0.001 ↓ N‐Methyl‐L‐glutamic acid 0.31 <0.001 ↓ 3‐phosphoglycerate 0.25 <0.001 ↓ 5ʹ‐methylthiodenosine 0.31 <0.001 ↓ L‐cysteine -
Metabolic Changes in Plants As Indicator for Pesticide Exposure
Metabolic changes in plants as indicator for pesticide exposure A pilot study Pesticide Research no. 146, 2013 Title: Authors & contributors: Metabolic changes in plants as indicator for Strandberg B., Mathiassen S. K., Viant M., Kirwan J., Ludwig C., pesticide exposure Sørensen J. G., Ravn H. W. Publisher: Miljøstyrelsen Strandgade 29 1401 København K www.mst.dk Year: ISBN no. 2013 978-87-92903-57-0 Disclaimer: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency will, when opportunity offers, publish reports and contributions relating to environmental research and development projects financed via the Danish EPA. Please note that publication does not signify that the contents of the reports necessarily reflect the views of the Danish EPA. The reports are, however, published because the Danish EPA finds that the studies represent a valuable contribution to the debate on environmental policy in Denmark. May be quoted provided the source is acknowledged. 2 Metabolic changes in plants as indicator for pesticide exposure Table of contents Preface ...................................................................................................................... 5 Sammenfatning ......................................................................................................... 7 Summary................................................................................................................... 9 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Aim and hypotheses -
Understanding the Role of Natural Moisturizing Factor in Skin Hydration
FEATURE STORY Understanding the Role of Natural Moisturizing Factor in Skin Hydration Components collectively called natural moisturizing factor (NMF) that occur naturally in the skin can be delivered topically to treat xerotic, dry skin. BY JOSEPH FOWLER, MD, FAAD erosis, or dry skin, is a common condition experi- enced by most people at some point in their lives. The so-called active ingredients in Seasonal xerosis is common during the cold, dry basic OTC moisturizers can be winter months, and evidence shows that xerosis Xbecomes more prevalent with age.1 Many inflammatory categorized into three classes: skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis (AD), irritant emollients, occlusives, contact dermatitis, and psoriasis cause localized areas of and humectants. xerotic skin. In addition, some patients have hereditary disorders, such as ichthyosis, resulting in chronic dry skin (Table 1).2-5 skin hydration.7 Lactate is another humectant used in a Emollients are the cornerstone of the treatment of dry number of moisturizers. More recently, some moisturizing skin conditions6 and are typically delivered in over-the- formulations have included various amino acids, pyrrol- counter (OTC) moisturizers. Today, consumers and derma- idone carboxylic acid (PCA; a potent humectant), and salts. tologists can choose from a plethora of moisturizers. Each The ingredients urea, lactate, amino acids, and PCA are contains a combination of ingredients designed to treat or part of a group of components collectively called natural ameliorate the symptoms of dry -
Aspects of Nitrogen Metabolism in Polyporus
ASPECTS OF NITROGEN METABOLISM IN POLYPORUS TUMULOSUS A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES BY JOHN FRANCIS WILLIAMS 8I0MEOICAL roH ^^UBRARIE^^y MIN JO * SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES JANUARY 1957 TO DECEMBER I960 This work was carried out as a part-time study between January 1957 and December I960, in the School of Biological Sciences of the University of New South ./ales. The material incorporated in this thesis has not been submitted towards a degree in any other University. With the exception of the data in Table 19 and the phenolic acid analyses reported in Figure 1$, the results submitted are my own unaided work. Williams. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements i Summary ii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 SURVEY OF LITERATURE - NITROGEN METABOLISM IN FUNGI Introduction 3 t 2. INORGANIC NITROGEN METABOLISM 4 Nitrate Assimilation 4 Nitrite Nitrogen 10 Hyponitrite Reduction 12 Hydroxylamine Reduction 14 Oxime Pathway 15 Ammonia Nitrogen 16 Nitrogen IS 3. THE UTILIZATION OF AMINO ACIDS BY FUNGI 19 The Catabolism of Amino Acids 20 Synthesis and Interconversion of Amino Acids in Fungi 24 (1) The Glutamic Acid Group 27 (2) The Aspartic Acid Group 36 (3) Lysine 42 (4) The Pyruvic Acid Group of Amino Acids 43 (5) Histidine 46 (6) The Serine Group 51 (7) The Aromatic Amino Acids 56 4. URSA AND UREIDES 62 The Occurrence of Urea and its Precursors in Fungi 62 5. THE METABOLISM OF THE NUCLEIC ACIDS AND THEIR CONSTITUENTS 70 The Degradation of Nucleic Acid Derivatives by Fungi 70 The Uptake, Interconversion and Synthesis of Purines and Pyrimidines by Fungi 75 6.