Le Revivalisme Musical De L'ancestrale Tradition Gnawa

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Le Revivalisme Musical De L'ancestrale Tradition Gnawa Le revivalisme musical de l’ancestrale tradition Gnawa : Analyse descriptive de la démarche artistique des musiciens revivalistes Gnawa Mémoire Ania Bensoula Maîtrise en musique - avec mémoire Maître en musique (M. Mus.) Québec, Canada © Ania Bensoula, 2021 Le revivalisme musical de l’ancestrale tradition Gnawa Analyse descriptive de la démarche artistique des musiciens revivalistes Gnawa Mémoire Ania Bensoula Sous la direction de : Sophie Stévance, directrice de recherche Résumé Ce mémoire a pour ambition d’étudier la démarche revivaliste des musiciens qui font appel à la musique Gnawa avec une vision cosmopolite, en prenant comme cas le maître Gnawi Mustapha Bakbou et la contribution de Marcus Miller. L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’étudier la créativité personnelle puisée des sources de la tradition ancestrale des anciens descendants d’esclaves de l’Afrique subsaharienne. La question de recherche est, par conséquent, en quoi les musiciens revivalistes Gnawa réinterprètent et reproduisent-ils les composantes traditionnelles Gnawa pour perpétuer l’ancestrale tradition dans le présent ? Dans ce contexte, on comprend bien que leur but est d’être des agents qui agissent pour le revivalisme musical de la musique Gnawa, issue d’une pratique traditionnelle, ce faisant, le point d’interrogation est mis sur : De quelle manière procèdent-ils pour se démarquer par leur pratique musicale revivaliste ? Quels sont les éléments utilisés en tant que moyens opérateurs pour faire revivre la tradition et quelles sont leurs motivations personnelles à travers ce revivalisme ? Sur quelle perspective esthétique se basent-ils pour présenter l’art gnawi sur une nouvelle forme particulière et innovante ? Notre étude présente les fondements caractéristiques d’une expression esthétique, exposée par des musiciens d’un groupe typique revivaliste, représentant une culture d’une communauté spécifique, et ce dans un contexte cosmopolite. En exprimant leur propre façon de recréer une tradition à travers la nouvelle stylisation du répertoire traditionnel et en explorant d’autres éléments musicaux tels que les rythmes, les notes, les instruments, et la performance vocale. Pour comprendre la démarche revivaliste de ces musiciens, le concept du cosmopolitisme esthétique élaboré par le sociologue Ulrich Beck a été employé. En effet, celui-ci indique que le cosmopolitisme est une caractéristique déterminante de la modernité réflexive, il suggère qu’il s’agit de la perspective la plus adéquate pour donner, aux réalités et contradictions globales, interconnectées et continuellement floues de l’ère moderne, une perception plus claire (Beck 2006). ii Abstract This memoir aims to study the revivalist approach of musicians who use Gnawa music, taking as a case the master Gnawi Mustapha Bakbou and the contribution of Marcus Miller. The objective of this essay is to study personal creativity drawn from the sources of the ancestral tradition of the ancient descendants of slaves from sub-Saharan Africa. The research question is therefore the following: How do Gnawa revival musicians reinterpret and reproduce the traditional Gnawa components to perpetuate the ancestral tradition in the present? In this context, we understand that their goal is to be agents who act for the musical revivalism of Gnawa music from a traditional practice, in doing so, the question mark is put on what way do they proceed to stand out by their revivalist musical practice? What are the elements used as operative means to revive the tradition and what are their personal motivations through this revivalism? What aesthetic perspective are they using to present Gnawi art on a new, creative, and innovative form? Therefore, our study presents the characteristic foundations of an aesthetic expression exhibited by musicians from a typical revivalist group representing a culture of a specific community. By expressing their own way of recreating a tradition through the new stylization of the traditional repertoire by exploring other musical elements such as rhythms, notes, instruments, vocal performance. To understand the revivalist approach of these musicians, the concept of aesthetic cosmopolitanism developed by sociologist Ulrich Beck was used. Indeed, this indicates that cosmopolitanism is a defining characteristic of reflective modernity, it suggests that it is the most adequate outlook to give to the global, interconnected and continually blurred realities and contradictions of the modern era a clearer perception (Beck 2006). iii Table des matières Résumé……………………………………………………………………………………….………ii Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………...iii Table des matières .............................................................................................................................. iv Liste des figures ................................................................................................................................. vi Liste des tableaux .............................................................................................................................. vii Remerciements ................................................................................................................................. viii Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 0.1. Contexte .............................................................................................................................. 1 0.2. Problématique ..................................................................................................................... 3 0.2.1. État de la littérature ............................................................................................................. 3 0.2.2. Cadre théorique ................................................................................................................... 8 0.2.3. Méthode ............................................................................................................................. 11 Chapitre 1 La période historique d’une population noire en Afrique du Nord ................................. 15 1.1. Données historiques .......................................................................................................... 15 1.1.1. Brève histoire de la traite des Noirs .............................................................................. 15 1.1.2. Les origines des Gnawa ................................................................................................. 17 1.1.2.1. L’armée esclave ......................................................................................................... 17 1.1.2.2. L’appellation « Gnawa » ........................................................................................... 18 1.2. Les Gnawa entre l’islam et la marginalisation .................................................................. 19 1.3. La fin de l’esclavage et la reconnaissance des Gnawa ...................................................... 20 Synthèse......…………………………………………………………………………………………21 Chapitre 2 La structure rituelle chez les Gnawa ................................................................................ 22 2.1. Un rite cérémonial évocatoire .................................................................................................... 22 2.1.1. La Lila définition ................................................................................................................. 23 2.1.2. Le déroulement de la « Lila » .............................................................................................. 23 2.1.2.1. L’« Aâda » .................................................................................................................... 24 2.1.2.2. Les « Ouled bambaras » .............................................................................................. 24 2.1.2.3. La « Nugcha » .............................................................................................................. 25 2.1.2.4. Les « kûyû » (les danseurs)........................................................................................... 25 2.1.2.5. Les « Mluks », les « Treq » .......................................................................................... 26 2.2. La tradition Gnawa et le soufisme .............................................................................................. 26 Synthèse ............................................................................................................................................ 27 Chapitre 3 Les caractéristiques musicales de l’art Gnawi et le renouvèlement de la tradition ......... 29 iv 3.1. La structure musicale Gnawi .................................................................................................. 30 3.1.1. La gamme Gnawi et le pentatonisme .............................................................................. 30 3.1.2. La musique Gnawa, une musique modale ? .................................................................... 31 3.2. Le rythme ............................................................................................................................... 32 3.3. Instruments et timbres ............................................................................................................ 33 3.3.1. Guembri ........................................................................................................................... 34 3.3.2. Krakeb
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