Saxons, Slavs, and Conversion Toward a New Understanding of Crusade
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An Early Turning Point in the History of the Crusades
Jonathan Phillips. The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. xxix + 364 pp. $40.00, cloth, ISBN 978-0-300-11274-0. Reviewed by Jonathan R. Lyon Published on H-German (March, 2008) As the author makes clear in the excellent in‐ cepts could be employed against a variety of Latin troduction to this work, the Second Crusade Christendom's enemies. (1145-49) has typically not attracted as much in‐ Phillips divides his work into fourteen terest from modern historians as the more fa‐ chronologically-arranged chapters, although sepa‐ mous First Crusade (1095-99) and Third Crusade rate chapters treat the Iberian and Baltic compo‐ (1188-92). A key explanation for this trend is the nents of the crusade. The frst two chapters dis‐ Second Crusade's failure to make any significant cuss the period between the First and the Second gains for the Christians of the Holy Land in the Crusade; chapter 1 focuses on the various pilgrim‐ wake of the Muslim conquest of Edessa in 1144. ages and crusading efforts of the early twelfth Nevertheless, as Phillips convincingly argues, this century, and chapter 2 provides a rich, fascinating crusade--despite its lack of success--demands discussion of the powerful legacy the First Cru‐ more attention than it has received for several sade left to Latin Christian culture in the decades reasons. It was the frst crusade to the Holy Land after 1099. Phillips persuasively argues that this to involve western European kings and thus legacy had a significant impact on recruiting for forced rulers to consider the consequences of the Second Crusade, because the generation of leaving their kingdoms for months (if not years) young nobles alive in the 1140s had grown up at a time. -
The Crusades: a Very Brief History
MEDIEVALISTS.NET MEDIEVAL STUDIES MAGAZINE The Medieval Magazine Issue 6 March 9, 2015 The Crusades: A Very Brief History Lady in the Lead Coffin Tower of London: Margaret Beaufort: Mother Revealed Ceremony of the Keys of King Henry VII 12 16 46 Venetian Prisons in the Middle Ages The Medievalverse March 9, 2015 Page 8 Venetian Prisons in the Middle Ages Taking a look at how a Venetian prison on the island of Crete operated. Page 12 Lady in the Lead Coffin Revealed A mysterious lead coffin found close to the site of Richard III's hastily dug grave at the Grey Friars friary has been opened and studied by experts from the University of Leicester. Page 18 The Crusades Andrew Latham traces the contours of the specific types of violent religious conflict always immanent within the historical structure of medieval war. Page 44 Medieval Historical Fiction: Ten Novels from the 19th century Historical fiction was just beginning as literary genre in the 19th century, but soon authors found success in writing about stories set in the Middle Ages. Table of Contents 4 Quiz: How Well Do You Know the Seventh-Century? 6 Medieval Mass Grave Discovered n Paris 8 Venetian Prisons in the Middle Ages 11 Knight buried at Hereford Cathedral may have had jousting injuries, archaeologists find 12 Lady in the Lead Coffin revealed 15 Medieval Articles 16 Tower of London – The Ceremony of the Keys 18 The Crusades: A Very Brief History, 1095-1500 42 The Mazims of Francesco Guicciardini 44 The Beginning of Medieval Historical Fiction: Ten Novels from the 19th century 46 Margaret Beaufort, Mother of King Henry VII 50 Medieval Videos The Medievalverse The weekly digital magazine from Medievalists.net Edited by Peter Konieczny and Sandra Alvarez Cover: Crusaders storm Jerusalem, from The Hague, MMW, 10 A 21 How Well Do You Know the Seventh Century? 1.This Anglo-Saxon helmet, which dates from the early 7th century, was found at which archaeological site? 2. -
Crusading, the Military Orders, and Sacred Landscapes in the Baltic, 13Th – 14Th Centuries ______
TERRA MATRIS: CRUSADING, THE MILITARY ORDERS, AND SACRED LANDSCAPES IN THE BALTIC, 13TH – 14TH CENTURIES ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the School of History, Archaeology and Religion Cardiff University ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in History & Welsh History (2018) ____________________________________ by Gregory Leighton Abstract Crusading and the military orders have, at their roots, a strong focus on place, namely the Holy Land and the shrines associated with the life of Christ on Earth. Both concepts spread to other frontiers in Europe (notably Spain and the Baltic) in a very quick fashion. Therefore, this thesis investigates the ways that this focus on place and landscape changed over time, when crusading and the military orders emerged in the Baltic region, a land with no Christian holy places. Taking this fact as a point of departure, the following thesis focuses on the crusades to the Baltic Sea Region during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It considers the role of the military orders in the region (primarily the Order of the Teutonic Knights), and how their participation in the conversion-led crusading missions there helped to shape a distinct perception of the Baltic region as a new sacred (i.e. Christian) landscape. Structured around four chapters, the thesis discusses the emergence of a new sacred landscape thematically. Following an overview of the military orders and the role of sacred landscpaes in their ideology, and an overview of the historiographical debates on the Baltic crusades, it addresses the paganism of the landscape in the written sources predating the crusades, in addition to the narrative, legal, and visual evidence of the crusade period (Chapter 1). -
The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade
Downloaded by [University of Wisconsin - Madison] at 05:00 18 January 2017 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PRUSSIAN CRUSADE The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade explores the archaeology and material culture of the Crusade against the Prussian tribes in the thirteenth century, and the subsequent society created by the Teutonic Order that lasted into the six- teenth century. It provides the first synthesis of the material culture of a unique crusading society created in the south-eastern Baltic region over the course of the thirteenth century. It encompasses the full range of archaeological data, from standing buildings through to artefacts and ecofacts, integrated with writ- ten and artistic sources. The work is sub-divided into broadly chronological themes, beginning with a historical outline, exploring the settlements, castles, towns and landscapes of the Teutonic Order’s theocratic state and concluding with the role of the reconstructed and ruined monuments of medieval Prussia in the modern world in the context of modern Polish culture. This is the first work on the archaeology of medieval Prussia in any lan- guage, and is intended as a comprehensive introduction to a period and area of growing interest. This book represents an important contribution to promot- ing international awareness of the cultural heritage of the Baltic region, which has been rapidly increasing over the last few decades. Aleksander Pluskowski is a lecturer in Medieval Archaeology at the University of Reading. Downloaded by [University of Wisconsin - Madison] at 05:00 -
The Teutonic Order and the Baltic Crusades
Western Oregon University Digital Commons@WOU Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History) Department of History 6-10-2019 The eutT onic Order and the Baltic Crusades Alex Eidler Western Oregon University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/his Part of the European History Commons, Medieval History Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Eidler, Alex, "The eT utonic Order and the Baltic Crusades" (2019). Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History). 273. https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/his/273 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at Digital Commons@WOU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History) by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@WOU. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. The Teutonic Order and the Baltic Crusades By Alex Eidler Senior Seminar: Hst 499 Professor David Doellinger Western Oregon University June 5, 2019 Readers Professor Elizabeth Swedo Professor David Doellinger Copyright © Alex Eidler, 2019 Eidler 1 Introduction When people think of Crusades, they often think of the wars in the Holy Lands rather than regions inside of Europe, which many believe to have already been Christian. The Baltic Crusades began during the Second Crusade (1147-1149) but continued well into the fifteenth century. Unlike the crusades in the Holy Lands which were initiated to retake holy cities and pilgrimage sites, the Baltic crusades were implemented by the German archbishoprics of Bremen and Magdeburg to combat pagan tribes in the Baltic region which included Estonia, Prussia, Lithuania, and Latvia.1 The Teutonic Order, which arrived in the Baltic region in 1226, was successful in their smaller initial campaigns to combat raiders, as well as in their later crusades to conquer and convert pagan tribes. -
Module Hi1200 Europe, 1000-1250
MODULE HI1200 EUROPE, 1000-1250: WAR, GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY IN THE AGE OF THE CRUSADES Michaelmas Term Professor Robinson ( 10 ECTS ) CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2 2. A Guide to Module HI1200 3 3. Lecture Topics 6 4. Essay Titles 6 5. Reading List 8 6. Tutorial Assignments 11 1 1. INTRODUCTION This module deals with social and political change in Europe during the two-and-a- half centuries of the development of the crusading movement. It focuses in particular on the internal development of France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Byzantium (the Eastern Christian empire based on Constantinople) and the crusading colonies in the Near East. The most important themes are the development of royal and imperial authority, the structure of aristocratic society, rebellion and the threat of political disintegration, warfare as a primary function of the secular ruling class and the impact of war on the development of European institutions. Module HI1200 is available as an option to Single Honors, Two-Subject Moderatorship and History and Political Science Junior Freshman students. This module is a compulsory element of the Junior Freshman course in Ancient and Medieval History and Culture. The module may also be taken by Socrates students and Visiting students with the permission of the Department of History. Module HI1200 consists of two lectures each week throughout Michaelmas Term, together with a series of six tutorials, for which written assignments are required. The assessment of this module will take the form of: (1) an essay, which accounts for 20% of the over-all assessment of this module and (2) a two-hour examination in Trinity Term, which accounts for 80% of the over-all assessment. -
Practicing Love of God in Medieval Jerusalem, Gaul and Saxony
he collection of essays presented in “Devotional Cross-Roads: Practicing Love of God in Medieval Gaul, Jerusalem, and Saxony” investigates test case witnesses of TChristian devotion and patronage from Late Antiquity to the Late Middle Ages, set in and between the Eastern and Western Mediterranean, as well as Gaul and the regions north of the Alps. Devotional practice and love of God refer to people – mostly from the lay and religious elite –, ideas, copies of texts, images, and material objects, such as relics and reliquaries. The wide geographic borders and time span are used here to illustrate a broad picture composed around questions of worship, identity, reli- gious affiliation and gender. Among the diversity of cases, the studies presented in this volume exemplify recurring themes, which occupied the Christian believer, such as the veneration of the Cross, translation of architecture, pilgrimage and patronage, emergence of iconography and devotional patterns. These essays are representing the research results of the project “Practicing Love of God: Comparing Women’s and Men’s Practice in Medieval Saxony” guided by the art historian Galit Noga-Banai, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the histori- an Hedwig Röckelein, Georg-August-University Göttingen. This project was running from 2013 to 2018 within the Niedersachsen-Israeli Program and financed by the State of Lower Saxony. Devotional Cross-Roads Practicing Love of God in Medieval Jerusalem, Gaul and Saxony Edited by Hedwig Röckelein, Galit Noga-Banai, and Lotem Pinchover Röckelein/Noga-Banai/Pinchover Devotional Cross-Roads ISBN 978-3-86395-372-0 Universitätsverlag Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen Hedwig Röckelein, Galit Noga-Banai, and Lotem Pinchover (Eds.) Devotional Cross-Roads This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. -
The Clash Between Pagans and Christians: the Baltic Crusades from 1147-1309
The Clash between Pagans and Christians: The Baltic Crusades from 1147-1309 Honors Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors research distinction in History in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Donald R. Shumaker The Ohio State University May 2014 Project Advisor: Professor Heather J. Tanner, Department of History 1 The Baltic Crusades started during the Second Crusade (1147-1149), but continued into the fifteenth century. Unlike the crusades in the Holy Lands, the Baltic Crusades were implemented in order to combat the pagan tribes in the Baltic. These crusades were generally conducted by German and Danish nobles (with occasional assistance from Sweden) instead of contingents from England and France. Although the Baltic Crusades occurred in many different countries and over several centuries, they occurred as a result of common root causes. For the purpose of this study, I will be focusing on the northern crusades between 1147 and 1309. In 1309 the Teutonic Order, the monastic order that led these crusades, moved their headquarters from Venice, where the Order focused on reclaiming the Holy Lands, to Marienberg, which was on the frontier of the Baltic Crusades. This signified a change in the importance of the Baltic Crusades and the motivations of the crusaders. The Baltic Crusades became the main theater of the Teutonic Order and local crusaders, and many of the causes for going on a crusade changed at this time due to this new focus. Prior to the year 1310 the Baltic Crusades occurred for several reasons. A changing knightly ethos combined with heightened religious zeal and the evolution of institutional and ideological changes in just warfare and forced conversions were crucial in the development of the Baltic Crusades. -
The Second Crusade, 1145-49: Damascus, Lisbon and the Wendish Campaigns
The Second Crusade, 1145-49: Damascus, Lisbon and the Wendish Campaigns Abstract: The Second Crusade (1145-49) is thought to have encompassed near simultaneous Christian attacks on Muslim towns and cities in Syria and Iberia and pagan Wend strongholds around the southern shore of the Baltic Sea. The motivations underpinning the attacks on Damascus, Lisbon and – taken collectively – the Wendish strongholds have come in for particular attention. The doomed decision to assault Damascus in 1148 rather than recover Edessa, the capital of the first so-called crusader state, was once thought to be ill-conceived. Historians now believe the city was attacked because Damascus posed a significant threat to the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem when the Second Crusaders arrived in the East. The assault on Lisbon and the Wendish strongholds fell into a long-established pattern of regional, worldly aggression and expansion; therefore, historians tend not to ascribe any spiritual impulses behind the native Christians’ decisions to attack their enemies. Indeed, the siege of Lisbon by an allied force of international crusaders and those of the Portuguese ruler, Afonso Henriques, is perceived primarily as a politico-strategic episode in the on-going Christian-Muslim conflict in Iberia – commonly referred to as the reconquista. The native warrior and commercial elite undoubtedly had various temporal reasons for engaging in warfare in Iberia and the Baltic region between 1147 and 1149, although the article concludes with some notes of caution before clinically construing motivation from behaviour in such instances. On Christmas Eve 1144, Zangī, the Muslim ruler of Aleppo and Mosul, seized the Christian-held city of Edessa in Mesopotamia. -
A Viking-Age Settlement in the Hinterland of Hedeby Tobias Schade
L. Holmquist, S. Kalmring & C. Hedenstierna-Jonson (eds.), New Aspects on Viking-age Urbanism, c. 750-1100 AD. Proceedings of the International Symposium at the Swedish History Museum, April 17-20th 2013. Theses and Papers in Archaeology B THESES AND PAPERS IN ARCHAEOLOGY B New Aspects on Viking-age Urbanism, c. 750-1100 AD. Proceedings of the International Symposium at the Swedish History Museum, April 17–20th 2013 Lena Holmquist, Sven Kalmring & Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson (eds.) Contents Introduction Sigtuna: royal site and Christian town and the Lena Holmquist, Sven Kalmring & regional perspective, c. 980-1100 Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson.....................................4 Sten Tesch................................................................107 Sigtuna and excavations at the Urmakaren Early northern towns as special economic and Trädgårdsmästaren sites zones Jonas Ros.................................................................133 Sven Kalmring............................................................7 No Kingdom without a town. Anund Olofs- Spaces and places of the urban settlement of son’s policy for national independence and its Birka materiality Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson...................................16 Rune Edberg............................................................145 Birka’s defence works and harbour - linking The Schleswig waterfront - a place of major one recently ended and one newly begun significance for the emergence of the town? research project Felix Rösch..........................................................153 -
University of Tarty Faculty of Philosophy Department of History
UNIVERSITY OF TARTY FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY LINDA KALJUNDI Waiting for the Barbarians: The Imagery, Dynamics and Functions of the Other in Northern German Missionary Chronicles, 11th – Early 13th Centuries. The Gestae Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum of Adam of Bremen, Chronica Slavorum of Helmold of Bosau, Chronica Slavorum of Arnold of Lübeck, and Chronicon Livoniae of Henry of Livonia Master’s Thesis Supervisor: MA Marek Tamm, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales / University of Tartu Second supervisor: PhD Anti Selart University of Tartu TARTU 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 I HISTORICAL CONTEXTS AND INTERTEXTS 5 I.1 THE SOURCE MATERIAL 5 I.2. THE DILATATIO OF LATIN CHRISTIANITY: THE MISSION TO THE NORTH FROM THE NINTH UNTIL EARLY THIRTEENTH CENTURIES 28 I.3 NATIONAL TRAGEDIES, MISSIONARY WARS, CRUSADES, OR COLONISATION: TRADITIONAL AND MODERN PATTERNS IN HISTORIOGRAPHY 36 I.4 THE LEGATIO IN GENTES IN THE NORTH: THE MAKING OF A TRADITION 39 I.5 THE OTHER 46 II TO DISCOVER 52 I.1 ADAM OF BREMEN, GESTA HAMMABURGENSIS ECCLESIAE PONTIFICUM 52 PERSONAE 55 LOCI 67 II.2 HELMOLD OF BOSAU, CHRONICA SLAVORUM 73 PERSONAE 74 LOCI 81 II.3 ARNOLD OF LÜBECK, CHRONICA SLAVORUM 86 PERSONAE 87 LOCI 89 II.4 HENRY OF LIVONIA, CHRONICON LIVONIAE 93 PERSONAE 93 LOCI 102 III TO CONQUER 105 III.1 ADAM OF BREMEN, GESTA HAMMABURGENSIS ECCLESIAE PONTIFICUM 107 PERSONAE 108 LOCI 128 III.2 HELMOLD OF BOSAU, CHRONICA SLAVORUM 134 PERSONAE 135 LOCI 151 III.3 ARNOLD OF LÜBECK, CHRONICA SLAVORUM 160 PERSONAE 160 LOCI 169 III.4 HENRY OF LIVONIA, CHRONICON LIVONIAE 174 PERSONAE 175 LOCI 197 SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS 207 BIBLIOGRAPHY 210 RESÜMEE 226 APPENDIX 2 Introduction The following thesis discusses the image of the Slavic, Nordic, and Baltic peoples and lands as the Other in the historical writing of the Northern mission. -
Print Version
Deutsche Biographie – Onlinefassung NDB-Artikel Lappenberg, Johann Martin Archivar, * 30.7.1794 Hamburg, † 28.11.1865 Hamburg. Genealogie V →Valentin Anton (1759–1819), Dr. med., Arzt in H., S d. →Samuel Christian (1720–88), Pastor u. hist. Schriftsteller in Lesum b. Bremen u. d. Juliane Judith Lammers; M Catharina Margarethe (1765–1840), T d. →Garlieb Sillem (1726–92), Syndikus d. Senats in H., u. d. Joh. Margarethe Schele; Ur-Gvm →Garlieb Sillem (1683–1732), Bgm. v. H., →Martin Lucas Schele (1682– 1751), Senator u. Bgm. in H.; - ⚭ 1) Altona 1825 Emilie (1802–25), 2) Altona 1827 Marianne (1808– 49), beide T d. →Gg. Frdr. Baur (1768–1865), Dr. iur. h. c, Großkaufm., dän. Konferenzrat in Altona, u. d. Marianne Heise; Gvm d. Ehefrauen →Joh. Arnold Heise (1747–1834), Bgm. v. H.; 3 S, 3 T aus 2), u. a. →Alfred (1836–1916), Landger.dir., dann Senator in H., Emilie (⚭ Wolfgang Sartorius Frhr. v. Waltershausen, 1809–76, Prof. d. Mineral, u. Geol. in Göttingen), Elisabeth (⚭ →Hermann Frhr. v. Kap-herr, 1830–85, Großkaufm. u. Bankier in St. Petersburg). Leben L. erlebte in seiner Jugend die franz. Besetzung und Annexion Hamburgs. Unter dem Einfluß der patriotischen Bewegung – in seinem Elternhaus verkehrten neben bekannten Ärzten (Hufeland, Olbers, Reimarus) und Senatoren (Bartels, Günther) auch →Joh. Georg Kerner und Friedrich Christoph Perthes – wollte er sich im März 1813 Tettenborns Befreiungskorps anschließen, nachdem er das Johanneum und das Akademische Gymnasium besucht hatte. Auf väterliches Geheiß reiste er jedoch zum Medizinstudium nach Edinburgh. Dort folgte er vor allem schöngeistigen Interessen und schloß Bekanntschaft mit dem Historiker Mackintosh sowie den Dichtern Scott und Wordsworth.