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L-G-0014502446-0046728295.Pdf FLORA ANNIE STEEL Flora Annie Steel, 1904. Used by permission FLORA ANNIE STEEL a critical study of an unconventional memsahib Susmita Roye, Editor 2 Published by All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored The University of Alberta Press in a retrieval system, or transmitted in Ring House 2 any form or by any means (electronic, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1 mechanical, photocopying, recording, or www.uap.ualberta.ca otherwise) without prior written consent. Contact the University of Alberta Press Copyright © 2017 for further details. The University of Alberta Press The University of Alberta Press Library and Archives Canada supports copyright. Copyright fuels Cataloguing in Publication creativity, encourages diverse voices, promotes free speech, and creates a Flora Annie Steel : a critical study vibrant culture. Thank you for buying an of an unconventional memsahib authorized edition of this book and for / Susmita Roye, editor. complying with the copyright laws by not reproducing, scanning, or distributing Includes bibliographical references any part of it in any form without and index. permission. You are supporting Issued in print and electronic formats. writers and allowing University of ISBN 978–1–77212–260–2 (softcover). Alberta Press to continue to publish —ISBN 978–1–77212–322–7 (EPUB). books for every reader. —ISBN 978–1–77212–323–4 (Kindle). —ISBN 978–1–77212–324–1 (PDF) The University of Alberta Press gratefully acknowledges the support received for its 1. Steel, Flora Annie, publishing program from the Government 1847-1929--Criticism and interpretation. of Canada, the Canada Council for the I. Roye, Susmita, editor Arts, and the Government of Alberta through the Alberta Media Fund. PR5473.S135Z85 2017 823'.8 C2016-907149-9 C2016-907150-2 First edition, first printing, 2017. First electronic edition, 2017. 7 Copyediting and proofreading by Kirsten Craven. Indexing by Stephen Ullstrom. Cover design by Kevin Zak. Interior design by Denise Ahlefeldt. For my beloved daughters, Poorna and Prerna It is extraordinary how quickly the European recognises the difference in a thermometer heat between seventy-nine degrees and eighty. The one is summer, the next hot weather. And the garden knows it too. The English flowers meet the sun’s morning kiss bright and sweet as ever, but by noon are weary and worn by his caresses. Yet there were heaps and heaps of Oriental beauties ready for it; more voyant, perchance, in a way more material. Some of them certainly were transcendentally beautiful to my eyes; but I doubt much if the eyes of those who came every Sunday to enjoy the coolness of the garden and the opportunity of displaying their dignities noticed them much. —Flora Annie Steel, The Garden of Fidelity (73) Contents ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction Susmita Roye 1 1 | Women Who Serve in Times of Need Recreating an Uprising in Flora Annie Steel’s Voices in the Night DANIELLE NIELSEN 29 2 | The Other Voice Agency of the Fallen Women in Flora Annie Steel’s Novels AMRITA BANERJEE 51 3 | Narrative Strategy as Hermeneutic Reading In the Permanent Way as Colonial Theory LEEANNE M. RICHARDSON 77 4 | Flora Annie Steel and Indian Girlhood HELEN PIKE BAUER 101 5 | The Transgressing Purdahnashin and Violated Purdah Space Kipling’s “Beyond the Pale” and Steel’s “Faizullah” SUSMITA ROYE 123 6 | “Going Jungli” Flora Annie Steel’s Wild Civility ALAN JOHNSON 161 7 | How to Dine in India Flora Annie Steel’s The Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook and the Anglo-Indian Imagination RALPH CRANE AND ANNA JOHNSTON 183 8 | “Yours truly, Flora Annie Steel” Gender, Empire, and Indian Pressure Politics in the Times’s Correspondence Columns, 1897–1910 GRÁINNE GOODWIN 207 Contributors 211 Index Acknowledgements An edited volume of essays owes its existence to the collective efforts of a group of scholars. So, first of all, I want to thank my contributors and collaborators for their brilliant, timely, and untiring cooperation to make this project a success. Any scholarly work needs immense library resources. I extend my gratitude to the libraries, including the British Library in London, Bodleian Library at Oxford, Morris Library at University of Delaware, and Hesburgh Library at University of Notre Dame, that delivered to me the requisite material for my research. I also take this opportunity to include all the libraries and library personnel who must have provided similar support to the contributors for their individual essays. Many more people deserve a special mention for their direct contribution and/or indirect inspiration throughout the journey of this project. My tryst with the opus of Flora Annie Steel had originally begun with my doctoral work, and Dr. David Punter was as encour- aging as he was supportive in his role as my supervisor. My colleagues at Delaware State University offered their insightful feedback during our college round table on research to hone my arguments on my own chapter in this volume. The precise comments and suggestions from numerous individuals during conference presentations, too, helped in the further shaping of this volume. Most importantly, the University of Alberta Press’s Linda Cameron, her staff, and the readers, ix who gave detailed reports on our manuscript, have certainly played a phenomenal role in bringing this project to fruition. I am grateful to all these wonderful people. Last but not the least, my family! I cannot even begin to thank my mother and my husband enough for standing by me through thick and thin. Poorna and Prerna, our daughters, keep the innocence-brimming, life-inspiring, energy-giving, heart-melting laughter alive in our lives that gives further impetus to move forward. x | Acknowledgements SUSMITA ROYE Introduction “[F]emale Rudyard Kipling”—The description is neither elegant nor correct, for Mrs. Steel’s resemblance to Mr. Kipling begins and ends in the fact that both write about India from intimate personal knowledge. —Academy1 THE “FEMALE RUDYARD KIPLING” Anybody who has delved into the scholarly field of memsahibs’ writings of British India has come across the works by a famous “unconventional” memsahib, Flora Annie Steel (1847–1929). Steel is today best known as a memsahib writer who has left behind her a rich treasure trove of writings about the British Raj. She was the wife of an Indian Civil Service (ICS) officer who lived in India for twenty-two years. During her stay in India, she proved her exceptional mettle in trying to befriend the natives, learn their languages, accompany her husband on his important tours, establish girls’ schools, serve as the school inspectress, and leave her mark on India in numerous other ways. What is a more lasting legacy are her writings about British India. Her works range from novels (like On the Face of the Waters), short fiction (like “In the Permanent Way”), a collection of Indian folk tales (Tales of the Punjab), to guides for other memsahibs in colonial India (The Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook). xi Flora Annie Steel was called the “female Rudyard Kipling”—“an epithet she probably would not have welcomed” (Pal-Lapinski 65)—and was frequently compared to him in her times mainly because of the fact that she wrote about British India. However, as the above extract makes it clear, the comparison was done more to downplay her claim to fame than otherwise. It is noteworthy that the extract is from a review of the novel, On the Face of the Waters, which is the cornerstone of her reputation as an author. Even after the impressive success of this novel, she is clearly considered by this reviewer to be lagging behind Rudyard Kipling and highlights the “contemporaneous understanding of Steel as a belated, imperfect Kipling” (Mukherjee 168). Most of her contempor- aries, therefore, dismissed her as an inadequate imitation of the grand writer who is hailed as the mouthpiece of the British Raj. Yet, even as the above reviewer lashes Steel for her “resemblance to Mr. Kipling”—claiming that calling her the “female Rudyard Kipling” is both inelegant and incorrect—he is compelled to admit that she writes about India from “intimate personal knowledge.” It is precisely this knowledge that aided her to rival Kipling’s popularity on his own ground. Her writings about India, and more particularly her “Mutiny” novel, enjoyed as large a readership as Kipling’s, so much so that one of her severest critics, Benita Parry, concedes that she had indeed won “a large and eager readership and enthusiastic acclaim in the British press” (104). Even as unflattering comments about Steel’s ambitious trespassing into Kipling’s territories went around at the end of nine- teenth century, there were others who acknowledged her unique impact on their understanding of Anglo-Indian life and challenges: “A reviewer for the Pall Mall Gazette writes [in 1896]…that ‘Mrs. Steel has beaten Mr. Kipling on his own ground, India’” (qtd. in Richardson, “On the Face of the Waters” 119). Indeed, competing with the negative intonations of her rising reputation as the “female Rudyard Kipling,” there were other labels like “Star of India” or “Novelist of India” given to her to accredit her phenomenal contribution to the Raj. It is quite evident, then, that Steel was a much-talked-about author in her times and, in fact, she rivalled Kipling’s popularity as a Raj writer in her times, but the gender-biased politics of canonization made her gradually fade away. Nonetheless, scholars and historians have xii | Introduction dug her name out of oblivion to salute her efforts and achievements. Daya Patwardhan, in the preface to her 1963 book on Steel, writes: “This is a tribute, long overdue, to the memory of a simple, charming and colorful British author who through her novels, short stories and miscellaneous writings reveals India with love and understanding.” Decades later, in 2006, LeeAnne Richardson comments: While Kipling has become virtually synonymous with literary representations of British colonial rule, Flora Annie Steel… has all but disappeared from the canon of writers on empire.
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