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Libya – Zuwarah European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research ISSN: 2736-576X The Possibility of Developing Existing Residential Buldings by Installing Photovoltaic Modules Case Study: Libya – Zuwarah Marim M. A. Baka and Demet Irkli Eryildiz photovoltaic systems, which considering a trend in modern Abstract — Libya is completely dependent on non-renewable architecture. Photovoltaic energy is a renewable resource energy sources (oil and natural gas that increase the problem of inexhaustible, nor polluting the environment. In addition, the global warming) to meet its needs for electric energy. After its amount of all stored fossil energies is equal to only the decline in its oil production and the destruction of some power stations, especially after 2011, the electricity sector in Libya amount of solar radiation located on Earth within three days, witnessed a very significant decline, as it could not meet the for example the solar energy in one minute can save the needs of citizens in all sectors, including the residential sector. energy consumed in the world for a year [1]. Therefore, the On the other hand, Libya has good solar radiation, as the world has increased its trend towards this energy. average solar radiation at the horizontal level is 7.1 kW/m2 in The integration of solar systems into architecture is the coastal areas and 8.1 kilowatt / square meters in the southern considering primary challenge for many architects, since this regions for nine hours per day, and the estimated amount of integration with environment is a manifestation of solar energy available annually is 3.5×109 gig watt hours, which makes it one of the countries that can use solar energy to help development; and these new concepts influenced particularly meet the increasing demand for electrical energy, and together, the architects thinking way and globally the architecture this energy is not utilized sufficiently. science [2] This work aims to study the possibility of developing existing The solar energy systems have many models, one of them residential buildings by installing photovoltaic modules the is converting buildings from the traditional energy- photovoltaic modules have been integrated with existing consuming to energy-saving, beside the architect's ability to buildings in Zuwarah city in different ways: on the building roof make the solar modules as architectural element has an to perform functional role and facades for aesthetic role. After studying the existing residential buildings in the city, two impact on the exterior of the building in terms of aesthetic and samples were chosen as case studies to apply the integration of functional value. photovoltaic units to them using Sketch Up software, and the PV This paper is based on a study of the possibility and places Syst software, to design the PV system. of integration of PV with existing residential buildings in The study clarified the role that photovoltaic systems play in Libya – Zuwarah. the sustainable architectural formation through their ability to achieve its rules and principles, and the possibility of developing existing residential buildings in Libya - Zuwara by integrating PV with it. As well as its contribution to solving the electricity II. CASE STUDY ZUWARAH CITY crisis in Libya. Zuwarah, known as Tamort in the Berber language, the city established in the second century BC when it was known as Index Terms — Photovoltaic systems, Solar energy in Libya – Kasas. Formed from the Zawagha tribe, mentioned by the Zuwarah, Developing existing residential buildings in Libya – Zuwarah, Environmental and economic feasibility of solar Greek traveler Herodotus (420 BC), and it is likely that the systems in Libya, Pv syst program. word Zawagha is derived from the same origin of the word Amazigh, and they mean the free honorable ones [3]. According to urban planning in Zuwarah, it is located in the I. INTRODUCTION far west of the Libyan coast with total area about 5355.6541 The continuous increasing in energy consumption has led hectares (personal interview with urban planning manager in to a phenomenon called Global Warming, which is expressed Zuwarah). The city geographical location between 32 degrees as a change in the global climate caused by human activity, north, and longitude 12 degrees east. It is on the border with which in turn prompted globally to search for solutions Tunisia, about 120 km from Tripoli [4]. The population in through the development of Various technologies aims to 2019 according to personal interview with the responsible reduce energy consumption globally and to search for officer in the Civil Status Authority in Zuwarah is 42,546 people. Fig. 1 shows the location of the city. alternatives to generate energy that do not produce CO2 gas. Active Solar Architecture Which about using solar The city is flat and slightly steep [5], with the elevation of radiation to generate electrical energy in buildings using the city center 10 meters above sea level and the lowest drop of 1 meter below sea level (Google earth pro). Submitted on March 31, 2021. Demet Irkli Eryildiz, Department of Architecture, Okan University, Turkey. Published on May 31, 2021. (e-mail: demeteryildiz gmail.com) Marim M. A. Baka, Department of Architecture, Okan University, Turkey. (e-mail: belybeke1990@ gmail.com) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.4.2418 Vol 6 | Issue 4 | May 2021 45 European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research ISSN: 2736-576X Through the field study conducted by the researcher. Previously, there were no attempts to use solar energy until 2019, when the project to use solar panels for road lighting began using 500 flashes, as it appears in each one Fig. 2 includes 20 lithium-ion batteries that fully charged after 4 hours exposed to solar radiation, providing light for 27 continuous hours. The solar panel designed from the mono crystalline, considering the shade on the board and the accumulated dust and dust on it, the installation of the PV was at a fixed angle of 32 degrees facing south, and LED lamp is used. Working automatically the module reduces the intensity of lighting in the winter after one hour at night by 75%, and 50% an hour before sunrise to reduce battery discharge. As Fig. 1. Zuwarah location (Google maps). the equipment directly imported from the factory in China, the cost of each module (plate, flash, and base) was 400 The geographical location of the city on the Mediterranean Libyan dinars without shipping charges. Sea effects its climate, which classified as semi-arid climate hot and dry in summer, warm and rainy in winter [6]. In addition, the marshes cause very high humidity exceeding 75% in July and 69.3% in February. The highest rate of rainfall reaches 250 mm [7]. III. SOLAR RADIATION IN ZUWARAH Solar radiation is the main source of atmospheric heat, and its change is the difference between one place and another in Fig. 2. Solar street lighting project in Zuwarah 2019 (taken by the the abundance of solar energy [8]. Libya enjoys a large researcher). amount of solar radiation compared to other countries around The project faced many obstacles, including: the world. • Lack of people acceptance of using solar panels. The Libyan coast (including Zuwarah city) that lies • Failure to provide adequate financial support. between latitudes 32-28 have a high solar range, while the • The distances between units are random. amount of solar radiation ranges between 1800-2100 kWh/m2 On the other hand, there are advantages to the project, per year [9]. Annual basis average sunny hours in Zuwarah including: ranges from 8 to 9 hours a day and the radiation amount 7.6- kilowatt h/m in the summer, and 3.3 in kilowatt h/m the • The project cost is economically. winter. The following table shows monthly basis average • The cost of solar lighting poles is almost equal to the sunny hours in Zuwarah since 1989 until 2010 [8]. cost of traditional poles, considering the infrastructure costs. TABLE I: MONTHLY BASIS AVERAGE SUNNY HOURS IN ZUWARAH [8] • No needs for digging or filling and cable summer spring winter fall infrastructure. Season rate 10.3 8.0 6.5 7.7 • The LED lights lifetime is double than traditional one, and consumes 8 times less electricity, without infrared IV. ELECTRICITY IN ZUWARAH rays. • Reduce the load on the electricity grid and ensure Zuwarah’s electricity consumption is 35 MW in summer continues street lighting. and 20 MW in winter. As the public electricity grid is unable to meet demand, due to the rapid population growth, lack of development in power stations, theft of electricity from the VI. RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN ZUWARAH public grid, and the destruction of some power stations and transmission lines because of the war; the electricity deficit The shelter is the place where the person settles for increased and reached 10 MW in Zuwarah. there is an average stability, comfort, spends most of his time, the origin of power outage of 3-4 hours per day, which could increase in socialization and the place of establishing family relations the summer and reach around 16 hours or more per day in [11]. August [10]. Housing in Libya went through different stages in terms of shape, size and building materials, according to the economic and social developments in the country. According to the V. SOLAR ENERGY IN ZUWARAH Urban plane of the city the planned area of residential buildings is about 11000 km2 of the total area of the city As mentioned earlier, Zuwarah has huge source of (personal interview with urban planning manager in renewable energies, while the amount of solar radiation Zuwarah). It can be said the residential building development ranges between 1800-2100 kWh and m2 per year, which is not in Zuwarah went through three different stages.
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