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140 Afra Schmitz 2013 ARBEITSPAPIER – WORKING PAPER 140 Afra Schmitz „Politics is a dirty game“ Wahlkampfstrategien und Wählerverhalten im Kontext der Parlamentswahlen in Nordwestghana 2008 ARBEITSPAPIERE DES INSTITUTS FÜR ETHNOLOGIE UND AFRIKASTUDIEN WORKING PAPERS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY AP IFEAS 140/2013 Herausgegeben von / The Working Papers are edited by: Institut für Ethnologie und Afrikastudien, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Forum 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany. Tel. +49-6131-3923720; Email: [email protected]; http://www.ifeas.uni-mainz.de Arbeitspapiere: http://www.ifeas.uni-mainz.de/92.php Geschäftsführende Herausgeberin / Managing Editor: Eva Spies ([email protected]) Copyright remains with the author. Zitierhinweis / Please cite as: Afra Schmitz (2013) „Politics is a dirty game“: Wahlkampfstrategien und Wählerverhalten im Kontext der Parlaments- wahlen 2008 in Nordwestghana. Arbeitspapiere des Instituts für Ethnologie und Afrikastudien der Johannes Gutenberg- Universität Mainz (Working Papers of the Department of Anthropology and African Studies of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz) 140. <URL: http://www.ifeas.uni-mainz.de/Dateien/AP140.pdf> Afra Schmitz: „Politics is a dirty game“: Wahlkampfstrategien und Wählerverhalten im Kontext der Parla- mentswahlen 2008 in Nordwestghana Zusammenfassung Machtmissbrauch und Selbstbereicherung – so beschreiben die meisten Menschen der Upper West Region Ghanas das Verhalten ihrer Abgeordneten im Parlament. Dagegen zeichnen die Abgeordneten ein Bild ihrer selbst, das sie als integre und für die Entwicklung ihrer Wahlkreise engagierte Politiker zeigt, die lokale Inte- ressen in der nationalen politischen Arena vertreten. Durch strategische Kommunikation in Wahlkampfre- den, (negative) Imagekampagnen, die Verbreitung von Gerüchten und die Selbstinszenierung als “gute Poli- tiker” versuchten sie, ihre Wählerschaft zu überzeugen. Dieses Arbeitspapier befasst sich mit den Wahlkampfstrategien und Kampagnenmethoden der Parlaments- kandidaten einer ländlichen Region im Nordwesten Ghanas im Kontext der Parlaments- und Präsident- schaftswahlen 2008 sowie mit den Reaktionen ihrer Wählerschaft. Das Zusammenspiel von Wahlkampf- und Kommunikationsstrategien der Parlamentskandidaten und den Erwartungen und Motivationen der Wähler- schaft gibt einen Einblick in die lokale politische Kultur und das Funktionieren der Mehrparteiendemokratie auf lokaler Ebene: Das Wählerverhalten erweist sich hier in weiten Teilen als “rational” und lässt sich nicht auf gängige Konzepte wie Klientelismus, Neo-Patrimonialismus oder Ethnizität reduzieren, die vielfach zu einer Abwertung afrikanischer Wahlen als weniger demokratisch und prä-modern führen. Entgegen der Annahme neuerer Ansätze politischer Kommunikationsforschung zeigt der Text, dass es nicht allein die mas- senmediale Vermittlung politische Kommunikation ist, die demokratische Prozesse ausmacht. Abstract Many citizens of the Upper West Region of Ghana distrust their representatives in parliament: Members of Parliament (MPs) would misuse their power for the pure sake of self-enrichment. The MPs, however, object to this by presenting an image of integrity to the public and declaring themselves agents of community in- terests in the national arena. They try to convince their electorate by various forms of strategic communica- tion, holding campaign speeches at rallies, negative campaigning and spreading of rumors. In these they present themselves as “good politicians”. This working paper examines the campaign strategies of the parliamentary candidates of a rural area in northern Ghana and the reactions of their voters in the parliamentary and presidential elections in Ghana AP IFEAS 140/2013 2008. Despite the assumptions of political scientists, political communication by the use of mass-media is not the only form of the democratic process. The interplay of electoral campaign and communication strate- gies, chosen by the parliamentary candidates, and the expectations and motivation of the electorate gives insights into the workings of multiparty democracy and local political culture. The voting behavior is “ra- tional” and cannot adequately be understood by mainstream concepts such as clientelism, neo- patrimonialism or ethnicity. Elections in an African context are therefore neither less democratic nor pre- modern. Die Autorin: Afra Schmitz, M.A. studierte von 2006 bis 2012 Ethnologie, Politikwissenschaften und Internationales Öf- fentliches Recht an der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz. Email: [email protected] AP IFEAS 140/2013 Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis ...................................................................................................... III 1 Einleitung ....................................................................................................................... 1 2 Parteipolitik in der Upper West Region ................................................................... 18 2.1 Historisch-politischer Hintergrund der Region .............................................. 18 2.2 Regierungspolitik auf dem Prüfstand – die politische Situation 2008 ......... 24 2.3 Von Recht und Konventionen – die Kandidaten im Profil ............................ 31 3 Die Wahlkampfpraxis ................................................................................................. 42 3.1 ‚Auf der Bühne‘ – die Wahlkampfveranstaltung ............................................ 44 3.2 Die Konstruktion des ‚guten Politikers‘ – Strategien der Imagebildung .... 50 3.3 Die Debatte um Eigenständigkeit – Distriktgründung als lokales Sachthema ............................................................................................................. 65 3.4 Die Delegitimierung des Gegners – das politische Gerücht .......................... 71 4 Wählerverhalten und Strategie in den Wahlen 2008 .............................................. 80 4.1 „Big guns fall in Election ‘08“ - Ergebnisse der Parlamentswahlen ............. 81 4.2 Das Wählerverhalten in Nordwestghana im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs .. 90 5 Schlussbetrachtung ..................................................................................................... 98 Quellenverzeichnis ............................................................................................................ 102 Anhang ................................................................................................................................ 109 I AP IFEAS 140/2013 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Women’s group beim Lobgesang. Wahlkampfveranstaltung des NPP- Kandidaten Justin Dakorah, 27.11.2008 in Tampala (Foto: Schmitz) ...... 48 Abbildung 2: Der NPP-Vizepräsident Aliu Mahama auf dem Kakube-Festival, 30.11.2008 (vierter von links), rechts neben ihm: Ambrose Dery; der Platz von Dr. Benjamin Kunbuor neben Dery ist leer (Foto: Schmitz).... 70 Abbildung 3: Dr. Benjamin Kunbuor bei seiner Wahlkampfveranstaltung in Baseble, 4.12.2008 (Foto: Schmitz) ................................................................ 78 Abbildung 4: Northern Territories der Gold Coast, Provinzen und Distrikte im Jahr 1907 (Quelle: Lentz 2006a:54) ...................................................................... 109 Abbildung 5: Die Distrikte der 1983 gegründeten Upper West Region nach der Umsetzung des Dezentralisierungsprogrammes unter Rawlings 1989 (Quelle: Lentz 2006a:243) ............................................................................. 110 II AP IFEAS 140/2013 Abkürzungsverzeichnis CODEO Coalition of Domestic Election Observation CPP Convention People’s Party DCE District Chief Executive DFP Democratic Freedom Party DPP Democratic People’s Party EC Electoral Commission ECOWAS Westafrikanische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft EGLE-Party Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere-Party EU-LTOs Langzeitwahlbeobachter (Long Term Observers) der Election Observation Mission der Europäischen Union IND Independent Candidates NCP National Convention Party NDC National Democratic Congress NLC National Liberation Council NPP Northern People’s Party (1954-57) NPP New Patriotic Party (seit 1992) NYDA Nandom Youth and Development Organisation PNC People’s National Convention PNDC Provisional National Defence Council PNP People’s National Party PP Progress Party SAP Structural Adjustment Programme UGCC United Gold Coast Convention UP United Party III AP IFEAS 140/2013 1 Einleitung1 „I did the law because I want to develop my people […]; but I will prefer the opportunity to show to my people, submit to my people, what politics can do.“ (NPP-Kandidat Ambrose Dery am Tag vor der Parlamentswahl, Interview vom 6.12.2008) „Politics is a dirty game; it’s not politicking but poli-tricking!“ (Aussage eines jungen Mannes aus Hamile, Feldnotiz vom 31.10.2008) Feststellungen ähnlich der zweiten Aussage, meist verärgert und mit Nachdruck hervorgebracht, waren die häufigsten Reaktionen der Menschen in der ghanaischen Upper West Region auf meine Frage nach ihrer Einstellung zur Politik. Das Wortspiel „poli-tricking“ deutet implizit darauf hin, wie sie den Charakter der Politiker einschätzten: Nach Meinung vieler Wähler nutzten opportunistische Machthaber Politik als Mittel zum Zweck der Selbstbereicherung. Politiker wie Ambrose Dery hingegen präsentierten selbige Politik als die selbstlose Möglichkeit, den Lebensstandard der Bevölkerung zu verbessern. Diese beiden gegensätzlichen Positionen sind im Kontext von weit verbreiteten Vorwürfen der Korruption, des Missbrauchs von Staatsressourcen sowie der Verbreitung von Gerüchten
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