Optimierung Von Tastenbelegungen Für Smartphones

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Optimierung Von Tastenbelegungen Für Smartphones Technische Universität München Fakultät für Mathematik Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Geometrie und Diskrete Mathematik Arbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades ”Master of Science” (M.Sc.) zum Thema: Optimierung von Tastenbelegungen für Smartphones Optimization of keyboard assignments for smartphones Themensteller: Prof. Dr. Peter Gritzmann Betreuer: Dr. Michael Ritter B.Sc. Wolfgang Riedl Bearbeitet von: B.Sc. Michael Lintl Matrikelnummer: 3600369 Abgabetermin: 28. April 2014 Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig und ohne Be- nutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe. Die aus fremden Quellen (einschließlich elektronischer Quellen) direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Gedanken sind aus- nahmslos als solche kenntlich gemacht. München, den 23. April 2014 B.Sc. Michael Lintl “Proposing a new [...] keyboard is like proposing to reverse the Ten Commandments and the Golden Rule, discard every moral principle, and ridicule motherhood” Dr. August Dvorak, Juli 1970 Danksagung Ich bedanke mich bei Herrn Prof. Dr. Gritzmann für die Möglichkeit meine Masterarbeit an seinem Lehrstuhl zu schreiben. Ein besonderer Dank für ihre Zeit und Mühen gilt meinen beiden Betreuern Dr. Michael Ritter und B.Sc. Wolfgang Riedl, die mir mit wertvollen Dankanstössen und konstruktiver Kritik zur Seite standen. Darüber hinaus bedanke ich mich bei meiner Familie für die vielfältige Unterstützung in allen Lebenslagen. Meinen Kommilitonen Jonas Wunderlich und Johannes Hofbauer bin ich dankbar für die fachli- che Zusammenarbeit und die moralische Unterstützung in den vergangenen Jahren. Ganz spezieller Dank gebührt meiner wundervollen Frau Johanna. vii Zusammenfassung Die zunehmende Verbreitung von Smartphones in den letzten Jahren hat zu einer vermehrten Nutzung virtueller Tastaturen geführt und es wurde der Ruf nach einer Alternative zur allge- genwärtigen QWERTY -Tastatur laut. Einer der Hauptgründe dafür ist, dass sich die Bedienung eines Smartphones deutlich vom Schreiben auf Schreibmaschinen, für welche die QWERTY - Tastatur ursprünglich entwickelt wurde, unterscheidet. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der Optimierung von Tastenbelegungen ausgewählter Lay- outs mit dem Ziel die erwartete zurückzulegende Strecke und die erwartete Schreibdauer eines deutschen Textes zu minimieren. Dabei steht zunächst die einhändige, vertikale Textübertra- gung im Fokus. Das zugehörige Optimierungsproblem, welches die Suche nach einer leis- tungsfähigen Tastenbelegung beschreibt, lässt sich als lineares Zuordnungsproblem modellie- ren und kann leicht gelöst werden. Jedoch können die Ergebnisse hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung in der Praxis nicht überzeugen, weshalb unter Verwendung zusätzlicher binärer Variablen ein weiterentwickeltes Optimierungsproblem formuliert wird. Das resultierende quadratische Zu- ordnungsproblem ist NP-hart und deshalb nicht für die Lösung von Instanzen realistischer Grö- ßenordnung geeignet. Im Anschluss an dessen Linearisierung werden verschiedene Ansätze zur Verbesserung der zeitlichen Lösbarkeit entwickelt und getestet. In Kombination mit einem Verfahren, das die Anzahl der Variablen reduziert und die globale Optimalität aufgibt, ebnen sie den Weg zu Tastenbelegungen, deren Qualität die bisheriger Tastaturen um bis zu 53 % übertrifft. Neben der einhändigen, vertikalen Handhabung werden Smartphones oftmals in horizontaler Position genutzt und mit beiden Händen bedient. Die vorliegende Arbeit überträgt die Theorie der Optimierung von Tastenbelegungen auf diese relativ neue Art der Bedienung und erweitert so das bisherige Angebot an Literatur für die 2-Daumen-Schreibweise. Außerdem liefert sie Tastenbelegungen, welche für die horizontale Textübertragung optimiert wurden und im Ver- gleich zur QWERTY -Tastatur potentielle Verbesserungen von bis zu 36 % erzielen. Besondere Anforderungen an Tastenbelegungen stellt die abwechselnd vertikale und horizon- tale Textübertragung, die in der Realität sehr häufig vorkommt, in der vorliegenden Arbeit aber erstmals wissenschaftlich betrachtet wird. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Tastenbe- legungen erzeugt, welche für beide Gerätepositionen geeignet sind und damit den problemlo- sen Wechsel zwischen den Bedienkonzepten ermöglichen. Die Untersuchung und Auswertung der Resultate zeigt eine Überlegenheit der optimierten Belegungen gegenüber der QWERTY - Tastatur von bis zu 33 %. ix Abstract The vast spread of smartphones in the last decade and thus the rising use of virtual keyboards is accompanied by an increasing demand for an alternative to the standard QWERTY -keyboard. The reasons for this lay in the different handling concepts of a smartphone and a typewriter for which QWERTY was originally designed. Intending to minimize the expected total time and the expected travel distance for german text this thesis focuses on the optimization of key assignments on given layouts. The first goal is to develop high-performance assignments for single-finger writing in vertical device position. The modeling yields a linear assignment problem which can be easily solved but doesn’t generate satisfying results. Using additional binary variables a more sophisticated model arises. This new formulation is the quadratic assignment problem which is known to be NP-hard and therefore not suited for solving realistic data. In order to improve running times various methods are developed and tested after the problem was linearized. Together with a technique reducing the number of variables and abandoning global optimality they clear the way for key assignments which perform up to 53 % better than common keyboards. Besides vertical single-finger utilization smartphones are often used in horizontal position and both hands are employed for text entry. The transfer and adaption of previously investigated theory provide the basis for optimizing keyboard assignments for this relatively new 2-thumb- writing-method. This thesis enlarges the set of available literature on this topic and provides assignments with up to 36 % advantage over QWERTY. The omnipresent text entry in alternating positions leads to special requirements on the key assignment and is studied the first time in this thesis. Switching between vertical and hori- zontal handling concepts doesn’t cause any difficulties due to the optimized keyboard assign- ments. Analysis and evaluation reveal a potential improvement of up to 33 % compared to the QWERTY -assignment. xi Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusammenfassung ix I Einleitung und Grundlagen1 1 Einleitung 3 1.1 Einsatz und Bedeutung virtueller Tastaturen auf Smartphones..........3 1.2 Geschichtliche Entwicklung von Tastaturen....................4 2 Grundlagen 9 2.1 Optimierungspotential von Tastaturen und Tastenbelegungen..........9 2.2 Stand der Forschung................................ 10 2.3 Voraussetzungen und Thematik der vorliegenden Arbeit............. 17 2.3.1 Voraussetzungen und Konventionen.................... 17 2.3.2 Inhalt und Aufbau.............................. 18 2.3.3 Grundlegende Begriffe und Notationen................... 20 2.4 Daten und deren Beschaffung........................... 20 2.4.1 Buchstaben- und Bigrammwahrscheinlichkeiten.............. 21 2.4.2 Textlänge................................... 21 2.4.3 Tastaturlayouts............................... 22 2.4.4 Entfernungen der Tasten.......................... 24 2.4.5 Bewegungsdauer.............................. 27 2.4.6 System und Software............................ 28 II Optimierung von Tastenbelegungen 29 3 Distanzminimierung für vertikale Anwendungen 31 3.1 Modellierung als lineares Zuordnungsproblem................... 31 3.1.1 Beschreibung und mathematische Formulierung............. 31 3.1.2 Ergebnisse der Optimierung........................ 34 3.2 Modellierung als quadratisches Zuordnungsproblem............... 36 3.2.1 Beschreibung und mathematische Formulierung............. 36 3.2.2 Linearisierung des Problems........................ 41 3.2.3 Ansätze zur Verbesserung der Lösungsdauer des linearisierten Problems 46 3.2.4 Auswege aus der zeitlichen Unlösbarkeit.................. 79 3.2.5 Ergebnisse der Optimierung........................ 89 3.3 Verallgemeinerung des verbesserten, linearen Problems............. 90 3.3.1 Übertragung der Ansätze.......................... 91 3.3.2 Formulierung eines verallgemeinerten Problems............. 93 3.3.3 Ergebnisse der Optimierung........................ 94 3.4 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse im vertikalen Fall............... 95 4 Distanzminimierung für horizontale Anwendungen 97 4.1 Vereinfachte Modellierung der beidhändigen Bedienung............. 97 4.1.1 Beschreibung und mathematische Formulierung............. 97 4.1.2 Ergebnisse der Optimierung........................ 98 4.2 Realistische Modellierung der beidhändigen Bedienung............. 100 4.2.1 Naive Wahl der Wartepositionen...................... 101 4.2.2 Praxisnahe Wahl der Wartepositionen................... 103 4.2.3 Ergebnisse der Optimierung........................ 104 4.3 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse im horizontalen Fall............. 106 5 Distanzminimierung für Hybrid-Anwendungen 107 5.1 Modellierung..................................... 108 5.2 Ergebnisse der Optimierung............................ 109 5.3 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse im Hybrid-Fall................. 111 6 Minimierung der benötigten Zeit 113 6.1 Zeitminimierung für vertikale, horizontale und Hybrid-Anwendungen....... 113 6.1.1 Modellierung................................. 113 6.1.2 Ergebnisse der Optimierung.......................
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