Posted on Authorea 15 Jun 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159225108.86020884 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. sn eaesug narcluei h euno seta uret n rai atrt ol(Brockway, soil to of matter lack organic the and of and nutrients advantages burial essential the of of by One return disposal the land. sludge agricultural is 1998; sewage in agriculture al., of sludge in et sewage banning sludge is (Opiony of the sewage sludge land application using countries, Sewage the agricultural increased many in expanding soil. has used In of are landfill widely properties suitable fertilizers 2012). is biological Weil, that chemical and fertilizer & chemical, of residues, modern organic Brady physical, plant with use nutritious the manures, comparison and improve of animal in inexpensive to sludge, water lack an used (sewage and the are amendments soil farming organic and of etc.) Organic of quality biochar, matter types the organisms. Various organic improve the and systems. of of friendly agricultural environmental use environmentally activity as is the and it such fertilizers structure, on chemical because of soil factors, rely rate fertility, fertilizer optimum that several the soil organic with eutrophication. systems by improving and fertilizers organic accelerate for chemical caused of and and application recommended is The activities, is acidification, groundwater 2016). agricultural soil al., properties, et to source pollution, (Li chemical application soil non-point and soil the physical the and to soil from water contribute conditions, nutrients increase fertilizers which macronutrients, chemical of and However, losses, fertility Leaching (P). soil P improve agricultural phosphorus to and of way and reliable quality N nutrients. (N) most and soil and nitrogen for fertility fastest compensate a as the soil to agriculture, is such recommended the fertilizers for is chemical in fertilizers land of organic diminish of use and use The a chemical excessive of consequently application to and The led nutrients, have products. soil food in for decrease demand sharp increasing and growth population World cation and 1) > NRMSE (mean Introduction Na and leachates. Mg the than in better cations applying was of after program concentrations the PHREEQC posed control NH4- the NO3-N more to of by and mechanism curves results, 1) K main breakthrough < the NH4-N, predicting the NRMSE that was on especially (mean exchange indicated leaching Based Ca results nutrient simulation and soil soils. The cumulative K, of respectively. sludge-amended N, of significantly manure, risk sewage were poultry potential proportion Mg decreased than and the and (the sludge and soils to Ca sewage percentage leachate K, poultry-amended paid Na, first the be from NO3-N, the should lower applied, of attention losses in was amendments leaching observed NH4-N cumulative control of were of the while amount one) nutrients to higher, exchangeable the compared leached the nutrients of of to of of relative concentrations Regardless 5%) leaching The leached nutrient highest and the program. increased the 3%, time. PHREEQC columns (1%, the columns, over soil by rates soil exponentially the simulated different all to also with For manure farming. were amended intensive cations poultry soils soil. of and in from curves sludge investigate problem Mg) breakthrough sewage to and major The of conducted Ca, was a addition manure. study K, is poultry This Na, and manure fertilization. NO3-N, sludge poultry for sewage (NH4-N, methods and nutrients better sludge of establish sewage leaching and the loss of nutrient application the the assess helps to Simulating due nutrients of Leaching Abstract 2020 15, June 1 manure mazloomi poultry farhad and sludge calcareous sewage a with from amended nutrients soil of leaching simulating and Measuring uAiSn University Sina Ali Bu 1 n osnJalali Mohsen and 1 1 Posted on Authorea 15 Jun 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159225108.86020884 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. awr acltdfo h u fcto xhnecpct CC fsi n rai mnmns and and amendments, K organic and Mg, soil Ca, of (exchangeable (CEC) 3 Table capacity exchange in cation given of are sum manure the poultry extracted from and were manure calculated sludge poultry were sewage in by and Na shown of measured sludge sewage are were rates in manure Na different (NH Na) and poultry acetate of and basic ammonium K and K total N total sludge Mg, 1 of (Ca, sewage and using cations extraction organic method exchangeable for of titration The ratio) Characteristics the samples 2. acid by Table 1971). amendments nitric determined (Hess, Organic to were photometry amendments N. Mg colorimetrically flame organic available and determined w/v the Ca and (1:20 Total represent ratio) acid may water cations. nitric to forms in amendments N digested organic (1:5 extracted were Electrical w/v water These (1:10 NH distilled 1971). KCl 1996). of with (Hess, M (Mulvaney, Concentrations extraction method 1 after by Hess extract). measured extracted and the water were physical were by to their amendments amendments measured measure organic was organic to of kept N) w/v pH and (Kjeldahl and the sieve, N mm (EC) fertilizers. from total 2 imported conductivity collected from The a fertilizers was through organic properties. passed sludge the chemical air-dried, of Sewage were portion fertilizers significant Iran. organic a Netherlands. provide in Both including the Iran and from fertility and products, sludge purchased Hamedan were soil (sewage horticultural manure in amendments increase Farmers poultry and and organic to Hamedan, Azandarian crops Toyserkan, of the used plant, various types in treatment Two wastewater widely layers area, soil were cultivated. the this are manure) of In depths forage poultry cm and 20 1). vegetables, - (Table wheat, 0 from Iran grapes, collected western was study Hamadan, this in area, used soil loam the sandy The by simulated amendments also organic were and curves Soil breakthrough cations Methods The and carried Materials was manure. study poultry this al., Therefore, and software. et quality. sludge PHREEQC Embile needed water sewage is 2017; protect soils of Jalali, to amended NH 5% & organic of modified leaching from Mazloomi be nutrients investigate 2018; of to can in Latifi, risk out practices leaching processes & management potential changes transport (Jalali the that and the researchers of so reactions many understanding explain clear chemical by to A simulate used to help 2019). been 2019). valuable program William, to has of computer & and and (Ingraham a loss leaching soil costs leaching is nutrient the measurement nutrients program field of causes eliminating PHREEQC Simulation estimate soil or The agriculture. reducing to from for while opportunity leaching leaching sludge during sewage an their observed of provides but environmental potential low magnesium health, have models beneficial and nutrients animal the using K (Ca), and as and calcium Mg, well human Ca, (K), as Although on nutrients potassium nutrients 2003). (Na), effects main al., sodium harmful et the McLaren of as and 1994; leaching such al., the al., manure, et about et (Medalie poultry knowledge Forge (Mg) limited and 2013; also sludge is Newell-Price, sewage There and investigations in research. many Shepherd in in 2008; attention considered little al., (NH received been et ammonium has However, Samaras that 2006; concern 2016). serious al., Corrˆea a (NO et is nitrate 1996; N & of fertilizers (Shephard, causes Leaching (Jalali organic lands health groundwater. and agricultural ecosystem and fertilizers in high surface aquatic fertilizers N-rich the into and inorganic nutrients because human and other concern to organic and environmental 2011). of harmful leaching important application are al., Excessive an water et agriculture drinking is 2008). the Islam nutrients in Martipurpour, for 2005; ions of challenge Leaching some Jalali, major of of a 2003; 2005). optimum concentrations is one al., maintain al., systems, is et to living et Agriculture (Elmi of practices (Thorburn function industry 2016). sustainable standards the be al., adopt maintaining international sewage can et must while with conservation, in manure (Li farmers Water line groundwater poultry pollutants and in of and inorganic pollution quality pollution sludge water and water sewage cause of organic the and sources in of in soil primary nutrients pollutants the presence the enter of and the nutrients they source these about The when in a leached reported concern manure. as been is poultry have suggested macronutrients and there is of sludge But concentrations sludge, high sewage and manures. 2004) as organic al., such et manure, (Sharplley research Poultry some 2002). Bramayard, 1983; 4 N NO -N, 4 4 N ecigi ol mne ihogncadiogncfriieshas fertilizers inorganic and organic with amended soils in leaching -N) A) h xhnebectosi h olbfr n fe h addition the after and before soil the in cations exchangeable The OAc). 3 N a ,C,adM nsi oun mne ih1,3%,and 1%, with amended columns soil in Mg and Ca, K, Na, -N, 2 4 NadNO and -N 3 Ni rai amendments organic in -N 3 N nsistetdwith treated soils in -N) Posted on Authorea 15 Jun 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159225108.86020884 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ocnrto fsi oue n hsicessteE ntesi,wihi ossetwt h eut of results the with consistent is which soil, the in soil the EC (Civeira the increase the trend amendments between constant organic increases balance different a thus the of reaches and use and soil EC the solutes leached leachate increased that soil are of reported soil of value soil have Poultry in researchers the concentration the Many achieved, application sludge. of is 2008). their sewage solutes Lavado, sites therefore & than the exchangeable EC and higher When the leachate salts were of and EC. Values manure soluble solution increased day. poultry high thus columns 20th contain of and soil the all solutes sludge rates on in trend different sewage day steady with and first of a the amended manure rates until on the columns day high increasing second soil very Also, the was in sewage on soil. EC of control decreased leachate application the The exponentially the to EC. and that compared leachate showed EC results increased leachate The amendments increased both treatments. manure different poultry for leachate and EC sludge the indicates 1a Fig. Jalali, and Mazloomi the 2006; evaluate al., et to (Xiong used program were PHREEQC (r in (NRMSE) coefficient model determination amended error exchange 2019). and The cation root-mean-square control and simulation. the of normalized soil for of properties the used and calculated performance solution of and were (RMSE), soil capacity laboratory simulation The error exchange the CEC. the in mean-square cation amendments in measured organic The coefficients used also and values database 2018). were soil CEC soils of of Latifi, sum the change & the and (Jalali the on separately soil data on based measured measured values sites, based were coefficients the exchange determined amendments selectivity to with were organic The fit cations simulation time). best leaching different values leaching the the of the and and in exchange columns solution, parameters soil applied the soil of The 4) in for length (Table cations coefficients as of used. selectivity (such concentrations was characteristics of the column values 2013) included the Appelo, leaching CEC, cations & of of (Parkhurst simulation program for PHREEQC applied the NH soils, of leaching manure-amended of simulation program the Na PHREEQC For and by K and leaching method cations titration of the electrical-conductivity 1971). Simulation by and (Hess, determined photometry pH were flame using Mg by and up. measured measured Ca were set were of leachates were concentration NH NH of The columns EC, EC of leaching 1996). pH, (Mulvaney, and Concentrations of 14 pH The measurement of columns. for respectively. was The water. total from degC meters, distilled paper parameters. 2 nutrients a with at filter Mg of and daily stored and a leaching replications and irrigated Ca, for soil, daily two and collected used in days surface were was 20 out leachates of water for The carried dispersion and Distilled temperature were the cm room experiments column. prevent 10 at leaching were To the incubated columns of were and the base. columns surface length inside mesh Soil soil in soil nylon the cm the a on 30 of by placed density tubes, bulk supported Pyrex and was of height which consisting mixtures The The columns cm. g/cm into conditions. 4.9 1.67 real placed of with of were diameter yield pollution 5%) amendments internal to the groundwater experiment for an organic and of this needed risks and in 3%, amount the used soil the (1%, were and than manure of nutrients rates more poultry of is add and Different leaching which sludge usually the Farmers sewage yield, compare sieve. of crop soil. rates their mm with different increase manually Therefore, 2 to and improvement. amendments a homogeneously organic mixed through of were lot passed manure a and poultry and air-dried sludge was sewage soil collected The experiments Leaching ol eeetatduigdsildwtr(: / olt ae ai) swl stecnetaino available of concentration the manure-amended as well poultry as and ratio), sludge water sewage to soil and w/v soil (1:1 control water NO the distilled using in extracted cations) were of soils concentrations and EC, (pH, NH exchangeable 2. 1. 3 Nb C a xrce Tbe3.Tecnetaino NO of concentration The 3). (Table extracted was KCl M 1 by -N lcrclcnutvt hne nsi leachates soil in changes conductivity Electrical Discussion and Results 3, epciey h ol eekp tteedo h ounb hta o 2fitrpaper, filter 42 no. Whatman a by column the of end the at kept were soils The respectively. 4 Nwsmaue yetato ih1MKli mne ol) olslto properties solution Soil soils). amended in KCl M 1 with extraction by measured was -N 4 N a ,C,adM ntecnrladswg ldeadpoultry and sludge sewage and control the in Mg and Ca, K, Na, -N, 4 NadNO and -N 3 3 Ni ecae eedtrie colorimetrically determined were leachates in -N 3 Nwsmaue colorimetrically. measured was -N 4 N NO -N, 3 N a K, Na, -N, 2 ,root- ), Posted on Authorea 15 Jun 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159225108.86020884 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. iadCmrn(05 niae htNH that indicated NH showed (2005) NH of results Cameron concentrations The low and NO Therefore, Di 2a. to converted ventilation. rapidly sufficient Fig. are NH have soils in of light-textured release shown in low fertilizers are NH and N manure matter Low organic poultry of time. content and over sludge exponentially NH sewage decreased of of concentration 5% the and NH that 3%, of amount 1%, cumulative the with and curves breakthrough organic pH. The acid of soil organic mineralization decrease that of bacteria NH indicated autotrophic process (2013) of by the Leaching al. nitrification into during (Pocknee et and (leaching pH production Angelova initial microorganisms N acid) 2013). the heterotrophic of humic and al., by loss and matter et matter and organic cysteine, Butterly soil production glycine, 2003; of of al., acids, quality processes et (amino and quantity the Paul the on 1997; plant), Sumner, depend the & pH by uptake soil and on soil residues matter the plant organic of of initially decomposition effects NO decomposition the The the their pH during If and neutralizes microorganisms pH. mechanism ions soil reduces this of The amounts and pH. large soil soils NH contain in basic bond into usually increase in that residues sites temporary ion negative a Organic hydrogen many respectively. causes release has types. 7.46, with and matter and soil amended organic 7.48, soils both columns Soil 7.64, acidic in 7.47, soil changes. in poultry 7.56, pH in ion 7.64, and soil hydrogen were pH sludge buffers manure with leachate sewage soil poultry to of Mean and matter application sludge organic soil. sewage The mean Adding of control the 1b). 5% and to and 8.12 (Fig. to 3%, compared 7.93 7.70 1%, pH was of range leachate period the leaching decreased in fluctuated the manure soil during control pH the in leachate pH 2013). of leachate al., the that et showed 2001; Angelova results The 2010; Joergensen, leachates al., & soil et Niklasch Gonzalez in 2000; 2003; changes al., al., pH et et Selvakumari Sarwar 1987; 2001; Nogales, al., et & Atiyeh (Gallardo-Lara study present the u otedcmoiino rai eiusadrlaeo NH of release and sludge residues NH sewage organic investigated of of (2012) 5% Jalali decomposition NH and the of 3%, to NH amount 1%, due exchangeable with the soil amended sludge, of (Table soils sewage 67.1% manure and possibly and NH poultry soil and of NH 55.7% than control amounts content of higher 33.1%, in cumulative N the significantly amounts that total manure, were cumulative showed higher poultry sludge also The and sludge, sewage results sewage manure. with The of NH poultry amended ratio 5). of to columns C/N values compared lower soil high to in sludge had due leached sewage sludge leaching of sewage the mineralization with of 21.2, greater amended end were columns the manure Soil to poultry exponential 10 2004). and An al., sludge time. NH et sewage over of (Qiang of exponentially oxidation decreased 5% phase, and solution and respectively, soil 3%, mg/L, NH 1%, 91.2 in of and decrease rates 46.8 with 11.1, 207.9, amended 72.0, soils in day NH first increased manure poultry ahne l,20;Zrb aai 02.As hntesi xhnestsaestrtdadlarge and saturated are sites exchange soil 1998; the Gundersen, when 1997; Also al., et 2012). Li 1995; Jalali, al., & et Zarabi NH (Deare of 2002; conductivity amounts hydraulic al., high et and Pathan CEC low have soils NH that reported have NH of NH of amounts cumulative 4 Ni otsraesisi o n smitie yecag ie.Apiaino eaesug and sludge sewage of Application sites. exchange by maintained is and low is soils surface most in -N 4 Nlahdwsaot1.%138 fteecagal NH exchangeable the of 14.1%–143.8% about was leached -N 4 Ncueatmoayices np.Tecneso fNH of conversion The pH. in increase temporary a cause -N 4 4 Nfriiesetrtesi ri des niomna odtosweenticto slow is nitrification where conditions environmental adverse in or soil the enter fertilizers -N Ncnetainoe iemyb u oterdcini NH in reduction the to due be may time over concentration -N 4 -N 4 3 Nlahn shg nlgttxue ol rae ihogncrsde eas these because residues organic with treated soils light-textured in high is leaching -N Ni otdrn h ecigpoes h Hwl hwa vngetrreduction. greater even an show will pH the process, leaching the during lost is -N 4 Nlahdwr .–. gk.Te lorpre httecmltv amount cumulative the that reported also They mg/kg. 0.8–7.4 were leached -N 4 4 4 Nlahn nsm aieclaeu ol n hi eut hwdta the that showed results their and soils calcareous native some in leaching -N Ni h ecaefo h oto olws05m/ ntefis a and day first the on mg/L 0.5 was soil control the from leachate the in -N Nlahn oprdt oto ol h ocnrto fNH of concentration The soil. control to compared leaching -N 4 4 Nlahdfo olwshge hnecagal NH exchangeable than higher was soil from leached -N Nt NO to -N 4 Nlahn aeyocr nsi eas h ocnrto of concentration the because soil in occurs rarely leaching -N 4 Ncnetaini h oto olmyb u otelow the to due be may soil control the in concentration -N 3 N n dopino eiulNH residual of adsorption and -N, 4 Nb ieaiaino rai atr loapidNH applied Also matter. organic of mineralization by -N 4 N epciey nsi oun otiig3 n 5% and 3% containing columns soil In respectively. -N, 4 Nlahdwseult 44,8.% 3.% 133.1%, 131.4%, 87.3%, 14.4%, to equal was leached -N 4 4 Nlahdfo oto oladsisamended soils and soil control from leached -N 3 Nb irfiainpoesbcueteesoils these because process nitrification by -N 4 4 Nb ieaiainpoes aaiand Zarabi process. mineralization by -N Ni oto ollaht eeexpected. were leachate soil control in -N 4 Nt NO to -N 4 Ni ieetsis ayresearchers Many soils. different in -N 3 Nb h irfiainprocess nitrification the by -N 4 4 Nb olecag sites exchange soil by -N Ncnetaini the in concentration -N 4 Nlahn nday on leaching -N 4 N probably -N, 4 No the on -N 4 -N 4 - Posted on Authorea 15 Jun 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159225108.86020884 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ansadJde 08.Oe ta.(03 eotdta ihcnetain fslbeslsadhigh and salts soluble of NH concentrations of high oxidation that the preventing reported factors (2003) main the al. are NH et soil the Oren in pH 2008). Judge, and Haynes NH soil, the in vrtm.Terpdmvmn fNO of movement rapid The NO time. over of amount NO cumulative of the tration and curve breakthrough The the NO NH of cumulative of cause Leaching between The 6) (Table study. correlations present positive type the NO NH were texture, of exchangeable soil There and in results differences leaching. losses the to of to due NH duration contrary be of Cameron and may amount is 1995; researches residues, al., which other et organic and 1997), Cameron of study al., 1994; present al., the et et between Carey (Medalie contradiction negligible 1996; was manure al., livestock et of variety a and sludge ieettpso eaesug n eaesug ops eed nteapiainrt,application NO rate, cumulative application between with the 6) (Table amended on correlations soils 1996). depends positive in et Hansen, were leaching compost (Stenger There N & sludge sludge. matter of (Breland sewage sewage form organic of clay and dominant of type of and sludge and mineralization amount amount sewage method, the the the prevents of to organic that shield types indicated due of physical different (2009) is mineralization a Sadej mineralization the content, NO 1995). N increase and clay mineralization al., on texture high N texture with soil soils, sandy soils soil sandy In In of and NO soils. effect temperatures that sandy The high in indicated higher N. (2013) because was Newell-Price high and and texture are Shepherd soil NO leaching by columns. of affected amount soil was large NO the soil a high from in caused leached which for a soil, NO be reasons is the to of the there of nure leaching of texture that sandy the One reported the and have to 2013). fertilizers researchers due 2014; Newell-Price, of Some al., & rate manure. et Shepherd applied poultry 2009; Aronsson NO the and NO study, 2013; between sludge of this relationship al., sewage concentration In positive et of high Masaka a rates manure. 2009; reported application poultry (2009) the al., with al. et treated et soil Gonzalez leaching. Gonzalez on to 1997; 2015). exposed al., al., are et fertilizers et Parvage )Tong N of fertilizers proportion organic large 3% of NO a 1%, so by with process, amended contamination NO NO flow soils available Groundwater of mass 173.9 and amounts and of and diffusion soil the 150.2% 75.4 by manure, control and transported 27.8, poultry the 128.9% 62.5, and in 104.6%, sludge 39.4, that 123.4%, sewage showed 25.9, 121.2%, of also 9.3, % NO results were 5 The of manure and amounts 5). poultry sludge (Table and higher sewage manure sludge significantly of poultry sewage rates and of high respectively NO 5% with of mg/kg, and NO contamination amount of 3% groundwater cumulative levels 1%, of The High with possibility days. manure. the 10 higher poultry indicate about was and days after manure equilibrium 20 poultry reached 32.5, after in were columns even manure concentration soil poultry Nitrate all and in respectively. NO sludge concentration sewage mg/L, so of sludge, 347.6 5% sewage and and than 150.2 3%, 1%, 45.3, reported with 125.1, NO (2004) amended increased 65.7, columns Hanafi amendments in and leachate manure Razzaque first poultry NO study. the and present the sludge the leachates sewage of subsequent of results NO the NO the the investigated in with that NO (2012) agreement and showed that in Jalali leachate results is and Their first which Zarabi the textures. reduced, different in soil. with high the soils was in calcareous particles native charge some in negative the and anion 4 3 Nlahn ntesi.Sm tde aerpre htNH that reported have studies Some soil. the in leaching -N N n gi h oto n mne soil. amended and control the in Mg and -N, 3 Ncnetaini h rtlaht fpa olws1 gLaddcesdarpl.Application abruptly. decreased and mg/L 13 was soil peat of leachate first the in concentration -N 3 4 Ni h oto oli h rtlaht a 4m/ n erae ols hn1 mg/L 10 than less to decreased and mg/L 14 was leachate first the in soil control the in -N Nlahn nrae Wn atn,19;Wn hn,20;Hrmn ta. 2005; al., et Herrmann 2004; Zhang, & Wang 1995; Battany, & (Wang increases leaching -N 3 -N 3 Nlahn a ihri h rsneo olr auea xetd Nitrate expected. as manure poultry of presence the in higher was leaching -N 4 N a n g hl oiiecreain eefudwt ouinNH solution with found were correlations positive while Mg, and Ca, -N, 4 Ni h rai eius ereo eopsto fogncresidues, organic of decomposition of degree residues, organic the in -N 3 Nhsbe eotdb ayrsacesa euto h overuse the of result a as researchers many by reported been has -N 3 Nin ntesi sdet h eusv oc ewe h NO the between force repulsive the to due is soil the in ions -N 5 3 Nlahdi oto oladsi oun amended columns soil and soil control in leached -N 3 Nlahn nrae infiatywt increasing with significantly increased leaching -N 3 Nlahdaesoni i.2.Teconcen- The 2b. Fig. in shown are leached -N 3 3 N epciey irt ntesi sreadily is soil the in Nitrate respectively. -N, Nwslahdfo olaeddwt 5% with amended soil from leached was -N 4 3 Nlahn rmsistetdwt sewage with treated soils from leaching -N Nlahn.Cnetain fNO of Concentrations leaching. -N 4 3 3 Nadntie(NO nitrite and -N Nlahdwseult 40,123.3%, 94.0%, to equal was leached -N Nlahn ossadecagal Na exchangeable and losses leaching -N 3 Ni eaesug n olr ma- poultry and sludge sewage in -N 3 3 Nlahn ntepeetsuyis study present the in leaching -N Ncnetainwssignificantly was concentration -N 3 Ni ecaei study a in leachate in -N 3 N(odk&Konpee, & (Gondek -N 2 N,wihincreases which -N), 3 Nconcentration -N 3 Ni leachate in -N 4 3 3 Nleaching -N Nleaching -N Nleaching -N 3 Nin -N 4 3 3 -N, -N -N Posted on Authorea 15 Jun 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159225108.86020884 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. mne ih1,3,ad5 fswg ldeadputymnr ee1.% 83,2.% 23.1%, 21.5%, 18.3%, soils the 16.2%, were and manure soil control poultry the and with in sludge amended leached sewage sewage soil Ca the of from exchangeable than 5% leached of higher were and amounts were Ca 3%, manure The of 1%, poultry amounts with 5). with higher cumulative (Table amended treated the significantly manure that columns that showed poultry the the showed results 5% and The in results leachates leached leachates. The the soil Mg the amendments in sludge. and of in Mg rates Mg Ca Increasing and and of Ca Ca time. over amounts shown of of exponentially are concentrations concentration decreased soils the columns the amended increased soil increased and all also in control amendments cations in of both Mg of Application and leaching Ca 4. of amounts in Figs. cumulative Ca in the and and curves K, breakthrough Na, The ions. Mg solution these and and between EC, Ca similarities pH, of the the Leaching with is indicating losses found sludge leaching soil, were K amended sewage 2006). cumulative correlations and because al., between non-amended positive soil 6) et the (Table while the Ahlberg addition correlations Na, into 2003; The positive exchangeable al., K were in leachate. and et there and Mclaren first leached, K Na Na 1994; the and of cumulative al., in Na leaching Like et observed as the (Medali were such increases cations K the nutrients also these and that of of soil showed Na source concentration to results of the sludge Their concentration sewage increased leachates. highest of manure soil the investigated in (2004) animal concentration and of concentration higher al. of leachate, application solute et a thus levels the the Zhang and had and high that study. EC K present soil on reported of and the manure the (2012) of application solution, results animal in soil al. the of in Na with et effect consistent K and Jones is the and et which Mg, leachate, Na sites. Gonzalez the in Ca, exchange of 2003; Na concentration of increases soil than al., Lumbanraja, the concentration the sludge et increased & soil, from the (Adegbidi sewage manure (Evangelou K leaching of increases and poultry of its solution also conditions manure release increases residues wet the poultry thus the these and in and increases as Adding dry present phase such the the solution Na) 2009). residues on the minerals, and al., organic depends in clay various Mg, K soil soil of of Ca, the of concentration addition (especially in type leached The leaching cations of the amount Potassium of solution, 2002). the K. manure type soil poultry exchangeable the the 5% study soil in and and present the 3% K the 23.7%, with than in of were 18.2%, amended used higher manure concentration soils 9.7%, manure poultry the was 8.1%, poultry in and K to The so sludge exchangeable corresponding fertilizer, respectively. sewage amounts K 5), K, cumulative of by (Table exchangeable 5% The enriched mg/kg of and was 5). 1123.4 158.6%, 3% (Table and 746.5, 1%, manure 100.5% 211.9, containing poultry in 29.8%, soils 168.5, amounts 5% concentration and 129.4, higher and K soil significantly 68.9, 3% control that 57.6, manure time, with showed in amended poultry Over results leached soil in The K results leachates from of soils. sludge. The leached the sewage amended were in 3b. of K concentration from Fig. that of K leached in than and shown higher was exponentially are was soil. K decreased leached amended-soils amended soils of K and amended of amount non-amended and amounts the significant control cumulative in a the Ca and positive that mg/kg and K while were showed 201.1 K, of Na, There Na, and curves exchangeable solution 125.8 respectively. breakthrough and and 41.7, 79.5%, The EC, losses and 38.9, pH, leaching containing 60.8% 23.3, with Na columns 25.9%, found 9.5, cumulative were soil 24.2%, between 2.6, correlations and 14.5%, were 6) (Table soil manure 6.9%, correlations control poultry 1.9%, 5% positive in to and constant. and leached sludge corresponding remained 3% Na sewage with 5), time amended of (Table 5% this soil the amounts and the after from Cumulative in to leached 3% and were Na due 1%, 5). 6-14 Na of The are (Table of day concentration amounts manure soils until The higher 3a. first poultry manure-amended exponentially significantly 2). the (Table that decreased poultry showed Fig. in sludge columns of results sewage observed in The soil leachate to was shown all compared the Na are manure in in of poultry leached leachate Na concentration in Na maximum of content of Na concentrations soils higher amounts amended high cumulative and The control the leachate. in and that Na showed soil. of amended results and curves control the breakthrough in The Ca K and and K, Na, Na solution of with Leaching found were correlations positive while EC, and 6 Posted on Authorea 15 Jun 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159225108.86020884 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 06 atn ta. 01 aloi&Jll,21;Jll ai,21) erle l 20)ue the used of (2002) effect al. the simulated et and Ferrel al., landfill et a 2018). Congzhi of Latifi, layer 2006; clay & the al., Jalali in et 2017; transport Komnitsas adsorption, Jalali, (Pb) the 2002; & lead simulate predict Mazloomi al., to to program et 2011; program PHREEQC (Ferrell al., PHREEQC used elements et that have different Martens studies indicate of Many 2006; models RMSE, leaching 1). compare to > and to similar of NRMSE values, transport, used comparison (mean NRMSE is better Na NRMSE and a values. The Mg NH For observation measured of different between accuracy. 9). leaching with agreement (Table of low simulation or calculated had good scales was simulation no different NRMSE was the in with the there and r leaching that results, treatments (High Ca showed simulation some predicted and leaching well cation K in were 9) that data manure indicated simulated poultry (Fig. 8) and and Mg (Fig. sludge of Ca sewage Simulation and with were amended 7) RMSE). Na soils be (r (Fig. of may and cations K curves which soil of other breakthrough sludge, control curves sewage The the breakthrough of than time. The 5% over 6) and overestimated. sludge 3% sewage (Fig. with of accurate treated ammonification columns less and soil mineralization in (r to data accurate due measured very the not with was well soil match 2005; NH (r control Bernal, that the manure & Walker showed in of poultry 2001; leaching results and CEC al., also The et sludge researchers increased (Ouedraogo Some sewage soil CEC 2007). with program. soil to PHREEQC al., increased the amendments the residues et controls in organic organic that Clark of columns of exchange use soil cation addition the different the that for The is reported defined was cations leachates. which these in columns, of soil cations leaching the the simulate of to concentrations mechanism main NH The of 7–9. r curves of breakthrough values simulated The and measured program PHREEQC The NH by especially leaching leaching cations respectively. nutrient of manure, soil Simulation poultry of and risk sludge the potential sewage the ones, of application exchangeable to NO NH > the paid was K to be was soils soils relative should sludge-amended poultry-amended leached for sewage nutrients order in cumulative the whereas leached of nutrients Mg proportion and of the Ca, order on K, Na, based solution general, and In NO EC soil. leaching with solution amended Mg found and and cumulative were non-amended between correlations EC the 6) positive with (Table in while correlations the found Na, positive exchangeable were and were NH and There correlations exchangeable soil losses and soil. positive the losses amended while from leaching and Mg, Ca non-amended Mg cumulative and and between Ca, soil Ca 6) (Table K, that as correlations showed such positive results equal. nutrients were Their was There of leached sludge. the leaching Mg sewage investigated increased and the (2006) with manure Ca increased treated al. poultry of Ahlberget sludge soil amount of surface sewage addition soil. days control from the with to nutrient on that cations compared treated volumes showed on various Mg leachate results of and (2004) depth) Their 4 Ca leaching cm as in the leaching. such al. (0-5 concentrations the nutrients and manure nutrient et different after Haynes of measured 86 poultry Zhang leaching manure. and and of of 58 columns, application reported. 37, and rate soil surface Ca 9, increasing been in as of the have leaching such effect with salinity nutrients Mg of increased the and and leaching leached investigated the cations Ca studies, these (2008) on some of of of effect Judge In amounts significant behavior leaching cumulative 5). a similar higher (Table the and had significantly manure the application Mg, that on poultry manure to showed 5% residues animal due results and that The organic 3% is reported with concentration 2009). trend of amended al., Mg leaching soil effects et same of from Gonzalez the leached treatments the trend 2003; were these and The al., Mg et of Ca, in respectively. amounts (Mclaren of leached soil 63.5%, that Mg in and to cations exchangeable 59.9% two similar of 38.3%, was amounts 48.4%, leachate the 32.9%, in and 37.8%, respectively, 33.5%, 25.7%, were and 23.5% 16.4%, 2 ME n RS bandfo h ain ecigsmlto r hw nTables in shown are simulation leaching cations the from obtained NRMSE and RMSE, , 4 N ,adC ma RS )b ainecag oe a etrthan better was model exchange cation by 1) < NRMSE (mean Ca and K, -N, 2 08-.7 ME .32.1.Bttesmlto fNH4-N of simulation the But 1.23-24.11). RMSE= =0.84-0.97, 2 .1 .7 ME179.8,adteN ecigwas leaching Na the and RMSE=1.7-93.38), 0.67, 0.51- = 4 Nlahn a elpeitd(i.5 nsistreated soils in 5) (Fig. predicted well was leaching -N 2 06,RS=.4.TeN4Ncretiigddnot did tailing curve NH4-N The RMSE=0.14). =0.61, 7 3 a>NH > Na > 4 N a ,C,adM ssoni is 5-9. Figs. in shown is Mg and Ca, K, Na, -N, 4 N>NO > -N 4 N>M a hs oeattention more Thus, Ca. > Mg > -N 4 N n ,NO K, and -N, 3 N>M a>K>Ca, > K > Na > Mg > -N 3 N a n gi the in Mg and Ca, -N, 3 Npsdafter posed -N 2 n low and 4 -N, Posted on Authorea 15 Jun 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159225108.86020884 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. h oun mne ih5 olr aue ngnrl h re fntinslahdi eaesludge- sewage in leached nutrients of NH order NO the > general, In K NO NH manure. of was poultry soils values 5% amended maximum with of values the amended content the columns and The on we NH the factors sludge of field, amendments. influential value sewage were the organic Since maximum manure 5% tested in The poultry with the conditions and nutrients. pollution. among sludge replicate of groundwater sewage leaching leaching exactly of and of of rate not risk loss application quality. does relative the nutrient soil which and the improve nutrients of laboratory, determine and the risk to crops in able the for were performed nutrients increase provide was may to research application used our widely excess are an predominant manure However, poultry the and is sludge exchange Sewage cation column. that clay simulated indicated column the then clay into They and Conclusions the leaching nitrate) into cations sodium program. cations of of Mg control PHREEQC concentrations and for by different Ca, mechanism by results Na, better leached K, data measured was of measured column the leaching the (clay measured simulated days PHREEQC (2011) 2600 simulation and al. the over data et that measured experiments reported Martens the column He CXTFIT. with soil agreement than programs. through CXTFIT good Mg Pb and and in PHREEQC on were Ca, using Pb) results Na, data K, of measured of amounts the transport simulated different the and and investigated coefficient, (2006) Congzhi diffusion coefficients, transport. selectivity (CEC, parameters different rmy,T 20) mato eaesug plcto nteln-emntin aac nai ol of soils 381-399. acid 140, Dorling Pollution, in Soil balance ed. nutrient and fourteenth long-term Air, Water, revised the on forests. Soils application L.) of sylvestris, sludge Properties (Pinus sewage pine of and Scots Impact Nature (2002). The T. 110017. Bramryd, Delhi, (2012). New R. Ltd., R. Pvt. Weil, (India) & Kindersley C., N. Bioresource component slurry Brady, growth. a plant as dairy and vermicompost properties manure and physicochemical Pig on Cycling 11-20. pig (2001). effects Nutrient 78, D. Technology, of medium: J. plant leys. Metzger, Effects bedding & forage horticultural S., a Subler, and of A., (2014). cereals C. Edwards, E. spring AA M., with R. Salomo, Rotterdam. Atiyeh, rotations & crop 281–293. G., pollution: from 98, leaching Torstensson, and Agroecosystems, P E., in groundwater, and Ekre, N Geochemistry, on J., application Liu, (1993). H., D. Aronsson, Postma, on amendments & organic 237-247. of J., 536(2), effect 958-971. Balkema, The A. 19, (2013). C. Science, I. Agricultural year K. Appelo, of Ivanov, one Journal & during Bulgarian S., sludge N. characteristics. sewage Artinova, chemical I., from 545-553. soil V. metals 144, Akova, Pollution, of R., Environmental V. Leaching Angelova, organic size. (2006). of particle P. to Effect Wedel, relationship (2003). & their P. O., and L. Gustafsson, Abrahamson, characteris- G., chemical & soil Ahlberg, 389-398. H., and 25, E. production Bioenergy, White, biomass and willow A., Biomass on T. tics. fertilizer Volk, nitrogen D., slow-release R. and amendments Briggs, G., H. Adegbidi, cations the of concentration the controls References that breakthrough exchange simulated cation the the was that leachates. cations showed in these program of leaching PHREEQC the the simulate of NH output for particularly The curves, attention. greater given 4 N n NO and K -N, 3 N>N NH > Na > -N 3 Npsdatrapiaino eaesug n olr aue epciey hudbe should respectively, manure, poultry and sludge sewage of application after posed -N 4 N>NO > -N 4 N>M a niaigteptnilrs fsi uretlahn,especially leaching, nutrient soil of risk potential the indicating Ca, > Mg > -N 4 N ,adC eewl ace otemaue aa h anmcaimto mechanism main The data. measured the to matched well were Ca and K, -N, 3 N>M a>K>C,weesteodrfrputyaeddsiswas soils poultry-amended for order the whereas Ca, > K > Na > Mg > -N 4 Nlahn a bevdi h olclmsamended columns soil the in observed was leaching -N 8 3 N a ,C n glahn eeosre in observed were leaching Mg and Ca K, Na, -N, Posted on Authorea 15 Jun 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159225108.86020884 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. rpatsi mnmnsfrrdrsbry oprtv ffcso otlso eaoe,si ult and as quality manure 48-58. soil 223, poultry nematodes, Environment, and lesion and Compost root Ecosystems on (2016). Agriculture, effects leaching. B. Comparative 59-66. nitrate Zebarth, raspberry: 21, of & geochemical red Science, risk D., a Clay for Neilsen, of amendments Applied N., Application soil liners. Hashimoto, preplant clay (2002). E., by Z. Kenney, (Pb) Zheng, T., retention Forge, & metal L., heavy predict Greenwood, to J., Forsman, model P., and transport 445-455. Aagaard, vermiculite 66, E., on Journal, R. exchange America Ferrell, of Ammonium–potassium–calcium Society (2002). tailings Science effluent Soil J. mine of a vermiculite. 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qiaet()E d/)p (H pH (dS/m) EC (%) equivalent 2 )CC(cmol CEC O) c k)Sn % it()Ca (%) Clay (%) Silt (%) Sand /kg) Posted on Authorea 15 Jun 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159225108.86020884 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. g(mM) Mg (mM) Ca (mM) K (mM) Na NO .008 .006 0.40 0.70 2.20 0.60 1.20 2.20 0.90 1.50 2.20 0.80 1.30 2.10 0.60 1.00 1.60 with manure. soils poultry amended and Mg and sludge control sewage in cations 5% of and leaching 3% 5% Duncan simulate 1%, manure to to of Poultry used according values rates 0.05 coefficients < Selectivity p 4. at Table different significantly 3% are manure row a Poultry within test. letters dissimilar by followed Means 1% manure Poultry 5% sludge Sewage 3% sludge Sewage NH (dS/m) EC 1% sludge Sewage pH (cmol Mg (cmol Ca (cmol K (cmol soil Na Control NH manure. Parameter poultry and sludge sewage applied of rates different 3. Table 2. Table 2+ 3 4 4 (mM) (mM) (cmol 2X + c hrceitc fogncswg ldeadputymanure. poultry and sludge sewage organic of Characteristics /kg) c h muto xhnebeadsi ouincaatrsisi oto n mne ol with soils amended and control in characteristics solution soil and exchangeable of amount The c c /kg) /kg) /kg) c /kg) - MgX = xhnebeM (cmol Mg Exchangeable (cmol Ca Exchangeable (cmol K Exchangeable (cmol Na Exchangeable (mg/g) Mg Total (mg/g) Ca Total (mg/g) K Total (mg/g) Na manure Total Poultry NO sludge Sewage NH C/N (%) C (%) N Total (dS/m) EC pH Characteristics 3 4 .0 .0 .0 04a54d68c9.50b 12.40a 21.70a 8.10a 6.80c 8.20b 16.60b 5.30b 5.40d 13.00d 4.90c 3.45c 10.40a 15.20c 3.70d 3.15cd 7.20c 13.10d 3.40de 2.90de 4.70e 10.90e 3.05ef 2.75ef 3.20f 7.80f 2.67f 2.45f .7 .9 .2 .3 .5 .2 0.36b 0.22c 0.15c 0.83a 0.42b 0.19c 0.07d .2 .1 .8 .5 .6 .7 0.18d 0.17d 0.06e 0.95a 0.78b 0.41c 0.02e .9 .7 .0 .5 .5 .4 5.65a 7.65a 9.6b 2.9b 0.9b 3.94b 7.58a 2.8bc 9.1d 0.5c 2.45d 7.46b 2.7cd 8.6e solution Soil 0.2d 3.15c solution Soil 7.30c 3.1a 10.2a solution Soil 1.2a 2.10e 7.40bc solution 2.9b Soil 9.4c 0.6c solution Soil 1.67f 7.45b 2.7cd 8.7e solution Soil 0.2d cations 1.19g Exchangeable 7.42b cations Exchangeable solution Soil cations Exchangeable 2.6d cations 8.3f Exchangeable cations Exchangeable cations Exchangeable 0.03e cations Exchangeable .c18 .a .a .b .a 2.2a 1.1a 2.1ab 0.9ab 1.9bc 0.7bc 2.1ab 0.7bc 2.1ab 0.7bc 1.8c 0.6c 1.7c 0.6c N(mg/kg) -N N(mg/kg) -N 2 Ca 2+ 2X + - CaX = c /kg) c c c /kg) /kg) /kg) 2 13 20 6.00 0.64 6.90 12.00 0.59 1.12 24 34.00 14.00 37.80 48.60 42.40 10.20 595 780 11.40 19.28 42.10 28.35 4.50 1.47 2.10 12.72 299 7.27 4760 6.40 19.45 3.05 4.95 6.83 K + X + - XNa KX = + X + - a AmmH NaX = + X + - mH olColumns Soil AmmHX = eaesug 3% sludge Sewage 1% sludge Sewage soil Control Posted on Authorea 15 Jun 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159225108.86020884 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. n mne ol ihrtso % %ad5 eaesug n olr manure. poultry and sludge sewage 5% and 3% 1%, of rates with soils amended and 7. Table level, % 5 at *significant pH pH properties solution Soil 0.40 properties 0.30 solution Soil 0.90 NH 0.30 cations Exchangeable cations Exchangeable 0.00 0.00 soil. amended and 0.70 control in solutions NH and of 0.70 amounts exchangeable Duncan leaching their to cumulative and between according Mg coefficients 0.05 correlation < Pearson p 6. at Table different significantly are row a 5% 0.20 within manure test. letters Poultry dissimilar by 0.30 followed Means 3% manure 0.70 Poultry 0.70 1% manure Poultry Mg 5% sludge Sewage Ca 3% K sludge Sewage Na 1% 0.80 sludge NO Sewage 0.40 NH soil Control 1.40 nutrients manure. 0.80 poultry and sludge sewage 5% and 3% 5. Table 0.60 0.30 0.90 0.60 Mg 2+ 3 4 2X + h uuaieaonso uret ece rmcnrladaeddsiswt ae f1%, of rates with soils amended and control from leached nutrients of amounts cumulative The eemnto offiin (r coefficient Determination .0 .0d1.0 02b90c 44b56.45a 24.49b 9.04cd 20.29b 12.80c 8.40cd 3.00d 39b3.4 72b5.9 03b6.4 71.78a 160.40a 376.40a 332.90a 35.38c 65.44a 232.20b 139.10c 208.70b 16.34d 40.33b 69.06c 91.46f 69.19c 3.87ef 58.49a 54.81cd 152.70b 64.85c 93.32a 37.24b 131.10d 42.12d 38.64d 46.17b 39.84b 103.60e 22.5e 15.70e 33.96b 10.20de 87.84f 19.25e 4.47f 0.27f - MgX = .007 .207 .906 0.84 NH 0.61 0.64 Na 0.61 0.79 0.95 0.79 K 0.95 0.72 Ca 0.81 0.72 0.81 0.30 Ca 0.69 Mg Mg 2 ** infiata level. % 1 at significant Ca 2+ 2X + 2 ausotie rmsmlto fctoslahn ni control in in leaching cations of simulation from obtained values ) - CaX = 2 14 K + gMg Ca K Mg Ca Na K Na NO EC NH EC Mg Ca K Mg Ca Na K Na X + 4 NSi Columns Soil -N 3 4 4 - XNa KX = uuaientinslahdCmltv uret ece uuaientinslahdCmltv uret ece uuaientinslahdCmltv uret ece uuaientinsleached NH nutrients Cumulative leached nutrients Cumulative leached nutrients Cumulative leached nutrients Cumulative leached nutrients Cumulative NH leached nutrients Cumulative NH leached nutrients Cumulative NO eaesug 1% sludge Sewage soil Control 3 4 4 4 NNH -N + X + 4 NO , - a AmmH NaX = 3 a ,C,and Ca, K, Na, , .7*-.3-.7-.204 0.01 0.53 0.66 0.48 0.26 0.91** -0.32 0.84** 0.41 -0.27 0.81** 0.46 -0.43 0.65 0.63 0.87** -0.44 0.92** .5*07 .605 .1*0.72* 0.88** 0.81* 0.39 0.82* 0.40 0.91** 0.60 0.62 0.91** 0.71* 0.84** 0.62 0.72* 0.65 0.76* 0.80** 0.91** 0.86** 0.51 0.69 0.90** 0.99** 0.99** 0.30 0.95** 0.19 0.32 0.59 0.56 0.87** 0.92** 0.99** 0.99** 0.08 0.97** 0.23 0.37 0.62 0.87** 0.70 0.94** 0.93** 0.95** 0.30 0.96** 0.39 0.56 0.69 0.84** 0.85** 0.39 0.01 0.46 0.99** 0.30 0.77* 0.92** 0.58 0.13 + 4 NNO -N X + - mH olColumns Soil AmmHX = olr aue5% manure Poultry 3% manure Poultry 1% manure Poultry 5% sludge Sewage 3 NN aMg Ca K Na -N Posted on Authorea 15 Jun 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159225108.86020884 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. poultry-manure simulating-leaching-of-nutrients-from-a-calcareous-soil-amended-with-sewage-sludge-and- Figure.pdf file Hosted manure. poultry and sludge sewage 5% and 3% 1%, of rates with soils amended and control in 9. Table manure. poultry and sludge sewage 5% and 3% 1%, of rates with soils amended and 8. Table omlzdRo enSur ro NME ausotie rmsmlto fctosleaching cations of simulation from obtained values (NRMSE) Error Square Mean Root Normalized otma-qaeerr(ME ausotie rmsmlto fctoslahn ni control in in leaching cations of simulation from obtained values (RMSE) error Root-mean-square vial at available gM aC aNH Na K Ca Ca Mg Mg .909 .208 .306 0.86 0.63 0.97 0.83 0.88 0.57 0.83 0.90 0.67 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.58 0.85 0.94 0.92 0.51 0.79 0.85 0.88 0.29 0.81 0.79 0.89 0.88 0.81 0.77 0.89 0.74 0.83 0.77 0.72 0.83 0.74 0.54 37 71 0.79.810.22 3.37 93.38 1.23 54.00 209.97 22.20 24.11 73.89 57.12 NH 12.40 28.03 29.70 70.79 43.79 3.77 16.17 0.14 61.10 29.14 39.36 Na 7.73 40.40 26.43 71.55 1.70 13.71 62.15 26.11 K 4.09 70.52 28.25 54.30 34.08 Ca 33.19 Mg .307 .327 0.47 0.43 2.78 0.30 2.11 0.73 0.47 1.95 0.82 0.76 0.39 2.42 0.47 0.52 1.03 3.26 0.64 0.75 0.90 0.40 1.06 0.99 0.66 0.54 3.16 0.69 1.48 0.74 3.70 0.93 NH 0.66 2.86 0.90 0.70 Na 0.31 1.01 1.12 0.71 1.27 K 1.18 Ca Mg https://authorea.com/users/333594/articles/459755-measuring-and- 15 4 NSi Columns Soil -N 4 -N 4 Mean 5% manure Poultry 3% manure Poultry 1% manure Poultry 5% sludge Sewage 3% sludge Sewage 1% sludge Sewage soil Control NSi Columns Soil -N olr aue5% manure Poultry 3% manure Poultry 1% manure Poultry 5% sludge Sewage 3% sludge Sewage 1% sludge Sewage soil Control olColumns Soil olr aue5% manure Poultry 3% manure Poultry 1% manure Poultry 5% sludge Sewage 3% sludge Sewage Posted on Authorea 15 Jun 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159225108.86020884 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 16