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Reconstruction of Mediterranean Flora, Vegetation and Climate for The Reconstruction of Mediterranean flora, vegetation and climate for the last 23 million years based on an extensive pollen dataset Jean-Pierre Suc, Speranta-Maria Popescu, Séverine Fauquette, Mostefa Bessedik, Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno, Naima Bachiri Taoufiq, Zhuo Zheng, Frederic Medail, Stefan Klotz To cite this version: Jean-Pierre Suc, Speranta-Maria Popescu, Séverine Fauquette, Mostefa Bessedik, Gonzalo Jiménez- Moreno, et al.. Reconstruction of Mediterranean flora, vegetation and climate for the last 23 million years based on an extensive pollen dataset. Ecologia mediterranea, Faculté des sciences et techniques de St Jérôme, Institut méditerranéen d’écologie et de paléoécologie, 2018, 44 (2), pp.53-85. hal- 02018173 HAL Id: hal-02018173 https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02018173 Submitted on 13 Feb 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Reconstruction of Mediterranean flora, vegetation and climate for the last 23 million years based on an extensive pollen dataset Jean-Pierre SUC1*, Speranta-Maria POPESCU2, Séverine FAUQUETTE3, Mostefa BESSEDIK4, Gonzalo JIMÉNEZ-MORENO5, Naima BACHIRI TAOUFIQ6, Zhuo ZHENG7, Frédéric MÉDAIL8, Stefan KLOTZ9 1. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris (iSTeP), 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France. 2. GeoBioStratData Consulting, 385 route du Mas Rillier, 69140 Rillieux-la-Pape, France. 3. ISEM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France. 4. Université d’Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed, Département des Sciences de la Terre, Laboratoire de Paléontologie stratigraphique et Paléoenvironnement, BP 1015, El M’Naouer, Oran, Algeria. 5. Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, Fuenta Nueva S/N, 18002 Granada, Spain. 6. University Hassan II-Mohammedia, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sik, Casablanca, Morocco. 7. Department of Earth Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. 8. Aix-Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE. Technopôle de l’Arbois-Méditerranée, BP 80, F-13545 Aix-en-Provence cedex 4, France. 9. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Tübingen, Sigwartstrasse 10, 72070 Tübingen, Germany. * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract in turn disappeared too in a diachronous way. Subtropical evergreen forests left room for In the last 46 years extensive effort has been Mediterranean sclerophyllous communities, and devoted to the botanical identification of finally to Artemisia steppes which alternated pollen grains from Neogene deposits. This with mesophilous forests during glacial-inter- robust approach is the only reliable way to glacial cycles. The South Mediterranean plant reconstruct past flora and vegetation from ecosystems contrasted with open subdesertic pollen archives, additionally allowing fruitful associations where Avicennia persisted up to the comparisons with plant macroremains. Rich early Pliocene before the steppes invaded the peri-Mediterranean fossil pollen data provide lowlands. Neogene climate changes benefited a comprehensive history of plant ecosystems the Mediterranean sclerophyllous plants that during the last 23 million years. Successive dis- were already present in the early Miocene. Their appearance of thermophilous-hygrophilous subsequent fluctuations relate not only to tem- taxa has occurred. Severe changes affected perature variations but maybe also to phases the North Mediterranean vegetation which varied from prevalent forests to dominant with high instability in seasonality and low vari- open environments. Avicennia mangrove pro- ability in warmth. When present, Microtropis gressively perished from North to South and fallax is a serious candidate for identifying the was replaced by Glyptostrobus swamps which primary Mediterranean sclerophyllous assem- blages. Interpretation and climate quantifi- cation of the pollen data show a well-marked latitudinal contrast in the Mediterranean area Keywords: palynology and botany, history of both in temperature and humidity/dryness. The taxa and plant ecosystems, climate quantifications. thermic latitudinal gradient is characterized by a significant increase in the late Miocene (figure 4). Le domaine sud-méditeranéen était towards its modern value. In the late Pliocene, différent avec des environnements ouverts, climate evolved from overall warm tempera- Lygeum Calligonum tures and dry seasons to cooler winters and dry subdésertiques (avec , , summers. General dryness and colder conditions Neurada, Nitraria, Ziziphus), où Avicennia developed during glacial periods, alternating persista jusqu’au Pliocène inférieur avant l’in- with moister and warmer conditions during vasion généralisée par les steppes à Artemisia. interglacials. Present refuges of Zelkova and Les xérophytes méditerranéennes (Olea, Pterocarya are discussed. Desiccation of the Phillyrea, Ceratonia, Pistacia, Nerium, Mediterranean led subdesertic plants and cedar to migrate in opposite ways. The present distri- Quercus type ilex, etc.), présentes dès le début bution of Cedrus illustrates its weakness against du Miocène, bénéficièrent de cette évolution coolings although it seems to have been saved puis, lors de refroidissements, tirèrent peut- by geodynamic events. être partie de certaines phases de grande instabilité dans la saisonnalité et de faible variabilité de la chaleur reçue en relation avec certains paramètres astronomiques (respecti- Version abrégée vement, forte amplitude de l’obliquité et faible amplitude de l’excentricité) (figures 5-7). Cette synthèse, qui repose sur l’analyse de plus Avant sa disparition du domaine nord-médi- de 220 flores polliniques (figure 1), résume terranéen, Microtropis fallax (Celastraceae), trente-sept années de collaboration avec Pierre vivant aujourd’hui dans la forêt sempervirente Quézel (1926-2015), Professeur à l’univesité à larges feuilles du Viêt-Nam mais sous séche- d’Aix-Marseille, qui ont été marquées par resse estivale, doit être considéré pour illustrer vingt-huit travaux académiques (table 1). Après les groupements xérophytiques primitifs. En un effort unique en vue de l’identification bota- Camargue, l’expansion des xérophytes médi- nique des grains de pollen du Néogène, plus de terranéennes est intervenue plus de 2 000 ans 260 taxa (dont 74 nouveaux) sont aujourd’hui avant les premiers signes d’activité anthro- inventoriés dans le Cénozoïque supérieur pique, apportant un nouvel argument dans de Méditerranée (table 2). Il est désormais le débat sur le rôle respectif du climat et de démontré qu’il s’agit de la meilleure approche l’action humaine dans leur récente expansion à même de retracer l’histoire de la flore et de qui, comme pour les steppes, peut être due la végétation des derniers 23 millions d’années d’abord au climat avant d’être encouragée par (Ma), favorisant en plus la comparaison avec la pression anthropique (figure 8). les macroflores. Cet article se veut un plai- L’évolution climatique déduite des flores pol- doyer pour l’abandon par quelques palyno- liniques peut être subdivisée en trois phases logues d’une approche inadaptée et dont on majeures : devrait mettre en cause la forte homogénéité – du Miocène au début du Pliocène supérieur des résultats incompatible avec l’hétérogénéité (23 – 3,37 Ma), un certain rythme clima- des paléoenvironnements. tique existait avec une saison sèche (avec Le caractère diachrone des extinctions de des variantes selon l’âge et la situation géo- taxa thermophiles et hygrophiles est détaillé graphique) dans un contexte subtropical à selon la latitude et la longitude. Les flores faible saisonnalité thermique ; polliniques de Méditerranée nord-occi- – la période 3,37 – 2,6 Ma peut être regardée dentale fournissent un exemple significatif comme une phase de transition au cours de des remplacements successifs des écosys- laquelle un rythme saisonnier méditerranéen tèmes végétaux (figures 2 & 3) : la mangrove (à sécheresse estivale et froids hivernaux) a appauvrie à Avicennia remplacée sur les lit- été expérimenté ; toraux du Serravallien par les marécages à – la mise en place des glaciations de l’hémis- Glyptostrobus qui disparaîtront à leur tour au phère Nord à 2,6 Ma entraînèrent la géné- Pliocène ; le relais des forêts sclérophylles par ralisation de la xéricité et du froid avec des les groupements xérophytiques au Pliocène saisons très contrastées tandis que les inter- supérieur ; l’invasion par les steppes à glaciaires étaient plus doux et plus humides. Artemisia signant les premières glaciations Les quantifications confirment l’existence de l’hémisphère nord à 2,6 Ma qui désormais dès le Miocène moyen d’un gradient latitu- alterneront avec les forêts mésophiles des dinal très marqué, à la fois en température et interglaciaires. Le diachronisme latitudinal- en sécheresse-humidité (figure 9). Peu après longitudinal de ces remplacements est illustré le gradient thermique latitudinal connut une à l’échelle de toute la région méditerranéenne augmentation vers sa valeur actuelle.
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