Plants Western United States University of Arizona Crassulacean

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Plants Western United States University of Arizona Crassulacean Desert Plants, Volume 5, Number 4 (Winter 1984) Item Type Article Publisher University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Journal Desert Plants Rights Copyright © Arizona Board of Regents. The University of Arizona. Download date 23/09/2021 10:47:41 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/552238 Volume 5, Number 4 Desert Published by The University of Arizona for the Plants Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum. Editorial -Life Forms of Desert Plants 130 A Classification of Life Forms of the Sonoran Desert, With Emphasis on the Seed Plants and Their Survival Strategies 131 F. S. Crosswhite and C. D. Crosswhite The Acanthaceae of the South- western United States 162 T. F. Daniel New Plant Records From the Sonoran Desert 180 G. Yatskievych and P. C. Fischer Publication of Dr. Howard Scott Gentry's Book Agaves of Continental North America by the University of Arizona Press 191 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism 192 Tallest known Boojum Tree (Idria columnaris), over 81 feet high, with a massive Cardón Pelón (Pachycereus pringlei) at Montevideo Canyon, north of San Borja, Baja California del Norte. Photo by Mark Dimmitt. See article on life forms, pg. 131. 130 Desert Plants 5;41 Winter 1984 Volume 5, Number 4, 1984 Desert Plants Published by The University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum A quarterly journal devoted to broadening knowledge of P.O. Box AB, Superior, Arizona 85273 plants indigenous or adaptable to arid and sub -arid regions, to studying the growth thereof and to encouraging an The Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum at Superior, appreciation of these as valued components of the landscape. Arizona, is cooperatively managed by The Arizona State Parks Board, The Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum, inc., and The University of Arizona. Frank S. Crosswhite, editor Editorial Life Forms of Desert Plants. With this issue we present germplasm, we have the distinct opportunity of breeding new an illustrated classification of the life forms of Sonoran Desert life form characteristics into already established crop plants seed plants. These "life forms" are actually much more than the originating outside of the desert! simple hodge -podge of shapes and structures that they might By eventually understanding the successful "ways of living" at first appear. In reality they represent important "ways of of plants in the desert we will have a much firmer basis for living" which we might term strategies for survival. In a world genetic engineering than would have otherwise been possible. too often filled with pessimism, our minds too frequently are A platycaulescent shrubby stem succulent can produce large flooded with talk of economic uncertainties, sinking water quantities of sugar and biomass under agriculturally unfavor- tables, escalating utility rates, possible oil embargos, and fear able conditions. Although we may not particularly like the of "The Day After." But a consideration of desert life forms biomass that any one species in this life form produces, we speaks to us only of optimism. We dare our subscribers to read need to look beyond species to the life form itself, -there the following article and feel anything other than a sheer sense would seem to be no reason why we should not manipulate the of exhilaration for the triumph of the various life forms over life form to produce something which we do want! the harsh and rigorous hazards that they have faced. The few life forms which we fully exploit today happen to Not only have plants been able to adapt to the Sonoran be ones which our agricultural ancestors domesticated Desert, but they have found at least 29 major ways to do so! We ;mostly in temperate regions) in the dim and distant past. are only now beginning to scratch the surface in understand- Although the plants of the Sonoran Desert have existed for ing how these life forms function. We have thus far signifi- millenia, it is our present generation and those of the future cantly exploited only two or three such life forms for food, which will bring an appropriate blend of technology and fiber, energy and other useful goods. True, many of the other understanding to bear on the fascinating possibilities of life forms have been utilized in some way by Indians and early obtaining good from these fantastic life forms! This origi- settlers. But the fantastic germplasm of most life forms has not nally was, and continues to be, the most basic goal of the been manipulated in the slightest by plant scientists! And Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum. even beyond what nature has provided in Sonoran Desert Cross white and Crosswhite Desert Life Forms 131 Taxonomists have published large numbers of scientific A Classification of articles, monographs and books attempting to classify the creatures which live on earth. Paradoxically, although form (morphology) has been the criterion most widely used by Life Forms of the taxonomists to separate the various types of life (creatures) one from the other to produce classification schemes, rela- Sonoran Desert, With tively little attention has been devoted to classifying "life forms" per se. Perhaps this has resulted from a tendency to emphasize phylogenetic reconstruction in preference to the Emphasisonthe Seed importance of form in relation to function in life. Indeed taxonomists have traditionally studied preserved (dead) speci- Plants and Their mens from which it can be notoriously difficult to make interpretations relating to functional adaptations. The classi- Survival Strategies fication of life forms is only superficially taxonomic. To classify them it is necessary to understand them. To under- stand them we need to know about their physiological ecology. In this article, "life form" is not used as a synonym for "creature" or "organism," but rather in the sense of "form of life," Frank S. Crosswhite or even "form of living," with clear functional, physiological and Carol D. Crosswhite and ecological connotations. The distinctions between a life form classification and a phylogenetic one may sometimes be Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum blurred. Although there is no theoretic reason that they should (or should not) necessarily coincide, sometimes they do. Monophylesis results when a single life form diverges into two over time. Polyphylesis occurs when separate life forms converge into one. Since phylogenetic classifications allow only for monophylesis (unless actual hybridization has oc- curred), they are based on divergence rather than convergence. Therefore a life form classification will diverge from a phy- logenetic classification in the degree to which the life forms themselves have undergone convergence. Likewise, the two kinds of classifications will converge in the degree to which the life forms themselves have undergone divergence. The distinctions between a life form classification and a phylogenetic one are perhaps easier to see in the plant king- dom than in the animal kingdom. For instance, numerous plant families have independently given rise to species with the typical succulent life form based on crassulacean acid metabolism (see back cover of this Desert Plants). Like- wise, distantly related plant families have independently given rise to species with the deciduous tree life form based on leaf abscission and massive secondary xylem formation. Sometimes people are startled to learn that a tiny weed is hereditarily more closely related to some huge tree than that tree is related to another huge tree which superficially looks the same! In such a case the two trees may have an identical life form while having quite different genes and chromosomes. The hydrophytic algal life form also appears to be highly polyphyletic. Parasites have arisen in many independent plant lines. We could go on for many pages with similar examples. Among animals, life forms are perhaps somewhat more monophyletic. For example, we know of no fish which have developed feathers, no parasitic elephants, no swimming flies, no birds which burrow through soil like earthworms, no snakes with wings, no flying turtles, etc. True, penguins, whales and bats have departed from the respective norms of their relatives, converging to some extent with other life forms, but they seem to be exceptions to the general state in the animal kingdom. Therefore, a classification of animal life forms perhaps coincides more closely with their true phylo- geny than does a similar classification of plant life forms. Representative hot -season therophyte: Summer Representative bulb geophyte: Mariposa Lily Poppy (Kallstroemia grandiflora) and Trailing Four O'clock (Calochortus kennedyi) at King Canyon near Tucson, (Allionia incarnata) in the San Simon Valley, southern Arizona. Photo courtesy Arizona -Sonora Desert Museum. Arizona. Photo by Mark Dimmitt. Al Morgan, photographer. Representative cold- season therophyte: Cream - Representative facultatively chamaephytic Cups (Platystemon calffornicus) at Arboretum Pass therophyte: Desert Beardtongue (Penstemon parryi), between Arnett Canyon and Queen Creek Canyon, Boyce showing increased vigor over surrounding therophytes Thompson Southwestern Arboretum. Photo by Carol D. (Cryptantha, Lupinus), Pinal Pioneer Parkway, Arizona. Crosswhite. Photo by Carol D. Crosswhite. Crosswhite and Crosswhite Desert Life Forms 133 Scientists have been a long time in arriving at an under- ignore physiology and ecology (perhaps rightly so if the key is standing of the underlying factors relating to a life form classi- merely for identification purposes) that we tend
Recommended publications
  • Southwestern Rare and Endangered Plants
    Preliminary Report on the Reproductive Biology of the Threatened Chisos Mountain Hedgehog Cactus BONNIE B. AMOS and CHRISTOS VASSILIOU Angelo State University, Texas Abstract: The Chisos Mountain hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus chisoensis, Cactaceae) is a narrow endemic restricted to an approximately 100 square mile area in Big Bend National Park, Texas. It was listed as threatened in 1987 as Echinocereus chisoensis var. chisoensis. An investigation of the reproductive biology and pollination ecology conducted in 1999 and 2000 revealed the taxon to be homogamous, self-incompatible, xenogamous, and heavily dependent upon the cactus oligolectic bee, Diadasia rinconis (Anthophoridae) for pollination. Despite infrequent bee visitation, fruit set from open pollination is high and fruits produce large numbers of seeds. Predation in 2002, probably from rodents as a result of severe drought conditions, was severe on plants, flower buds, and fruits. The Chisos Mountain hedgehog cactus, or Chisos jillo (Opuntia leptocaulis DC.), ocotillo (Fouquieria pitaya (Echinocereus chisoensis W. Marshall), is 1 of splendens K. Kunth), leatherstem (Jatropha dioica V. 20 threatened or endangered cacti listed by the de Cervantes), lechuguilla (Agave lechuguilla J. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for Region 2 (http: Torrey), and ceniza (Leucophyl1umf)zltescens (J. Ber- // ecos. fws.gov/ webpage/ webpage-lead.htrnl? landier) I. M. Johnston). An earlier study (Hender- lead_region=2&type=L&listings=l).In 1987 it was shott et al. 1992) did not show specific E. chisoen- added to the federal lists (53 FR 38453) of en- sis-nurse plant associations, but rather showed dangered and threatened wildlife and plants as associations as a consequence of soil conditions threatened because of its restricted distribution, that provide a hospitablL environment for a diver- low numbers, loss of viability in existing popula- sity of species or the exploitation by E.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Technical Report for the Nichols Mine Project
    Biological Technical Report for the Nichols Mine Project June 8, 2016 Prepared for: Nichols Road Partners, LLC P.O. Box 77850 Corona, CA 92877 Prepared by: Alden Environmental, Inc. 3245 University Avenue, #1188 San Diego, CA 92104 Nichols Road Mine Project Biological Technical Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1 1.1 Project Location ..................................................................................................1 1.2 Project Description ..............................................................................................1 2.0 METHODS & SURVEY LIMITATIONS .................................................................1 2.1 Literature Review ................................................................................................1 2.2 Biological Surveys ..............................................................................................2 2.2.1 Vegetation Mapping..................................................................................3 2.2.2 Jurisdictional Delineations of Waters of U.S. and Waters of the State ....4 2.2.3 Sensitive Species Surveys .........................................................................4 2.2.4 Survey Limitations ....................................................................................5 2.2.5 Nomenclature ............................................................................................5 3.0 REGULATORY
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix F3 Rare Plant Survey Report
    Appendix F3 Rare Plant Survey Report Draft CADIZ VALLEY WATER CONSERVATION, RECOVERY, AND STORAGE PROJECT Rare Plant Survey Report Prepared for May 2011 Santa Margarita Water District Draft CADIZ VALLEY WATER CONSERVATION, RECOVERY, AND STORAGE PROJECT Rare Plant Survey Report Prepared for May 2011 Santa Margarita Water District 626 Wilshire Boulevard Suite 1100 Los Angeles, CA 90017 213.599.4300 www.esassoc.com Oakland Olympia Petaluma Portland Sacramento San Diego San Francisco Seattle Tampa Woodland Hills D210324 TABLE OF CONTENTS Cadiz Valley Water Conservation, Recovery, and Storage Project: Rare Plant Survey Report Page Summary ............................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................2 Objective .......................................................................................................................... 2 Project Location and Description .....................................................................................2 Setting ................................................................................................................................... 5 Climate ............................................................................................................................. 5 Topography and Soils ......................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Diversidad Y Distribución De La Familia Asteraceae En México
    Taxonomía y florística Diversidad y distribución de la familia Asteraceae en México JOSÉ LUIS VILLASEÑOR Botanical Sciences 96 (2): 332-358, 2018 Resumen Antecedentes: La familia Asteraceae (o Compositae) en México ha llamado la atención de prominentes DOI: 10.17129/botsci.1872 botánicos en las últimas décadas, por lo que cuenta con una larga tradición de investigación de su riqueza Received: florística. Se cuenta, por lo tanto, con un gran acervo bibliográfico que permite hacer una síntesis y actua- October 2nd, 2017 lización de su conocimiento florístico a nivel nacional. Accepted: Pregunta: ¿Cuál es la riqueza actualmente conocida de Asteraceae en México? ¿Cómo se distribuye a lo February 18th, 2018 largo del territorio nacional? ¿Qué géneros o regiones requieren de estudios más detallados para mejorar Associated Editor: el conocimiento de la familia en el país? Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez Área de estudio: México. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una exhaustiva revisión de literatura florística y taxonómica, así como la revi- sión de unos 200,000 ejemplares de herbario, depositados en más de 20 herbarios, tanto nacionales como del extranjero. Resultados: México registra 26 tribus, 417 géneros y 3,113 especies de Asteraceae, de las cuales 3,050 son especies nativas y 1,988 (63.9 %) son endémicas del territorio nacional. Los géneros más relevantes, tanto por el número de especies como por su componente endémico, son Ageratina (164 y 135, respecti- vamente), Verbesina (164, 138) y Stevia (116, 95). Los estados con mayor número de especies son Oaxa- ca (1,040), Jalisco (956), Durango (909), Guerrero (855) y Michoacán (837). Los biomas con la mayor riqueza de géneros y especies son el bosque templado (1,906) y el matorral xerófilo (1,254).
    [Show full text]
  • December 2012 Number 1
    Calochortiana December 2012 Number 1 December 2012 Number 1 CONTENTS Proceedings of the Fifth South- western Rare and Endangered Plant Conference Calochortiana, a new publication of the Utah Native Plant Society . 3 The Fifth Southwestern Rare and En- dangered Plant Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, March 2009 . 3 Abstracts of presentations and posters not submitted for the proceedings . 4 Southwestern cienegas: Rare habitats for endangered wetland plants. Robert Sivinski . 17 A new look at ranking plant rarity for conservation purposes, with an em- phasis on the flora of the American Southwest. John R. Spence . 25 The contribution of Cedar Breaks Na- tional Monument to the conservation of vascular plant diversity in Utah. Walter Fertig and Douglas N. Rey- nolds . 35 Studying the seed bank dynamics of rare plants. Susan Meyer . 46 East meets west: Rare desert Alliums in Arizona. John L. Anderson . 56 Calochortus nuttallii (Sego lily), Spatial patterns of endemic plant spe- state flower of Utah. By Kaye cies of the Colorado Plateau. Crystal Thorne. Krause . 63 Continued on page 2 Copyright 2012 Utah Native Plant Society. All Rights Reserved. Utah Native Plant Society Utah Native Plant Society, PO Box 520041, Salt Lake Copyright 2012 Utah Native Plant Society. All Rights City, Utah, 84152-0041. www.unps.org Reserved. Calochortiana is a publication of the Utah Native Plant Society, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organi- Editor: Walter Fertig (walt@kanab.net), zation dedicated to conserving and promoting steward- Editorial Committee: Walter Fertig, Mindy Wheeler, ship of our native plants. Leila Shultz, and Susan Meyer CONTENTS, continued Biogeography of rare plants of the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Nevada.
    [Show full text]
  • IP Athos Renewable Energy Project, Plan of Development, Appendix D.2
    APPENDIX D.2 Plant Survey Memorandum Athos Memo Report To: Aspen Environmental Group From: Lehong Chow, Ironwood Consulting, Inc. Date: April 3, 2019 Re: Athos Supplemental Spring 2019 Botanical Surveys This memo report presents the methods and results for supplemental botanical surveys conducted for the Athos Solar Energy Project in March 2019 and supplements the Biological Resources Technical Report (BRTR; Ironwood 2019) which reported on field surveys conducted in 2018. BACKGROUND Botanical surveys were previously conducted in the spring and fall of 2018 for the entirety of the project site for the Athos Solar Energy Project (Athos). However, due to insufficient rain, many plant species did not germinate for proper identification during 2018 spring surveys. Fall surveys in 2018 were conducted only on a reconnaissance-level due to low levels of rain. Regional winter rainfall from the two nearest weather stations showed rainfall averaging at 0.1 inches during botanical surveys conducted in 2018 (Ironwood, 2019). In addition, gen-tie alignments have changed slightly and alternatives, access roads and spur roads have been added. PURPOSE The purpose of this survey was to survey all new additions and re-survey areas of interest including public lands (limited to portions of the gen-tie segments), parcels supporting native vegetation and habitat, and windblown sandy areas where sensitive plant species may occur. The private land parcels in current or former agricultural use were not surveyed (parcel groups A, B, C, E, and part of G). METHODS Survey Areas: The area surveyed for biological resources included the entirety of gen-tie routes (including alternates), spur roads, access roads on public land, parcels supporting native vegetation (parcel groups D and F), and areas covered by windblown sand where sensitive species may occur (portion of parcel group G).
    [Show full text]
  • The Huntington Botanical Gardens) Who Was Employed at the UC Garden at the Time
    June 30, 2005 Gary Lyons, Editor-in-Chief Joanne Gram, Editor Welcome to The Jumping Cholla. Click on the titles below to go directly to each article, or simply read the articles in order by scrolling down. Most photos may be viewed in a larger size if you click on them. When you want to return to the newsletter, just click on your Back button. If you have questions or comments, please feel free to email the editors by clicking on their names above. That will open a blank email pre-addressed to them. Contents Yuccas in the Huntington Desert Garden Milieu The Weird and Wonderful Boojum Tree, Fouquieria columnaris, and its Relatives Curator’s Comments New Additions to the Huntington's Website and a Little Desert Collections History Yuccas in the Huntington Desert Garden Milieu by Gary Lyons, Curator of the Desert Garden The spiky-leaved yuccas are among the oldest plants in the Huntington landscape. Plantings dating back to 1908 and still thriving give the garden much of its character. Their bright festive panicles of white blossoms add a cheery background and accent to the symphony of spring color in the lower Desert Garden. According to the latest authorities there are 45 yucca species and 14 varieties and they are placed in the agave family. Most of the species are found in the Southwest, northern and central Mexico and Baja California. But the genus is more widespread with species found along the Atlantic seaboard, the Great Plains, into Canada, and south as far as Guatemala. Yucca blossoms, with the exception of at least one species (the rose-tinged Yucca endlichiana) are mostly creamy white.
    [Show full text]
  • Responses of Plant Communities to Grazing in the Southwestern United States Department of Agriculture United States Forest Service
    Responses of Plant Communities to Grazing in the Southwestern United States Department of Agriculture United States Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Daniel G. Milchunas General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-169 April 2006 Milchunas, Daniel G. 2006. Responses of plant communities to grazing in the southwestern United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-169. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 126 p. Abstract Grazing by wild and domestic mammals can have small to large effects on plant communities, depend- ing on characteristics of the particular community and of the type and intensity of grazing. The broad objective of this report was to extensively review literature on the effects of grazing on 25 plant commu- nities of the southwestern U.S. in terms of plant species composition, aboveground primary productiv- ity, and root and soil attributes. Livestock grazing management and grazing systems are assessed, as are effects of small and large native mammals and feral species, when data are available. Emphasis is placed on the evolutionary history of grazing and productivity of the particular communities as deter- minants of response. After reviewing available studies for each community type, we compare changes in species composition with grazing among community types. Comparisons are also made between southwestern communities with a relatively short history of grazing and communities of the adjacent Great Plains with a long evolutionary history of grazing. Evidence for grazing as a factor in shifts from grasslands to shrublands is considered. An appendix outlines a new community classification system, which is followed in describing grazing impacts in prior sections.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships Among the Mangrove Species of Acanthaceae Found in Indian Sundarban, As Revealed by RAPD Analysis
    Available online a t www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Pelagia Research Library Advances in Applied Science Research, 2015, 6(3):179-184 ISSN: 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC Phylogenetic relationships among the mangrove species of Acanthaceae found in Indian Sundarban, as revealed by RAPD analysis Surya Shekhar Das 1, Swati Das (Sur) 2 and Parthadeb Ghosh* 1Department of Botany, Bolpur College, Birbhum, West Bengal, India 2Department of Botany, Nabadwip Vidyasagar College, Nadia, West Bengal, India _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT RAPD markers were successfully used to identify and differentiate all the five species of Acanthaceae found in the mangrove forest of Indian Sundarban, to assess the extent of interspecific genetic diversity among them, to reveal their molecular phylogeny and to throw some light on the systematic position of Avicennia. The dendrogram reveals that the five species under study exhibits an overall similarity of 60.7%. Avicennia alba and A. officinalis (cluster C1) have very close relationship between them and share a common node in the dendrogram at a 73.3% level of similarity. Avicennia marina and Acanthus ilicifolius (cluster C2) also have close relationship between them as evident by a common node in the dendrogram at 71.8% level of similarity. Acanthus volubilis showed 68.1% similarity with cluster C1 and 60.7% similarity with cluster C2. Our study also supported the view of placing Avicennia under Acanthaceae. Regarding the relative position of Avicennia within Acanthaceae, it was shown to be very close to Acanthoideae. In comparison to other species, A. marina showed most genetic variability, suggesting utilization of this species over others for breeding programme and as source material in in situ conservation programmes.
    [Show full text]
  • Acanthaceae), a New Chinese Endemic Genus Segregated from Justicia (Acanthaceae)
    Plant Diversity xxx (2016) 1e10 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Plant Diversity journal homepage: http://www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/plant-diversity/ http://journal.kib.ac.cn Wuacanthus (Acanthaceae), a new Chinese endemic genus segregated from Justicia (Acanthaceae) * Yunfei Deng a, , Chunming Gao b, Nianhe Xia a, Hua Peng c a Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China b Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River Delta, Facultyof Life Science, Binzhou University, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, People's Republic of China c Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China article info abstract Article history: A new genus, Wuacanthus Y.F. Deng, N.H. Xia & H. Peng (Acanthaceae), is described from the Hengduan Received 30 September 2016 Mountains, China. Wuacanthus is based on Wuacanthus microdontus (W.W.Sm.) Y.F. Deng, N.H. Xia & H. Received in revised form Peng, originally published in Justicia and then moved to Mananthes. The new genus is characterized by its 25 November 2016 shrub habit, strongly 2-lipped corolla, the 2-lobed upper lip, 3-lobed lower lip, 2 stamens, bithecous Accepted 25 November 2016 anthers, parallel thecae with two spurs at the base, 2 ovules in each locule, and the 4-seeded capsule. Available online xxx Phylogenetic analyses show that the new genus belongs to the Pseuderanthemum lineage in tribe Justi- cieae.
    [Show full text]
  • Abundancia Y Diversidad De Hongos Formadores De Micorrizas Arbusculares (Hfma) Asociadas a La Vegetación Circundante En Un
    ABUNDANCIA Y DIVERSIDAD DE HONGOS FORMADORES DE MICORRIZAS ARBUSCULARES (HFMA) ASOCIADAS A LA VEGETACIÓN CIRCUNDANTE EN UN ÁREA DE MINERÍA DEL MUNICIPIO DE SANTA-ISABEL, TOLIMA HERIK JOHAN GUZMÁN LASSO YESSICA LORENA PERDOMO USECHE Trabajo de grado como requisito parcial para optar el título de Biólogo DIRECTOR MARYEIMY VARÓN LÓPEZ Doctor en Ciencias CODIRECTOR HILDA ROCÍO MOSQUERA Doctor en Ciencias- Biológicas UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS PROGRAMA DE BIOLOGÍA 2017 DEDICATORIA 2 A nuestras familias que fueron nuestro más grande apoyo y al amor que nos permitió superar cada adversidad. 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS A nuestra directora, la Doctora Maryeimy Varón, por su valioso compromiso, dedicación y paciencia en cada etapa del proyecto. A la Doctora Hilda Rocío Mosquera, codirectora del proyecto, por su guía y amable acompañamiento. Al grupo de investigación GEBIUT, por su colaboración y gran orientación en el desarrollo del trabajo. A los funcionarios de la mina de Santa Isabel por el acompañamiento y por permitirnos realizar la toma de muestras. Al Magister Urley Adrián Pérez, por su amable orientación en la taxonomía y manejo de los HFMA. A nuestras compañeras y amigas Lily Julieth Vargas y Lizeth Ospina, por su respaldo y apoyo en el proceso de investigación. A nuestros amigos por su comprensión, valiosas ideas, y apoyo en diferentes procesos del trabajo. A la Universidad del Tolima y la oficina de investigaciones, por la financiación del proyecto. 4 CONTENIDO INTRODUCCIÓN .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]