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Illinois Streams : a Classification Based on Their Fishes and an Analysis of Factors Responsible for Disappearance of Native

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Illinois Streams : a Classification Based on Their Fishes and an Analysis of Factors Responsible for Disappearance of Native LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN no. GG - €)^ SURVEY ILLINOIS STREAMS: p A Classification Based on Their Fishes and an Analysis of Factors Responsible for Disappearance of Native Species By Philip W. Smith NATURAL ; .iuR" .u.My pqctHMotes No. 76 ,^ -- - \Hb\S NATURAL HISTORY^St^vly I, Illinois — November,. i97T^ • ^ Dcparfment of Regisl-rafiMMndL^ucatiOyi . 'Si- ' Frontispiece.— The 33 stream systems discussed in the text. COVER PHOTO: One of Illinois' finest streams, the Middle Fork of the Vermilion River near Collison, Vermilion County. Photo by Lee Trail. ILLINOIS STREAMS: A Classification Based on Their Fishes and an Analysis of Factors Responsible for Disappearance of Native Species Philip W. Smith ILLINOIS HAS MANY difiFerent drainage systems. responsible for each stream's deterioration and each It is bounded on the west, south, and southeast by species' change of status. great rivers and on the northeast by Lake Micliigan. Owen F. Glissendorf, Technical Editor of the Sur- Within its borders it has many creeks, rivers, ponds, vey, edited the manuscript. Lawrence M. Page aided and artificial kikes, plus a few glacial lakes in the in the analysis of data and critically read several pre- northeastern corner of the state. Thus it is not sur- liminary drafts of the manuscript. He and R. Weldon prising that almost 200 species of fishes have been Larimore provided counsel in many areas. Douglas recorded in the state. The great number of streams W. Schemske compiled the counts of species known and variety of stream habitats are primarily responsible from each drainage system by consulting species dis- for the richness of the Illinois fauna. tribution maps. Since 1962, Alvin C. Lopmot and his As a group, fishes are tolerant and adaptable or- staff in the Division of Fisheries of the Illinois Depart- ganisms that can survive considerable habitat abuse, ment of Conservation have deposited in the Survey but the ecological tolerances of the many different collection hundreds of fish collections made through- species vary tremendously. The presence of fish indi- out the state. I have made free use of information in the series "Surface ^Vater Resources" for cates little about the condition of a stream, but a assembled Illinois the Division of Fisheries knowledge of tlie assemblage of species and their counties issued by numerical relationships provides the ichthyologist with and recommend these publications to anyone inter- an excellent biological picture of the water course ested in more specific detail about his own county. and its well being. When such mformation is available over a long period of time, fishes can be one of the CLASSIFICATION AND most sensitive indicators of the quality of the aquatic DESCRIPTION OF STREAMS environment. The following annotated list of stream systems rates From time to time for more than a hundred years, each stream on the basis of fishes presently known ichthyologists at the Ilhnois Natural History Survey to occm" in it and its potential for harbormg others. and other agencies have conducted censuses of Ilhnois A rating of excellent signifies that the expected species fishes so that, in a sense, changes in the aquatic envi- are still present in a numerical relationship to each ronment have been monitored all this time. A particu- other that indicates little modification of the sti-eam larly thorough collecting program spanned the period from its original condition. Good, fair, and poor are from 1S76 to 1905 and culminated in publication of self-explanatory. Consideration has been given to the the classic "Fishes of Illinois" ( Forbes & Richardson varying adequacy of sampling different stream sys- 1908). The collecting stations are shown in Fig. 1. tems. Unusual species and habitats, if present, are Another program, begun in 1950 and recently com- noted, and sources of problems in the stream, if they pleted, was even more thorough, thanks to modern can be identified, are indicated. transportation facilities. The collecting stations are The order of treatment is roughly north to south. shown in Fig. 2. A wealth of infoniiation on changes Stream systems are numbered and can easily be lo- in fish populations and aquatic habitats in Illinois has cated on the accompanying map (Frontispiece). Tribu- been assembled by comparing distributional patterns taries of die river cited are discussed only if their and census data from the two surveys, and tliis in- condition differs from that of tlie main stream. Near- formation is available to interested agencies. by small streams that are not tributaries are some- Analysis of these data has made it possible to as- times included because of their proximity and simi- sign virtually aU of the streams in the state ratings larity. For example, Menominee, Smallpox, and of excellent, good, fair, or poor. The ratings are based Sinsinawa creeks are not tributaries of the Galena on the species composition of the hundreds of collec- River, but they are close to the Galena River, and it tions available. It has also been possible to detect is convenient to treat the four streams as one unit. long-term changes, and to identify factors that are The Mississippi, Ohio, Wabash, and Illinois rivers are not included in the annotated list, but their species of This paper is published by authority of the State of Illinois, fishes are included in the counts for the stream systems IRS Ch. 127, Par. 58.12. It is a contribution from the Section of Paunistic Surveys and Insect Identification of the Illinois if records are available for sites near mouths of the Natural History Survey. Dr. Smith is a Taxonomist and Head of the Section of Faunistic Surveys and Insect Identification. streams. Fig. 2. Locations of collections of fishes made from Fig. 1.—Locations of collections of fishes made from — 1950 1971. 1876 to 1905. to The common names of fishes used in this article and Otter creeks).—Rating fair. Species present, 53. habitats are those recommended in American Fisheries So- Unusual species: brassy minnow. Unusual ciety Special Publication No. 6 (Bailey et al. 1970), are gravel riffles. Barnyard pollution and siltation in which the scientific names can also be found. are the principal problems. 4. (including Mere- 1. Galena River system (including Menominee, Rock-Green River system Sinsinavva, and Smallpox creeks).—Rating good. dosia Ditch).—E.xcept where it borders or passes Species present, 58. Unusual species: longnose dace. tlirough highly urbanized and industrialized areas, Unusual habitats are the gravel-rubble riflles and the Rock River is rated good and, in some areas, ex- marginal aquatic vegetation. Barnyard pollution is cellent. Species present, 98. The Pecatonica and a minor problem. Green rivers are only fair because of siltation and tributaries as the Kish- 2. Apple River system.—Rating good to excellent agricultural pollution. Such (in upper reaches). Species present, 62. Unusual waukee. Leaf, and Kyte rivers and Elkhorn, Pine, species: Ozark minnow. Unusual habitats are gravel Grove, and Piscasaw creeks are good to excellent; species: riffles and clear pools. Some barnyard pollution is other tributaries are fair to good. Unusual brook present and siltation is a problem in lower reaches, lake sturgeon, gravel chub, Ozark minnow, habitats are but in general Apple River and its tributaries are ex- stickleback, and brassy minnow. Unusual ceptionally clean streams. the rocky and gravelly race\\'a)s in some of the rivers, vegetation. De- 3. Plum River system (including Johnson, Rush, and tlie small brooks with aquatic —— spite the dams on the Rock River and the urbanization 11. Little Vermilion (of the north) system (in- along its banks, the system has not been affected as cluding several nearby direct tributaries of the Illi- severely as many other drainages in the state. nois River).—Rating fair. Species present, 52. Un- 5. Edwards River system (including Copperas and usual habitats include clear, gravelly streams. Un- Pope creeks).—Rating poor to fair. Species present, usual species: mottled sculpin. The species diversity 52. Habitats are limited, and many of the streams is rather low, despite the availability of relatively are sand choked and rather sterile. Problems are unaltered habitats. dredging, agricultural pollution, siltation, and the 12. Big Bureau Creek (including the Illinois and lack of habitat diversity. Mississippi Canal and Senachwine Creek).—Rating 6. Henderson Creek system (including Ellison good to excellent. Species present, 74. Unusual habi- and Honey creeks).—Rating poor to fair. Species tats in the area are the fast, sandy and gravelly riffles present, 57. Most of the streams contain excessive and clear pools. Some of the streams are sand choked, amounts of silt in their headwaters and sand in lower and the canal is badly silted. Big Bureau Creek and stretches. Problems are siltation, agricultural pollu- its larger tributaries are relatively unaltered, and tion, and lack of habitat diversity. agricultural pollution has not had an appreciable 7. Bear Creek system (including several small, effect on the species diversity. direct tributaries of the Mississippi River).—Rating 13. Kankakee-Iroquois River system (including poor to fair. Species present, 54. Sand, gravel, and marginal sloughs and drainage ditches in marshes and rocky riffles and pools are present, but species di- sand areas).—^Rating excellent. Species present, 72. versity' is low. Problems are desiccation during drought LTnusual habitats are swamps, marshes, clear well- periods and rather severe agricultural pollution. vegetated streams, gravel-rubble riffles, and sand-bot- S. The Sny-Bay Creek system (including several tomed pools. Unusual species: ironcolor shiner, weed small, direct tributaries of the Mississippi River). shiner, blacknose shiner, lake chubsucker, starhead Rating poor to fair. Species present, 76. Many habi- topminnow, northern longear sunfish, and least darter. tats are available, and Bay Creek appears to be an The Kankakee River and most of its tributaries have outstanding stream with water of high quality.
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