394 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE January 17 As a Christmas greeting an honored Mem­ a high hat, and summoned all his ebbing it be possible, let this cup pass from me." ber of the House sent to her constituents strength for a dignified impression. One But soon he was hanging dead on two and to her hosts of friends across the Nation who was there relates that after apologizing crossed beams of wood. Yet that, too, passed words written in the 16th century by St. for his initial emotion, he fired up and spoke into the most radiant glory of the ages­ Teresa of Avila, "Let nothing disturb thee; like an implacable Old Testament prophet. the Reign of the Risen, over whom death let nothing dismay thee: all things pass; Here exactly are his closing words, "I can­ has no dominion. And so-- God never changes. Patience attains all it not refrain from saying just one word more. I am not one of those who have the least When some great sorrow, like a mighty strives for. He who has God finds he lacks river, nothing; God alone sutftces." anxiety about the triumph of the principles I have stood for. That we shall prevail is Flows through your life with peace destroy­ In a thousand troubled eras, when the ing power. hearts of men turned to water in them for as utterly sure as that God reigns." Wood­ row Wilson's valedictory to his countrymen And dearest things are swept from sight fear, always the dark clouds have been big forever with promise of a new epoch, of larger was virtually "This, too, shall pass." · Always upon the desk of the late Arthur H. Say to your hei;i,rt each trying hour: This prospects, and new hope. In no generation too shall pass. has the future belonged to the blatant and Vandenberg was that quartette of mono­ syllables. For him that desk motto was a For no' night 'is eternal, and however dark the spectacular. They pass. the hour, morning is on tlie way. Three months before he died, Woodrow constant reminder that the day's shouting Wilson, broken in body but with head un­ headlines are likely to make a noise all out The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bowed, on Armistice Day, greeted a group of of proportion to their importance. When question is on agreeing to the pending faithful followers who had gathered in front close associates asked about those. words on his desk which were "This, too, shall pass," resolution. of the new home on S Street to which he The resolution

EXTE·NSIONS OF R"EMARKS.

Testimonial by Senator Dodd to the Very leadership that will influence, for good or I have always felt a debt of gratitude to for 111, the .mental growth and th~ ap­ the Dominicans who taught here and who Reverend Vincent C. Dore, O.P. proach toward life of thousands of young by their example and by their precept opened students. And it means a new impact, for to me and to so many others a vision of EXTENSION OF REMARKS better or worse, upon the intellectual and what life ought to be and what it can be. academic life of our Nation. OF One cannot be among the Dominicans Happily those of us who know of Father without feeling again the influence of the Vincent Dore are confident that his influ­ two greatest figures of the Dominican Or­ HON. JOHN 0. PASTORE ence will be for the good and his impact for OF RHODE ISLAND der. And in reflecting upon them, it seems the better. to me that they, and the order they served, IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Father Dore is in himself an embodiment offer the answer to the terrible challenge of the ideal of the "whole man" .which true Wednesday, January 17, 1962 that faces 20th century man. education seeks . to develop. As an athlete, St. Thomas Aquinas showed us the phi­ Mr. PASTORE. Mr. President, on as a student, as a man, as a teacher, as an losophy and the system of logic by which we October 22, 1961, the Providence College administrator, as a civic figure and above all, can seek and find the truth. His teachings Alumni Association conducted a testi­ as a spiritual leader, he has left upon all remain the basic guides not only in theology monial dinn.er in Providence, R.I., in things he has touched the mark of his zeal, and philosophy but in economic, social and his character and his great ability. political questions. honor of the Very Reverend Vincent C. Those of us who love Providence College Dore, O.P., the seventh president of and who are concerned with its welfare were St. Dominic demonstrated for us the zeal Providence College. cheered and heartened to hear of Father for conversion which the Western World The principal speaker at this testi­ Dore's appointment as the new president. must find again if it is to overcome the new We confidently look forward to his adminis­ barbarism·that threatens to engulf it. monial dinner was the junior Senator And the Dominican Order itself offers to from Connecticut, the Honorable tration as a period of unparalleled growth . and achievement. the free world the tools which it desper­ THOMAS J. DODD, ·a graduate of Provi- . Father Dore follows in the footsteps of ately needs: the true intellectual and moral dence College in the class of 1930. some remarkable men. It was my privilege life and the passion for propagating it. Senator Donn's address was truly mag­ to know and to regard as friends two presi­ A vast and crucial struggle is raging across nificent and I ask unanimous consent dents of Providence College. I well remem­ the earth between freedom and com..--nunism. to have a copy of" his remarks printed ber Father Lorenzo McCarthy, who built a At bottom, this is a continuation of the tradition of intellectual excellence here and ~ncient conflict between civilization and in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. It was barbarism and between good and evil. truly a most deserving tribute to one of left a heritage in the hearts and minds of the students o:rthat time which continues to Some people find it naive and unsophisti­ the country's outstanding educators. bear fruit. And all of us revere the memory cated to describe this world struggle in There being no objection, the address of Father Robert Slavin. He maintained and terms of good and evil but the more I see of was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, improved academic standards here. He led it the more I am convinced that at bottom as follows: the way to a great physical growth so that this is a moral struggle. REMARKS OF SENATOR THOMAS J. DODD AT THE an improved curriculum could be made avail­ The con'ftict is more critical today than TESTIMONIAL DINNER IN HONOR OF THE able to more and more students. Through e\f'er before. For in the new barbarism of VERY REVEREND VINCENT C. DORE, SHERATON his writings and his lectures, he made an the Communists, the force of evil has at its BILTMORE HOTEL, PROVIDENCE, R.I., SUNDAY, ever broadening range of people aware of disposal enormous resources that. it has not OCTOBER 22, 1961 and interested in Providence College. had before; a fantastic capacity for organi­ For those who are returning to Providence There is something about the inaugura­ College after some absence, this event evokes zation, a gigantic apparatus of terror and tion of a new college president that makes the deepest sentiment. Certainly it has propaganda, a perverted zeal, a false but it a significant event in the lives of many greatly affected me. For it was here that I self-sutftclent system of. logic which is its thousands of people and, of society itself. came into contact with philosophy, with the­ own judge and which admits of no higher For it marks the commencement of a new ology, with the great minds of the past. tribunal, the incredible tools of modern tech- 1962 CONGRESSIONAL _RECORD - SENATE 395

nology, the inestimable. res9urces of whole struggie may lose meaning when it threatens If each day, its faculty and ~rapuates can c·ontinents and the forced labor of 1 billion mass destruction on so v'ast a scale that in­ make a contribution to the mainstream of ~A~ . . • dividual survival appears hopeless. 1Unericail thought; if each year we can send AU of this has been hal'nessed and is now And' so we see growing up .all around us out into the world from Providence College turned against Western clviU.zati<:>n whieh, groups who fear the bomb. more' than the and those many other institutions dedicated whatever its grave and tragic faults, .repre­ loss of Western values, and who march "Under to our common ideals, new legions of young sents and defends the force of good in the the miserable slogan, "Better Red Than peciple grounded , ln, religious beliefs, worki. Dead." equipped 'With the too1s of logic, and in­ An.d while the ellEllly Js at its strongest, If we try to combat the Soviets on the fected with a zeal for converts, then there is Western civilization is at its weakest state, ground that they offer the world a brutal and a chance that Thomistic philosophy may be for it is infected with an internal disease ty.rannical form of materialism, whereas we for our age what it has been in the past: a which threatens to destroy its roots and offer mankind a humane .materialism soft­ leaven spreading its elevating influence thus pull it down. ened by democracy, then our stand is futile throughout the social structure and cleans­ As those of us who were schooled ln the and ultimately self-defeating. ing society of internal weaknesses. This is teachings of Thomas Aquinas look out upon It is -only when Weste:-n ·man realizes that a goal gr.and enough to fire the ·imagination Western society, we see a strange paradox. he must struggle, not for the material fruits and enllst the efforts of each of us. Its people are enjoying the fruits of the or the .scientific achievements or the politi­ If the fate -0f the West hung upon what most successful of all eivillzations, ~ruits cal refinements of Western society, but for men alone wm do, tben the outlook would which have their origin in certain funda­ its spiritual origins, 1ts eternal truths, that in1rtality of his of 'Lepanto, .or Jan Sobieski before the gates ~ reason, and so he embarked upon those in­ soul, then he is no fearful weakling whose of Vienna, or indeed Winston Churchill in teUeetual adventures whlch revolutionized goal is mere survival under any circum­ the summer of 1940. human existenee3 through the 11tudy of the stances; he is e. man wbo will lay down his At these climactic periods of history when nature of man, through the de-velopment of lif-e for those values which we are trying the West seemed destined to be engulfed by rules of reason, through tM mast-ery of the 'to pr.eserve. · barbarism, pitifully inadequate forces led by arts and scifillees. If he believes that there ~s such a thing as resolute men with spiritual faith and moral Western man anee believed that he hatl objective truth and that he is endowed with courage turned the tide and saved civiliza­ a free will and was a. responsible being, en­ the capacity to know it and the duty to seek tion. We cannot therefore know the mighty dowed by his Creater with 'fr-eedom to choose, it, then he will be a purposeful citizen and result that can oome !Tom the dedicated ef­ and thus a network of political freedoms a resolute defend')r, for he has the strength forts of a few men acting in .harmony with and .civil rights was woven to protect and that goes with knowing hii:: side is the Tight the laws of God. encour.age th.Ls free .choice. thereby libera;t­ side. If we of tl\'0 W'Cst can stand up to the ing an incalculable amount of cr~ative If he believes in the dignity of man, prop­ Communists now, if we can hold $he line energy and incentive. erly con o::eived~ then the thought of 1 billion in Berlin, in Vietnam. in Quemoy, and all Western man once believed that ev~ry s'l.aves behind the Iron Curtain, deprived. .of around the perimeter of freedom, if we can 'being inherent cU.gruty, hum.an possessed an their basic human rights, wlll be a constant gain the thne for that intellectual and moral not the shallow thing that passes for dig­ thorn in his side and a spur to ~ctlon. resur.genc.e in the West of whi.ch we .now nity today, prestige, .status, social gr.ace. but So long as he grleves over their enslave­ .see mauy .signs, then we will win the an intrinsic worth arising from his nature struggle. as one created and redeemed by God and ·ment, he will never be fooled about the nature of .communism, he will never acqui­ We will win because man's higher needs destined for eternal life in accordance with al'e the very things that Western civiliza­ His plan; therefore, a. humanitarianism esce in any agreement which consigns others to perp.etual slavery~ he will never lnvlte tion answers and which the cold dogma of evolved whlch spread its beneficent effects com:muntsm cannot supply. Man has needs throughout the structure of society, largely the enSlavers to his shores to be received as honored guests, he will never join .in the and appetites th-at no material order or elimlnatlng the ancient ~ cruelties and deg­ philosophy can satisfy. Whatever may be radations. diploinatlc Tecognition of gaugster r.egimes as legitimate governments. And tor the our weaknesses, we have one great strength. At critica1 hours in the struggle against Our universities are free, and our ehurches barbarism some Western men believed that same Tea.son, he will strive constantly to­ ward th~ elimination of those forms of dis­ are free. The people of the West remain some things were more important than life free to seek the truth and to worship God. 1-tself, and they gave their lives to throw crimination aml injustice and degradation here at home which deny men the rights I .be1ie¥e that in the end the church and back -successive waves of 1nvaders. 'Preserv­ the university will save us. ing our cbance tu receive 'from our fathers and opportunities and patterns of growth and to pass on to our chl1dren tbe blessings which are their just inheritance. Both of these great institutions are rep­ Of more than 2,000 'Yem·s Of endeavDr and If Western man believes in inalienable resented here by Providence College. growth. rights and in the inalienable Tesponslb1llties It h'as been my privilege and great for­ The clvlllzation which was based upon that go hand in hand with thGSe rights, then tune to atte.nd Providence College during these 'fundamental beliefs ls now under a. he will be a bulwark of 'Our system of free its eal'1y years, to watch it grow into a great double onslaught, beset from without by the government and he will accept the painful lnstltutlon o! 1earlling, to see it make a mobilized forces of -communism, which al­ obligations which must be accepted if any contribution to -the Ufe of our time i.nd now ready, control one-third of the earth, and free society is to survive, the duty to 'Sacrl­ to see it embark upon a new period of undermined from with!n by ignorance of fice, to take risks, to 'bear anns. to pay taxes, @'OWtb. and of service. its arigins, doubt of its essentiail·truths, and to for~o individual .interest 1n behalf of the Most of us have our own '.ideas about the rejection 'Of its.root ideas. common good. future course Providence College should Against the Communists we must deve1-0p The question before us 'then is, can we _take. l: have one ambition, one hope which superlor .organization -0f our men and re­ in. -the Western World de-velop even 11. ,sig­ I would like to see -realized and that is the sources, superlor 1lech:io1ogy, stronger nificant minority of men and women wh'<> establisbment of a great library of Thomis­ armies, more effective propaganda. --rhis ls are mentally and morally .equipped to do tlcllterature and a great1nstitute of Thomis­ a matt.er ol. political leadership, of military battle with both the frontal attack of Oom­ tic studies at Providence C.ollege. budget.a, of 'industrial . 'production, of for­ ma.nist barbarism. and the 1nterna1 corrup­ T.o -those of us who believe with Pope Leo eign at'd, -0! .alliances~ of diplomacy. It is e. tions of Western materlalism, atheism, and XIII that the teaching of the scholal>tics is tremendous task. and our Immediate survi:v"t.i agnosticism. a necessary basis for the .!utur~ restoration hinges upon it. The leaders ln tbis effort mw;t be men like of the social order, such a center for But 1n the end, how .successful Western yourselves, products of our 'finest "traditions. Thomtstlc learning is essential. man lri1l be in defending what he has Will studen't:s of Albertus Ma.gnus :and Thomas Others have alread.y begun the work. At depend upon what it is that he ls defend­ Aquinas, followers ;of st. Dominic. But if tlle Uni-versity of Toronto, the Order of St. ing, or w.hat lle thinks it is. these traditions iare to be preserved '°nly as Basu has established the Pontifical Insti­ ~ose who a.re muggling to preserve only academic curiosities in ivory towers and tute as a center of medieval culture, scholar­ their conveniences and pleasure will cease cloistered halls, we a.Te done for, we have sbip -and research. And here in OUT own stTuggl1ng when '\the battle causes 1ncon­ already lost. country -at the University of Notre Dame, venitm.oe BD.d pain. The task of our time ls to Testa;te these the N:edlev.al Institute has been established Those who are defending only our superlur truths, to apply them to current events, to and h-as already beeome a center for stu­ material abundance will prove to be summer imbue a large part -of West Virginia-Post­ reinterpreted and restated for the people approved by the General Services Adminis­ master General of the United States. of our generation. tration. Unfortunately, the creation of the As we meet here today to dedicate a new I hope that the establishment of such a War .Production Board in January 1942, and link in the vital communications chain of library and center wm become the objective the subsequent termination of all non­ America, it occurs to me that your State has of Providence College and of its alumni, for defense Government construction postponed had a unique role in the development of the I think it is a cause to which we shall all the fulfillment of the original contract for U.S. postal system. be willing to give our best effort and support. construction. Not only did you produce one of our great As those of us who have returned to Provi­ . But now, 20 years and the accompanying Postmasters General, but it was in this State dence College for this occasion look at what growth in economic and commercial signifi­ that rural mail delivery service was born. has been wrought here, as we meet again cance of Martinsburg have made this build­ It was John Wanamaker who, as Post­ these great· and good Dominicans who work ing a reality. It is a testimonial not only master General in 1891, first officially pro­ and teach here, as we reflect that· other in­ of the progress of Martinsburg and this sec­ posed the establishment of a national rural stitutions and other men across this coun­ tion of West Virginia, but also a sign of a delivery system. try and throughout the world are laboring larger process at work in our society-the But not until your own W. L. Wilson was in the same vineyard, then we can leave growing responsibilities of the Federal Gov­ appointed by President Cleveland to head with rehewed confidence that there are ernment and the extension of the physical the postal system were the first rural routes forces working for the triumph of good presence of the Government into such re- actually put into operation. which shall not be denied the victory. gional and local offices as this. ~ Rural mail delivery service was first estab­ In dedicating such a structure, therefore, lished in the United States from Charles it is appropriate for us to give thought to Town, Uvilla, and Halltown, W. Va., effective ·I the question of the broader purposes to which October 1, 1896. we commit not only this building but our The annual salary of each carrier on these Dedication of the U~S. Post Office Government and our society as well. routes was a meager $200. and Federal Build!ng, Martinsburg, Contrary to the presumptions of some From this humble beginning in West Vir­ critics, the increased scope of governmental ginia, the rural delivery system has pro­ W. Va. responsibilities and action is not due to an gressed to the point where it now boasts insatiable thirst for power by so-called 31,341 routes, stretching for nearly 2 million EXTENSION OF REMARKS bureaucrats. It has been due to the in­ miles across these United States, serving more than 9 million rural families. OF evitable growth in complexity of modern industrial society and to the greater num­ In West Virginia alone, your mailmen HON. JENNINGS RANDOLPH ber and variety of. problems which transcend daily cover 15,740 miles in making their OF WEST VIRGINIA State boundaries. rounds over 400 rural routes. It is our eternal debt to the wisdom of the And from this beautiful new building, the IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES founders of the Constitution that they es- Martinsburg Post Office and Federal Build­ Wednesday, January 17, 1962 tablished a framework within which the ing, these carriers will go forth each day to Federal Government might grow to meet serve the needs of nearly 2,000 families who Mr. RANDOLPH. Mr. President, on these problems without diminishing the per­ reside outside the city. October 18 last year in the city of sonal and civil liberties which animate the Free city mail delivery had its start July Martinsburg, w~ Va., Postmaster Gen- spirit of democracy.· -1, 1863, when Congress authorized the es­ eral J. Edward Day presented the princi- . We hear much today from some quarters tablishment of carrier service at offices pal address at the dedication of the new about the encroachment of the Government where the income from local postage was more thatj. sufficie~t to pay all expenses of post office and Federal building. upon these liberties. Yet a dispassionate such service. This event was the source of a sense reading of American history would reveal, · Only 49 cities met the requirements of the of deep personal gratification for me in with occasional temporary lapses, that prog­ ress in the essential civil liberties-freedom act, when free city mail delivery s~rvice went .that it represented the fulfillment of ef- of religion and of speech, freedom of the into effect. No. West Virginia communities forts which I initiated more than 20 press and assembly, and extension of the were among them. Wheeling became the . years ago when ser~ing as Representa- right to vote-has been augmented by the first city in this State to get free city mail tive from the Second Congressional Dis- Federal Government, rather than lessened. delivery service, and it began there August 1, trict of West Virginia. The construction True, the power of the Government has 1873. of this building, which was interrupted grown, especially within recent decades, and Today the Post Office Department handles by World War II, has now been com- with it gove;rnmental authority. But the some 65 billion pieces of mail a year, an pleted, and the modern facilities serve principal growth has been in control of the increase of 13 times the volume handled in a vastly altered postal system and the external conditions of our society which ren- 1890. Yet, today, we have less than 6 times der more secure the internal life and liberty as many employees as the postal service had greatly expanded business and commer- of the human spirit. in 1890. cial interests of the Martinsburg area. This then is the proper division of au­ We in the Post Office Department ~re It was a happy event for Marlin Eckerd, thority between the individual and the state, proud of the fact that the massive increase the efficient postmaster, the postal and between liberty and control. In those areas in mail volume that has occurred since those Federal employees, and the citizens of where spontaneity, creativity, and the free ~arly days has been accompanied by a corre­ this splendid city. interchange of ideas are involved, liberty sponding increase in operational efficiency. Post:t;naster General Day delivered on must reign supreme. In those areas where The design and engineering of the build­ this occasion a most interesting and en- men must be restrained from doing injury ing which we are dedicating today is indica­ to their fellows and where we are moving tive of the progress that has marked the lightening address oh the historical toward an increasing awarenel?s of our col­ postal system since the days of its incep­ highlights of the postal system. I ask lective responsibilities, the state rightfully tion, when Benjamin Franklin was tapped unanimous consent that my remarks and exercises its authority for the benefit of all. by the Continental Congress to be the first the speech by Postmaster General Day Thus, such Federal actions as maintenance Postmaster General. be printed in the RECORD. of certain mutual restraints ·in trade and When rural free delivery was established, There being no objection, the remarks economic competition, enforcement of mini­ horses and mules were the main conveyance and speech were ordered to be printed ;mum wage and working conditions, and for these routes. Today most of our rural in the RECORD, as follows: provision for the years of retirement-among carriers are motorized. However, horseback • many others-have not encroached upon, but riders still carry the mails on 68 routes in REMARKS BY SENATOR JENNINGS RANDOLPH, rather, they have enhanced the development the United States, including 3 in your DEMOCRAT, OF WEST VmGINIA, IN DEDICATION of individual freedom and the life and lib­ own State-Stouts Mills, Harmony, and Wil­ OF THE U.S. POST OFFICE AND FEDERAL erty.of the mind. It is to these values that sondale. In Alaska we even have a dog­ BUILDING, MARTINSBURG, w. VA., OCTOBER this building, our Government, and a free sled route. Elsewhere · our carriers utilize 18, 1961 society are dedicated. motorboats, helicopters, jeeps, and mailsters Postmaster General Day, Representative in covering their appointed rounds. Staggers, Mayor Golliday, Postmaster Eckerd, REMARKS OF POSTMASTER GENERAL J. EDWARD Your State m-ay lay partial claim to an­ and ladies and gentlemen, my pleasure in DAY AT THE DEDICATION OF THE U.S. POST other important forward step in the postal participating in this dedication is a par­ OFFICE AND F'EDERAL BUILDING, MARTINSBURG, .system's march of progress. ticularly keen one and more than merely w. VA., OcTOBER 18, 1961 For it was also Postmaster General Wil­ ceremonial. For this building represents the In its leading editorial of May 16, 1896, son who first instituted a policy of basing final fruition of efforts which I initiated more the New York Times said of a distinguished promotions upon merit in the Post Office than 20 years ago as Representative of the public servant: "There is not at this moment Department and in the railway mail serv­ Second District. a single man· in public life in the United ice. Unfortunately, this policy was often for- '1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 397 gotten in the decades tliat followed his ad­ money intO construction and operation of as a review of the periodicals of any era will ministration. But we.who now operate the postal facilities. show, it has been extensively exercised. Ef­ postal system have borrowed this ::>age from It . provides thousands of jobs for local forts to impose censorship, originating either Mr. Wilson's book of achievements. One of workers, building and maintaining postal within or without the Government, have our first major policy statements was that establishments. traditionally met with vigorous opposition under 'this administration all promotions to ' This is particularly true since last spring from practically all segments of our society. and within the supervisory ranks of the when President Kennedy ordered a speedup In recent months, a pattern of censorship ·postal service will be founded strictly on in post office construction and in the letting of the statements of military personnel has m erit, without regard to race, creed, color, or of postal procurement contracts in States been revealed, which, although usually sub­ political intervention. Through policies .hard hit by economic depression. tle, can only be characterized as infringe­ such as this, we hope to instill in our 580,- Through your local post office you can ment of free speech. In this instance, how­ 000 postal employees an esprit de corps un­ purchase stamps, mail letters and packages, ever, there has been lacking the usual m at ched in Government service anywhere in buy money orders, and salt away money for unanimity of protest. Indeed, some of those the world. An~ through improved morale a rainy day through the postal savings who have on previous occasions taken the and better working conditions our goal is to system. lead as champions of free speech are to be provide the A:nerican public with the finest The Post Office Department insures your found among the defenders of this censor­ service of which any postal system anywhere p ackages against breakage, guarantees-by ship. is capable. . its registered and certified mail program­ What underlies the acceptance, ·and even 'we do not plan to do it with gadgets and protected transportation of valuable docu­ defen se, of censorship in these cases? gimmicks, with rockets or coaxial cables or ments and articles, offers a cash-on-delivery Overtly, this acceptance of censorship is other departures from our basic n:1ission. service, sells duck hunting stamps and in­ based on the military status of those cen­ Our aim is steady progress rather than bally­ tern al revenue stamps for Federal taxpay­ sored. This leads, of course, to the question hoo or talk about "bouncing mail off the ments on property transfers and stocks. of whether a distinction hinged on military moon." Its Postal Inspection Service provides you status is valid at all; and if so, to what Your city has- played a historical role in with a nationwide network of the world's d egree? West Virginia's postal progress. finest law enforcement officers whose · lives The constitutional prohibitions against It was here in Martinsburg that the first are dedicated to protecting you from the suppression of free speech make no post office for what is now West Virginia schemes to defraud and other violations of distinction between citizens in and out of was established on June 30, 1792. postal laws. uniform. The protection of free speech is On that date, David Hunter was appointed In short, the Post Office serves more people exten ded equally to all citizens. Military postmaster for this community, or deputy in more ways in more communities than personnel, insofar as the Constitution is postmaster, as they were then called. does any other branch of the Federal Gov­ concerned, are subjected to no limitations In these early days the cost of mailing a ernment. other than those imposed on all citizens. letter from Martinsburg to Charleston-a This splendid new building which we are Statutory provisions dealing with free distance of 276 miles-would have been 20 dedicating here today-and others like it speech are equally nondiscriminatory' to­ cents . . By 1834, the rate had decreased to throughout the Nation-will better enable ward military personn~l. Under provisions 18% cents. However, in that same year a us to provide you with this kind of service. of the Hatch Act and related statutes, per­ full course dinner at New York's fashionable It stands as a million-dollar monument sons employed by the Federal Government Delmonico's restaurant could be purchased to American postal progress. are generally prohibited from using their of­ for only 12 cents. Of course, this was be­ We are proud of it. We know that you are ficial positions to engage in political activity, fore the advent of the postage stamp. The too. and this prohibition is, of course, applicable system then in practice was that all letter to military personnel. In the Hatch Act, mail was hand?ed c.o.d., with the addressee however, there is a specific disclaimer from footing the bill if he desired receipt of the Criteria for Free Speech for Military any prohibition of free speech in "private" letter. Personnel statements. This disclaimer reads: "All such The first post road established over West persons shall retain the right to vote as they Virginia's hills was one from Alexandria, Va., m ay ch oose and to express their opinions on by Salisbury and Leesburg, in that State, to EXTENSION OF REMARKS all political subjects and candidates." · Shepherdstown and Martinsburg. This route OF There can be little question that from a was put into effect on June 1, 1792, by an constitutional and statutory standpoint act of Congress. On June 1, 1794, Congress HON. KARL E. MUNDT there is no valid distinction between the authorized another post road here, between OF SOUTH DAKOTA rights of free speech enjoyed by civilian Martinsburg and Liberty. · IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES and military citizens. Both nationally and in your own State, Regardless of the constitutional and stat­ the postal service has come a long way since Wednesday, January 17, 1962 utory provisions, it must be recognized that W. L. Wilson was Postmaster General. Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, in the from a practical viewpoint there does exist The Post Office Department's annual re­ January 14, 1962, issue of the New York a distinction. Some of the limitations on port for the year 1896 indicates that in that the free speech of ,military personnel are year your post office took in gross receipts Times magazine section is an article necessitated by the need for disciplined amounting to only $8,878. Last year your authored by our colleague, the Senator organization, essential to an _efficient mili­ gross annual receipts totaled $342,018: from South Carolina, STROM THURMOND, tary force. These limitations are effectuated For the entire State of West Virginia, gross in which he sets forth his position on the primarily through a self-imposed sense of receipts in 1896 amounted to $1,457,407. subject of troop education in prepara­ responsibility and the sparingly used-until Last year the State's postal receipts came tion for fighting the Communists in the recently-power of control over an individ­ to $12,472,302-an increase of about 750 per­ cold war. In this article Senator THUR­ uals' military career residing in his superiors, cent. military and civilian. Sixty-five years ago, all postal workers MOND has set forth the criteria which he The limitations on the exercise of free in this State were paid a grand total salary feels should be used. His criteria do ·not speech by military personnel which have of only $77,500 a year. Your postal estab­ infringe on the right of the President t6 · arisen from practical, rather than legal, con­ lishment in this State now employs 4,658 determine foreign policy or any other siderations are shaped largely by custom and persons, who are paid an annual aggregate policy of any administration. He sets practice, and are, therefore, difficult of pre­ salary exceeding $22 million. This represents forth only criteria which all good Ameri­ cise definition. Obviously, the limitations an increase of more than 28,000 percent. cans should know so that they can rec­ fall primarily in the area of official, rather They work out of 1,330 post offices, includ­ ognize the techniques and methods of than private, statements. ing this fine new Federal building which we Not all military personnel are subject to are dedicating today. Annually your West our common enemy in the cold war the same limitations. For instance, a chap­ Virginia post offices hire about 460 new em­ which is costing the American taxpayer lain must have the greatest latitude in order ployees. We utilize a :fleet of some 254 vehi­ untold billions of dollars. to perform his mission, while a public infor­ cles in this State to serve your postal needs. I ask unanimous consent that the arti­ mation officer, who by the nature of his job . From these statistics it is easy to see that cle be printed in the RECORD . speaks officially for his service, would prob­ an important portion of your State's econ­ There being no obection, the article ably have the least latitude. The limitations omy depends upon the Post Office Depart­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, vary similarly with subject matter, for while ment and its operations here. as follows: almost any official expression on a partisan The $22 million which we pay out in political subject might be within the limi­ postal salaries in West Virginia is but a CRITERIA FOR FREE SPEECH FOR MILITARY tation, almost any nonclassified expression PERSONNEL fraction of the huge sum of money the Fed­ on a scientific subject might be untouched eral Government puts in circulation in your (By Senator STROM THURMOND) by the limitation. State. Through its post office lease pro­ WASHINGTON .-Perhaps the most jealously While it is difficult, if not impossible, to gram the Department provides local com­ regarded right of Americans is that of free define the extent of this practical and justi­ munities with much needed economic speech. Not only ·has our freedom of speech fiable limitation of the right of free speech of booster shots by putting local and Federal been but tressed with legal safeguards but, military personnel, it is possible to define 398 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE January 17 specific areas where such a limitation does military or exclusively nonmilitary. To­ . If one of these, or some similar- position, not and cannot justifiably apply. By the day's military personnel are never con­ is the moderate or middl~-0f-the-road application of such a process, it is clear that fronted by an exclusively military onslaught, course, then surely either the majority of the current widespread censorship of the for Communist thrusts are invariably a Americans or the Government policy must statements of military personnel goes far be­ mixture of closely interwoven_ and interde­ embrace such an outlook, for otherwise it ·yond justifiable limitations and, indeed, pendent moves utilizing milita11y, economic, could not be characterized as "moderate" or poses a serious threat to freedom as Amer­ political, subversive o.nd psychological meth­ "middle-of-the-road" in, comparison with icans have enjoyed it. ods. which the either/or concept would be ex­ Currently, military personnel are being For this reason the military cannot pre­ treme. subjected to prior restraints on their remarks pare exclusively to defend against military It is hard to be:tieve that a substantial por- dealing with the nature, methods and tactics attack and be successful in performing the ·tion of the American public wo,uld disagree of our enemy in the protracted confi.ict­ mission with ·which it is charged. To be with the statement that the issue facing us Sino-Soviet imperialism and the worldwide adequately prepared, our military organiza­ is whether the future will be in the image Commun ist conspiracy. A few specific ex­ tion must prepare to defend itself and our of the Western World or in the image of amples show the complete lack of justi­ country in terms of the total threat and in world communism. It is even harder to fication of such censorship. Censored and full awareness of the nature of the enemy believe that any sizable segment of the deleted from the proposed speech of one per­ and all of his devious tactics. American public would characterize this son within the Department of Defense was Only the most naive could believe that one the following statement: "There is no reason could consider the military potential of statement of the challenge facing us as to believe that the Communist conspiracy Sino-Soviet imperialism in the abstract with­ extremist or rig.htwing. It seems much will abandon its goal of world domination out taking into consideration the nature of . more likely that the third force proponent or alter the basic strategy contrived to ob­ the insidious ideology which spawns the in­ er the peaceful coexistence advocate is the tain that goal." human and barbaric tactics through which one who characterizes such censored state­ Another statement prohibited: "It [com­ its military potential is utilized. ments as extremist or rightwing radicalism. munism] represents a combination of the Even by the standards promulgated by Many reports have even gone so far as worst aspects of atheism, Hitlerism, and god­ the Department of Defense, statements on to cite the desire to make such statements less materialism." And still another state­ communism by military personnel are not as those above mentioned as evidence that ment deleted from a proposed speech was: legitimately censorable. Directives of the De­ military personnel are attempting to usurp "In fact the big question of our day is just partment of Defense prescribe that state­ civilian control of policy in our Nation. simply this: Will the future world, that is, ments by military persons should not touch Nothing could be more patently absurd. the emerging world order, be in our image, the field of partisan politics, should not con­ Civilian control over policy in our country is the image of the Western World, or will it flict with national or foreign policy, and firmly established and has never been chal­ be in the image of world communism?" should be confined to matters within the lenged in the slightest by the military. In­ These three examples are illustrative of cognizance of the Department of Defense. deed, the military traditionally has strongly the' degress of censorship which is applied From the occurrences which have taken supported civilian control over policy. At to personnel within the Department of De­ place in recent months, it is obvious that no time in our history has civilian control fense on the subject of communism. The the Department of Defense and the admin­ been more firmly entrenched than it is to­ existing pattern of censorship should and istration have so interpreted these criteria day. In postwar years, new levels of civilian must be judged on the basis of such state­ as to suppress to the maximum extent pos­ administration have been superimposed over ments as these, rather than on sloganized sible any statements of military personnel military personnel. Today in the Pentagon characterization of the statements. on the subject of communism. No matter and related buildings in Washington, there Such statements about communism are how broadly interpreted, however, these cri­ are almost 33,000 civilians, compared with not "forays into the field of partisan poli­ teria cannot legitimatize the censorship of slightly moril than 12,000 officers and enlisted tics.'' Surely at this late date there is none ·such remarks as those cited. men. among us so naive as to consider com­ Unfortunately, not all Americans have Only recently it was reported that a state­ munism a matter of political partisanship had the opportunity to judge impartially ment of the U.S. military position prepared within the United States. Even the Supreme this outbreak of censorship since news media by a civilian in the Department of Defense Court has held that the Communist Party, covering the subject have only infrequently and transmitted through the State Depart­ U.S.A., is not a political party, but rather carried the actual text of the censored re­ ment to all of our NATO allies was never an agent of a foreign power. Communism marks, although numerous examples have even transmitted down the line far enough is a false ideology, contrived to mask the been made public. All too often the news to be known to the Joint Chiefs of Staff; terroristic power lust of its leaders and their media have merely given a characterization and, according to the report, it came to the efforts to enslave humanity. of the remarks of military personnel as po­ official attention of military personnel only It is generally conceded to be inappropri­ litical remarks or the remarks of right wing when inquiries were made by the govern­ ate for military personnel to make state­ officers or as speeches of right wing· extrem­ ments of our allies to the general in com­ ments which are inconsistent with the for­ ists in the military. mand of NATO. eign policy of the United States. Were Additionally, State Department political statements such as the three I have listed If such statements as one which asserts advisers--0r should they be called political above inconsistent with or contradictory to that the goal of communism is to domi­ commissars ?-are now being assigned to the foreign policy of the United States, then nate the world constitute extremism or senior military commanders. Not only do it ls possible that censorship of such state­ rightwing radicalism, then the time has come civilians have absolute and complete control ments would be justifiable. According to to examine the standard by which such re­ over policy in our Government, but it i.s be­ the Secretary of Defense, the foreign policy marks are judged. If such a remark should ginning to appear that a case could be made of the United States can be determined be classified as extreme, what then is the that civilian personnel are now, or shortly from the statements of the President and moderate position on the Communist goal? will be implementing policy within the De­ of the Secretary of State and from policy Is it that the Communists do not intend partment of Defense. papers prepared by the National Security and strive to dominate the world? While public discussion of the threat Council. Let us examine the statement: "In fact, posed by communism can never be a substi­ My research has failed to reveal any state­ the big question of our day is simply this: tute for purposeful national policies in de­ ment by the President, or his predecessor, will the future world, that is, the emerging feating communism, general knowledge and or the Secretary of State, or his predecessors, world order, be in our image, the image of the accurate information concerning its nature, which contradict the foregoing censored Western World, or will it be in the image its purpose and its tactics can serve to build statements. Policy papers of the National of world communism?" our national strength by reducing our vul­ Security Council are, of course, classified This phrasing of the issue states the con­ nerability to Communist assaults. Suppres­ and unavailable to most military person­ flict that confronts us in an either/or con­ sion of discussion about communism, nel. Are military personnel to assume that cept. The word "extremist" is a superlative whether by censorship or by smearing those the classified policy papers of the United and indicates a position oriented far from an who discuss this subject as rightwing rad­ States conclude that there is reason to be­ objective view of the issue. What would icals or extremists, will . contribute nothing lieve that the Communist. conspiracy will be the middle-of-the-road view of the chal­ to the solution of our problems. We cannot abandon its goal? Such would have to lenge facing us compared with the above­ sweep the Communist menace under the be the case if censorship of remarks such quoted "extremist" position? Could the rug, pretend it does not exist and expect it as those aforementioned is to be justified moderate view be that there is a third alter­ to go away. on the ground that such remarks contradict native for the image of the world-perhaps Censorship and suppression of anti-Com­ in the form of an international government our national foreign policy. munist discussion may well be politically which presides over a socialistic system expedient, but it is expediency which free It should also be apparent that the threat which is conceived to lie midway between people should never tolerate. Suppression of communism is a matter within the cog­ communism and freedom? Or is the mod­ of free speech is a characteristic of dictator­ nizance of the military. The. threat which erate position one that holds that, in fact, ship, and suppression of discussion of the communism poses- is total in nature and communism and freedom can peacefully co­ Communist menace multiplies our vulnera­ cannot be characterized as either exc!usively exist? bility to that menace. 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 399 Dedication of New Facilities of- Fair­ The importance of these facilities extends coal as king. Now I see that in the ensuing well beyond this community and beyond the time new locks are under construction on mont Aluminum Co. Offers Additional families supported by them. It is important, the Monongahela River, deeper oil wells are also, in offering another sign of the vigor being drilled, new civic parking facilities Evidence of Industrial Developme~t in and foresight of Am_erican enterprise. And and even golf courses are being planned. West Virginia for those of us--and there are many-who And the new wide roads have been pushed have worked to attract new capital to West ahead and some of the hairpin curves have Virginia, it is a vindication of our faith in even been taken out. EXTENSION OF REMARKS the industrial potential of our State. I don't wish to imply that my words have OJ' The initiative and leadership exhibited by brought any of these changes about. I am the management and personnel of Fairmont simply reporting to you my observations HON. JENNINGS RANDOLPH Aluminum Co. are the sort that once served that your community and your State have OF 'WEST VIRGINIA to place West Virginia in the vanguard of not stood still. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES the fuels and minerals industries. I have Nor have we at Cerro been standing still. no doubt that the same kind of leadership When the Fairmont Aluminum Co. saw fit Wednesday, January 17, 1962 will bring our State to the fore once again to join with us in the new and growing major Mr. RANDOLPH. Mr. President, we in the future with a more diversified' and industry that is aluminum, Cerro was a firmly grounded economy. company with only 2 plants and 750 em­ are all heartened by reports in the press It is worth noting, in this respect, that no ployees in the United States. Only a third and by our own observations of the eco­ matter how dynamic and forward looking of our total sales volume was derived from nomic recovery of America during re­ our leadership at the national level, no pro­ U.S. operations. The remainder came from cent months. And, though much re­ gram of national goals will be achieved if our mines and affiliated companies in Latin mains to be done to achieve full employ­ these aims are not embraced and carried America. , ment and assure all Americans of a forth by the actions 9f indi victual men and In the intervening 5 years, Cerro has sought decent standard of living, I rejoice at the women at the community and local level. to employ its increasing economic and man­ One of the main sources of strength of the agement resources not only in Peru and progress that has been made during the American system of enterprise is that it offers Chile. It has also added, in the United past year. the flexibility and freedom for such initiative States, 7 plants and some 3,400 em­ I am particularly encouraged by the to operate. ployees, exclusive of Fairmont Aluminum. signs of economic resurgence in West We have good reason to be delighted by the More important, we have undertaken to Virginia. Among those events which of­ considerable investment in modernizing Fair­ bolster the strength, anc:L insure the sur­ fer hope for a strengthened economy of mont Aluminum's facilities here in order to vival of these plants and the welfare of our State was the dedication last Sep­ provide it with a healthy and promising their people by expanding facilities and in­ future-for itself, for the industry it serves stalling modern equipment. This has been tember of the expanded and modernized and, most important, for the community of done so these operations may move forward facilities of the Fairmont Aluminum Co., which it is such an important part: And it in a metal-fabricating industry that is each a subsidiary of the Cerro Corp. is my further hope that this may be seen as year becoming increasingly more competitive. Fairmont Aluminum Co., one of the part of a trend of other industries to expand Here at Fairmont, your citizens and your oldestrolling mills in the country, joined their facilities. resources have joined with us in undertak­ the Cerro Corp. 5 years ago. With the It is almost axiomatic these days to think ing a program of modernization and expan­ new facilities provided by the greater of our industrial development in relation to sion that we trust may permit the Fs:tirmont the unremitting contest between internation­ Aluminum Co. to stand up against its large, financial resources of Cerro, Fairmont al communism and a democratic way of life. Aluminum will be able to equal the pro- integrated competitors. I believe we will all agree that our Nation is The new facilities that you see before you , duction rate of the most modern plants more secure every time a basic industry in­ will be able to produce aluminum sheet at a in the industry. vests in new, modern plants and equipment. production rate equal to the best in the in­ It was my privilege to speak at the for, although hotspots will continue to dustry. The quality of product should set dedicatory ceremonies, which were also flare up in the cold war, the fundamental new standards. The location of West Vir­ addressed extemporaneously by Repre­ and underlying struggle with the Soviet Un­ ginia in the aluminum sheet market, the ion will, we pray, remain largely political, skills and training of the Fairmont area, sentatives CLEVELAND M. BAILEY and ideological. and economic. ARCH A. MooRE. I ask unanimous con­ and our own resources, have all combined to If this be so, a central factor in our even­ strengthen this organization and give it new sent that my remarks and the principal tual success in the conflict will be our vigor. speech by Robert P. Koenig, president of capacity to maintain the industrial and However, the changes made here and the the Cerro Corp., be printed in the economic development necessary to supply objective that we envision in the aluminum RECORD. the increasing needs of our own people and industry must be seen in their proper per­ There being no objection, the remarks also help bring the emergent nations into spective. Since Fairmont originally entered freedom and independence. the industry, and even after Cerro joined and -speech were ordered to be printed Though it is--only one aluminum plant of in the RECORD, as fallows: Fairmont Aluminum, there have been a suc­ the substantial number in the United States, cession of changes in the industry which EXCERPTS FROM REMARKS BY SENATOR JEN­ this expanded Fairmont facility has its part, today still confront us with big problems NINGS RANDOLPH AT THE DEDICATION OF THE and an important one, to contribute in this and leave us with questions that must be MODERNIZED AND EXPANDED SHEET MILL OF great power struggle. And we know that, answered before we can consider this expan- THE FAIRMONT ALUMINUM Co., FAIRMONT, through modernization, the Fairmont Alu­ . sion successful. w. VA., SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 1961 minum Co.. is assured more years of pros­ perous and productive life. This is our Let me take a few moments of your time This is an auspicious moment in the eco­ to review a bit of the history and comment nomic and industrial life of Fairmont and wish-and with it we extend our congratula­ tions. on a few of the problems that have developed West Virginia. in this industry and that must be solved in This dedication is the culmination of a one way or another. modernization and expansion program of FAIRMONT DEDICATION ADDRESS BY ROBERT P. the Fairmont Aluminum Co.'s sheet mill KOENIG, SEPTEMBER 30, 1961 THE CHANGING ALUMINUM INDUSTRY which represents a new capital investment During the years I have been coming to In 1920, the city of Fairmont saw its first of well over $8 million. Fairmont, I have been struck by the new nonferrous metal venture, a brass mill that I am privileged to share your pride in this attitude that has taken over among these never operated and was converted 6 years complete and modern facility, and in the rolling hills. Where once there seemed to later into aluminum rolling to become the . impressive array of production equipment be an air of inertia and resignation to eco­ Fairmont Aluminum Co. Over the ensuing which has been brought to this community. nomic fate, there now has entered a restless 35 years which encompass Fairmont's par­ A pledge has here been fulfilled to make spirit. The people of Fairmont and its ticipation in aluminum-for this is Fair­ this establishment thoroughly competitive neighboring communities have taken on a mont's 35th anniversary-the industry has in th~ aluminum industry. And, in so doing, determination to lift themselves up from the gone through a series of rather distinct Fairmont Aluminum Co. and its parent or­ doldrum~ brought about by shifts in the phases. ganization have also registered their faith coal industry. For the first 13 years, there was a period in the people of this section and in the Some months ago I had the pleasure of of gradual g:-:owth. The number of com­ future economic and industrial development speaking before a meeting of the Fairmont panies in the industry was limited to a of our State. Regional Development Committee. At that handful, all dominated by one large concern Not. only has this reliable firm been re­ time I noted the need for improved roads that was largely responsible for pioneering vitalized, but, also, it has been placed in and other transportation facilities in the the industry. These companies developed a stronger position to supply an even larger area, that, along with other steps, would new markets and gradually extended the portion of West' Virginia's and the Nation's serve to stimulate industrial development . use of the light, bright, formable metal into needs in the future. and help fill the gap left by the passing of all sorts of new uses. 400 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE January 17 This first period was terminated in 1939, of profit margir..s for fabricated products. tion that must be taken in its manufacture, with the outbreak of war in Europe and its Prices have been cut again and again both it has been priced far below the reasonable gradual spread to our own shores. The half otficially and unotficially by big producers economic level that allows the fabricator to decade of World War II saw a period of emer­ and small, with the result that few of the obtain a proper profit. And the burden of gency growth in aluminum, a-; both primary companies are earning an adequate return this special price has fallen on the smaller refining facilities and fabricating plants were for their stockholders. Some are finding it nonintegrated producer, because he must ob­ expanded to meet the extraordinary needs ditficult if not impossible to meet their in­ tain all of his profit from transforming the of the defense effort. terest and amortization on borrowed funds. purchased ingot or reroll stock into the end Then, with the relatively abrupt cessation For example, one of the large primary pro­ sheet product. of arms production, the demand for alumi­ ducers in 1955 returned in operating profits I could cite other examples of such price num sank to a mere fraction of its wartime before taxes 20 percent on its net assets; in cutting, but there are other devices used by output and only a very farsighted few pre­ 1960, the return was only about 4Y2 percent. the major aluminum producers which also dicted anything but glut and vast unneeded For the small nonintegrated producer, the threaten the survival of the nonintegrated capacity for the wonder metal from which situation is far more serious, to the point producer and therefore deserve mention. our giant airfleets had been !'armed. where many have been caught on the hip and One such device is the use of special credit However, by the Korean war in 1950, pes­ have had either to sell out or to close their terms to certain customers. Payment for simism in the aluminum industry had doors. most aluminum products is required 1 month rapidly disappeared, and the original primary Among the principal controllable causes after material is shipped. However, for cer­ U.S. producer had been joined by two others of the situation has been the compulsive tain products like furniture tubing, large that were growing with dazzling speed. The expansion from which, particularly major producers have instituted 3-month payment new period of post-World War II growth was aluminum companies, seem to suffer. Their. terms. This is clearly an enticement to off to a phenomenal start, sparked by the eyes are bigger than their stomachs, and buy-most buyers are interested in operating sudden defense needs of the Korean con­ their insatiable appetites for markets beyond with their suppliers' money. However, most flict. their economic reach carries suicidal impli- smaller companies that sell in these fields Action . by the Government in the early cations. · do not have the financial resources to otrer 1950's in the form of ~ccelerated tax write­ Examples of this phenomenon of expansion similar terms. If they try, they place them- offs, favorable power contracts, guaranteed simply for the sake of expansion are found selves in financial jeopardy. . loans, and so-called put contracts brought in in the manufacturing of building siding and In certain of the areas mentioned above, new producers of primary metal and ex­ sheet for the can industry. In both of these minor corrective action has been started panded fabricating facilities. By the end we hear strident publicity from all sides by one or more of the major produc.ers. of the first postwar decade in 1956, there about the rapid future growth of aluminum. The chaotic schedule of prices for special were five primary aluminum companies in Yet, the price of this growth can be absurd. sheet products has in recent- weeks been this country alone-Alcoa, Reynolds, Kaiser, Let me illustrate. modified to some minor extent. A tiny Anaconda, and Ormet (a combining of For those of you unfamiliar with the in­ step in the right direction has been taken Revere and Olin) . These ft ve were joined dustry, refining of primary aluminum into but it is only a start. ' ingot is the first stage in which the metal by Harvey later in the decade. All of these THE INGOT VICE are integrated, l"'l that they fabricate a becomes recognizable. The ingots are the major portion of their primary metal out­ raw material from which the independent The companies that produce aluminum put. fabricators-sheet rerollers, extruders, cast­ in its various stages, starting with bauxite The breathtaking, if at times erratic, ad­ ing shops and so on-generally obtain their and running through primary ingot to the vance of aluminum in all its manJ forms be­ raw material. highly fabricated items, hold the whip hand gan to falter, and with it quickly faded the Aluminum ingot until last week sold for over their smaller and less powerful breth­ impressive profit margins and phenomenal 26 cents per pound: yet certain primary ren. The latter E'..re forced to buy from growth rates of a decade. The trend of ever­ companies who are integrated in the fabri­ these producers the ingot from which they increasing production figures broke at a cating field are selling at 28 cents per pound must fabricate their products-at the same time when the new facilities and the new metal that has been cast from pig into rolling time, they must compete in the marketplace producers were just starting production and ingots, then rolled down ln a serres of com­ for business for their finished products. concentrating their efforts on building sales plex operations into coiled sheet. That this Thus, the destinies of the small companies to turn to account the staggering capital sheet can be processed and carry its share are closely con.trolled by the integrated costs of their new :.efineries and mills. of operating, overhead and sales costs, let producers, who have it in their power Clearly, the industry was in a fourth and alone depreciation, for 2 cents per pound is to set the prices at which the small com­ new phase. This phase has lasted for the fantastic; but this is the price at which panies must buy as well as the maximum past 5 years-we are in it today. primary producers are offering rolled alumi­ price at which they can sell. In this light, It has been a time of intense competition; num stock to th'.:: large eontainer manufac­ it is noteworthy that the price of aluminum it has also been a time of continuing growth turers. ingot is today the same as it was 5 years for the industry. But this growth has been From our experience at Fairmont, we know ago. For sheet aluminum, however, the in sales volume and not in profits; and even that it Js impossible to roll and ship any type selling prices are by no means as high as volume has advanced at a greatly reduced of aluminum sheet to a customer for 2 cents they were 5 years, or even 4. years ago, since rate. per pound over the metal cost and still pay the horde of special price arrangements on The many new sheet producers-there are overhead, much less earn a: profit. What one commodity or another has reduced the now 29 fabricators, excluding a number of justification do primary producers find for average price sharply. At the same time, captive sheet mills, compared with 6 in invading the can field on this basis? the special cut prices on such items as can 1946-have not been the sole factors in The argument is advanced that this is be­ stock have caused buyers to demand similar changing the conditions of the industry. ing done to promote the market for alu­ prices for material, modified only slightly, Not only has the tremendous demand for minum. However, in the long run such further eroding the average selling price. goods and servicP.s brought on by war and practices can only have detrimental effects, Parenthetically, the big companies are the postwar boom been partially satisfied, since they destroy the logical pricing basis the ones that, at the bargaining table, set but the capacity of competing materials to for all the products of the aluminum sheet the pattern for basic labor rate increases produce has also grown to a point where it industry. The fabfrcating end of the busi­ for the whole industry. In this manner, they has far surpassed demand. No longer do ness should show a profit based on the mar­ influence another important aspect of the steel, glass, copper, and zinc remain inert gin between the selling price of the sheet welfare of the smaller nonintegrated pro­ to the penetrations of aluminum into their and the buying price of raw metal. The ducer. own bailiwicks-they have learned to fight recent reduction in the price of primary In short, the large producers can take back. And on top of this reaction by com­ metal is a trend in the right direction, but their.profit on the pig and let the little guy peting materials has come the rising import the spread is still insutficient to cover the worry about ~trying to make a profit on the of aluminum products from other indus­ costs of rolling. fabricated products. Fairmont has been one trialized countries of the world. Other such commodity pricing schemes are of these little guys, and that is the reason This combination of circumstances by it­ rife in the sheet fabricating industry until it has been essential that we improve our self does not fully explain the condition of it has become an economic "Alice in Wonder­ position. It has depended too much on a the aluminum industry of today. Automa­ land." high degree of responsibility and economic tion of facilities, about which all of us hear Coiled siding sheet, which is the aluminum maturity on the part of the integrated so much, has also ~ome to aluminum and strip material used to fabricate the siding aluminum producers-responsibility and brought with it the desirab111ty of maintain­ that we are beginning to see on many new maturity that, unfortunately at present, ap­ ing high production rates at r.lmost any price homes, has been handled similarly. Its price pear to be lacking. in order to try and make the new equipment has been cut to the point where profit mar­ One move that Cerro, and consequently pay off. This factor has been one of the gins on the production of the sheet are non­ Fairmont,, has taken toward greater inde­ major causes of the profitless prosperity that existent. Without dwelling on technical de­ pendence was participation in Alroll, the has descended on the aluminum fabricating tails, siding stock is a product that requires aluminum hot rolling mill venture at industry. special manufacturing care to insure that it Oswego, N.Y., in conjunction with three PROFITLESS PROSPERITY is straight and that its width is held within other major North American metal com­ The principal problem of all aluminum very close margins. It is also specially panies. This undertaking is designed to manufacturers 1s the relentless deterioration packed. Notwithstanding the extra atten- supply reroll stock-like the heavy gage 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 401 coils you see over there-to our new tandem remain outside the umbrella of the fixed I have dwelt long enough on the problems cold mill here at Fairmont. The joint mill ingot price, which the primary companies that confront the aluminum industry and, will, of course, similarly supply mills of maintain; at the same time it would have therefore,. affect the citizens of Fairmont. other participants. to thrust its way through the economic jun­ We of Cerro are proud to be part, of convert­ We are also studying, together with an­ gle of end product pricing created by these ing one of the Nation's original aluminum other important. nonferrous metal fabri­ same companies. fabricators into one of its most modern. cator, the feasibility of building our own Perhaps it is time for the integrated For myself and my associates> let me extend primary aluminum reduction plant in the aluminum producers to examine their pres­ a note of sincere thanks to all of you that State of Oregon. Access to its own primary ent pricing policies in view of the narrow have helped make this project possible. We ingot supply clearly would put Fairmont in profit margins from which most aluminum a more favorable position, by freeing it from are also grateful to those of you who have one end of the economic vise in which in­ producers, large and small alike, are suffer­ taken the time to come here today to par­ dependent fabricators find themselves. ing. It is time that action be taken to re­ ticipate in an occasion that, to us, is very Barring such moves which Cerro's access turn an adequate reward to stockholders. significant. As you can see, we are trying to long-term capital may · make possible, Accordingly, I suggest that the primary to do our part to strengthen the industrial Fairmont will continue to fight an uphill aluminum producers return to a sound and foundations of Fairmont and of West Vir­ battle against the pricing policies that have just pricing schedule for semifabricated ginia in keeping with the new spirit that been foisted upon the industry. It would products. we find here.

Senate be dispensed with and that it, whether some arrangement can be made SENATE with the accompanying document, be re­ either today or tomorrow. We have pre­ f erred to the Committee on Appropria­ viously discussed this matter. As soon THURSDAY, JANUARY 18, 1962 tions. as we can make such an arrangement, The Senate met at 12 o'clock merid­ The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob­ if one is possible, we shall notify the ian, and was called to order by the Vice jection to the request of the Senator Senate, so that the Members will be able President. from Montana? The Chair hears none, to prepare themselves accordingly. The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown · and it is so ordered. I wish to thank the Senator from New Harris, D.D., offered the· following Hampshire for calling this matter to the prayer: attention of the leadership. I as.sure him LIMITATION OF DEBATE DURING that we shall give it immediate consid­ Eternal God, our Father, we are con­ MORNING HOUR eration and shall try to work out an scious that we spend our years as a tale Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I agreement, if possible, so that every that is told, and told quickly. ask unanimous consent that statements Member can be informed about when Yesterday the thought of those chosen in connection with the morning hour be the vote on the bill will be taken. to sit in this Chamber- was "in memo­ limited to 3 minutes. I understand there is at least one riam," as the dedicated public service The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob­ amendment at the desk, and there may of one whose work is done here was jection, it is so ordered. be others. passed in grateful review in a panorama r have heard rumors that a motion to of vanished yesterdays. recommit may be made, but r do not As gaps appear in the ranks of pa­ COMMITTEE MEETING DURING know anything about it. However. we triotism, no matter how pure and un­ SENATE SESSION shall try to work out all these things defiled, even in the sadness of farewell On request of Mr. HUMPHREY, and by when the Senator from Illinois and I get may those who remain hear- Thy voice unanimous consent, the Internal Secu­ together with the Senator from Tennes­ calling to march forward,. to work while rity Subcommittee of' the Committee on see [Mr. GoREJ, the Senator from Illi­ it is called day, to fill sunny hours with the Judiciary was authorized to meet nois EMr. DouGLAsJ, the Senator from labor, knowing that the night cometh during the session of the Senate today. Delaware [Mr. WILLIAMS]~ and other when no man can work. Senators who are very much interested In these tense days, whose decisions in this proposed legislation. are molding the far future, make our LEGISLATIVE PROGRAM-THE DU Mr. COTTON. Probably before the national leaders calm and serene be­ PONT TAX BILL plane leaves late this afternoon we shall cause they are anchored in Thy truth, know whether it will be reasonably safe though ringed about with lies. May the Mr. COTTON. Mr. President, I should for us to leave then or whether it would courage of the prophets be in their souls. like to ask a brief question of the dis­ be wise for us to remain. We ask it in the dear Redeemer's tinguished majority leader. I find my­ Mr. MANSFIELD. I hope so, although name. Amen. self-and I suspect that some other Sen­ I cannot guarantee anythfng in that ators do-in a situation in which, over connection. But if not tod~ay. we shall the months, I have been receiving many try to do it tomorrow. THE JOURNAL letters about the Du Pont bill from per­ Mr. COTTON. Tomorrow would be On request of Mr. MANSFIELD, and by sons in my State. I do not feel that I too late for me. should miss voting either one way or the unanimous consent, the reading of the other on the question of passage of this Mr. MANSFIELD. I shall try to do Journal of the proceedings of Wednes­ what I can before then. day, January 17, 1962, was dispensed bill. There have been rumors that a motion Mr. COTTON. I thank the Senator with. to recommit the bill or a motion to lay from Montana. it on the table might be made, in order MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT to bring this matter to a head. EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, Messages in writing from the Presi­ I have speaking engagements in New ETC. dent of the United States were commu­ Hampshire tomorrow; but I would can­ nicated to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one cel them instantly if I thought that nec­ The VICE PRESIDENT laid befo:re of his secretaries. essary in order to be able to participate the Senate. the following letters, which in the vote on the Du Pont bill. were referred as indicated: Can either the maj.ority leader or the REPORT ON AGREEMENT WITH AUSTRALIA, THE BUDGET-MESSAGE FROM THE minority leader state whether it will be RELATING TO SPACE PR.OGRAM PRESIDENT safe for some of us to leave following A Iet-ter from the Administrator, National Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, the the session today, or whether we should Aeronautics and Space Administration, President of-the United States has trans­ remain? Washington, D.C., reporting, ::'>Ursuant to law. on cooperative agreements with the mitted to the Senate today the budget Mr. MANSFIELD. I shall be de­ Government of the Commonwealth of Aus­ for fiscal year 1983, which is now being lighted to comment on that matter. It tralia for the establishment and operation read in the House. In view of that fact, is the intention of the distinguished mi­ of various tracking facilities. at Woomera, I ask unanimous consent that the read­ nority leader, the Senator from Illinois Australia; to the Committee on Aeronauti­ ing of the letter of transmittal in the [Mr. DIRKSEN J and myself to ascertain cal and Space Sciences. CVIII--26