Placental Mammals TE Activity Comparing Footprints, P

17 Birds and Mammals Compression guide: To shorten instruction because of time limitations, Chapter Planning Guide omit Sections 2, 4, and 5. OBJECTIVES LABS, DEMONSTRATIONS, AND ACTIVITIES TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES PACING • 135 min pp. 440–447 SE Start-up Activity, p. 441 g OSP Parent Letter ■ Chapter Opener CD Student Edition on CD-ROM CD Guided Reading Audio CD ■ TR Chapter Starter Transparency* VID Brain Food Video Quiz Section 1 Characteristics of Birds TE Activity Light as a Feather, p. 442 g OSP Lesson Plans (also in print) b • Describe two kinds of feathers. TE Group Activity Constructing Feathers, p. 443 TR Bellringer Transparency* • Describe how a bird’s diet, breathing, muscles, and TE Demonstration Observing Bird Bones, TR L60 The Digestive System of a Bird* skeleton help it fly. p. 445 ◆ g TR L61 Flight Adaptations of Birds: A* g • Explain how lift works. TE Activity Jump Up and Down, p. 445 TR L62 Flight Adaptations of Birds: B* • Describe how birds raise their young. SE Model-Making Lab What? No Dentist Bills?, TR LINK TO PHYSICAL SCIENCE P27 Wing Design p. 468 ◆ g and Lift* CRF Datasheet for Chapter Lab* CD Science Tutor PACING • 45 min pp. 448–451 TE Activity Raptors, p. 450 g OSP Lesson Plans (also in print) Section 2 Kinds of Birds LB Labs You Can Eat Why Birds of a Beak Eat TR Bellringer Transparency* Together* g g Identify the differences between flightless birds, SE Internet Activity, p. 449 • g water birds, perching birds, and birds of prey. SE Science in Action Math, Social Studies, and CRF SciLinks Activity* Language Arts Activities, pp. 474–75 g CD Science Tutor

PACING • 45 min pp. 452–455 SE Quick Lab Diaphragm Demo, p. 453 g OSP Lesson Plans (also in print) Section 3 Characteristics of Mammals CRF Datasheet for Quick Lab* TR Bellringer Transparency* p. 453 g • Explain how early mammals lived. TE Activity Offspring Number, CD Science Tutor p. 454 ◆ b • Describe seven common characteristics TE Activity Comparing Skulls, of mammals.

PACING • 45 min pp. 456–463 TE Connection Activity Archeology, p. 456 g OSP Lesson Plans (also in print) Section 4 Placental Mammals TE Activity Comparing Footprints, p. 459 a TR Bellringer Transparency* TE Real Life, p. 460 g CD • Explain how placental mammals develop. Connection Activity Science Tutor SE Funky Monkey, • Give an example of each type of placental mammal. Connection to Language Arts p. 462 g LB Long-Term Projects & Research Ideas Look Who’s Coming to Dinner* a

PACING • 45 min pp. 464–467 TE Group Activity Amphibious Mammals, OSP Lesson Plans (also in print) g Section 5 Monotremes and Marsupials p. 464 TR Bellringer Transparency* TE Connection Activity Anthropology, p. 464 a CD • Describe the difference between monotremes and Science Tutor marsupials. SE Connection to Environmental Science Pouches in Peril, p. 465 g • Name the two kinds of monotremes. TE Math, p. 467 g • Give three examples of marsupials. Connection Activity • Explain why many marsupials are endangered or extinct. PACING • 90 min CHAPTER REVIEW, ASSESSMENT, AND Online and Technology Resources STANDARDIZED TEST PREPARATION CRF Vocabulary Activity* g SE Chapter Review, pp. 470–471 g CRF Chapter Review* ■ g CRF Chapter Tests A* ■ g, B* a, C* s Visit go.hrw.com for This CD-ROM package includes: SE Standardized Test Preparation, pp. 472–473 g access to Holt Online • Lab Materials QuickList Software • ExamView® Test Generator CRF Standardized Test Preparation* g Learning, or enter the • Holt Calendar Planner • Interactive Teacher’s Edition CRF Performance-Based Assessment* g keyword HL7 Home • Customizable Lesson Plans • Holt PuzzlePro® OSP Test Generator, Test Item Listing for a variety of free • Printable Worksheets • Holt PowerPoint® Resources online resources.

439A Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals KEY CRF Chapter Resource File SS Science Skills Worksheets IT Interactive Textbook OSP One-Stop Planner MS Math Skills for Science Worksheets * Also on One-Stop Planner SE Student Edition LB Lab Bank CD CD or CD-ROM ◆ Requires advance prep TE Teacher Edition TR Transparencies VID Classroom Video/DVD ■ Also available in Spanish

SKILLS DEVELOPMENT RESOURCES SECTION REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT STANDARDSCORRELATIONS CORRELATION SE Pre-Reading Activity, p. 440 g National Science OSP Science Puzzlers, Twisters & Teasers* g Education Standards UCP 2, 5; SAI 1; ST 2; LS 1a, 3c, 5b

CRF Directed Reading A* ■ b, B* s SE Reading Checks, pp. 443, 444, 446 g UCP 1, 2, 5; LS 1a, 1d, 2a, 3a, IT Interactive Textbook* Struggling Readers TE Homework, p. 442 b 3b, 3c, 5a, 5b; Chapter Lab: CRF Vocabulary and Section Summary* ■ g TE Homework, p. 445 g UCP 2, 5; SAI 1; LS 1a, 1d SE Reading Strategy Prediction Guide, p. 442 g TE Reteaching, p. 446 b TE Reading Strategy Prediction Guide, p. 444 g TE Quiz, p. 446 g TE Inclusion Strategies, p. 444 TE Alternative Assessment, p. 446 a SE Math Practice Flying Far, p. 445 g SE Section Review,* p. 447 ■ g TE Support for English Language Learners, p. 445 CRF Section Quiz* ■ g CRF Directed Reading A* ■ b, B* s SE Reading Checks, pp. 449, 450 g UCP 5; LS 1a, 3a, 3b, 3c, 5a, 5b IT Interactive Textbook* Struggling Readers TE Reteaching, p. 450 b CRF Vocabulary and Section Summary* ■ g TE Quiz, p. 450 g SE Reading Strategy Discussion, p. 448 g TE Alternative Assessment, p. 450 g TE Inclusion Strategies, p. 449 SE Section Review,* p. 451 ■ g TE Support for English Language Learners, p. 449 CRF Section Quiz* ■ g CRF Directed Reading A* ■ b, B* s SE Reading Checks, pp. 453, 455 g UCP 5; LS 1a, 1d, 2a, 3a, 3b, IT Interactive Textbook* Struggling Readers TE Homework, p. 453 a 3c, 5a CRF Vocabulary and Section Summary* ■ g TE Reteaching, p. 454 b SE Reading Strategy Reading Organizer, p. 452 g TE Quiz, p. 454 g TE Reading Strategy Paired Summarizing, p. 453 b TE Alternative Assessment, p. 455 g TE Support for English Language Learners, p. 453 SE Section Review,* p. 455 ■ g CRF Section Quiz* ■ g CRF Directed Reading A* ■ b, B* s SE Reading Checks, pp. 457, 458, 461, 462 g UCP 5; LS 1a, 1d, 2a, 3a, 3c, 5a IT Interactive Textbook* Struggling Readers TE Homework, p. 457, 459, 461 a CRF Vocabulary and Section Summary* ■ g TE Reteaching, p. 462 b SE Reading Strategy Brainstorming, p. 456 g TE Quiz, p. 462 g TE Support for English Language Learners, p. 457 TE Alternative Assessment, p. 462 b CRF Reinforcement Worksheet Mammals Are Us* b SE Section Review,* p. 463 ■ g CRF Section Quiz* ■ g CRF Directed Reading A* ■ b, B* s SE Reading Checks, pp. 465, 466 g UCP 5; SPSP 5; LS 1a, 1d, 2a, IT Interactive Textbook* Struggling Readers TE Reteaching, p. 466 b 3a, 3c, 5a, 5c CRF Vocabulary and Section Summary* ■ g TE Quiz, p. 466 g SE Reading Strategy Paired Summarizing, p. 464 g TE Alternative Assessment, p. 466 b TE Reading Strategy Prediction Guide, p. 465 b SE Section Review,* p. 467 ■ g TE Support for English Language Learners, p. 465 CRF Section Quiz* ■ g CRF Critical Thinking A Puzzling Piece of Paleontology* a

Classroom Classroom Holt Lab Generator Videos CD-ROMs CD-ROM www.scilinks.org Maintained by the National Check out Current Science • Lab Videos demonstrate • Guided Reading Audio CD Search for any lab by topic, standard, Science Teachers Association. articles and activities by the chapter lab. (Also in Spanish) difficulty level, or time. Edit any lab See Chapter Enrichment pages visiting the HRW Web site • Brain Food Video Quizzes • Interactive Explorations to fit your needs, or create your own that follow for a complete list at go.hrw.com. Just type help students review the • Virtual Investigations labs. Use the Lab Materials QuickList of topics. in the keyword HL5CS17T. chapter material. • Visual Concepts software to customize your lab materials list. • Science Tutor

Chapter 17 • Chapter Planning Guide 439B 17 Chapter Resources

Visual Resources

CHAPTER STARTER BELLRINGER TRANSPARENCY TRANSPARENCIES TEACHING TRANSPARENCIES

Birds and Mammals BELLRINGER TRANSPARENCY

Birds and Mammals CHAPTER STARTER The Digestive System of a Bird Birds and Mammals Birds and Mammals TEACHING TRANSPARENCY Flight Adaptations of Birds: A Would You Believe...? Section: Characteristics of Birds What are some ways that birds are beneficial to Would it surprise you to know that the Then in 1998, Chinese scientists pigeons in your schoolyard are related to discovered fossils of true dinosaurs that people? Are birds ever harmful or annoying? velociraptors? A pigeon’s waddling gait had wings and feathers. These feathers might not make you think of the fierce share some characteristics of modern Where and when do you most often see birds in prehistoric animal, but most biologists bird feathers. So far, no one knows how your daily life? now agree that birds are descendants feathers might have helped the of dinosaurs. dinosaurs. Their wings were too short The first piece of evidence to link for flight. The feathers may have been Write your observations in your science journal. reptiles and birds was the fossil of insulation against cold. Or maybe males Most birds have large eyes Archaeopteryx (ark ee AHP tuhr iks). used them to attract female dinosaurs. and excellent eyesight. Archaeopteryx fossils were first discov- The discovery of these winged dino- Large eyes allow birds to ered in Germany almost 150 years ago. saurs helped to convince some scientists see objects and food from Like a dinosaur, Archaeopteryx had that birds are descendants of dinosaurs. a distance. Some birds, such as hawks and eagles, heavy bones and teeth, but like a bird, A few scientists go even further. They say can see 8 times better it had feathered wings. the dinosaurs never went extinct because than humans can see! Many scientists were skeptical about birds are dinosaurs. the link between dinosaurs and birds. For You’ll learn more about birds in this one thing, some research suggested that chapter. You’ll also learn about another Archaeopteryx wasn’t a true dinosaur. group of vertebrates—mammals. Section: Kinds of Birds What traits do you think scientists use to classify animals as birds? Would you guess that flying is the Lung Air sacs

Archaeopteryx only characteristic? If so, remember that moths, Intestine fossil bats, and flying squirrels also fly, but they are not

Birds have a rapidly beating heart.

birds. Why do you think scientists don’t classify Gizzard The heart pumps a fast, steady them as birds? Can you think of any animals that do stream of oxygen-rich blood to the Winged flight muscles. In small birds, the

Crop Birds have special organs called air dinosaur fossils not fly but are classified as birds? What traits are heart beats almost 1,000 times a sacs attached to their lungs. The air minute! (Your heart beats about used to classify these flightless animals as birds? sacs store air. Because of the stored 70 times a minute.) air, a bird’s lungs have a continuous supply of air—whether the bird is

TEACHING TRANSPARENCY TEACHING inhaling or exhaling. Record your thoughts in your science journal.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

CONCEPT MAPPING TEACHING TRANSPARENCIES TRANSPARENCY

Birds and Mammals TEACHING TRANSPARENCY Wing Design and Lift Fluids Forces in Birds and Mammals CONCEPT MAPPING Flight Adaptations of Birds: B Use the following terms to complete the concept map below: precocial, a diaphragm, mammary glands, birds, mammals, down feathers, contour feathers Wing shape is related to how a bird flies. Short,

rounded wings allow c a a bird to quickly pushes the wing upward. air downward. So, the of the wing forces design is that the shape Another feature of wing speed below the wing. than the air wing is greater that the air speed above Airplane wings are made so turn, drop, and pull up, much like the way a fighter plane moves. Long, narrow wings are best have have for soaring, just as a glider does. body hair

Bird skeletons are which are classified as compact and strong. Some of the vertebrae, ribs, and hipbones are fused together. For this insulate reason, bird skeletons are more rigid than those of other verte- altricial brates. A rigid skeleton allows a bird to move its wings power- fully and efficiently. Birds that fly have powerful flight if they are if they are muscles that move active when helpless when the wings. These b they hatch they hatch

Keel utes to lift. is an upward force that contrib- difference in pressure. The result a difference in air speed means According to Bernoulli’s principle, muscles are attached to a large breast- bone called a keel. The keel anchors the flight muscles. It allows the bird to flap its wings with force and speed. TEACHING TRANSPARENCY TEACHING Cross supports Birds have hollow bones. So, birds have much lighter skeletons than other vertebrates do. The bones have thin cross supports that give strength, much like the cross supports of many bridges.

Planning Resources

LESSON PLANS PARENT LETTER TEST ITEM LISTING

TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE TEST ITEM LISTING SAMPLE SAMPLE The World of Science SAMPLE Lesson Plan Dear Parent, Section: Waves MULTIPLE CHOICE Your son's or daughter's science class will soon begin exploring the chapter entitled “The 1. A limitation of models is that World of Physical Science.” In this chapter, students will learn about how the scientific a. they are large enough to see. Pacing b. they do not act exactly like the things that they model. method applies to the world of physical science and the role of physical science in the Regular Schedule: with lab(s):2 days without lab(s):2 days c. they are smaller than the things that they model. world. By the end of the chapter, students should demonstrate a clear understanding of the d. they model unfamiliar things. Block Schedule: with lab(s): 1 1/2 days without lab(s): 1 day chapter’s main ideas and be able to discuss the following topics: Answer: B Difficulty: I Section: 3 Objective: 2 This CD-ROM includes all of the 2. The length 10 m is equal to Objectives 1. physical science as the study of energy and matter (Section 1) a. 100 cm. c. 10,000 mm. 1. Relate the seven properties of life to a living organism. b. 1,000 cm. d. Both (b) and (c) 2. the role of physical science in the world around them (Section 1) resources shown here and the 2. Describe seven themes that can help you to organize what you learn about Answer: B Difficulty: I Section: 3 Objective: 2 biology. 3. careers that rely on physical science (Section 1) 3. To be valid, a hypothesis must be a. testable. c. made into a law. 3. Identify the tiny structures that make up all living organisms. 4. the steps used in the scientific method (Section 2) b. supported by evidence. d. Both (a) and (b) following time-saving tools: 4. Differentiate between reproduction and heredity and between metabolism Answer: B Difficulty: I Section: 3 Objective: 2 1 and homeostasis. 5. examples of technology (Section 2) 4. The statement "Sheila has a stain on her shirt" is an example of a(n) a. law. c. observation. 6. how the scientific method is used to answer questions and solve problems (Section 2) National Science Education Standards Covered b. hypothesis. d. prediction. Answer: B Difficulty: I Section: 3 Objective: 2 LSInter6: Cells have particular structures that underlie their functions. 7. how our knowledge of science changes over time (Section 2) • Lab Materials QuickList 5. A hypothesis is often developed out of LSMat1: Most cell functions involve chemical reactions. 8. how models represent real objects or systems (Section 3) a. observations. c. laws. b. experiments. d. Both (a) and (b) LSBeh1:Cells store and use information to guide their functions. 9. examples of different ways models are used in science (Section 3) Answer: B Difficulty: I Section: 3 Objective: 2 Software UCP1:Cell functions are regulated. 10. the importance of the International System of Units (Section 4) 6. How many milliliters are in 3.5 kL? SI1: Cells can differentiate and form complete multicellular organisms. a. 3,500 mL c. 3,500, 000 mL 11. the appropriate units to use for particular measurements (Section 4) b. 0.0035 mL d. 35,000 mL PS1: Species evolve over time. Answer: B Difficulty: I Section: 3 Objective: 2 • Customizable lesson plans ESS1: The great diversity of organisms is the result of more than 3.5 billion years 12. how area and density are derived quantities (Section 4) 7. A map of Seattle is an example of a of evolution. a. law. c. model. b. theory. d. unit. ESS2: Natural selection and its evolutionary consequences provide a scientific Answer: B Difficulty: I Section: 3 Objective: 2 explanation for the fossil record of ancient life forms as well as for the striking Questions to Ask Along the Way • Holt Calendar Planner molecular similarities observed among the diverse species of living organisms. 8. A lab has the safety icons shown below. These icons mean that you should wear You can help your son or daughter learn about these topics by asking interesting questions a. only safety goggles. c. safety goggles and a lab apron. ST1: The millions of different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms such as the following: b. only a lab apron. d. safety goggles, a lab apron, and gloves. that live on Earth today are related by descent from common ancestors. Answer: B Difficulty: I Section: 3 Objective: 2 • The powerful • ST2: The energy for life primarily comes from the sun. What are some surprising careers that use physical science? 9. The law of conservation of mass says the tot al mass before a chemical change is a. more than the total mass after the change. SPSP1: The complexity and organization of organisms accommodates the need • What is a characteristic of a good hypothesis? b. less than the total mass after the change. ® for obtaining, transforming, transporting, releasing, and eliminating the matter c. the same as the total mass after the change. ExamView Test and energy used to sustain the organism. • When is it a good idea to use a model? d. not the same as the total mass after the change. Answer: B Difficulty: I Section: 3 Objective: 2 SPSP6: As matter and energy flows through different levels of organization of • Why do Americans measure things in terms of inches and yards instead of centimeters living systems—cells, organs, communities—and between living systems and the 10. In which of the following areas might you find a geochemist at work? Generator and meters ? a. studying the chemistry of rocks c. studying fishes physical environment, chemical elements are recombined in different ways. b. studying forestry d. studying the atmosphere HNS1: Organisms have behavioral responses to internal changes and to external Answer: B Difficulty: I Section: 3 Objective: 2 stimuli.

439C Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals For a preview of available worksheets covering math and science skills, see pages T26–T33. All of these resources are also on the One-Stop Planner®.

Meeting Individual Needs

DIRECTED READING A VOCABULARY ACTIVITY REINFORCEMENT SCILINKS ACTIVITY

Name Class Date Name Class Date Name Class Date Name Class Date

Skills Worksheet Activity Skills Worksheet Activity Directed Reading A SAMPLE Vocabulary Activity SAMPLE Reinforcement SAMPLE SciLinks Activity SAMPLE

Section: Exploring Getting the Dirt on the Soil The Plane Truth MARINE ECOSYSTEMS THAT’S SCIENCE! After you finish reading Chapter: [Unique Title], try this puzzle! Use the clues below Complete this worksheet after you finish reading the Section: [Unique Section Go to www.scilinks.com. To find links related 1. How did James Czarnowski get his idea for the penguin boat, Proteus? to unscramble the vocabulary words. Write your answer in the space provided. Title] to marine ecosystems, type in the keyword Developed and maintained by the HL5490. Then, use the links to answer the National Science Teachers Association Explain. 1. the breakdown of rock into 9. the chemical breakdown of rocks You plan to enter a paper airplane contest sponsored Flaps following questions about marine ecosys- smaller and smaller pieces: and minerals into new by Talkin’ Physical Science magazine. The person Topic: Reproductive System tems. AWERIGNETH substances: CAMILCHE whose airplane flies the farthest wins a lifetime sub- Irregularities GENERAL GENERAL SciLinks code: HL5490 THEARIGWEN scription to the magazine! The week before the con- 1. What percentage of the Earth’s surface is test, you watch an airplane landing at a nearby covered by water? 2. What is unusual about the way that Proteus moves through the water? 2. layer of rock lying beneath soil: airport. You notice that the wings of the airplane have CROKDEB 10. layers of soil, to a geologist: flaps, as shown in the illustration at right. The paper SNORHIZO airplanes you’ve been testing do not have wing flaps. 2. What percentage of the Earth’s water is found in the oceans? What question would you ask yourself based on these observations? Write your VOCABULARY3. type of crop that is planted AND question in the space below for “State the problem.” Then tell how you could use SCIENCE PUZZLERS, MATTER + AIR ➔ PHYSICAL SCIENCE between harvests to reduce soil 11. the uppermost layer of soil: the other steps in the scientific method to investigate the problem. 3. What is the largest animal on Earth? DIRECTED3. What do air, a ball, and a cheetah haveREADING in common? B SECTIONerosion: CROVE SUMMARYSPOTOIL CRITICAL1. State the problem. THINKING TWISTERS & TEASERS 4. Describe an ocean animal. 4. action of rocks and sediment 12. process in which rainwater car- scraping against each other and ries dissolved substances from wearing away exposed surfaces: 4. What is one question you will answer as you explore physical science? the uppermost layers of soil to the 2. Form a hypothesis. Name Class Date NameSABRONIA Class Date Name Class Date bottom layers: HELANCIG Name ______Date ______Class______Skills Worksheet Skills Worksheet Skills Worksheet CHAPTER SAMPLE Directed Reading B SAMPLE 5.Vocabularya mixture of small mineral& Notes frag- 13. small particles of decayed plant Critical Thinking SAMPLE 17 SCIENCE PUZZLERS, TWISTERS & TEASERS ments and organic matter: LISO and animal material in soil: 3. Test the hypothesis. 5. Chemistry and physics are both fields of . Chemists MUUSH Birds and Mammals Section:study theExploring different forms of and how they interact. Section: Unique 14. the process in which wind, water, A Solar Solution Flying Without a Spare 6. rock that is a source of soil: or ice moves soil from one THAT’S SCIENCE! VOCABULARY 1. You’ve borrowed your next-door neighbor’s space cruiser to visit and how it affects are PRATEN CORK location to another: ROOSINE Dear Mr. Burns, a cousin who lives on Mars. But on the way there, one of your 1. Howstudied did in James physics. Czarnowski get his idea for the penguin boat, Proteus? In your own words, write a definition of the following term in the space provided. Explain. I’ve got this great idea for a new product called the Bliss engines blows out. The contraption won’t fly without all six 1. scientific method Heater. It’s a portable, solar-powered space heater. engines, and now only five work. Your neighbor never keeps a 7. type of reaction that occurs when 15. the methods humans use to take The heater’s design includes these features: spare and the escape pod appears to be out of whack. Being your Identify the field of physical science to which each of the following descriptions oxygen combines with iron to • he heater will be as long care of soil: 4. Analyze the results. resourceful self, you tinker about until you get the escape pod in belongs by writing physics or chemistry in the space provided. form rust: oxidation T as an adult’s arm and as OSIL VASETONRICON wide as a acking box. semi-decent shape. Have you ever driven a rickety old escape pod? • he heaterp will have a Joseph D. Burns Well, it’s difficult to steer. You land on various continents on Earth ______2. What is unusual about the6. wayhow thata compass Proteus works moves through the water? 2. technology T glass top set at an angle in your search for home. Looking out the porthole, determine— 8. type of weathering caused by ° to catch the sun’s rays. Inventors’ Advisory Consultants ______7. why water boils at 100 C • he inside of the heater by what you see—where you’ve landed. physical means: CLEMANIACH Draw conclusions. 5.T will be dark colored to Portland, OR 97201 a. 1st landing: You see a large animal—a huge rodent. It must ______8. how chlorine and sodium combine to form table salt absorb solar heat. weigh over 70 kg! What is it, and where have you landed? If you think my idea will work, I will make the Bliss ______9. why you move to the right when the car you are in 3. observation Heaters right away without wasting time and money on test- MATTER + AIR ➔ PHYSICAL SCIENCE turns left ing and making models. Please write back soon with your GENERAL opinion. SPECIAL 3.NWhatEEDS do air, a ball, and a cheetah have in common? GENERAL b. 2nd landing: Immediately after landing, you spot a smaller furry animal. It seems to have small copies of itself hugging Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. onto its belly. The mammal sees you too, and it stops moving.

Labs and Activities

LONG-TERM PROJECTS & DATASHEETS FOR RESEARCH IDEAS LABS YOU CAN EAT QUICK LABS

TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE

Name ______Date ______Class ______Name Date Class Name Class Date

PROJECT LAB Quick Lab DATASHEET FOR QUICK LAB 17 STUDENT WORKSHEET 8 STUDENT WORKSHEET Reaction to Stress SAMPLE Look Who’s Coming to Dinner Why Birds of a Beak Eat Together Background “Please pass the sunflower seeds.” “Stop spitting!” “Would you You are part of a group of hungry birds looking for a The graph below illustrates changes that occur in the membrane potential of a PLEASE close your beak while you eat?” You can learn a lot about good place to eat. How do you know how to find neuron during an action potential. Use the graph to answer the following birds by watching them eat together. A good place to observe bird such a place? Well, it depends on the type of food questions. Refer to Figure 3 as needed. behavior is at a bird feeder. Some animals other than birds like to available in the area and how easily you can get to eat bird seed, so a bird feeder can also be a good place to see how the food. birds interact with other animals. Luckily, there are many types of feeding habitats nearby. In this activity, you and your flock will fly to each one of the habitats and try to ob- DATASHEETS FOR Fly-Through Restaurant tain food. Analysis

LIFE SCIENCE Happy ﬂying and good eating!

1. Use bird field guides or identification books to find ▼ 1. Determine about how long an action potential lasts.

out which birds are common in your area. What do ▼ CHAPTER LABS these birds eat? Use empty milk cartons or plastic ▼ Objective soda bottles to build a bird feeder. Fill your bird MATERIALS 2. State whether voltage-gated sodium, chanels are open or closed at point A. feeder and hang it from a low tree limb, a balcony, To model the beak adaptations of birds and study how effective TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE • One of the following the adaptations are in obtaining various types of food or a porch. Make sure to keep the feeder full. tools: spoon with slots or holes, large tongs, Skills Practice Lab DATASHEET FOR CHAPTER LAB Observe your feeder at the same time each day for 30 min- Let’s Get Pecking, Birds! 3. State whether voltage-gated potassium channels are open or closed at utes. Record the number and name of each bird species short straw or eye- dropper, small 1. Your teacher will provide your flock with a model of a beak point B. SAMPLE that you see. Also note any other animals that visit the Using Scientific Methods tweezers, fork, or and a plastic cup. Six different feeding “habitats” are bird feeder. Write down the behavior you observe between pliers arranged around the room. Your flock’s job is to determine members of the same species and members of different • plastic cup the habitat your beak is best suited for. First walk around the Using Scientific Methods species. Is the behavior you observe the same behavior 4. Critical Thinking Recognizing Relationships What causes the menberne room and examine each habitat. Then predict in which Teacher’sAnswer here. Notes that is described in the bird identification books? Present otential to become less negative at point A? habitat you think it will be easiest to obtain food. Record TIME REQUIRED your findings as a scientific journal article. your prediction below. One 45-minute class period. Answer here. INTERNET Other Long-Term Project Ideas Jason Marsh 1234 Montevideo High KEYWORDS 2. Many people build bird houses, but what about bat houses? RATING Easy Hard and Country School Teacher Prep–3 bats Use the library or Internet resources to find out how to build your own bat house. What kinds of bats live in your Student Set-Up–2 bat house What causes the membrane area? How high off the ground should the house be? What 5.Concept CriticalAnswer Thinkinghere.Level–2 Recognizing Relationships potentialDATASHEETS to become more negative at point B? FOR Bat Conservation temperature do bats prefer? What color should you paint Clean Up–2 International the house? After you put up the bat house, keep track of SAFETY ALERT! 2. Move to your first habitat, and designate one student to obtain the food. how long it takes to attract bats. Present your findings to MATERIALS the class. Why might building a bat house in your area be Exercise caution when 3. When your teacher signals to begin, have this student use Answer here. LABBOOK working with sharp The materials listed on the student page are enough for a group of 4–5 students. a good idea? the “beak” to collect as much food as possible in the time objects such as Large, dried beans of any kind will work well in this exercise. 3. Can you imagine baby-sitting eight children? Eight is the tweezers, forks, or pliers. allotted. The collected food should be transferred to the plastic cup. TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE average litter size for a Syrian hamster. Observe a small SAFETY CAUTION female mammal, such as a hamster or a mouse, that has 4. When your teacher signals to stop, discuss with your flock Skills Practice Lab DATASHEET FOR LABBOOK LAB recently had babies. For several weeks, take notes on the how easy it was to get food in this habitat. Record your re- Remind students to review all safety cautions and icons before beginning this lab behavior of the mother and the babies. How do the sults in the Feeding Chart on page 39. activity. SAMPLE mother and the babies interact? How do the babies inter- Does It All Add Up? WARNING 5. Return the collected food to the station, leaving the station Answer here. act with each other? What are their sleeping and eating for the next group in the same condition as you found it. patterns? How do those patterns change as the babies get Do not eat the food you older? Share your findings with your classmates in a poster collect! 6. Move around the room to each habitat. At each habitat, re- Teacher’s Notes display. GENERAL peat steps 3–4. Be sure that every student contributes to the TIME REQUIRED discussions. One 45-minute class period. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Jason Marsh Montevideo High

Review and Assessments STANDARDIZED TEST SECTION QUIZ CHAPTER REVIEW CHAPTER TEST B PREPARATION

Name Class Date Name Class Date Name Class Date Name Class Date

Assessment Skills Worksheet Assessment Assessment Section Quiz SAMPLE Chapter Review SAMPLE Chapter Test B SAMPLE Standardized Test Preparation SAMPLE

Section: Energ USING VOCABULARY [Unique READING In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the 1. Define biome in your own words. MULTIPLE CHOICE Read the passages below. Then, read each question that follows the passage. term or phrase. In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes Decide which is the best answer to each question. each statement or best answers each question. Passage 1 adventurous summer camp in the world. Billy can’t ______1. building molecules that can be used as a. photosynthesis wait to head for the outdoors. Billy checked the recommended an energy source. or breaking down molecules b. autotroph ______1. Surface currents are formed by supply list: light, summer clothes; sunscreen; rain gear; heavy, in which energy is stored 2. Describe the characteristics of a savanna and a desert. GENERAL c. heterotroph a. the moon’s gravity. c. wind. down-filled jacket; ski mask; and thick gloves. Wait a minute! Billy b. the sun’s gravity. d. increased water density. ______2. the process by which light energy is converted d. cellular respiration thought he was traveling to only one destination, so why does he need to bring such a wide variety of clothes? On further investiga- to chemical energy ______2. When waves come near the shore, GENERAL e. metabolism GENERAL tion, Billy learns that the brochure advertises the opportunity to a. they speed up. c. their wavelength increases. ______3. an organism that uses sunlight or inorganic f. cellular respiration “climb the biomes of the world in just three days.” The destination b. they maintain their speed. d. their wave height increases. substances to make organic compounds is Africa’s tallest mountain, Kilimanjaro. Identify the relationship between tundra and permafrost. 3. ______3. Longshore currents transport sediment PERFORMANCE-BASED ______4. an organism that uses sunlight or inorganic ______1. The word destination in this passage means a . out to the open ocean. c. only during low tide. substances to make organic compounds A camp B vacation. b. along the shore. d. only during high tide. C place. D mountain. ______5. an organism that consumes food to get energy ASSESSMENT SECTION REVIEW CHAPTER TEST A ______CHAPTER4. Which of the following does NOT TEST control surface currents? C ______2. Which of the following is a FACT in the passage? ______the process of getting energy from food a. global wind c. Coriolis effect 6. F People ski on Kilimanjaro. logs burning in a fire b. tides d. continental deflections 4. Compare the open-water zone and the deep-water zone. G Kilimanjaro is Africa’s tallest mountain. NameIn the space provided, write the letter of Classthe term or phrase thatDate best completes Name Class Date Name______5. Whitecaps break Class Date NameH It rains a lot on Kilimanjaro. Class Date each statement or best answers each question. a. in the surf. c. in the open ocean. J The summers are cold on Kilimanjaro. Skills Worksheet Assessment Assessmentb. in the breaker zone. d. as their wavelength increases. Assessment SKILL BUILDER ______7. Which of the following most ______9. An organism’sSAMPLE reproductive SAMPLE SAMPLE ______3. Billy wondered if the camp was advertising only one destinationSAMPLE after Sectionclosely Review resembles cellular cells, such as sperm or egg Chapter Test A ______Chapter6. Most oceanTest waves C are formed by Performanced-Basedhe read the brochure, which saidAssessment that respiration? cells, are called? a . earthquakes. landsides. A the camp was the most adventurous summer camp in the world. 5. Use each of the following terms in an original sentence: plankton, littoral c. B he would need light, summer clothes and sunscreen. a. warm water moving a. genes zone, and estuary. b. wind. d. impacts by cosmic bodies. Section: Uniquethrough copper pipes b. chromosomes [Unique [Unique OBJECTIVEC he would need light, summer clothes and a heavy, down-filled ______7. Which factor controls surface currents? jacket. KEY TERMSb. people movimg alomg a c. gamates. MULTIPLE CHOICE MULTIPLE CHOICE Determine which factors cause some sugar shapes to break down faster than others. escalator d. zygotes. a. global winds c. continental deflection D the summers are cold on Kilimanjaro. 1. What do paleontologist study? In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes c. mixing different foods in b. the Coriolis effect d. all of the above KNOW THE SCORE! each statement or best answers each question. each statement or best answers each question. a blender ______10. Which of the following most As you work through the activity, keep in mind that you will be earning a grade closely resembles cellular ______8. Streamlike movments of ocean water far below the surface are d. logs burning in a fire ______1. Surface currents are formed by ______1. Surface currents are formed by for the following: respiration? 6. Describe how marshes and swamps differ. called a. the moon’s gravity. c. wind. a. the moon’s gravity. c. wind. • how you form and test the hypothesis (30%) ______8. An organism’s reproductive a. warm water moving a. jet currents c. surface currents. 2. How does a trace fossil differ from petrified wood? b. the sun’s gravity. d. increased water density. b. the sun’s gravity. d. increased water density. cells, such as sperm or egg through copper pipes b. Coriolis currents. d. deep currents. • the quality of your analysis (40%) cells, are called? b. people movimg alomg a the clarity of your conclusions (30%) ______2. When waves come near the shore, ______9.2. When thewaves sunlit come part near of the moonshore, that can be seen from Earth • a. genes escalator a. they speed up. c. their wavelength increases. growsa. they larger, speed itup. is c. their wavelength increases. b. chromosomes c. mixing different foods in b. they maintain their speed. d. their wave height increases. b.a. waxing.they maintain their speed. d.c. intheir the wave new moonheight phase.increases. c. gamates. a blender Using Scientific Methods 3. Define fossil. b. waning. d. in the full moon phase. d. zygotes. d. ______3. Longshore currents transport sediment ______3. Longshore currents transport sediment ASK A QUESTIONS a . out to the open ocean. c. only during low tide. ______10. aThe . out Milky to the Way open is ocean.thought to be c. only during low tide. Why do some sugar shapes erode more rapidly than others? GENERAL GENERAL b. along the shore. d. only during high tide. b. along the shore. d. only during high tide. GENERAL SPECIAL NEEDSa. an elliptical galaxy. c. a spiral galaxy. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT ______4. Which of the following does NOT control surface currents? ______4. Which of the following does NOT control surface currents? Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. UNDERSTANDING KEY IDEAS Copyright © by aHolt,global Rinehart wind and Winston. All rights reserved. c Coriolis effect Copyright © by aHolt,global Rinehart wind and Winston. All rights reserved. c Coriolis effect •Copyright1 regular © by Holt,sug arRinehart cube and Winston. All rights reserved.• 90 mL of water

Chapter 17 • Chapter Resources 439D 17 Chapter Enrichment

This Chapter Enrichment provides relevant and Forms of Flight interesting information to expand and enhance • During flapping flight, a bird’s inner wing functions as your presentation of the chapter material. an anchor for the outer portion and helps provide lift. At the bottom of the downstroke, which propels the bird, the “wrist” flexes and begins the upstroke.

• Soaring flight allows a bird Characteristics of Birds to gain and maintain alti- Feathers tude without flapping its wings. Instead of flapping, • Ornithologists classify feathers based on their function some birds “ride” on warm and location on the bird’s body. air currents called thermals. • Contour feathers have a stiff shaft and firm barbs Vultures, hawks, and eagles on the inner and outer vanes, although the base is can use soaring flight because they have a low wing often downy. Contour feathers include the feathers loading. A wing loading is the ratio of a bird’s weight on the outer surface of the body and the flight to the bird’s wing surface area. feathers of the wings (remiges) and the tail (rectrices). The auriculars, which cover the ears, are small, • No other bird can match the hummingbird in its ability modified contour feathers. to maintain a position in midair. Hummingbirds move their wings only from the shoulder, which provides unusual flexibility and maneuverability.

Kinds of Birds Diving and Hovering • Cormorants and anhingas are fish-eating birds that must dive to catch their food. To decrease their buoyancy and enhance their ability to dive deep, they have bones that are unusually heavy for a bird, smaller air • Semiplumes are small but have a relatively large sacs, and nonwaterproof plumage. To dry off after a shaft and downy vanes. Semiplumes, which lie hid- dive, they must find a perch and spread their wings. den beneath body feathers, fill the spaces between larger contour feathers, provide insulation, and, in • The ruby-throated hummingbird has water birds, increase buoyancy. Some birds, such as about 940 feathers. The herons, have showy semiplumes that attract mates. whistling swan has about 25,000. • Down feathers are tiny and fluffy and do not But the hummingbird has more have a shaft, and are important for insulation. feathers per unit of body Down feathers are the sole body covering for newly weight than the swan does. hatched birds. In adult birds, down feathers are Small birds have a greater hidden beneath contour feathers. Down feathers need for efficient are most abundant in water birds. heat retention. • Thin, stiff barbs branch from the shaft of typical contour feathers. Hundreds of smaller branches, called barbules, grow out from either side of the barbs. Each Is That a Fact! barbule has tiny hooks that wrap around barbules of ◆ Hummingbirds are the only birds that can fly adjacent barbs and tightly bind all parts of the feather backward. to each other, which makes the feathers firmer and better able to insulate and waterproof a bird.

439E Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals For background information about teaching strategies and issues, refer to the Professional Reference for Teachers.

Is That a Fact! ◆ A three-toed sloth has nine cervical vertebrae and can Characteristics of Mammals turn its head 270°. Most mammals have seven neck Fur vertebrae. • All mammals have hair, but not all mammals have thick fur. Thick fur consists of two layers: a dense undergrowth of short ground hairs, which provide insulation, and longer Monotremes and Marsupials guard hairs, which protect Australian Adaptations the skin and the ground hairs from rain or snow. • Male duckbill platypuses have sharp spurs on the back of their hind legs. These spurs can inject poison into another platypus competing for a mate or into Is That a Fact! an attacker. ◆ Shrews and other small mammals have a high metabolic rate to compensate for the large amount of body heat that they lose because of their large body surface–to– volume ratio. A captive shrew (genus Sorex) consumed 3.3 times its body weight in food in a 24-hour period.

Placental Mammals Beneficial Bats • Tree kangaroos can move around easily in and spend • Guano from insectivorous bats is a time in trees. They use their thick tail to brace them- valuable fertilizer in many countries. selves and to maintain balance. But tree kangaroos In some caves, the guano covers and helps spend time on the ground, too. preserve archeological artifacts and fossils.

• Although some fruit-eating bats can reduce a farmer’s harvest, many of them are essential to dispersing seeds that are responsible for new plant growth. Other bats

eat only pollen and nectar and are the primary or Developed and maintained by the exclusive pollinators of various plants. National Science Teachers Association SciLinks is maintained by the National Science Teachers Association Rodent Teeth to provide you and your students with interesting, up-to-date links that will enrich your classroom presentation of the chapter. • Rodents have evolved a unique jaw articulation to use Visit www.scilinks.org and enter the SciLinks code for more their huge incisors effectively. The upper and the lower information about the topic listed. incisors are separated from the cheek teeth by a large Topic: Bird Characteristics Topic: Kinds of Mammals gap. When the cheek teeth are chewing, the lower jaw SciLinks code: HSM0167 SciLinks code: HSM0832 is pulled back and the incisors do not meet. When Topic: Kinds of Birds Topic: Monotremes and Marsupials the animal is gnawing with its incisors, the lower jaw SciLinks code: HSM0831 SciLinks code: HSM0990 is pulled forward and downward so that the incisors Topic: Characteristics of Mammals meet. Rodents spend a lot of time gnawing, and their SciLinks code: HSM0259 ever-growing incisors are worn to a sharp cutting edge. 17 17 Overview Tell students that this chapter will help them learn about birds and mammals. The chapter describes several characteristics Birds and of both kinds of animals. Students will learn about flight- Mammals less birds, water birds, perching birds, and birds of prey. Students will also learn about placental mammals, monotremes, and marsupials. Birds and mammals are Assessing Prior warm-blooded vertebrates. Knowledge Students should be familiar SECTION with the following topics: 1 Characteristics of Birds ...... 442 • classification 2 Kinds of Birds ...... 448 • vertebrates

3 Characteristics of Identifying Mammals ...... 452 Misconceptions As students learn the material 4 Placental Mammals ...... 456 in this chapter, some of them PRE-READING may be confused by broad gen- 5 Monotremes and eralizations that people tend to Marsupials ...... 464 Table Fold Before you make about birds and mammals. read the chapter, create the It may be helpful to remind FoldNote entitled “Table students that not all birds can Fold” described in the Study Skills section of the Appendix. Label the columns fly and that not all mammals About the of the table fold with “Characteristics” give birth to live young. This Why would an animal covered in stiff plates and “Kinds.” Label the rows with “Birds,” reminder may provide a good “Placental mammals,” and “Monotremes of armor jump up to 1.2 m (4 ft) high—straight and marsupials.” As you opportunity to discuss how up in the air? Armadillos jump when they are read the chapter, write exceptions to the rule occur frightened. Jumping sometimes surprises and examples of each throughout the field of biology. scares off predators, giving the armadillo a topic under chance to run away. Armadillos are mammals. the appropriate column.

Standards Correlations National Science Education Standards Section 3 Characteristics of Mammals UCP 5; LS 1a, 1d, 2a, 3a, 3b, 3c, 5a The following codes indicate the National Science Education Standards that correlate to this chapter. The full text of the Section 4 Placental Mammals standards is at the front of the book. UCP 5; LS 1a, 1d, 2a, 3a, 3c, 5a Chapter Opener Section 5 Monotremes and Marsupials UCP 2, 5; SAI 1; ST 2; LS 1a, 3c, 5b UCP 5; SPSP 5; LS 1a, 1d, 2a, 3a, 3c, 5a, 5c Section 1 Characteristics of Birds Chapter Lab UCP 1, 2, 5; LS 1a, 1d, 2a, 3a, 3b, 3c, 5a, 5b UCP 2, 5; SAI 1; LS 1a, 1d Section 2 Kinds of Birds Chapter Review UCP 5; LS 1a, 3a, 3c, 5a, 5b UCP 2, 5; SAI 1; LS 1a, 1d, 2a, 3a, 3c, 5a, 5b, 5c

440 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals START-UP v MATERIALS FOR EACH STUDENT • paper, 8 1/2 in. ϫ 11 in.

Safety Caution: Instruct students to throw their planes only into areas where other people are not present.

Answers 1. Answers may vary, but forcefully thrown planes probably went farther. Students should realize that forces probably have similar effects on bird flight, although bird flight is affected not only by the strength of forces but also by more-complex factors. 2. Answers may vary. Smaller wings make the plane more maneuverable but less able to glide; longer wings offer more surface area to keep the plane (or bird) in the air. These differences suggest that wing size would indeed affect the way that a bird flies. START-UP 3. Answers may vary, but a good design will depend on what kind Let’s Fly! 5. Throw the airplane two more times. Throw it gently at first, and then throw it with more force. of flight is desired. How do birds fly? This activity will give you a few What happened each time? hints. Procedure Analysis 1. Analyze what effect the force of your throw has 1. Carefully fold a piece of paper to make a paper on the paper airplane’s flight. Do you think forces airplane. Make the folds even and the creases of different strengths affect bird flight in a similar sharp. way? Explain your answer. 2. Throw the plane through the air very gently. What 2. What happened when the wings were made happened? smaller? Why do you think this happened? Do you 3. Take the same plane, and throw it more forcefully. think wing size affects the way a bird flies? Explain Did anything change? your answer. 4. Reduce the size of the wings by folding them 3. Based on your results, how would you design and inward toward the center crease. Make sure the throw the perfect paper airplane? two wings are the same size and shape.

Birds and Mammals CHAPTER STARTER CHAPTER RESOURCES Would You Believe...? Would it surprise you to know that the Then in 1998, Chinese scientists Technology pigeons in your schoolyard are related to discovered fossils of true dinosaurs that Science in Action velociraptors? A pigeon’s waddling gait had wings and feathers. These feathers might not make you think of the fierce share some characteristics of modern prehistoric animal, but most biologists bird feathers. So far, no one knows how now agree that birds are descendants feathers might have helped the Transparencies READING SAI 1; SPSP 5; LS 3a, 3c, 5b of dinosaurs. dinosaurs. Their wings were too short The first piece of evidence to link for flight. The feathers may have been reptiles and birds was the fossil of insulation against cold. Or maybe males • Chapter Starter Transparency SKILLS Archaeopteryx (ark ee AHP tuhr iks). used them to attract female dinosaurs. Archaeopteryx fossils were first discov- The discovery of these winged dino- ered in Germany almost 150 years ago. saurs helped to convince some scientists Like a dinosaur, Archaeopteryx had that birds are descendants of dinosaurs. heavy bones and teeth, but like a bird, A few scientists go even further. They say Student Edition on CD-ROM it had feathered wings. the dinosaurs never went extinct because Many scientists were skeptical about birds are dinosaurs. the link between dinosaurs and birds. For You’ll learn more about birds in this one thing, some research suggested that chapter. You’ll also learn about another Guided Reading Audio CD Archaeopteryx wasn’t a true dinosaur. group of vertebrates—mammals. • English or Spanish

Archaeopteryx fossil Classroom Videos • Brain Food Video Quiz Winged dinosaur fossils Workbooks Science Puzzlers, Twisters & Teasers Chapter Starter Transparency g Use this transparency to help students • Birds and Mammals

begin thinkingCopyright © by Holt, Rinehart about and Winston. All rights reserved.the relationship between birds and other vertebrates. Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals 441 1 1 Characteristics of Birds What do a powerful eagle, a lumbering penguin, and a dainty ﬁnch have in common? They all have feathers, wings, and a Overview beak, which means they are all birds. Birds share many characteristics with reptiles. Like reptiles, birds In this section, students learn What You Will Learn are vertebrates. Birds’ feet and legs are covered by thick scales about several characteristics of Describe two kinds of feathers. like those that cover reptiles’ bodies. Also, bird eggs have an birds. Students will learn about Describe how a bird’s diet, breath- amniotic sac and a shell, just as reptile eggs do. ing, muscles, and skeleton help it fly. feathers, a unique digestive sys- Birds also have many unique characteristics. For example, Explain how lift works. tem, several adaptations for bird egg s have harder shells than reptile eggs do. And as shown Describe how birds raise their young. flight, and the ways that birds in Figure 1, birds have feathers and wings. They also have a raise their young. Vocabulary horny beak instead of jaws with teeth. Also, birds can use preening contour feather heat from activity in their cells to maintain a constant body molting lift temperature. Bellringer down feather brooding Ask students, “What are some Feathers ways that birds are beneficial to READING STRATEGY One familiar characteristic of birds is their feathers. Feathers people?” (Birds provide meat, Prediction Guide Before reading help birds stay dry and warm, attract mates, and fly. eggs, and feathers; provide natural this section, write the title of each heading in this section. Next, under Preening and Molting and cost-saving insect and rodent each heading, write what you think control; pollinate plants; spread you will learn. Birds take good care of their feathers. They use their beaks to plant seeds; and consume decaying spread oil on their feathers in a process called preening. The oil is made by a gland near the bird’s tail. The oil helps water- animals.) preening in birds, the act of groom- proof the feathers and keeps them clean. When feathers wear ing and maintaining their feathers out, birds replace them by molting. Molting is the process of

molting the shedding of an exo- shedding old feathers and growing new ones. Most birds shed skeleton, skin, feathers, or hair to be their feathers at least once a year. replaced by new parts v------g Light as a Feather Organize the class into small groups. Provide each group with a wing feather, a paper clip, a small Hummingbird scale, and a meterstick. Tell Great blue students to weigh the feather heron and the paper clip. Next, tell the Toucan class to let group members take turns dropping the feather and the paper clip from a height of Figure 1 There are about 1 m. Challenge groups to discuss 10,000 known species of birds how the fall of the feather dif- on Earth today. fers from the fall of the paper clip and how feather shape has a role in bird flight. e CHAPTER RESOURCES b l Visual h------Chapter Resource File Writing Researching Bird Breeding Tell

CRF • Lesson Plan students that biologists have used • Directed Reading A b their understanding of parent- • Directed Reading B s offspring relationships in birds to breed Technology birds in captivity. Have students research ways that some scientists mimic parent Transparencies • Bellringer birds in order to feed and nurture chicks. • L60 The Digestive System of a Bird Students can also research the success Workbooks of these captive-breeding efforts. l Verbal PORTFOLIO Interactive Textbook Struggling Readers

442 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals Two Kinds of Feathers Birds have two main kinds of feathers—down feathers and Shaft v b contour feathers. Down feathers are fluffy feathers that lie next Barbs Group ------to a bird’s body. These feathers help birds stay warm. When a Barbules bird fluffs its down feathers, air is trapped close to the body. MATERIALS Trapping air keeps body heat near the body. Contour feathers are FOR EACH GROUP stiff feathers that cover a bird’s body and wings. Their colors • pipe cleaners and shapes help some birds attract mates. Contour feathers • straws have a stiff central shaft with many side branches, called barbs. The barbs link together to form a smooth surface, as shown in Figure 2. This streamlined surface helps birds fly. Constructing Feathers Use the board to illustrate the struc- ✓Reading Check What is the function of a bird’s down feathers? (See the Appendix for answers to Reading Checks.) ture of a contour feather. Include in the picture a main High-Energy Animals shaft, projecting barbs, barbules, Birds need a lot of energy to fly. To get this energy, their bod- and barbule hooks. Then, tell ies break down food quickly. This process generates a lot of students to work in groups to body heat. In fact, the average body temperature of a bird is Figure 2 The barbs of a construct feathers. They should 40°C—three degrees warmer than yours. Birds cannot sweat contour feather have cross first insert one or two pipe to cool off if they get too hot. Instead, they lay their feathers branches called barbules. Barbs and barbules give the cleaners into a straw to make it flat and pant like dogs do. feather strength and shape. stiff. Then, they can look at Figure 2 to construct a model Fast Digestion of a feather that has at least Because birds need a lot of energy, they eat a lot. Humming- three barbs and accompanying birds need to eat almost constantly to get the energy they barbules and hooks. need! Most birds eat insects, nuts, seeds, or meat. These foods down feather a soft feather that l Kinesthetic/ are high in protein and fat. A few birds, such as geese, eat covers the body of young birds and e provides insulation to adult birds grass, leaves, and other plants. Birds have a unique digestive Visual system to help them get energy quickly. Figure 3 shows this contour feather one of the most system. Modern birds don’t have teeth, so they can’t chew. external feathers that cover a bird and that help determine its shape Cultural b Instead, food goes from the mouth to the crop. The crop stores Awareness food until it moves to the gizzard. Many gizzards have small stones inside. These stones grind up the food so that it can be Mythical Birds Mythical easily digested in the intestine. This grinding action is similar birds are common cultural to what happens when we chew our food. themes around the world. In the Hindu religion, the king of birds is a winged monster called Garuda that feeds on snakes. The Crop 15th-century collection of Figure 3 A bird’s digestive stories The Thousand and Gizzard system helps the bird rapidly One Nights presented the change food into usable energy. Intestine mythic roc, or rukh, that was so enormous that it fed on elephants. And the folklore of the Athapascans, Inuit, Answer to Reading Check and Hopi—three Native Down feathers help birds stay warm. American cultures—features a huge, eaglelike creature Q: Why do seagulls fly over the open called a thunderbird. A feath- sea? ered serpent creature called Quetzalcoatle was prominent A: Because if they flew over bays, in Mayan culture in Central they’d be bagels (bay-gulls)! America. Interested students can research birds that appear in stories and tradi- tions from cultures around the world. l Verbal

Section 1 • Characteristics of Birds 443 Flying Most birds can fly. Even flightless birds, such as ostriches, have ancestors that could fly. So, it is not surprising that birds have READING g STRATEGY ------many adaptations for flight. The most obvious characteristic related to flight is the wings. But birds also have lightweight Prediction Guide Before stu- bodies. And they have powerful flight muscles and a rapidly dents read these pages, ask beating heart. The fast heart rate helps birds get plenty of oxy- them, “Why do you think that gen-rich blood to the flight muscles. Figure 4 describes many birds are such successful flyers?” bird characteristics that are important for flight. (Birds have feathers, a high rate of ✓Reading Check How does a bird’s heart help the bird fly? metabolism, wings, lightweight bones, and air sacs.) Figure 4 Flight Adaptations of Birds Have students review their answers after they read the text. l Verbal

Answer to Reading Check The heart beats rapidly so that it Most birds have large eyes can pump enough blood to power and excellent eyesight. the flight muscles. Large eyes allow birds to see objects and food from a distance. Some birds, Using the Figure -----a such as hawks and eagles, can see 8 times better Writin Flightless Birds g Remind than humans can see! students that several bird species, including ostriches, kiwis, and emus, are flightless. Tell students to use a library or the Internet

to research the body and wing Lung structure of flightless birds and Air sacs to write a new paragraph for each caption in Figure 4. The new paragraphs should explain how the char acteristics of flight- Birds have a rapidly beating heart. less birds differ from the char- The heart pumps a fast, steady stream of oxygen-rich blood to the acteristics of birds e flight muscles. In small birds, the that fly. l Verbal Birds have special organs called air heart beats almost 1,000 times a sacs attached to their lungs. The air minute! (Your heart beats about sacs store air. Because of the stored 70 times a minute.) air, a bird’s lungs have a continuous supply of air—whether the bird is inhaling or exhaling.

INCLUSION Strategies • Developmentally Delayed • Behavior Control Issues • Attention Deficit Disorder Help students understand the effort that weave the items together so the nest birds go through to build nests. Organize will remain intact. Give teams about the students into teams of four or five. 20 minutes to work on their nests. Ask each team to build a bird nest. Tell (They will probably finish only a small students that they may pick up only one part of a nest.) Discuss that one nest item, such as one piece of grass, one leaf, requires thousands of trips from the or one twig, at a time. Only after an item ground to the nest. e is added to the nest can another item l Kinesthetic can be picked up. Remind students to

444 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals Demonstration ------g Observing Bird Bones Obtain Flying Far several chicken or turkey bones, A certain bird flies 970 km Wing shape is such as the lower leg bones related to how a (600 mi) when it goes south bird flies. Short, for the winter. It flies north (drumsticks) and thigh bones, rounded wings allow each summer. If this bird that have been cooked and thor- a bird to quickly lives for 8 years, how many turn, drop, and pull total kilometers will it fly dur- oughly cleaned. Carefully break up, much like the ing migrations in its lifetime? open the bones so that students way a fighter plane can examine the air spaces moves. Long, nar- inside. row wings are best e for soaring, just as a l Visual glider does.

h------g

Writing Researching Falconry Bird skeletons are Falconry is an ancient compact and strong. sport that may date back Some of the vertebrae, ribs, and hipbones are to the eighth century BCE in fused together. For this Assyria. Falconry was immensely reason, bird skeletons popular among the European are more rigid than those of other verte- upper classes in the Middle Ages. brates. A rigid skel- Today, the sport is strictly regu- eton allows a bird to move its wings power- lated by the U.S. Fish and fully and efficiently. Birds that fly have Wildlife Service, which issues powerful flight permits that allow individuals to muscles that move the wings. These trap and train hawks, falcons, Keel muscles are attached and some eagles. Have students to a large breast- bone called a keel. conduct research and write a The keel anchors report about the history of fal- the flight muscles. conry. Their report should It allows the bird to flap its wings with include information about the force and speed. role of falconry in raptor conservation. l Verbal

Cross supports v------g Birds have hollow bones. So, birds have much lighter Jump Up and Down Ask stu- skeletons than other dents to measure their heart rate vertebrates do. The bones have thin cross supports while seated (they can take their that give strength, much pulse at the wrist or neck). like the cross supports of Then, ask them to jump up and many bridges. down or move their arms vigor- ously and measure their heart rate again. Ask them to explain why the heart beats faster as a SUPPORT FOR CHAPTER RESOURCES person’s activity level increases. Technology (The body needs more oxygen, so English Language Learners the heart pumps blood more Flight Adaptations of Birds Paraphras- Transparencies • L61 Flight Adaptations of Birds: A quickly.) Then, ask them to use ing the diagram of fl ight adaptations of • L62 Flight Adaptations of Birds: B this information to explain why birds will help students connect avian Workbooks birds have fast heart rates. (Birds physical traits to the ability to fl y. Have need a lot of oxygen to power their Science Skills groups of 3 students paraphrase the b flight muscles, so their hearts beat diagram in their science journals. Ask • Organizing Your Research • Researching on the Web g rapidly to pump blood quickly.) each group questions about a specifi c l Kinesthetic adaptation to assess comprehension. Each student should answer one question. Evaluate students based on the completeness of their responses and the accuracy of the language in the para- l phrasing. Verbal/Interpersonal Section 1 • Characteristics of Birds 445 Getting off the Ground How do birds overcome gravity to fly? Birds Reteaching ------b flap their wings to get into the air. They keep flapping to push themselves through the air. Comparing Coverings Bring a They are able to stay in the air because their fuzzy sweater and a sleek wind- wings cause lift. Lift is an upward force on breaker to class. Ask students to a bird’s wings. describe ways in whichpeople As a bird flies through the air, some of the use eachitem, and ask which air is forced over the top of its wings. Some item is similar to a layer of Air flow air is forced underneath the wings. Figure 5 down feathers and whichitem shows this airflow. Because the bird’s wings are curved on top, the air on top has to is similar to a layer of contour move farther than the air underneath. So, the (The sweater insulates as feathers. air on top moves faster than the air under- down feathers do. The windbreaker neath. The faster moving air on top creates forms a streamlined surface as con- an area of low pressure. The slower moving tour feathers do.) l Kinesthetic air underneath creates an area of high pres- Lift sure and pushes the wing up. This upward g Figure 5 Air moving force that acts on wings is called lift. Quiz ------around a bird’s wing changes in speed and Lift is affected by flying speed and by 1. List three flight adaptations of direction, creating an wing shape. The faster a bird flies, the birds. (Sample answer: wings, upward force that keeps greater the lift. Also, the larger the wing is, hollow bones, and a keel that a bird in the air. the greater the lift. Birds with large wings anchors flight muscles) can glide for long distances. 2. Describe the two types of Raising Baby Birds feathers. (Contour feathers are stiff and have a shaft and many The way that birds reproduce is similar to the way that reptiles lift an upward force on an object reproduce. Like reptiles, birds reproduce sexually by internal barbs. Down feathers are fluffy that moves in a fluid fertilization. Both birds and reptiles lay amniotic eggs in which and do not have a shaft.) brooding to sit on and cover eggs there is a growing embryo. But unlike most reptiles, birds must to keep them warm until they hatch; keep their eggs warm for the embryos to live and grow. Alternative to incubate Nests Assessment------a Most birds build nests in which they lay their eggs. Figure 6 Courtship Many birds, such as shows a bird’s nest with eggs in it. Birds keep their eggs warm the whooping crane, the bird of by brooding. Brooding is the act of sitting on eggs and using paradise, the prairie chicken, the body heat to keep them warm. Birds sit on their eggs until the mockingbird, and the emperor eggs hatch. For some birds, such as gulls, the job of brood- penguin, have elaborate court- ing is shared by both males and females. In many species of ship behaviors. Have students songbirds, the female broods the eggs, and the male brings food to the brooding female. In a few species, the male broods work in groups offour to research the eggs. the courtship behavior of a ✓Reading Check How does the process of brooding keep a bird’s particularspecies. Groups will Figure 6 This robin’s nest is eggs warm? present their findings to the only one example of a bird’s class. Have group members des- nest. Birds build nests of many ignate who will do research, different shapes and sizes. who will write the presentation, who will make a poster, and who Answer to Reading Check will present the material. l Verbal/ CONNECTION to Visual c Physical Science ------a A bird’s body heat warms the eggs. Wing Design Forboth birds and aircraft, the shape of a wing creates differencesin maneuverability and air speed. Designing an airplane wing requires taking into account what kind of flying the plane will do.Selective pressureshave led to a vast array of wing shapes in birds. These wing shapes enable species to fly in a variety of ways. Use the teaching transparency “Wing Design and Lift” to illustrate the effect of wingshape on air speed and lift. l Visual

446 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals Precocial and Altricial Answers to Section Review Some birds, such as chickens and ducks, are active soon after 1. Sample answer: Lift is an they hatch. These active chicks are precocial (pree KOH shuhl). upward force on a bird’s wings. Precocial chicks are covered with downy feathers. As soon as Birds keep their eggs warm by they can stand up, the chicks follow their parents around. brooding. These chicks depend on a mother for warmth and protection, 2. Sample answer: These two but they can walk, swim, and feed themselves. kinds of feathers differ in form Some birds, such as hawks and songbirds, are weak and and function. Down feathers helpless for a while after hatching. These weak chicks are altri- are small and soft. They help cial (al TRISH uhl). When they hatch, they have no feathers keep birds warm. Contour and their eyes are closed. They cannot walk or fly. Their par- feathers are stiff and smooth. ents must keep them warm and feed them for several weeks. Figure 7 Parents of altricial chicks They help give birds a stream- Figure 7 shows a parent feeding its altricial chicks. bring food to the nest. lined surface. 3. Sample answer: Preening is a process in which birds spread oil on their feathers. Using Key Terms Math Skills Molting is a process through Review 1. Use each of the following terms 9. Suppose that a bird that weighs which birds replace old in a separate sentence: lift and 325 g loses 40% of its body feathers. brooding. weight during migration. What 4. c is the bird’s weight when it For each pair of terms, explain how reaches its destination? 5. Sample answer: Most birds the meanings of the terms differ. Summary eat insects, nuts, seeds, or 2. down feather and contour feather Critical Thinking meat. Food moves from a bird’s Birds have feathers, a • 3. preening and molting 10. Analyzing Ideas Why can’t beak, wings, and a con- mouth to the crop, where the people fly without the help of stant body temperature. food can be stored. Food then Understanding Key Ideas technology? Name at least four Down feathers keep human body characteristics that moves to the gizzard, where • 4. Which of the following is NOT a birds warm. Contour are poorly adapted for flight. small stones grind up the food feathers help birds fly flight adaptation in birds? and attract mates. a. hollow bones 11. Applying Concepts Some before it moves to the intestine. people use the phrase “eats like Birds must eat a high- b. air sacs 6. Sample answer: Air moving • a bird” to describe someone who energy diet to get energy c. down feathers does not eat very much. Does over and under a bird’s wings for flying. d. rapidly beating heart using the phrase in this way changes speed and direction in Lightweight bodies and • 5. What do birds eat? Describe the show an accurate understanding a way that causes an upward strong muscles help path taken by a bird’s food as it of a bird’s eating habits? Why or birds fly. Air sacs help force, called lift, on the wings. moves through the bird’s diges- why not? them get enough oxygen tive system. 7. Sample answer: Precocial to fly. chicks are active soon after • Wings create lift as they 6. How does the air around a bird’s cut through the air. Lift wings cause lift? they hatch. Altricial chicks are pushes the wings up to 7. Explain the difference between weak for a while after they keep a bird in the air. precocial chicks and altricial hatch. For a variety of links related to this • Birds keep their eggs chicks. 8. Sample answer: Colorful warm in a nest by chapter, go to www.scilinks.org 8. Name two ways that birds use brooding. When the contour feathers can attract their contour feathers. Name Topic: Bird Characteristics chicks hatch, they are one way that birds use their SciLinks code: HSM0167 mates because of their color precocial or altricial. down feathers. and help birds fly because they form a streamlined surface. Down feathers trap air close to the body to keep a bird warm. CHAPTER RESOURCES 9. 195 g (40% of 325 g ϭ Is That a Fact! 130 g; 325 g Ϫ 130 g ϭ 195 g) Chapter Resource File The wandering albatross’s wings are 10. Sample answer: The human • Section Quiz g 3 to 3.5 m long but are barely 23 cm CRF body is poorly adapted for flight. • Section Review g wide. The wings are inefficient for flap- Our hearts beat more slowly • Vocabulary and Section Summary g ping flight, but the unusual shape of than bird hearts do. We do not the wings enables albatrosses to soar Technology have air sacs attached to our lungs. We do not have wings, for months at a time. Albatrosses alight Transparencies hollow bones, or a rigid skele- only when they need to nest and feed •LINK TO PHYSICAL SCIENCE P27 Wing Design and ton. We do not have a keel to and when winds are too calm for soaring. Lift anchor flight muscles. 11. No, birds eat a tremendous amount of food in relation to their mass.

Section 1 • Characteristics of Birds 447 2 2 Kinds of Birds There are about 10,000 species of birds on Earth. Birds vary in color, shape, and size. They range in mass from the 1.6 g bee hummingbird to the 125 kg North African ostrich. The ostrich Overview is almost 80,000 times more massive than the hummingbird! This section introduces students What You Will Learn Scientists group living bird species into 28 different orders. to four kinds of birds: flightless Identify the differences between Songbirds, such as robins or bluebirds, make up the largest birds, water birds, perching flightless birds, water birds, perching birds, and birds of prey. order. This order includes about 60% of all bird species. But birds, and birds of prey. birds are often grouped into four nonscientific categories: READING STRATEGY flightless birds, water birds, perching birds, and birds of prey. Bellringer These categories don’t include all birds. But they do show how Discussion Read this section silently. different birds can be. To reinforce the concept that Write down questions that you have about this section. Discuss your feathers are the defining charac- questions in a small group. Flightless Birds teristic of birds, ask students the Not all birds fly. Most flightless birds do not have the large following questions: keel that anchors birds’ flight muscles. Instead of flying, some • Why are hawk moths, bats, flightless birds run quickly to move around. Others are skilled and flying squirrels not classi- swimmers. Figure 1 shows three kinds of flightless birds. fied as birds? (These animals don’t have feathers.) • Why are penguins and Figure 1 Flightless Birds ostriches classified as birds? (Sample answer: These birds do Unlike other flightless birds, penguins have a large keel The ostrich is the largest not fly, but they do have feathers.) and very strong flight muscles. living bird. It can reach Their wings have changed a height of 2.5 m and over time to become flippers. a mass of 125 kg. An They flap these wings to “fly” ostrich’s two-toed feet look underwater. almost like hoofs. These birds can run up to about 60 km/h. Discussion ------g The National Bird Ask students the following questions: • What bird is our nation’s symbol? (the bald eagle) • Why? (Throughout history, eagles have been symbols of strength The kiwi is a small, and power. An eagle was the chicken-sized bird from New Zealand. Kiwis sleep emblem of the Babylonian god during the day. At night, Ashur. An eagle adorned the staff they hunt for worms, cat- of Zeus. In Norse myths, Odin, the erpillars, and berries. king of the gods, often assumed the shape of an eagle.) l Verbal CHAPTER RESOURCES MISCONCEPTION ALERT Chapter Resource File Feathers, Not Fur Some birds appear CRF • Lesson Plan • Directed Reading A b to be covered with fur. Help students • Directed Reading B s understand that these birds are actually covered with tiny feathers. Feathers of Technology most birds grow in lines called tracts. Transparencies Between the tracts are gaps called • Bellringer apteria. If you blow on the belly of a Workbooks bird that can fly, such as a robin, the Interactive Textbook Struggling Readers feathers separate to reveal patches of bare skin. But on ostriches and penguins, feathers cover every bit of skin.

448 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals Figure 2 Water Birds Debate ------a The blue-footed Male wood ducks have beautiful Destroying Wildlife to Save It? booby is a tropical plumage to attract females. Like The artist John James Audubon water bird. These all ducks, they are strong swim- birds have an mers and flyers. (1785–1851) painted pictures of elaborate court- birds that he shot. This was the ship dance that includes raising only way that he could get close their feet one at enough to see the level of detail a time. he needed in his paintings. Although modern cameras and binoculars provide researchers with excellent detail, scientists have sometimes killed birds for study and museum collections. This close study allows scientists to place the birds in the proper evolutionary context, to confirm the discovery of new species, The common loon can make and to develop specific conser- very deep dives and remain vation measures. Ask students to underwater for several minutes while searching for fish. debate the pros and cons of this scientific technique. l Verbal/Logical

INCLUSION Strategies • Gifted and Talented • Behavior Control Issues Water Birds Some students can benefit Many flying birds are also comfortable in the water. These from exploring classroom water birds include cranes, ducks, geese, swans, pelicans, and topics in greater depth and loons. These birds usually have webbed feet for swimming from making choices about or long legs for wading. Figure 2 above shows three different their learning. Challenge water birds. For another activity related these students to research the Water birds find food both in the water and on land. Many to this chapter, go to of these birds eat plants, invertebrates, or fish. Some water birds go.hrw.com and type in the gestation periods and length keyword HL5VR2W. have a rounded, flat beak for eating plants or small inverte- of brooding for 10 bird spe- brates. Others have a long, sharp beak for catching fish. cies of the students‘ choosing. Ask students to present ✓Reading Check What are the two kinds of beaks that are common in water birds? (See the Appendix for answers to Reading Checks.) their results in a bar graph. l Verbal

Answer to Reading Check SUPPORT FOR rounded, flat beaks and long, sharp English Language Learners beaks Some oceanic birds, such as fulmars, can Classiﬁ cation Students need practice eject a smelly oil from their stomachs. with higher order thinking skills such as Fulmars can spew the oil as a defensive classiﬁcation. Provide pairs of students weapon. Elimination of the oil can also with posterboard, nature magazines, reduce a bird’s weight before flight. The scissors, and glue. Have them create a behavior is instinctive—newly hatched four-column chart with headings for fulmars have been observed regurgitat- each type of bird. Students should note ing the oil while emerging from the the characteristics of that bird on the shell. During courtship, adult fulmars poster. Ask them to cut out pictures exchange the oil with each other. of birds, and then place them in the correct column on the poster. Students should be able to defend their choices l orally. Verbal/Logical Section 2 • Kinds of Birds 449 Perching Birds Perching birds have special adaptations for resting on branches. Reteaching ------b Songbirds, such as robins, warblers, and sparrows, make up a large part of this group of birds. When a perching bird lands Making Comparisons Have stu- in a tree, its feet automatically close around a branch. If the dents make tables comparing bird falls asleep while it is perching, its feet will stay closed. the four major groups of The sleeping bird will not fall off the branch. Figure 3 shows birds. l Verbal three kinds of perching birds. ✓Reading Check What happens to a perching bird that falls Quiz ------g asleep while it is perching on a branch? 1. What are four groups of birds? (flightless birds, water birds, Figure 3 Perching Birds perching birds, and birds of prey) Parrots have special feet for 2. What do flightless birds do to perching and climbing. They move around instead of fly- open seeds and slice fruit with ing? (Some flightless birds run their strong, hooked beak. quickly. Other flightless birds are skilled swimmers.) 3. Compare perching birds and birds of prey. (Perching birds have feet that automatically close around branches. Birds of prey have sharp talons; sharp, curved

beaks; and good vision.) Chickadees are lively, little birds that often visit garden feeders. They can dangle underneath a Alternative branch while hunting for insects, seeds, or fruits. Assessment------g Classifying Birds Display pictures of birds for the class. Have students make charts that have three columns. Tell them to put the number of the bird in the first column and the general type of the bird (flightless, Most tanagers are tropical birds, but the scarlet tanager spends water, perching, or bird of prey) the summer in North America. in the second column. Have stu- The male is red, but the female dents list the reasons that each is a yellow green color that blends into the trees. bird was classified as it was in the third column. e l Visual

Answer to Reading Check The perching bird’s feet will remain closed around the branch. v------g Raptors Birds of prey, such as research and contact these centers to PORTFOLIO eagles, owls, falcons, and hawks, obtain more information about raptors and are called raptors. There are raptor cen- their care. Have students make an informa- ters throughout the United States. Many tive pamphlet about what they learn. If a specialize in the care and rehabilitation raptor center is nearby, encourage students of injured birds. Many house and display to work with the school administration to birds that are too wounded or too accus- arrange a visit by a naturalist and a bird or tomed to people to survive on their own. two from the raptor center. The centers frequently serve as wildlife l Verbal/Interpersonal education centers, too. Have students

450 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals Birds of Prey Answers to Section Review 1. a Birds of prey hunt and eat other vertebrates. These birds may eat insects or other invertebrates in addition to mammals, fish, 2. b reptiles, and birds. Take a look at the birds in Figure 4. Birds of 3. Sample answer: Birds of prey prey have sharp claws on their feet and a sharp, curved beak. need good vision to see their These traits help the birds catch and eat their prey. Birds of prey from high above while they prey also have very good vision. Most of them hunt during are flying. If they couldn’t see the day, as the osprey does. But most owls hunt at night. very well, they would not be very successful at catching prey. Figure 4 Birds of Prey 4. perching birds; robins, warblers, and sparrows Owls, such as this Ospreys eat fish. 5. 0.4 min northern spotted They fly over the owl, are the only water and catch (400 m Ϭ 1,000 m/km ϭ 0.4 km; birds of prey that fish with their 60 km/h Ϭ 60 min/h ϭ 1 km/min; hunt at night. They clawed feet. 0.4 km Ϭ 1 km/min ϭ 0.4 min) have a strong sense of hearing to help 6. Sample answer: No, it would not them find their be helpful for a duck to have the prey in the dark. feet of a perching bird. A duck needs webbed feet to help it move in the water. Also, a duck does not need to hold onto branches in the way that perch- Understanding Key Ideas Math Skills ing birds do. Review 1. Which of the following groups 5. How quickly could an ostrich, 7. Sample answer: An ostrich’s of birds includes birds that do running at a speed of 60 km/h, ability to run can help the ostrich NOT have a large keel? run a 400 m track event? escape from predators. This a. flightless birds ability is critical to an ostrich’s b. water birds Critical Thinking Summary survival because an ostrich can- c. perching birds 6. Predicting Consequences d. birds of prey Would it be helpful for a duck to not fly. Some flightless birds do • have the feet of a perching bird? not have a large keel 2. Why do some water birds have Explain why or why not. as other birds do. Many long legs? flightless birds are fast a. for swimming 7. Making Inferences How could runners or swimmers. b. for wading being able to run 60 km/h be helpful for an ostrich? • Many water birds have c. for running webbed feet for swim- d. for flying ming or long legs for wading. 3. Most birds of prey have very good eyesight. Why do you think • Perching birds have feet Developed and maintained by the that automatically close good vision is important for National Science Teachers Association these birds? around a branch. For a variety of links related to this • Birds of prey have a 4. To which group of birds do song- chapter, go to www.scilinks.org sharp beak and claws birds belong? Name three exam- Topic: Kinds of Birds for catching and eating ples of songbirds. their prey. SciLinks code: HSM0831

CHAPTER RESOURCES Chapter Resource File g CRF • Section Quiz • Section Review g • Vocabulary and Section Summary g • SciLinks Activity g

Section 2 • Kinds of Birds 451 3 3 Characteristics of Mammals What do you have in common with a bat, a donkey, a giraffe, and a whale? You’re all mammals! Overview Mammals live in the coldest oceans, the hottest deserts, and almost every place in between. The tiniest bats weigh less than This section introduces students What You Will Learn a cracker, and the blue whale can weigh more than twenty to seven common characteristics Explain how early mammals lived. school buses. Though mammals vary in many ways, all of the of mammals. Describe seven common characteris- approximately 5,000 modern species share certain characteristics of mammals. tics. Figure 1 shows a few of the many types of mammals. Bellringer Vocabulary Have students answer the fol- mammary gland The First Mammals lowing question, “What are the diaphragm Fossil evidence indicates that about 280 million years ago, reptiles called therapsids (thuh RAP sihdz) existed. These ani- characteristics of mammals?” READING STRATEGY mals had characteristics of both reptiles and mammals. True (Students may not be able to list all Reading Organizer As you read mammals appeared soon after. Mammals appeared in the fossil general mammal characteristics, this section, create an outline of the record more than 225 million years ago. They were about the but these characteristics include section. Use the headings from the size of mice. These animals were endotherms, so they were section in your outline. the ability to make milk, using a dia- able to keep their body temperature constant. They did not phragm for breathing, an endother- depend on their surroundings to keep warm. This characteristic mic body temperature, hair, special- allowed them to look for food at night and to avoid being ized teeth, the ability to reproduce eaten by dinosaurs during the day. sexually, and a large brain.) When the dinosaurs died out, more land and food were available for the mammals. These resources allowed mammals to spread out and live in many different environments.

Figure 1 Even though they look very different, all of these animals are mammals. Discussion ------g Domestication of Animals Beluga whale Ask students to describe how humans have interacted with wild mammals over time. (Sample answer: Humans have hunted mammals and used their meat for food, their hides for clothing and shelter, and their bones for tools.) Ask students how the domestication of mammals, such as horses, pigs, and cats, changed the lives of early humans. (Domestication of mam- Mandrill baboon Rhinoceros mals allowed early humans to culti- vate larger areas and carry supplies longer distances. It also provided early humans with food, clothing, CHAPTER RESOURCES l and pest control.) Verbal Chapter Resource File

CRF • Lesson Plan The world’s smallest flying mammal is • Directed Reading A b s the bumblebee bat, which has a mass • Directed Reading B of only 2 g. It weighs less than a penny Technology does! The bumblebee bat is about Transparencies 33 mm long. This tiny bat lives in lime- • Bellringer stone caves in southwest Thailand. Workbooks Interactive Textbook Struggling Readers

452 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals Figure 2 Like all mammals, this calf drinks its mother’s milk for its READING ------b first meals. STRATEGY Paired Summarizing Have students work in pairs. Have them read silently about one or two of the characteristics of mammals. Then, have each student give an oral summary of his or her reading. The summary should include a list of characteristics Common Characteristics of mammals that he or she read Dolphins, monkeys, and elephants have hair and specialized mammary gland in a female about and a brief description of mammal, a gland that secretes milk teeth, just as you do! Mammals share these and many other each characteristic. The other characteristics that make them unlike other animals. diaphragm a dome-shaped muscle student in the pair should listen that is attached to the lower ribs and Making Milk that functions as the main muscle in to and take notes on the l All mammals have mammary glands. No other animal has respiration summary. Verbal/Interpersonal these glands. Mammary glands are structures that make milk. However, only mature females produce milk in their mammary v------g glands. All female mammals feed their young with this milk. Figure 2 shows a cow nursing her calf. Offspring Number Have stu- All milk is made of water, proteins, fats, and sugars. But dents work in groups of four. the amount of each nutrient is different in different milk. For Tell students to research the example, human milk has half the fat and twice the sugar of average number of offspring and cow’s milk. frequency of births for a field ✓Reading Check What is milk made of? (See the Appendix for mouse, a pig, a horse, a chimpan- answers to Reading Checks.) Diaphragm Demo 1. Place your hand under zee, and a human. Then, tell Breathing Air your rib cage to feel your students to find out how long abdominal muscles (which each mammal’s young are All animals need oxygen to get energy from their food. Like are indirectly connected to birds and reptiles, mammals use lungs to get oxygen from the your diaphragm). Breathe dependent on the parents and air. But mammals have a muscle that helps them get air. The in and out. how long the average lifespan diaphragm (DIE uh FRAM) is a large muscle that helps bring air 2. Write down what your is for each of these mammals. into the lungs. It lies at the bottom of the rib cage. hand feels as you breathe. Have students discuss whether 3. Place your hand under they see a pattern in the rela- Endothermic your rib cage again. Con- tract your abdominal tionship between a mammal’s As oxygen helps to break down a mammal’s food, energy is muscles, and try breathing. period of dependence and aver- released. This energy keeps mammals warm. Has a dog or cat Then, relax your abdominal (Short-lived mammals ever sat in your lap? If so, then you have felt how warm muscles, and breathe. age lifespan. a mammal’s body is. Like birds, mammals are endotherms. 4. Write down what happens. tend to have more offspring and Their internal chemical changes keep their body temperature 5. Explain your observations. give birth more frequently. Also, constant. The ability to stay warm helps them survive in cold Then, draw a picture of their offspring tend to have a shorter how the diaphragm moves. areas and stay active when the weather is cool. period of dependence on their parents than the offspring of long-lived mammals do.) Have the groups SUPPORT FOR present their findings to the class. l Verbal/Interpersonal c English Language Learners Summarizing Working in pairs will allow the animals if needed. The other student Answer to Reading Check students to process more information in the pair should listen to the summary water, protein, fat, and sugar than they might otherwise be able to. and take notes. When both students have Have pairs of students read silently about summarized all the characteristics, have one characteristic of mammals at a time. them review and compare the notes they Then have each student give an oral sum- wrote. If they do not include the same mary to his or her partner. The summary information, ask students to add any miss- should include a brief description of the ing information to their summaries and characteristic they read about, as well as delete any incorrect information. a few animal examples. Allow students l Verbal/Interpersonal to use bilingual dictionaries to identify

Section 3 • Characteristics of Mammals 453 Hair Mammals have a few characteristics that keep them from Reteaching ------b losing their body heat. One way they stay warm is by having hair. Mammals are the only animals that have hair. All Flashcards Have students make mammals—even whales—have hair. Mammals that live in cold flashcards to help them remem- climates, such as the fox in Figure 3, usually have thick coats ber the seven characteristics of of hair. These thick coats are called fur. Large mammals that mammals. l Verbal live in warm climates, such as elephants, do not need warm fur. Humans have hair all over their bodies, as apes do. But human body hair is shorter and more fine than ape hair. ------g Quiz Most mammals also have a layer of fat under their skin to 1. What are two features that keep them warm. This fat helps trap heat in the body. Whales help keep mammals warm? and other mammals that live in cold oceans have an especially (fur and a layer of fat) thick layer of fat. This thick layer of fat is called blubber. 2. When did the first mammals Specialized Teeth Figure 3 The thick fur of this appear in the fossil record? arctic fox helps its body stay Another unique mammal characteristic is specialized teeth. (more than 225 million years ago) warm in the coldest winters. Modern birds don’t have teeth. Fish and reptiles have teeth, 3. What are large cutting teeth but usually all of their teeth are identical. Mammals have teeth called? (incisors) with different shapes and sizes for different jobs. Also, mammals replace their original baby teeth with a permanent set. Your own mouth has three kinds of teeth. You have cutting Alternative teeth, called incisors, in the front of your mouth. Most people Assessment ------g have four incisors on top and four on the bottom. Next to them are stabbing teeth, called canines. These help you grab and Concept Mapping Have stu- hold on to food. Your flat, grinding back teeth are molars. dents use the following terms Each kind of tooth helps mammals eat a certain kind of and phrases to create a concept food. Meat-eating mammals have large canines to help them map: canines, mammary glands, eat prey. Plant-eating mammals have larger incisors and molars mammals, endothermic, incisors, to help them bite and grind plants. Figure 4 shows the teeth breathe air, diaphragm, hair, spe- of a meat-eating mammal and a plant-eating mammal. cialized teeth, sexual reproduction, large brains, make milk, and molars. l Logical

Figure 4 Mountain lions have sharp canine teeth for grabbing their prey. Horses have sharp incisors in front for cutting plants and flat molars in the back for grinding plants.

v ------b Comparing Skulls Display several skulls for students to study. Include mammal skulls, a reptile skull, a bird skull, and an amphibian skull. Tell students to carefully examine the skulls and to describe similarities and differences between the kinds of animals. Ask students to describe differences in dentition and speculate about advantages and disadvantages of the tooth arrangements that they observe. e l Verbal/Visual

454 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals Sexual Reproduction Answers to Section Review All mammals reproduce sexually. Sperm fertilize eggs inside 1. Sample answer: Mammals the female’s body. Though there are a few exceptions, most have mammary glands for mammals give birth to live young. Newborn mammals stay making milk. The diaphragm with at least one parent until they are grown. Mammal helps mammals get air. parents care for and protect their young during this time. 2. a Figure 5 shows a brown bear with her young. 3. Sample answer: The dia- ✓Reading Check How long does a young mammal stay with phragm is a large muscle that at least one parent? helps bring air into the lungs. Large Brains 4. Sample answer: Mammals make milk, have hair, have spe- A mammal’s brain is much larger than that of most other animals that are the same size. This large brain allows mam- cialized teeth, and have a large mals to learn and think quickly. It also allows mammals to Figure 5 A mother bear will brain. respond quickly to events around them. attack anything that threatens 5. Sample answer: Mammals Mammals use vision, hearing, smell, touch, and taste her cubs. are endothermic, which means to find out about the world around them. The importance that they have a constant body of each sense often depends on a mammal’s surroundings. temperature. Hair and a layer of For example, mammals that are active at night depend on fat under the skin also help their hearing more than on their vision. keep mammals warm. 6. Sample answer: Usually, all of a fish’s or a reptile’s teeth are identical. A mammal’s Using Key Terms Math Skills teeth differ in shape or size. Review 1. Use each of the following terms 8. What is the mass of a 90,000 kg 7. Mammals reproduce sex- in a separate sentence: mammary whale in grams? in milligrams? ually, and most mammals give gland and diaphragm. birth to live young. Critical Thinking Understanding Key Ideas 8. 90,000,000 g (90,000 kg ϫ Summary 9. Making Inferences Early endo- ϭ 2. Large brains help mammals sur- thermic mammals could be active 1,000 g/kg 90,000,000 g); vive by allowing them at night. If this protected them Early mammals were 90,000,000,000 mg • from certain dinosaurs, were the small. Being endother- a. to think and learn quickly. (90,000,000 g ϫ 1,000 mg/g ϭ dinosaurs endothermic? Explain. mic helped them survive. b. to maintain their body 90,000,000,000 mg) temperature. 10. Applying Concepts How could • Mammals have mam- 9. Sample answer: No, those mary glands, a dia- c. to have hair all over their the teeth of a skull give you phragm, and hair. body. clues about a mammal’s diet? dinosaurs likely were not endo- • All mammals are endo- d. to depend on all of the senses thermic. If they were endother- therms. Most have a equally. mic, they would have been able layer of fat under their 3. What does a diaphragm do? to hunt in the cold temperatures skin for extra warmth. Developed and maintained by the 4. Name three characteristics that National Science Teachers Association at night. Mammals have special- • are unique to mammals. ized teeth. For a variety of links related to this 10. Sample answer: Large canine Mammals reproduce 5. Describe three characteristics that chapter, go to www.scilinks.org teeth would indicate that the • help mammals stay warm. sexually and raise young. Topic: Characteristics of Mammals animal was a meat eater. Flat • Mammals have large 6. How are mammal teeth different SciLinks code: HSM0259 molars, grinding teeth, and from reptile and fish teeth? brains and learn quickly. sharp incisors would suggest 7. How do mammals reproduce? that the mammal was a plant eater.

Cultural g CHAPTER RESOURCES Answer to Reading Check Awareness Chapter Resource File until the young mammal is grown Staying Warmer Native peo- g PORTFOLIO • Section Quiz ples of the Arctic region, such CRF • Section Review g as the Inuit, have traditionally hunted • Vocabulary and Section Summary g marine mammals, such as seals, whales, and walruses. Ask interested students to research how these cultures use mammals to survive cold temperatures. Have students make a poster showing their findings. l Visual

Section 3 • Characteristics of Mammals 455 4 4 Placental Mammals Both elephants and mice begin life by developing inside a mother. Elephants need up to 23 months to develop inside Overview the mother. But mice need only a few weeks! Mammals are divided into groups based on how they develop. This section describes the devel- What You Will Learn The groups are placental mammals, monotremes, and marsu- opment of placental mammals Explain how placental mammals pials. Most mammals are placental mammals. A placental mammal develop. and gives several examples of is a mammal whose embryo develops inside the mother’s body. placental mammals. Give an example of each type of placental mammal. The embryo grows in an organ called the uterus. An organ called the placenta attaches the embryo to the uterus. The Bellringer Vocabulary placenta carries food and oxygen from the mother’s blood to placental mammal the embryo and carries wastes away from the embryo. Ask students to list 25 mammals gestation period The time in which an embryo develops within the mother and organize them into groups is called a gestation period (jes TAY shuhn PIR ee uhd). This based on their similarities. READING STRATEGY period lasts a different amount of time for each kind of placen- (Students should find basic similar- Brainstorming The key idea of this tal mammal. In humans, this period lasts about 9 months. ities between mammals, but they section is kinds of placental mam- Living placental mammals are divided into 18 orders. The will likely not sort mammals into the mals. Brainstorm words and phrases most common orders are described on the following pages. related to placental mammals. groups described in this section.) As students read the section, they Anteaters, Armadillos, and Sloths will see whether scientists group A few mammals have unique backbones that have special con- mammals based on similarities. nections between the vertebrae. This group includes anteaters, armadillos, and sloths. These mammals are sometimes called “toothless mammals,” but only anteaters have no teeth. The others have small teeth. Most mammals in this group eat insects they catch with their long, sticky tongues. Figure 1 shows two mammals from this group.

CONNECTION v Figure 1 Anteaters, Armadillos, and Sloths Archeology------g Giant anteaters never destroy the nests of the Mammal Evidence When insects they eat. They open a nest and eat a few archeologists study the homes insects. Then, they move on to another nest. of prehistoric peoples, they sometimes find animal remains. Archeologists discovered that ancient South American Indians used the shells of early armadillos to build roofs for homes. Armadillos eat insects, frogs, mushrooms, and These ancestors of modern arma- roots. Threatened armadillos roll up into a ball, dillos had shells up to 3 m long. or they may jump to scare a predator. They are Ask students to research other protected by their tough plates. mammal remains that have been found in the homes of prehistoric peoples. l Verbal CHAPTER RESOURCES MISCONCEPTION ALERT Chapter Resource File Placentas Both placental mammals CRF • Lesson Plan • Directed Reading A b and marsupials have a placenta. So, • Directed Reading B s why is only one group called placental? The difference is that in marsupials, the Technology placenta nourishes the fetus only for Transparencies the short period before its early birth. • Bellringer But in placental mammals, the placenta Workbooks plays a major role in nourishing the Interactive Textbook Struggling Readers fetus throughout its development.

456 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals Figure 2 Insectivores

Cultural g The star-nosed Hedgehogs live Awareness mole has sensi- throughout Europe, tive feelers on its Asia, and Africa. Writing Shrews Shrews have nose. These help Their spines keep been objects offear the mole find them safe from earthworms to eat. most predators. and adoration. Some Moles have poor Native Americanlore holds vision. that red-toothed shrews (genus Sorex) kill people by burrowing through the body to the heart.Some central Insectivores Africans worship the hero Mammals that eat insects are known as insectivores. This group shrew (Scutisorexcongicus). includes moles, shrews, and hedgehogs. Most insectivores are Because the vertebrae in the small and have long, pointed noses that help them smell their food. They have small brains and simple teeth. Some eat worms, hero shrew’sbackbone are fish, frogs, lizards, and small mammals in addition to insects. arched and fused, the back- Figure 2 shows two insectivores. bone is strong enough to protect the shrewfrom being placental mammal a mammal Rodents that nourishes its unborn offspring crushed. Some people believe More than one-third of mammal species are rodents. Rodents through a placenta inside its uterus that eating the shrew’s heart live on every continent except Antarctica. They include squir- gestation period in mammals, the will endow them with that rels, mice, rats, guinea pigs, porcupines, and chinchillas. Most length of time between fertilization same strength. Ask students rodents have sensitive whiskers. They all have one set of incisors and birth to researchbeliefs about in the upper jaw. Rodents gnaw and chew so much that these shrews. Then, have students teeth wear down. But that doesn’t stop their chewing—their write a creative story about incisors grow continuously! Figure 3 shows two rodents. their findings. l Verbal ✓Reading Check What do rodents do with their sharp incisors? (See the Appendix for answers to Reading Checks.)

Figure 3 Rodents h------a

The capybara (KAP i BAH ruh) of South Orders of Placental America is the largest rodent in the world. PORTFOLIO Mammals Not all Females have a mass of up to 70 kg—as much as a grown man. orders ofplacental mammals are representedin this section. Have studentsresearch and draw a diagram depicting a hypothesis for the genetic relationships between the 18 orders of placental mammals. l Visual

Like the incisors of all rodents, a porcupine’s Answer to Reading Check incisors grow continuously. They gnaw and chew.

SUPPORT FOR English Language Learners Vocabulary Expansion As studentsread rectly, ask them to return to the text and this section, they will encounterimpor- find the context clue that would have pro- tant unfamiliarwords. While theyread, vided the correct definition. Newwords ask students to note any words theydo mayinclude the following: up to, embryo, not knowin their science journals, along organ, unique, whiskers, incisors, weardown, with a prediction about what they think gnaw, nectar, echo, hoofed, grind, strain, the words meanfrom context. When they highly, opposable. Check the journals, and have finishedreading, ask students to look have students make corrections if neces- up the newwords in the dictionary to see sary. l Verbal/Logical/Intrapersonal if their guesseswere correct. If there are some words that studentsguessedincor-

Section 4 • Placental Mammals 457 Figure 4 Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas

Pikas are small animals that live high in the mountains. Pikas gather plants and pile them into “haystacks” to dry. In the winter, pikas use the Making Tracks In the snow, dry plants for food and the four footprints of a single insulation. rabbit or hare are aligned or the prints from the back feet are in front of those from the front feet. When moving Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas quickly, rabbits and hares Rodents are similar to a group of mammals that includes rabbits, hares, and pikas (PIE kuhz). Figure 4 shows two members rely on their powerful back The large ears of this black- of this group. Like rodents, they have sharp gnawing teeth. But legs to propel them forward. tailed jack rabbit help it hear well and keep cool. They unlike rodents, they have two sets of incisors in their upper Their jump distance is also work with a sensitive jaw. Also, their tails are shorter than rodents’ tails. increased when they swing nose and large eyes to detect ✓Reading Check How are rabbits different from rodents? their back legs forward until predators. they touch down nearly in Flying Mammals line with the front feet and then push off. Rabbits and Bats are the only mammals that fly. Figure 5 shows two kinds of bats. Bats are active at night. They sleep in protected areas hares are very efficient ani- during the day. Most bats eat insects or other small animals. mals because of this type of But some bats eat fruit or plant nectar. A few bats, called locomotion. Cheetahs can vampire bats, drink the blood of birds or mammals. also run this way. Most bats use echoes to find their food and their way. Using echoes to find things is called echolocation. Bats make clicking noises as they fly. The clicks echo off trees, rocks, and insects. Discussion ------g Bats know what is around them by hearing these echoes. Bat Fact and Fiction Ask students whether each of the follow- Figure 5 Flying Mammals ing statements is true or false: 1. Some bats have wing spans of more than 1.5 m. (true, giant flying foxes can have a wing span Fruit bats, also called flying foxes, of over 1.5 m) live in tropical 2. A single little brown bat can regions. They pollinate plants as catch 1,200 mosquito-sized they go from one The spotted bat is found in insects in 1 h. (true) plant to another, parts of the American South- eating fruit. west. Like most bats, it eats fly- 3. Bats present a serious disease ing insects. It uses its large ears threat to humans. (false, less during echolocation. than one-half of 1% of bats carry rabies, and most bats bite only when threatened) l Verbal Answer to Reading Check Is That a Fact! Rabbits have two sets of sharp front teeth in Of the known mammal species, nearly their upper jaw, and they have a short tail. 25% are bats.

458 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals Figure 6 Carnivores v------a

Coyotes are members of the dog family. Walruses, like all pinnipeds, eat in the ocean but sleep Comparing Footprints Have They live throughout North America and and mate on land. They use their huge canines in court- students compare footprints or in parts of Central America. ship displays, for defense, and to climb onto ice. foot casts of two common carnivores: the domestic dog and the domestic cat. Students can make footprints by having a pet step on damp, claylike soil. They can make casts by pouring plas- ter of Paris in a dried footprint. Have students study the casts and hypothesize the reasons for the features and differences that they notice. l e Carnivores Visual/Verbal Mammals that have large canine teeth and special molar teeth g for slicing meat are called carnivores. Many mammals in this Debate------group eat only meat. But some mammals in this group are Carnivore Conservation omnivores or herbivores that eat plants. For example, black Explain to students that many bears eat grass, nuts, and berries and rarely eat meat. The car- carnivores are endangered nivore group includes cats, dogs, otters, bears, raccoons, and because of habitat loss, hunt- hyenas. Pinnipeds, a group of fish-eating ocean mammals, are also carnivores. Seals, sea lions, and walruses are pinnipeds. ing, and poaching. His torically, Figure 6 shows two carnivores. persuading people to preserve animals that they considered Trunk-Nosed Mammals dangerous to themselves and Elephants are the only living mammals that have a trunk. to livestock has been difficult. The trunk is a combination of an upper lip and a nose. An Some carnivores are endangered elephant uses its trunk in the same ways we use our hands, because people hunt them for lips, and nose. An elephants uses its trunk to put food in its their fur or for body parts that mouth. It also uses its trunk to spray water on its back to cool are believed to have medicinal off. Figure 7 shows two species of elephants. qualities. Have students work in teams to debate the extent to Figure 7 Trunk-Nosed Mammals which large carnivores, such as wolves and tigers, should be Elephants are social. The females live in herds of preserved and the steps that mothers, daughters, and people should take to deal with sisters. These elephants are these large carnivores. l Verbal/ African elephants. Logical c

These Indian elephants have smaller ears and tusks than African elephants do.

h------a Elephant Populations Have stu- PORTFOLIO dents examine the wild populations of African and Asian elephants. Students should identify approximately how many elephants are in these populations today, where these populations are found, and whether the populations are protected. Students should also identify ways in which elephant populations have changed over time. Students should create a map showing the current and past distri- butions of wild elephants. l Visual

Section 4 • Placental Mammals 459 Hoofed Mammals Horses, pigs, deer, and rhinoceroses are some of the many v mammals that have thick hoofs. A hoof is a thick, hard pad CONNECTION that covers a mammal’s toe. The hoof is similar to a toenail Real Life------g or a claw, but it covers the entire toe. Most hoofed mammals are fast runners. They also have large, flat molars. These teeth Water Buffaloes Many kinds help hoofed mammals grind the plants that they eat. ofhoofed mammals are usedfor Hoofed mammals include two orders—odd-toed and even- draft work. In the United States, toed. Odd-toed hoofed mammals have one or three toes on small farmsstill rely onhorses each foot. Horses and zebras have one large, hoofed toe. Rhinoc- or mules to pull some farm eroses have three toes. Even-toed hoofed mammals have two equipment. Oxen, llamas, goats, or four toes on each foot. Pigs, cattle, camels, deer, and giraffes elephants, and camels are used are even-toed. Figure 8 shows some hoofed mammals. in various parts of the world for pulling or carrying. But perhaps Figure 8 Hoofed Mammals no animalis as widely used as

the water buffalo is. Water buffa- Tapirs are large, odd-toed mammals. loes are large, strong, and rela- They live in forests in Central America, tively docile animals. They are South America, and Southeast Asia. Tapirs are active mostly at night. hardy and can eat rough, native vegetation. Theywere originally domesticatedinAsia thousands Giraffes are the tallest ofyears ago and are still vital to living mammals. They the farms ofsouthern China and have long necks and Southeast Asia. The water buf- long legs and are even- toed. They eat leaves falo wasintroduced to Africa from tall trees. about 1,400 years ago and is still usedfordraft work there.More recently, the water buffalo was introduced to Central and South America. Have interestedstu- Camels are even-toed dentsresearch and present to mammals. The hump the class an oralreport on the of a camel is a large lump of fat that pro- importance ofwater buffaloes or vides energy for the otherdraft animals to farmers camel when food is around the world. l Verbal scarce. Camels can live without drinking water for a long time, so they can live in very dry places.

Cultural g Awareness Is That a Fact! Horses Hernando Cortez The limbs ofhoofed mammals are PORTFOLIO reintroduced the horse into adaptedfor running and walking long NorthAmerica during the 1500s. The distances over open terrain. These ani- arrival of the horse changed the lives mals have between one and four toes of Native Americans forever. Ask stu- and very long foot bones. Ifwe compare dents to research Native Americanways the way that hoofed animals walk with of life before and after the reintroduc- the humanskeleton and human meth- tion of the horse. Have students make ods ofwalking, one would say that posters comparing ways of life during hoofed animals balance on the tips the two time periods. l Verbal/Visual of their toes.

460 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals Figure 9 Cetaceans h ------a

Spinner dolphins spin like a football when they Humpback whales are toothless. Like all Writing Whales Have students leap from the water. Like all dolphins, they are toothless whales, they strain sea water research and write a short intelligent and highly social. through special plates in their mouth. These plates are made of a substance report about one aspect called baleen. The baleen traps tiny sea of whale biology. Possible topics life for the whale to eat. include behavior, feeding habits, anatomy, and communication. Have students write an informa- tive report about their findings, and have them give an oral presentation of their findings. l Verbal

Debate ------a Cetaceans Whaling Have students Cetaceans (suh TAY shuhnz) are a group of research and debate the practice mammals made up of whales, dolphins, and of whaling. Questions that stu- porpoises. All cetaceans live in the water. dents should be aware of include Figure 9 shows two kinds of cetaceans. At first the following: glance, they may look more like fish than like • What is the history of mammals. But unlike fish, cetaceans have lungs whaling? and nurse their young. Most of the largest whales are toothless. They • What products do people strain tiny, shrimplike animals from sea water. obtain from whales? However, dolphins, porpoises, sperm whales, and • Are there other sources of killer whales all have teeth to help them eat. Like bats, these animals use echolocation to find fish these products? and other animals. • Why have some countries signed a treaty to cease com- Manatees and Dugongs mercial whaling? The smallest group of mammals that live in the • Why don’t all countries sign water are manatees (MAN uh TEEZ) and dugongs the treaty? (DOO gawngz). This group includes three species of manatees and the dugong. Manatees and dugongs • Are there any whale species use their front flippers and a tail to swim slowly whose population is large through the water. Figure 10 shows a manatee. enough to support an on- Manatees and dugongs live along ocean coasts going whaling industry? and in rivers. They are large animals that eat mostly seaweed and water plants. These animals spend all Students should make a distinc- tion between commercial whal- of their time in the water, but they lift their noses Figure 10 Manatees are also called sea cows. from the water to breathe air. ing and small-scale whaling by ✓Reading Check How much of their time do native peoples, such as the dugongs and manatees spend in the water? Makah of Washington State. l Verbal/Logical

Answer to Reading Check all of their time

A humpback whale can make its own fishing net out of bubbles! The whale creates this net by swimming around in a spiral directly underneath plankton or a school of fish. As the whale swims, it blows air out of its blowhole. This air forms a net of bubbles around the fish. The whale then swims up through the net with its mouth wide open and scoops in plankton or fish.

Section 4 • Placental Mammals 461 Primates Scientists classify prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans as Reteaching ------b primates. These animals have five fingers on each hand and five toes on each foot. Most have flat fingernails instead of Making Tables Have students WRITING Funky Monkey In SKILL claws. Primates have a larger brain than most other mammals make tables listing the major many parts of the the same size have. They are considered highly intelligent world, cities have taken over characteristics of the groups of natural, nonhuman primate mammals. Primates also have unique arrangements of body mammals described in the sec- habitat. Some nonhuman pri- parts that help them do complicated things. For example, all tion. Students should include mates have moved into the primates have forward- facing eyes that can focus on a single city and adopted new lifestyles. point. And primates have opposable thumbs, which allow examples of animals from each Macaques have been known them to hold objects. group in their tables. l Logical to steal ice-cream cones from children or hop on a bus for a Many primates live in trees. They climb with their grasping g short ride! Write a story in your hands and feet. Flexible shoulder joints allow them to swing Quiz ------science journal about people between branches. They eat leaves and fruits, and some pri- 1. What is a carnivore? (an animal living with monkeys in a city. mates even hunt animals. Figure 11 shows some primates. that has large canine teeth and ✓Reading Check What traits help many primates live in trees? special molar teeth for slicing) 2. How do placental mammals Figure 11 Primates develop? (Sample answer: The embryos develop in the uterus. The placenta attaches embryos Orangutans and other to the uterus and carries food apes often walk upright. and oxygen from the mother’s Apes usually have larger blood to the embryos. The pla- brains and bodies than monkeys do. centa also removes wastes from the embryos.) 3. What are three characteristics of primates? (Sample answer: eyes that face forward, five fingers on each hand and five toes on each foot, and flat fingernails instead of claws)

Alternative Assessment ------b Poster Project Have Spider monkeys, like PORTFOLIO students create a poster many monkeys, have The proboscis monkey has an that shows an animal from each grasping tails. Their enormous nose! The males have long arms, legs, and of the mammal groups discussed larger noses than the females do. tails help them move That difference makes some sci- in the section. Students should among the trees. entists wonder if the male’s nose list the general characteristics is used to attract females. of each mammal group on their posters. l Visual

Answer to Connection to Language Arts Answer to Reading Check Students’ stories should be creative and should large brains, grasping hands and feet, flexible demonstrate an understanding of how monkeys shoulder joints, and forward-facing eyes have adapted to life in cities.

462 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals Answers to Section Review 1. Sample answer: In placen- Review tal mammals, the amount of time in which the embryo develops within the uterus is Summary called a gestation period. 2. d • Placental mammals develop inside the • Cats, dogs, otters, bears, sea lions, and mother during a gestation period. Placental walruses are in the carnivore group. 3. a mothers nurse their young after birth. • Horses, zebras, pigs, deer, rhinoceroses, 4. Sample answer: Yes, horses • Anteaters, armadillos, and sloths have and giraffes are hoofed mammals. have an odd number of toes, unique backbones. • Elephants are trunk-nosed mammals. Moles, shrews, and hedgehogs eat insects. while deer have an even num- • • Whales and porpoises are cetaceans. ber of toes. • Squirrels, rats, and porcupines are rodents. • Manatees and dugongs are large, slow • Rabbits, hares, and pikas are similar to mammals that live in the water. 5. Sample answer: An ant- rodents but have an extra pair of incisors. • Prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans eater is a mammal that is part • Bats are flying mammals. are primates. of a mammal group sometimes called toothless mammals. A hedgehog is an insectivore. Using Key Terms Interpreting Graphics Porcupines are rodents. Rabbits 1. Use the following terms in the same sentence: Use the picture of the animal below to answer the are part of a group of animals placental mammal and gestation period. questions that follow. that are similar to rodents but have two sets of sharp incisors Understanding Key Ideas in their top jaw and have shorter 2. Which mammals live entirely in the water? tails than most rodents do. Bats a. manatees, dugongs, cetaceans, and pinnipeds are flying mammals. Wolves are b. only manatees and dugongs carnivores. Elephants are trunk- c. only cetaceans nosed mammals. Giraffes are d. manatees, dugongs, and cetaceans hoofed animals. Dolphins are 3. A placental mammal’s embryo cetaceans. Manatees are mam- a. develops in the uterus. mals that live in the water. b. develops in the placenta. c. develops in a pouch. Monkeys are primates. 6. Sample answer: A gestation d. develops in a leathery egg. 8. To which placental mammal group does this 4. Could you tell a horse from a deer just by look- animal belong? How can you tell? period is the amount of time ing at their feet? Explain. 9. Why can’t this animal be a rodent? an embryo takes to develop. 5. Give one example of each type of placental Elephants are much larger than 10. Why can’t this animal be a primate? mammal described in the section. mice, so elephant embryos likely need more time to develop. For Critical Thinking this reason, elephant embryos 6. Making Inferences What is a gestation have a longer gestation period. period? Why do you think elephants have a longer gestation period than mice do? 7. Sample answer: Unlike pin- For a variety of links related to this 7. Identifying Relationships Manatees may look nipeds, manatees do not eat chapter, go to www.scilinks.org a little like pinnipeds, but they are more closely meat. Like elephants, manatees related to elephants. In what ways is a manatee Topic: Kinds of Mammals are herbivores: manatees eat more like an elephant than like a pinniped? SciLinks code: HSM0832 water plants and seaweeds. 8. Sample answer: The animal is a carnivore. It is eating meat, CONNECTION to CHAPTER RESOURCES and it has large canine teeth. 9. Sample answer: This animal Anthropology------a Chapter Resource File doesn’t have a set of large g Organizing Primates Ask interestedstu- CRF • Section Quiz incisors in its upper jaw, so it dents to examine the taxonomic organiza- • Section Review g cannot be a rodent. g tion of primate species. Studentsshould • Vocabulary and Section Summary 10. Sample answer: This animal b identify the majorgroups of primates, such • Reinforcement Worksheet has claws instead of flat finger- aslemurs, lorises, tarsiers, NewWorld nails and does not have oppos- monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes, and able thumbs, so the animal hominids. Encourage students to examine cannot be a primate. extinct primates as a part of their research. Have students create a postershowing the taxonomy of primates. l Visual

Section 4 • Placental Mammals 463 5 5 Monotremes and Marsupials Did you know that some mammals hatch from eggs and that others spend the ﬁrst months of life in a mother’s pouch? Only Overview a few kinds of mammals develop this way. Placental mammals are born as well-developed young. But This section describes the three What You Will Learn monotremes hatch from eggs. And newborn marsupials still species of monotremes and sev- Describe the difference between need months of development in a mother’s pouch. eral species of marsupials. monotremes and marsupials. Students will learn how mono- Name the two kinds of monotremes. Monotremes tremes and marsupials differ Give three examples of marsupials. Explain why many marsupials are A monotreme (MAHN oh TREEM) is a mammal that lays eggs. from placental mammals. endangered or extinct. Monotremes have all the characteristics of mammals, including mammary glands, a diaphragm, and hair. And like other Bellringer Vocabulary mammals, they keep their body temperature constant. monotreme A female monotreme lays eggs with thick, leathery shells. Before students read the section, marsupial She uses her body’s energy to keep the eggs warm. After the ask students to name a mono- young hatch, the mother takes care of them and feeds them treme. (Sample answer: platypus) READING STRATEGY milk. Monotremes do not have nipples as other mammals do. Then, ask students to name Paired Summarizing Read this Baby monotremes lick milk from the skin and hair around three marsupials. (Sample answer: section silently. In pairs, take turns their mother’s mammary glands. summarizing the material. Stop to kangaroo, wallaby, and opossum) discuss ideas that seem confusing. Echidnas There are only three living species of monotremes. Two of these species are echidnas (ee KID nuhz). Echidnas are about monotreme a mammal that the size of a house cat. Their large claws and long snouts help lays eggs them dig ants and termites out of insect nests. Figure 1 shows the two species of echidnas. Group v------g Amphibious Mammals The platypus is an amphibious mam- Figure 1 Echidnas mal. Tell students to look up the word amphibious in a dictionary if they do not know what the The long-beaked word means. Then, have stu- echidna lives in New Guinea. dents list examples of other amphibious mammals. (Sample The short-beaked answer: river otters, hippopota- echidna lives in muses, beavers, and muskrats) Australia and New Guinea. l Verbal

CHAPTER RESOURCES CONNECTION v Chapter Resource File Anthropology------a

CRF • Lesson Plan Aboriginal Art The artwork b • Directed Reading A PORTFOLIO of Australia’s Aborigines often s • Directed Reading B depicts Australia’s unique and varied wild- Technology life. Have students research the history Transparencies of Aboriginal art and the symbolism of • Bellringer the animals in the Aborigines’ paintings. Workbooks Students should use what they learn to create their own piece e Interactive Textbook Struggling Readers of art. l Kinesthetic/Visual

464 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals Figure 2 When READING ------b underwater, a duckbill STRATEGY platypus closes its eyes Prediction Guide Before stu- and ears. It uses its bill to find food. dents read about marsupials, ask students whether the following statement is true or false: Marsupials are native only to Australia. (false) Have students check their answer after they read the page.

The Platypus SUPPORT FOR The only other living monotreme is the platypus. Only one English Language species of platypus lives today. This animal lives in Australia. Learners It looks very different from other mammals. In fact, when Mammal Adaptations scientists outside Australia were first sent the remains of a Pouches in Peril Australia’s platypus, they thought they were the victims of a practical marsupials are in danger. Reviewing concepts in a new joke. Figure 2 shows a platypus. Many other species have been context will reinforce prior artificially introduced into The platypus is a swimming mammal that lives and feeds knowledge and vocabulary. Australia’s unique ecosystems. in rivers and ponds. It has webbed feet and a flat tail to help These new species are com- Have students study the it move through the water. It uses its flat, rubbery bill to peting with native marsupials pictures and captions of the search for food. It uses its claws to dig tunnels in riverbanks. for food and living space. One echidnas before they begin The platypus lays its eggs in these tunnels. way to stop the introduction of new species into Australia is to this section. Ask students to ✓Reading Check How does a platypus use its bill? (See Appendix educate people about the dan- describe each animal and for answers to Reading Checks.) gers of species introduction. Make a poster that explains write their responses on the why people should be careful board in a two-column chart. Marsupials not to release pets or foreign To emphasize differences You probably know that kangaroos carry their young in a animals into the wild. between the animals, erase pouch. Kangaroos and other mammals with pouches are any elements common to marsupials (mahr SOO pee uhlz). Like all mammals, marsu- both. Then, ask students to pials have mammary glands, hair, and specialized teeth. Unlike monotremes, marsupials give birth to live young. Marsupial write a brief description of development is unique because newborn marsupials continue marsupial a mammal that carries the sort of environment each their development in a mother’s pouch. The newborns stay in and nourishes its young in a pouch animal must live in based on the pouch for several months. its unique characteristics. (the There are about 280 species of marsupials living today. Most long-beaked echidna may live of them live in Australia, New Guinea, and South America. The where food is harder to ﬁnd; only living marsupial native to North America is the opossum the food might be covered (uh PAHS uhm). somehow so it needs a longer beak. The short-beaked echidna has longer spines, so it may live in an area of Answer to Connection to Answer to Reading Check predators) Check students’ descriptions, and ask them to Environmental Science A platypus uses its bill to search for food make corrections if necessary. Students may decide to focus on specific ani- in muddy water. l Visual/Verbal/Logical mals, such as rabbits, foxes, or feral cats, and on ways that these animals affect Australian ecosystems. Students should recognize that exotic species often have a negative effect on native populations. Exotic species may compete with native species for resources or may prey on native species. (You may want to suggest that interested students research American indigenous species whose populations are threatened by exotic species.)

Section 5 • Monotremes and Marsupials 465 The Pouch Marsupials are born at an early stage of development. They are Reteaching ------b born just days or weeks after fertilization. At birth, kangaroos are as small as bumblebees. Figure 3 shows a newborn kangaroo. Trivia Game Have students Newborn marsupials are hairless, and only their front limbs work in groups of four. Have are well developed. They use these limbs to drag themselves each group write 10 questions through their mother’s fur to the pouch on her belly. Many about monotremes and marsu- do this without any help from their parents. Inside the pouch pials. Collect the questions, and are mammary glands. The newborn climbs in, latches onto a use them to lead the groups nipple, and starts drinking milk. Young kangaroos, called joeys, stay in the mother’s pouch for several months. When joeys first in a trivia game. l Verbal leave the pouch, they do so for only short periods of time. c ✓Reading Check How big is a newborn kangaroo? Figure 3 This newborn kangaroo ------g will stay in its mother’s pouch for Quiz several months as it continues Kinds of Marsupials Ask students whether each of developing. You may be familiar with the well-known marsupials shown the statements below is true or in Figure 4. But many marsupials are not as familiar. Have you false. Then, ask students to cor- heard of wallabies, bettongs, and numbats? Most marsupials live rect false statements. in and around Australia. Tasmanian devils, which are marsupials that eat other animals, live on the island of Tasmania. 1. There are no marsupials in Tree kangaroos, which spend much of their time in trees, live North America. (false, the opos- in the rain forests of Queensland and New Guinea. sum is the only marsupial species in North America) Figure 4 Kinds of Marsupials 2. There are three species of monotremes. (true) Young kangaroos that 3. Marsupials lay eggs. (false, Koalas sleep for about 18 no longer live in their monotremes lay eggs) hours each day. They eat mother’s pouch return eucalyptus leaves. to the pouch if there is 4. Monotremes do not have any sign of danger. nipples. (true)

Alternative Assessment ------b Concept Mapping PORTFOLIO Have students use the following terms to create a concept map about monotremes and marsupials: monotremes, When in danger, an extinction, pouches, kangaroos, opossum will lie per- platypus, marsupials, koalas, fectly still. It “plays echidnas, eggs, and Tasmanian dead” so predators will ignore it. tiger. l Verbal/Logical

Answer to Reading Check MISCONCEPTION as small as a bumblebee ALERT Partial Pouches Not all marsupials have a fully developed pouch. Some species have an incomplete fold of abdominal skin that only partially covers the nursing young, and some smaller species have no pouch at all. But these marsupials still have a brief gestation period and the young are nearly embry- onic at birth. The tiny, blind baby must crawl through the mother’s fur and attach itself to a nipple.

466 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals Endangered and Extinct Marsupials Answers to Section Review The number of living marsupial species is decreas- 1. Sample answer: A monotreme ing. At least 22 of Australia’s native mammal species lays eggs. Marsupials carry and have become extinct in the last 400 years. Many nourish their young in pouches. more are currently in danger. When Europeans 2. d came to Australia in the 18th and 19th centuries, 3. echidnas and the platypus they brought animals such as rabbits, cats, and foxes. Many of these species escaped into the wild. 4. Sample answer: koalas, kanga- Some, such as rabbits, now compete with marsupi- roos, and opossums als for food. Others, such as foxes, now prey on 5. Sample answer: When marsupials. The marsupials have no adaptations to Europeans settled in Australia, protect themselves from these exotic species. they brought animals such as Exotic species are not the only threat to mar- rabbits, cats, and foxes. Rabbits supials in Australia. Habitat destruction also threat- now compete with marsupials ens marsupials. And the Tasmanian tiger, shown Figure 5 The Tasmanian tiger, a marsupial for food, and foxes now prey on in Figure 5, was hunted by people who saw it as a carnivore, is probably extinct. There have been marsupials. Other marsupials, no official sightings since 1936. threat to their livestock. Today, conservation efforts such as the Tasmanian tiger, across Australia are helping to protect the unique were hunted because they were marsupials that live there. seen as a threat to livestock. Finally, changes to habitat also threaten marsupials. 6. Sample answer: Unlike other mammals, monotremes lay eggs. Using Key Terms Math Skills However, monotremes share Review 1. Use each of the following terms 7. What percentage of the approxi- some traits, such as mammary in a separate sentence: mono- mately 5,000 known species of glands, a diaphragm, hair, and treme and marsupial. mammals are monotremes? stable body temperature with all mammals. Understanding Key Ideas Critical Thinking Summary 7. 0.6% (3 Ϭ 5,000 ϫ 100 ϭ 0.6%) 2. Which of the following character- 8. Making Comparisons How are istics is shared by monotremes monotremes similar to birds? Monotremes lay eggs 8. Sample answer: Like birds, • and marsupials? How are they different? instead of bearing live monotremes lay eggs. However, young. They produce a. The young hatch from eggs. 9. Making Inferences Why do you unlike birds, monotremes have milk but do not have b. Some species of both live in think opossums play dead when hair instead of feathers, secrete nipples. South America. they are in danger? milk, and lack flight adaptations. • The three living species c. Females have no nipples. of monotremes are two d. Females produce milk. 9. Sample answer: Some predators kinds of echidnas and 3. What are the two kinds of will not eat animals that are the platypus. monotremes? already dead. So, by playing • Marsupials give birth Developed and maintained by the to live young, but the 4. Name three kinds of marsupials. National Science Teachers Association dead, the opossum protects itself young are not fully 5. What has caused many marsu- For a variety of links related to this from such predators. Also, pred- developed when born. pials in Australia to become chapter, go to www.scilinks.org ators may overlook the opossum They finish developing in endangered or extinct? a mother’s pouch. Topic: Monotremes and Marsupials if it is lying perfectly still. 6. How are monotremes different Many marsupials are SciLinks code: HSM0990 • from all other mammals? How endangered or extinct. are they similar?

CONNECTION v CHAPTER RESOURCES Math ------g Chapter Resource File g Rapid Roo Tell students that red kanga- CRF • Section Quiz g roos can attain a maximum speed of • Section Review g 65 km/h. Then, ask students how many • Vocabulary and Section Summary a meters a red kangaroo could travel in • Critical Thinking 2 min. (65 km/h Ϭ 60 min ϭ 1.08 km/min 1.08 km/min ϫ 2 min ϭ 2.16 km 2.16 km ϫ 1,000 m/km ϭ 2,160 m) l Logical

Section 5 • Monotremes and Marsupials 467 Model-Making Lab Using Scientiﬁ c Methods

What? No Dentist Model-Making Lab Bills? What? No Dentist Bills? Teacher’s Notes OBJECTIVES When you and I eat, we must chew our food well. Chewing food into small bits is the first part of digestion. But birds Make a model of a bird’s Time Required don’t have teeth. How do birds make big chunks of food small digestive system. Two 45-minute class periods enough to begin digestion? In this activity, you will develop Test your model, using a hypothesis about how birds digest their food. Then, you birdseed. will build a model of a bird’s digestive system to test your Lab Ratings hypothesis. MATERIALS r Ask a Question • bags, plastic, sealable, various sizes (several) 1 Formulate a question about how a bird’s digestive system Teacher Prep ff • birdseed can break down food even though the bird has no teeth. Your Student Set-Up ff • gravel, aquarium question may be something such as, “How are birds able to ff • scissors (or other materials as begin digestion without using teeth?” Concept Level needed) ff Clean Up • straw, plastic drinking Form a Hypothesis • string 2 Look at the diagram below of a bird’s digestive system. Form MATERIALS • tape, transparent • water a hypothesis about how birds digest their food without using A 60 g supply of birdseed should be teeth. sufficient. Pea gravel is an accept- SAFETY able substitute for aquarium gravel. It can be obtained from most local hardware stores and is much less expensive than aquarium gravel is. A 4:1 ratio of gravel to birdseed works best. Esophagus

Safety Caution Crop Remind students to review all Gizzard safety cautions and icons before Intestine beginning this lab activity.

Cloaca

CHAPTER RESOURCES Holt Lab Generator CD-ROM Chapter Resource File Search for any lab by topic, standard, difficulty level, or time. Edit any lab to fit your needs, or create your CRF • Datasheet for Chapter Lab own labs. Use the Lab Materials QuickList software • Lab Notes and Answers to customize your lab materials list. Technology Classroom Videos • Lab Video SSROO LA M

C Randy Christian T

E D Stovall Junior High School S E T E V Houston, Texas D O R & APP

468 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals Analyze the Results 1. Answers may vary. If their model gizzards work, students should be able to demonstrate how their model gizzard grinds birdseed. Test the Hypothesis Draw Conclusions 2. Gizzard stones are small pebbles 3 Design a model of a bird’s digestive system. 4 Drawing Conclusions Birds can break down that some birds swallow. The Include in your design as many of the follow- food without using teeth. What conclusions stones settle in a bird’s gizzard, ing parts as possible: esophagus, crop, gizzard, can you draw about how they do this? where they help grind food. intestine, and cloaca. Students should recognize that 5 Evaluating Results Analyze the strengths and structures similar to a bird’s giz- 4 Obtain a plastic bag and the other materials weaknesses of your hypothesis based on your zard should be most helpful in you need from your teacher. Build your model. results. Was your hypothesis correct? Explain grinding birdseed. 5 your answer. Test your hypothesis by sending birdseed 3. Model gizzards that are no more through your model digestive system. 6 Evaluating Models What are some limita- than three-quarters full will tions of your model? How do you think you Analyze the Results could improve it? probably be most effective. 1 Describing Events Did your model digestive system grind the birdseed? Describe what hap- Draw Conclusions pened to the birdseed as it moved through the 4. Sample answer: The gizzard system. stones help the birds break 2 down food. Analyzing Results Which part of your model Applying Your Data was most helpful in grinding? Which part of a 5. Answers may vary. Students real bird’s digestive system is represented by Did you know that scientists have found “ gizzard should describe the strengths stones” with fossilized dinosaur skeletons? Look this part of your model? in the library or on the Internet for information and weaknesses of their original hypothesis. 3 Recognizing Patterns Does the amount of about the evolutionary relationship between dinosaurs and birds. List the similarities you find material added to your model gizzard change 6. Answers may vary. between the two types of animals. the gizzard’s ability to work effectively? Explain your answer. Applying Your Data Scientists have long recognized similarities between birds and some dinosaurs. These similarities include an S-shaped neck, an unusual ankle joint structure, and hollow bones. Fossil evidence suggests that some dinosaurs had beaks without teeth, and some had feathers. Today, many scientists think that birds should be classified as a kind of dinosaur. This classification would mean that birds are reptiles!

CHAPTER RESOURCES Workbooks Labs You Can Eat • Why Birds of a Beak Eat Together g Long-Term Projects & Research Ideas • Look Who’s Coming to Dinner a

Chapter 17 • Chapter Lab 469 Assignment Guide USING KEY TERMS 9 Only mammals SECTION QUESTIONS a. use internal fertilization. 1 4–8, 12–13, 19 1 Use the following terms in the same sentence: mammary gland, placental b. nurse their young. 2 14, 24–28 mammal, marsupial, and monotreme. c. lay eggs. 3 2, 9, 15, 20 d. have teeth. Complete each of the following sen- 4 3, 10, 18, 23 tences by choosing the correct term 0 Which of the following is NOT a primate? 5 11, 16–17 from the word bank. brooding gestation period a. a lemur 4 and 5 1, 22 contour feathers lift b. a human 1, 3, 4, and 5 21 diaphragm molting c. a pika down feathers preening d. a chimpanzee

ANSWERS 2 The is a muscle that helps animals q Monotremes do NOT breathe. a. have mammary glands. Using Key Terms b. care for their young. 1. Sample answer: Placental 3 The embryos of placental mammals c. give birth to live young. mammals, monotremes, and develop during a . d. have hair. marsupials have mammary 4 Birds grow new feathers as a part of w glands. the process. What is lift? 2. diaphragm a. air that travels over the top of 5 3. gestation period help keep birds warm by trapping a wing air near the body. 4. molting b. a force provided by a bird’s air sacs 5. Down feathers 6 Birds use the process to keep their c. the upward force on a wing that keeps a bird in the air 6. brooding eggs warm. d. a force created by pressure from the 7. Contour feathers 7 form a streamlined surface that diaphragm helps birds ﬂ y. Understanding Key Ideas Short Answer 8. a UNDERSTANDING KEY IDEAS e How are contour feathers and down 9. b Multiple Choice feathers helpful to birds? 10. c 8 r How do ﬂ ightless birds, water birds, 11. c Both birds and reptiles perching birds, and birds of prey differ a. lay eggs. 12. c from each other? 13. Sample answer: Down feathers b. brood their young. trap air close to the bird’s body c. have air sacs. t Which trait allowed early mammals to to help the bird stay warm. d. have feathers. look for food at night? Contour feathers can help some birds attract mates. Contour feathers form a streamlined surface that helps birds fly. 14. Sample answer: Many flightless birds do 15. Sample answer: The ability to keep their not have large keels, which anchor flight body temperature constant allowed early muscles. Flightless birds can run quickly to mammals to hunt at night. move around or are skilled swimmers. 16. Sample answer: Exotic species threaten Water birds are flying birds that are com- marsupials by competing with marsupials fortable in water. These birds often have for food and by preying on marsupials. webbed feet for swimming or long legs for wading. Perching birds have feet that automatically close when they land on branches. Birds of prey hunt and eat other vertebrates. Birds of prey have sharp claws; a sharp, curved beak; and very good vision.

470 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals Critical Thinking 21. An answer to this exercise can be found at the end y Describe two ways that animals intro- g Making Inferences Suppose that you of this book. duced to Australia threaten its native saw a bird fl ying above you. The bird 22. Sample answer: Embryos of marsupials. has long, skinny legs and a long, sharp marsupials get nutrition from beak. To which group of birds do you their mother’s milk. Embryos of u Which kind of marsupial lives in think this bird probably belongs? placental mammals get nutrition North America? Explain your answer. from the mother’s body through i Which group of placental mammals the placenta. includes the pinnipeds? INTERPRETING GRAPHICS 23. Sample answer: Bats and cetaceans are active in environ- o How is a bird’s digestive system related The illustrations below show three dif- ments where seeing is difficult. to its ability to fl y? ferent kinds of bird feet. Use these illustrations to answer the questions that 24. Skeletons that have a large keel p How can mammalian milks differ? follow. are from birds that fly. Wing bones of birds that fly are larger CRITICAL THINKING than those of flightless birds. a Concept Mapping Use the following Skeletons that have large keels terms to create a concept map: mono- and wing bones of short or c tremes, endotherms, birds, mammals, average length are probably mammary glands, placental mammals, from birds that fly rapidly. Long a marsupials, feathers, and hair. wings provide the lift needed for soaring, so skeletons that s Making Comparisons The embryos have long wing bones are prob- of birds and monotremes get energy ably from birds that soar. from the yolk of the egg. How do b 25. Sample answer: This bird is developing embryos of marsupials and probably a water bird. It uses placental mammals get the nutrition its long, skinny legs when it they need? h Which foot most likely belongs to a wades through water. The d Making Inferences Most bats and ceta- water bird? Explain your choice. sharp beak helps it catch fish. ceans use echolocation. Why don’t these mammals rely solely on sight to j Which foot most likely belongs to a Interpreting Graphics hunt and sense their surroundings? perching bird? Explain your choice. 26. c; Many water birds have webbed feet to help them swim. f Applying Concepts Suppose you are k To what kind of bird do you think the making a museum display of bird skel- remaining foot could belong? Explain 27. b; Perching birds have feet that etons, but the skeletons have lost their your answer. are adapted to perching. These labels. How can you separate the skel- feet automatically grasp and etons of fl ightless birds from those of hold onto a branch even when birds that fl y? Will you be able to tell the bird is sleeping. which birds fl ew rapidly and which 28. Accept all reasonable answers. birds could soar? Explain your answer. The foot does not belong to a bird of prey (the foot lacks a bird of prey’s large, sharp claws), perching bird (the foot 17. opossum CHAPTER RESOURCES lacks a perching bird’s grasping 18. carnivores adaptation), or water bird (wad- Chapter Resource File ing birds have longer toes), so 19. Sample answer: Birds need a lot of energy g students may answer that the to fly. So, their digestive system breaks CRF • Chapter Review g foot belongs to a flightless bird down food very quickly. • Chapter Test A • Chapter Test B a through the process of elimina- 20. Sample answer: All milk is made of water, • Chapter Test C s tion. Some students may recog- proteins, fats, and sugars. The amount of • Vocabulary Activity g nize that the foot resembles the each nutrient present in milk differs feet of chickens or pheasants, Workbooks between species. which belong to a group of Study Guide birds that is not described in • Study Guide is also available in Spanish. the chapter (fowl or game birds).

Chapter 17 • Chapter Review 471 Teacher’s Note

To provide practice under more READING realistic testing conditions, give Read each of the passages below. Then, answer the questions that students 20 minutes to answer follow the passage. all of the questions in this Standardized Test Preparation. Passage 1 A naked mole rat is a rodent that Passage 2 For centuries, people have tried to looks like an overcooked hot dog. This nearly imitate a spectacular feat that birds perfected blind mammal is 7 cm long and lives in hot, millions of years ago—flight. The Wright brothers MISCONCEPTION dry regions of Kenya, Ethiopia, and Somalia. were not able to fly in a heavier-than-air flying ALERT This animal has some strange characteristics. Its machine until 1903. Their first flight lasted only grayish pink skin hangs loosely on its body. The 12 s, and they traveled only 37 m. Although mod- Answers to the standardized loose skin allows the naked mole rat to move ern airplanes are much more sophisticated, they test preparation can help you easily through its home of narrow underground still rely on the same principles of flight. The sleek tunnels. At first glance, a naked mole rat appears body of a jet is shaped to battle drag, while the identify student misconcep- to be hairless. Though the naked mole rat doesn’t wings are shaped to battle Earth’s gravity. In order tions and misunderstandings. have fur, it does have hair. Its sensitive whiskers to take off, airplanes must pull upward with a guide it through the dark tunnels. Hair between force greater than gravitational force. This upward its toes acts as tiny brooms to sweep up loose force is called lift. dirt. The naked mole rat even has hair on its READING lips that keeps dirt from getting into its mouth 1. According to the passage, how are modern while it digs. airplanes similar to the fl ying machine Passage 1 invented by the Wright brothers? 1. C 1. Why does the naked mole rat have hair on A Both look like birds. its lips? B Both rely on the same principles of fl ight. 2. G A to sweep loose dirt from its tunnels C Both are sophisticated. 3. D B to fi nd its way through the tunnels D Both have sleek body shapes. C to keep dirt from getting into its mouth D to move easily through its tunnels 2. Which part of a jet’s design works against Earth’s gravity? 2. Which of the following is a characteristic of F the sleek shape Question 1: The hair between the naked mole rats? G the wings naked mole rat’s toes helps sweep dirt F thick fur H the heavier-than-air weight from tunnels. Whiskers help the naked G poor eyesight I the tail mole rat find its way. Its skin allows the H large toes I hairless bodies 3. Based on the passage, which of the following naked mole rat to move easily through statements is a fact? the tunnels. The hair on the naked mole 3. How do naked mole rats navigate through their A The Wright brothers were the fi rst people to rat’s lips keeps dirt from getting into its tunnels? try building a fl ying machine. mouth. A strong sense of hearing B Modern airplanes can fl y more easily than B sensitive grayish pink skin birds can fl y. Question 2: Students may answer C tasting the dirt along their tunnel walls C The Wright brothers’ fi rst fl ight lasted for only 12 s. that the naked mole rat is hairless D sensitive whiskers D Overcoming gravity with lift is the only because of its name, but it does have force needed to fl y an airplane. some hair. The only correct answer could be that the naked mole rat has poor eyesight because the passage states that it is nearly blind. Passage 2 1. B 2. G Question 3: If students make incorrect conclu- 3. C sions based on information that is not in the passage, they may answer that the Wright brothers were the first people to try building a flying machine. Students may answer that modern airplanes can fly more easily than birds can, but this is not a fact in the passage. Students may answer that lift is the only force needed for flight, but the passage states that the plane must also combat drag. So, the only correct answer is that the Wright brothers’ flight lasted 12 s.

472 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals 473 ϭ 6 kg ϫ MATH To find the answer, find the answer, To Students should round The correct answer is The correct answer A H C I B H C F INTERPRETING GRAPHICS INTERPRETING 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. students must multiply 11 by 0.5 and add the product to 2 lb. If they forget to add, they will incorrectly choose If students incorrectly round answer F. their answers down, they will incorrectly choose answer G. If students incorrectly round their answers up, they will incorrectly choose answer I. may want to calculate this prob- You lem on the board so that students understand where the correct answer, lb and 8 lb, comes from. between 7 Question 3: amounts to the nearest dollar to find If students round down the answer. rather than rounding up, they will incorrectly choose answer A, between $35 and $36, or answer B, between $36 and $37. When students round up, they will get the answer of $38, but the actual cost would be somewhat less than $38. For this reason, answer D, more than $38, is incorrect. Question 2: Question 4: 81 Cal/h (13.5 Cal/kg/h km/h, a dog uses Cal/h). At 7 81 If students divide this Cal/kg/h. 13.5 incorrectly number by 6, they will If students add 13.5 Cal/h. answer 2.25 answer and 6, they will incorrectly look at 19.5 Cal/h. If they mistakenly for a dog run- the Calories consumed they will ning 6 km/h (12 Cal/kg/h), incorrectly answer 72 Cal/h.

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Science, Technology, and Society in Action v------Each dolphin that works for the Navy costs, including training and care, about a million dol- lars. The Secretary of the Navy oversees the treatment of the dolphins. There is an order that “marine mammals will be provided the highest quality of humane care and treatment.” The engineers, scientists, and veterinarians that work with the Weird Science dolphins provide them with Sounds of the Lyrebird carefully balanced diets, exten- Science, Technology, Imagine that you are hiking in an Australian sive healthcare, and proper stim- forest. You hear many different bird calls, and Society beaks snapping, and wings rustling. There ulation. However, some people Dolphins in the Navy must be many species of birds around, right? think that the military should Did you know that some dolphins work Not if a lyrebird is nearby—all those sounds not use dolphins. Ask students for the Navy? One way that dolphins help could be coming from just one bird! The to research and debate these the Navy’s Marine Mammal Program is by lyrebird imitates the songs of other birds. points of view. detecting underwater mines, which are In fact, lyrebirds can imitate just about any bombs that drift underwater. Most mines sound they hear. Many Australians have explode when a large object bumps into heard lyrebirds singing the sounds of chain- them. Dolphins can find mines safely by saws, car engines, and dog barks. Supposedly, Weird Science using a natural sonar system, called echo- a lyrebird once confused timber-mill workers location, which allows them to sense their when it sang the sound of the mill’s whistle, Background surroundings even in murky waters. When causing the workers to quit for the day. In 1934, scientists brought 22 dolphin finds a mine and alerts a person, lyrebirds to the island of experts can deactivate the mine. Tasmania to protect the birds Language Arts from extinction. Lyrebirds have WRITING A lyrebird’s ability to imitate Math SKILL noises could lead to a lot of spread through the island and humorous confusion for people who hear Suppose that each dolphin in the Navy’s its songs. Think about how lyrebirds could their number is now estimated program is trained for 5 years and each mimic human-made sounds, causing confu- to be 8,200. Some people are trained dolphin works for 25 years. If 10 sion for the people nearby, and then write dolphins began training each year for concerned about the impact that a short story about the situation. 10 years, how many would be working lyrebirds are having on the at the end of those 10 years? How many island. People enjoy the pres- would still be in training? ence of the lyrebirds and their songs. But some people note that lyrebirds are changing the Answer to Math Activity Answer to Language Arts Activity Tasmanian forest ecosystems. 50 dolphins (The total number of dolphins in the Answers may vary. Students’ stories should program after 10 years would be 100 dolphins. illustrate an understanding that lyrebirds’ vocal However, half of those dolphins would still be in impersonations can cause confusion. the 5-year training period. So, only 50 dolphins would be working.)

474 Chapter 17 • Birds and Mammals People in Science

v------GENERAL Irene Pepperberg Invite students to research other Bird Brains Dr. Irene Pepperberg studies bird brains. She works with a little African studies of animal intelligence. Grey parrot named Alex. Pepperberg began her work with Alex because she wanted to Students should identify the see if birds that could talk could also understand what they were saying. types of animals being used in Pepperberg developed a new kind of communication training, with Alex as her pupil. First, Alex was rewarded with the object that he identified—not with food. This the studies and the results that reinforced that the word represented the object. Next, two trainers acted out a kind scientists are getting from these of play to teach Alex words. One trainer would ask a question, and the other would studies. Examples of animals respond with the right or wrong answer. The first trainer would reward the second for a right answer but take the object away for a wrong answer. This training showed Alex that students could research what would happen when he gave an answer. include parrots, crows, dogs, Pepperberg’s experiment has been very successful. Not only can Alex say the chimpanzees and gorillas, and names of objects but he can tell you what they are made of, what their shape is, and how one object is different from another. Pepperberg has shown that at least one marine mammals. Have students parrot can pass intelligence tests at the same level as some nonhuman primates and give an oral presentation of their marine mammals. She has discovered that with the right training, animals can teach findings. us a lot about themselves.

headSocial Studies

WRITING People train pets SKILL all the time. See if you can train your pet or a friend’s pet to learn a simple behavior, such as following a command. Write up your results in a report.

Check out Current Science® To learn more about these articles related to this chapter Science in Action topics, visit by visiting go.hrw.com. Just go.hrw.com and type in the type in the keyword HL5CS17. keyword HL5VR2F.

Answer to Social Studies Activity Answers may vary. Students will have varied results with their training.

Chapter 17 • Science in Action 475