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The Survival of a Malagasy Lemur Species Propithecus Verreauxi Coquereli in Captivity: the Vital Role of a Self-Selected Plant D

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The Survival of a Malagasy Lemur Species Propithecus Verreauxi Coquereli in Captivity: the Vital Role of a Self-Selected Plant D The survival of a Malagasy lemur species Propithecus verreauxi coquereli in captivity: The vital role of a self-selected plant diet Von der Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig zur Erlangung des Grades einer Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigte D i s s e r t a t i o n von Annette Abhau aus Mülheim an der Ruhr 1. Referent: Professor Dr. Thomas Hartmann 2. Referent: Professor Dr. Dieter Strack 3. Referentin: Professor Dr. Joyce A. Powzyk eingereicht am: 19.12.2006 mündliche Prüfung (Disputation) am: 25.04.2007 Druckjahr 2007 Vorveröffentlichungen der Dissertation Teilergebnisse aus dieser Arbeit wurden mit Genehmigung der Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften, vertreten durch den Mentor der Arbeit, in folgenden Beiträgen vorab veröffentlicht: Vorträge: Abhau, A.: Secondary compounds in the feeding plants of Propithecus verreauxi coquereli . Duke University Lemur Center, N.C., USA (1997). Abhau, A.: Secondary compounds in the feeding plants of Propithecus verreauxi coquereli . 2. Kurt-Mothes-Doktoranden-Workshop, „Sekundärstoffwechsel“, IPB, Halle / Saale, Deutschland (1998). For Marcella and Tiberius «C’est principalement le sens de l’odorat, dont l’étude vient de nous occuper, qui guide les Indrisinés dans le choix de leurs aliments; le goût y est peu de chose, car, le plus souvent, c’est après avoir flairé un fruit ou une feuille qu’ils le rejettent sans l’avoir porté à leur bouche. En captivité, il est fort difficile de nourrir ces animaux; ils refusent presque tous les aliments qu’on leur voit d’abord approcher de leur narines, puis abandonner aussitôt sans y avoir goûté.» (Milne Edwards A. et A. Grandidier, 1875. Vol. VI. Histoire Naturelle Des Mammifères, p.226) Acknowledgements i Acknowledgements I wish to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Thomas Hartmann (Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie der Technischen Universität Braunschweig), who has always supported my project and spent many hours discussing my work. I am very happy that he said “yes” to the idea of my project, yet the outcome was not clear at the time of starting. I am greatly indebted to my co-corrector Prof. Dr. Dieter Strack (Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, IPB, Halle / Saale), who was very generous in supporting my analytical work. All HPLC analyses were performed at his laboratory and he provided me with all the necessary equipment. I would also like to thank his team, especially Dr. Alfred Baumert who was invaluable in helping to solve any analytical problem, and Dr. Thomas Fester, who was so kind in assisting with both the executing of the gel-electrophoresis experiments and getting things organised in Halle. My project could not have started without the invitation of Prof. Dr. Ken Glander to visit the Duke University Lemur Center, previously known as Duke University Primate Center, North Carolina, USA. His personal support and far-sightedness as director and as researcher were decisive for the initiation and continuance of my project. I wish to express my extreme gratitude to him and his wife Molly, who I knew to be a kind and generous person. I will always keep Molly in my memory. This work could not have been completed without the experience and help of numerous researchers that were integral at various stages of the project: Prof. Dr. Robert L. Wilbur at the Botany Greenhouses of the Duke University identified the plant species I had collected from the outdoor enclosures at the Primate Center. Much respect for both his kindness and his straightforwardness in assisting me to identify the plant species collected. Dr. Beverly Calhoun at the Botany Greenhouses and Mike McGowan, Duke University Phytotron, collected additional plant material for my analyses when I had already returned to Germany. I am largely obliged to all the scientists who took their time and resources for mass spectrometric and NMR spectroscopic measurements for structure elucidation of the numerous compounds I had isolated through HPLC analyses. I am indebted to their kindness and their willingness to discuss spectra and any other problems: So, I wish to thank Dr. Jürgen Schmidt (MS-Labor, IPB, Halle / Saale), who performed the majority of mass spectrometric measurements as well as the LC-MS measurements. Various additional mass spectrometric measurements were performed by Dr. Hans-Martin Schiebel and Mrs. Doris Döring (MS-Labor der Chemischen Institute der Technischen Universität Braunschweig), and by Dr. Thomas Dülcks (MS-Labor, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Bremen). Dr. Schiebel deserves a special note of appreciation for spending innumerable hours in solving sophisticated problems within mass spectrometry, and helping me to get additional contacts to solve new raising problems. And least I forget the wonderful tea-time at the mass laboratory which was always a welcome opportunity to take part in fruitful discussions. Dr. Schiebel also lent a hand for me to contact the team of Prof. Dr. D. Leibfritz (Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Bremen), which was closer to my residence and afforded me more time with my family and children’s education. He also assisted me in contacting ii Acknowledgements Dr. Manfred Nimtz (Gesellschaft für biotechnologische Forschung, GBF, Braunschweig) and regularly travelled between the Universities of Braunschweig and Bremen, all the while plying me with much needed support and news from Braunschweig. This allowed me to meet Dr. Thomas Dülcks, who performed additional mass spectrometric experiments and was partner to engaging discussions. GC and GC-MS measurements were performed by Dr. Ludger Witte (MS-Labor der Chemischen Institute der Technischen Universität Braunschweig). I am indebted to his support and astute discussions and I was deeply saddened to learn of his untimely death. For NMR-spectroscopic measurements I am greatly obliged to Prof. Dr. Ludger Ernst (NMR- Labor der Chemischen Institute der Technischen Universität Braunschweig), and his assistant Mrs. Petra Holba-Schulz, for performing the majority of the NMR measurements. Prof. Ernst spent much time to solve problems raising during the interpretation of the NMR spectra. At the University of Bremen I received additional support from the team of Prof. Leibfritz: and my thanks go out to Dr. Werner Offermann, Dipl. Ing. Johannes Stelten and Dr. Wienand Willker. For microbiological experiments I wish to thank the PanLabs Inc., and much gratitude to Dr. Ulf Preuschoff and Dr. Samuel David, Solvay Arzneimittel GmbH, for their engagement in making these experiments possible. My thanks go also to Dr. Thomas Vieregge (Zentrale Einrichtung für Tierhaltung der Technischen Universität, Braunschweig), for his support in performing microbiological assays, and it was he who introduced me to Dr. Marie-Luise Enss (Medizinische Hochschule, Hanover, MHH), a most generous woman. Thanks to Dr. Enss, that the plant mucilage detected in one of the major lemur food plants could be isolated. We had numerous enlightened discussions on possible pharmacological aspects related to the gastrointestinal tract. The initial GC analyses on the plant mucilage were carried out at the laboratory of Dr. Blaskowitz and Dr. Kownatzki (MHH). Additionally, I am much obliged to Dr. Manfred Nimtz (GBF, Braunschweig), who performed the mass spectrometric experiments on the plant mucilage and took many hours from his busy schedule to introduce me into carbohydrate chemistry. I am greatly obliged to Prof. Dr. Manfred Coenen (Institut für Tierernährung der Tierärztlichen Hochschule, Hanover), and Peter Rust, head of the laboratory, for investigating the nutritional components of the food plants. Prof. Coenen provided me with grass meal, that was utilised as auxiliary agent to press tablets with the groups of chemical compounds identified in the lemur food. I also wish to thank the team of Prof. Dr. Christel Müller-Goymann (Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie der Technischen Universität Braunschweig), for providing me with the support and the equipment needed to further this investigation. And many thanks to Mrs. Jahn, who helped me to press tablets for the proposed feeding choice experiments. For the generous supply of Plantaginis ovatae testa and tannin albuminate and much desirable literature, I wish to thank Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH, and Knoll Deutschland GmbH / BASF Pharma, now Dr. Rentschler Arzneimittel GmbH & Co., respectively. I also wish to acknowledge the pharmaceutical companies Athenstaedt GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Gustav Klein, and Dr. Loges & Co. GmbH, for providing me with the information needed for dosage comparisons between their medicaments and the amounts of secondary compounds ingested by the lemurs. For the provision of isolated chemical plant compounds for analytical purposes (reference compounds) I am much obliged to Prof. Dr. G. G. Gross (Abteilung für Allgemeine Botanik der Universität Ulm), and the team of Prof. Dr. Junei Kinjo (Kumamoto University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan). For all the proofreading and requests for literature, I am much obliged to Prof. Dr. Joyce Powzyk, Wesleyan University, C.T., USA, and her husband Dr. Stephen Devoto. I met Joyce Acknowledgements iii in Madagascar and enjoyed the visit to her research camp to observe free-ranging Propithecus diadema diadema and Indri indri . I continue to enjoy all our fruitful discussions on primatology despite the distance between the continents. I would also like to thank all people who supported and accompanied my project, which has developed more like a web than a normal straightforward dissertation. Often, during our many discussions, I would be handed an address of who I should contact next. In this respect I wish to thank Dr. Werner Kaumanns, who made it possible to place my first steps into the German Primate Center (Deutsches Primatenzentrum, DPZ, Göttingen). There, the team of Prof. Dr. Jörg Ganzhorn and Dr. Peter Kappeler had the idea for my project: the problem of diarrhoea of lemurs in captivity, who are otherwise thriving when eating special plant species. And I am still thankful for their hint to contact Dr. Glander and for their invitation to their camp in Madagascar.
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