Oilseed Processing for ATTRA Small-Scale Producers A Publication of ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service • 1-800-346-9140 • www.attra.ncat.org

By Al Kurki The many varieties of and nuts can produce oils for food, nutraceuticals, skin care products, NCAT Agriculture aromatherapies, biodiesel fuels, and industrial lubricants. This publication profiles the evolution of a Specialist cold-pressing and consulting business in the U.S. It also describes the basic processes involved in oil and Janet Bachmann processing: cleaning, extraction, clarification, packaging, and storage. Sources for more informa- ©2006 NCAT tion and equipment are included.

value to grape seeds, which are usually waste products. Farmers and small-business owners are ask- Contents ing whether it is possible and profitable to Introduction ...... 1 add value to their seeds and nuts by extract- Getting Started ...... 1 ing the oil. This is not an easy question to Basic Processing answer because there are so many variables, Steps ...... 2 some of which are noted in the first section of Adding Value Adds this publication. Costs ...... 3 Sunflower Seed Oil Most oil processing in the U.S. is done on Using the Ram Press ..... 4 a large industrial scale, and the processes Other Oil Presses ...... 6 use proprietary information. Small-scale oil References ...... 7 extraction is more commonplace in other Further Resources ...... 7 parts of the world; thus many of the useful resource materials and much of the appro- priate-scale machinery come from other countries. This publication describes the basic process, with additional details on producing oil from sunflower seeds and Oil bitter almond from apricot sources for additional information. kernels. ©2006clipart.com Introduction Getting Started he culinary oils listed in a recent nat- Consultant E. Peter Matthies has been ural foods catalog include—in addi- involved with pressing oil from seeds Ttion to oil—, safflower, and nuts for more than a decade. Mat- sunflower, grape seed, canola, apricot ker- thies now lives in Germany but makes fre- nel, , hazelnut, , pumpkin, quent trips to the U.S. Matthies notes that and walnut oils. Advertisements for these every circumstance requires a different ATTRA—National Sustainable culinary oils tout their health benefits and approach. He suggests asking yourself the Agriculture Information Service unique flavors. Some of these plant-derived following questions. is managed by the National Cen- oils can be used to make soap, body and ter for Appropriate Technology • Why do I want to get into oil pro- (NCAT) and is funded under a hair oils, detergents, and paints. Some can grant from the United States cessing? Will it be a hobby or a new also be used to make industrial lubricants. Department of Agriculture’s economic enterprise? Rural Business-Cooperative Ser- A wide range of oilseeds and other oil pro- vice. Visit the NCAT Web site (www.ncat.org/agri. ducing plants are high quality feedstocks for • How big will the operation be? html) for more informa- biodiesel. Oilseed processing expands the tion on our sustainable • How many different products will agriculture projects. ���� use of crops such as sunflowers and brings be made, including both oil and the press cake left after the oil has Later I became known for the special qual- been pressed out of the raw seeds ity of the truly cold pressed oil (less than or nuts? 90° F) and I was asked to test various vari- • Do I want to target mass markets or eties of certain products, such as grape specialty markets? seed oil from different grapes, like an oil ‘a la Merlot’ or ‘a la Pinot Noir.’ I produced • What geographical area do I want oil on contract for several companies until to cover? they had established their own markets, Matthies described how he got into this at which point they acquired their own new “oil business” after retiring from the production plants. petroleum business. Small scale operators, who consider oils as a “Upon my retirement I started to ranch/ sideline, might be able to sell to local shops raise cattle in Western Colorado. A pro- and restaurants. Health spas are always in fessor at Colorado State University sug- need of special oils. Make sure you have a gested that I plant alfalfa and rotate it with good name for your product and present the canola rather than other small grains. With oils in appealing containers. a press I would get some oil and the Related ATTRA In regard to pricing, find out what other Publications by-product (press cake) would also have people charge and see if you can live with economic value. Adding Value to Farm that. Or concentrate on high price mar- Products: An When I found the special “cold press” kets like certified organic stores or Kosher. Overview equipment in Germany I purchased a cou- Prices for the same oil are different in dif- Keys to Success in ple of presses and got started. I learned ferent parts of the country. Can you be Value-Added from the equipment company representa- competitive at those rates? Can you sell just Agriculture tives about other oils from hazelnuts, pea- under those rates and still be economical? Certified organic and Kosher cost extra for Grain Processing: nuts, walnuts, macadamia nuts, to sesame, Adding Value to Farm sunflower, hemp, Saw Palmetto, and oth- inspection in addition to the installation and Products ers and started to make oils. I also tried operation of the plant. Is the market large enough to pay for the higher costs? Soyfoods: Adding some very special oils, like coffee oil and Value to oil from dried orange peels. I went to some I believe there is no sure fire way in all of the big shows and met marketing and Food Dehydration parts of the country. But one thing is neces- Options distributing people. I furnished them with sary wherever you are: You’ve got to go out samples and received substantial orders. I and toot your horn!”(Matthies, 2004) Biodiesel—A Primer shipped anywhere from one gallon contain- Note that Matthies mentions contract pro- Biodiesel: The Sustain- ers to 55 gallon drums. A local cattle feed ability Dimensions lot sent their truck twice a month to pick up cessing as a way to get started without set- any press cake that I didn’t use for my own ting up your own processing facility. Badger Alternative Agronomic Oil in Spooner, Wisconsin, is one company Crops horses and cattle. that will do this, and also provide con- Evaluating a Rural Slowly my name became known by word- sulting services if you decide to invest in Enterprise of-mouth. People sent me different seeds your own plant. Contact information is in or nuts to test for oil content and for Further Resources. the taste and value of such oils. Through a Web page I attracted universities and Basic Processing Steps other companies. Some people who bought the special Komet Raw Material Preparation presses from me concentrated on special Preparation of the raw material often markets, such as hemp seed oil in Canada, includes removing husks or seed coats from or grape seed oils from wineries, or certain the seeds and separating the seeds from immigrant groups who like special oils they the chaff. Information about seed cleaners were used to from their home country. designed for small-scale operations is often

Page 2 ATTRA Oilseed Processing for Small-Scale Producers available from agricultural research sta- Clarification tions doing small plot research with various Clarification removes contaminants, such as crops. For instance, the U.S. Department fine pulp, water, and resins. You can clar- of Agriculture (USDA) researchers work- ify oil by allowing it to stand undisturbed ing with flax in North Dakota buy some of for a few days and then removing the upper their equipment from Seedburo, which will layer. If it needs further clarification, filter supply a catalog upon request. Almaco is the oil through a fine filter cloth. Finally, another company that specializes in equip- you can heat the oil to drive off traces of ment for research, such as one- and two-row water and destroy any bacteria. Having a test plot combines and various types of sta- very clean oil is very important in all uses, tionary threshers. See Further Resources including biodiesel. for contact information and additional sources of equipment. Packaging and Storage Use clean, dry containers to package and Extraction store oils and help prevent rancidity. Sealed Oil can be extracted mechanically with glass or plastic bottles are adequate. Col- an oil press, an expeller, or even with a ored containers in a dark box help to il can be wooden mortar and pestle—a traditional increase shelf life. The shelf life of oil is extracted method that originated in India. Presses usually 6 to 12 months, if it is properly mechani- range from small, hand-driven models that packaged and kept away from heat and sun- O cally with an oil an individual can build to power-driven light. (Fellows and Hampton, 1992) commercial presses. Expellers have a rotat- press, an expeller, or ing screw inside a horizontal cylinder that Adding Value Adds Costs even with a wooden is capped at one end. The screw forces the mortar and pestle— Although value-added processing can be seeds or nuts through the cylinder, gradu- a way to increase a farmer’s share of the a traditional method ally increasing the pressure. The material farm product dollar, adding value doesn’t that originated in is heated by friction and/or electric heaters. come free. At each step, the farmer is add- India. The oil escapes from the cylinder through ing more work, buying additional equip- small holes or slots, and the press cake ment and supplies, and using more energy. emerges from the end of the cylinder, once For example, an automated Chinese oil the cap is removed. Both the pressure and press costs $5,000 and a Swedish Taby temperature can be adjusted for different Press scaled for on-farm use is $9,000, kinds of feedstock. The ram press uses a based on prices quotes in 2006. (Derr and piston inside a cage to crush the seed and Grubinger). Information needs increase. force out the oil. Wholesaling or retailing culinary oil will Oils can also be extracted with sol- require nutritional labeling. And depend- vents, but solvent extraction is a complex ing upon the situation, liability insurance operation. The Intermediate Technology may become a must. Development Group Technical Brief, Prin- A key point to remember is that add- ciples of Oil Extraction, describes several ing value to any foods by processing methods of extraction. It cautions that “sol- increases safety risks, due to the increased vent extraction is not suitable for small- handling. Therefore, rules and regulations scale processing because of high capital are established by each state to protect the and operating costs, the risk of fire and public health. In addition, the FDA regu- explosions from solvents, and the complex- lates products going out of state. Farmers ity of the operation.” Waste management considering processed foods as a value- of solvents such as hexane is a problem added business should contact their state as well. health department before proceeding.

www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 3 Sunflower Seed Oil Using the Put the kernel (without the shell) between your two thumbnails and squeeze. Did the Ram Press kernel fall apart? Are there little smudges Enterprise Works Worldwide (EWW—for- of oil on your thumbnails? If not, there may merly Appropriate Technology Interna- not be much oil in the kernel. (This is a very tional) has supported a number of proj- rough way of assessing seed. The manual ects in Africa that process oilseeds using also presents a more precise way to deter- the ram press. (See Further Resources mine the percent of oil, but still encourages for contact information.) The presses weigh the practice of checking seeds with your fin- about 45 pounds and can process 100 to gers.) Check the different batches of seed 120 pounds of sunflower seeds per day. The you come across. In time you will get a feel extraction rate is 20 to 25 percent using the for the differences. softer-shelled, high-oil-content sunflower For successful pressing, the seed must be: varieties. The ram press can also be used for sesame, mustard, safflower seeds, and • Dry. Moist seed will lead to low . Details on the use of the press are yields and clog the cage (a part of given in EWW’s manual Using and Main- the press). Moist seed may also get hoose seed taining the Ram Press. The information on moldy. that has a pressing sunflower seed that follows is from • Clean. Fine dust in the seed may Csoft shell that manual. (Herz, 1997) clog the cage. Chaff left in the seed and high oil content Choose seed that has a soft shell and high will absorb some of the oil and keep it from getting squeezed out of the (40–45 percent oil). oil content (40–45 percent oil). Most high- oil-content sunflower seeds are all black. cage. Sand in the seed will wear the Many striped seeds have little oil. To get press out. Stones badly damage the some idea of how the seed will work in the piston. press, try to crack it open with your fingers. • Warm. Warm seed will yield the This will not be difficult with soft seed. With most oil for the least effort. hard seed, you may need to use your teeth. • Dried before it is bagged and Now look at the kernel inside the shell. It stored. Very damp seed will feel should fill the shell completely. If the seed humid when you bury your hand in is much smaller than the inside of the shell, it, especially if the seed is warm. If it was probably harvested too early. You will you heat your seed in the sun under not get much oil from it. a sheet of clear plastic, you may see moisture collecting beneath the plastic if the seed is too wet. Seed that is slightly too damp may feel dry but will not press well. If it is too damp, but not yet moldy, it can be dried in the sun. (Never press moldy seed. It is not safe for human consumption.) Spread the seed out thinly on the ground, on plastic, or on roof- ing tin. At the end of the day, pile the seed up to keep it from absorbing moisture in the cool night air, and spread it out again in the morning. If there is any chance of rain, or if the morning dew is heavy, you will need to bag all the seed in the evening and put it back out the following morning. After two or more sunny days, the husks will be dry. Now bag the seed and store it for a week. In that time, the moisture in the seed will

Page 4 ATTRA Oilseed Processing for Small-Scale Producers be drawn into the dry husk, and the entire in the manual, complete with diagrams. seed will become evenly dry. Rita Laker-Ojok, a former EWW staffer who worked in Africa, cautions that know- Winnowing is a low-cost way to clean the ing how to use the press is important, espe- seed. On a day when there is a steady cially regarding pressure adjustments. Cor- breeze, spread a cloth on the ground. Drop rect adjustment allows the “cake,” or meal, the seeds from a container to the cloth. The to come out; too much pressure may cause chaff and dirt will blow away. The seeds a jam. (Laker-Ojok, 2000) will collect on the cloth. Any stones must be picked out by hand. According to Laker-Ojok, the sunflower oil produced is very high quality. It can be fur- If the sun is shining, the seed can be heated ther processed, or clarified, in one of three on a piece of roofing tin or some black plas- ways. The simplest is to let it settle for a tic. Spread the seed thinly and evenly on the sheet. On a sunny day, it will be hot to week. The oil can also be mixed with a little the touch in 15 minutes. The seed should water and salt and boiled for 10 minutes. be at least 104°F, which is pleasantly warm This changes the taste slightly. Or the oil to the touch. The yield will improve as the can be filtered through paper or cloth. seed gets hotter, all the way up to 150°F, innow- uncomfortably hot to the touch. The seed Seed Cake or Meal—Valuable ing is a will heat faster on a black surface than on By-product low-cost a light-colored surface. Some people also W Seed cake is a valuable by-product of press- way to clean the cover the seed with a sheet of clear plas- ing. Sesame seed cake is valuable as a seed. tic. This helps to hold heat in and make the human food. Sunflower seed cake is not seed hotter. suitable for people, but it makes a good If the sun is not shining, you can also heat addition to chicken, pig, or cattle feed. the seeds on a stove. Put the seeds in a Since sunflower seed cake has all the seed shallow pan over low heat for five minutes. hulls in it, it is very fibrous. The ram press You will need to stir the seeds often and be does not get all the oil out of the cake; it is careful not to scorch them. Charred seeds oilier than most feed additives. It is quite will give the oil a bad taste. high in crude , but contains very few carbohydrates. It should be used as a feed You can use a double boiler to make sure additive, not a feed by itself. The EWW that the seeds do not burn. You will need manual describes feed rations for commer- two pots, one large and one smaller. Set the cial broiler chickens, cows, and pigs that larger pot on the heat, with enough water include sunflower seed cake. to keep it from boiling dry. Set the smaller pot inside the big pot. The bottom of the Proper storage of both seed and seed cake small pot does not need to touch the water is extremely important. Seed must be pro- below. Put the seed in the smaller pot, stir it tected from moisture, rodents, and insects. occasionally, and the steam from the boiling Very moist seed will rot. Even if your seed water will heat the seed without burning it. is not moist enough to rot, it may be moist The seed should be ready in 15 minutes. enough to grow mold. This is a problem for two reasons. First, moldy seed cake does The boiler works best if the smaller pot is not taste good to animals. They may not almost the same size as the big pot. Then be willing to eat moldy feed. Worse, some there is not too much room for the steam kinds of mold make mycotoxins such as to escape from between them. This method aflatoxin. These poisons can make people does not require as much attention and stir- and animals sick. Some of the poisons from ring, and you will not spoil any seed from moldy seed will end up in the oil, but most accidental charring, but it uses more fuel. remain in the seed cake. They can also get The seed is now ready to be pressed. The into the meat, eggs, and especially the milk pressing operation is described in detail of the animals that eat the cake. www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 5 Mold spores (seeds) are present in all crops. described here. (See Further Resources Molds grow best in warm, humid weather. for contact information.) To prevent the growth of mold, dry the seeds shortly after harvest. Even dry seed Komet Oil Expellers can quickly get damp by being in contact Komet Expellers are manu- with damp earth. Once the seed is dried factured by IBG Monforts in Germany, and bagged, it must be stored carefully to whose range of products covers small hand- keep it from taking up moisture. The mois- operated as well as industrial machines. ture content of the seed should be no higher According to the product literature, Komet than 10 percent. To test for moisture, weigh oil expellers feature a special cold press- a sample of seed or cake, and then heat the ing system with a single conveying screw sample in an oven at 300°F for one hour. to squeeze the oils from various oil-bear- Reweigh the sample. The weight lost in the ing seeds. The machines operate on a oven is equal to the moisture content of the gentle mechanical press principle that does not involve mixing and tearing of original sample, and the percentage can the seeds. Virtually all oil-bearing seeds, be calculated: divide the weight lost by the o prevent the nuts, and kernels can be pressed with the original weight and multiply by 100. standard equipment without adjusting the growth of screws or oil outlet holes. mold, dry the T Other Oil Presses The vegetable oil produced needs no refin- seeds shortly after Several types of small-scale extractors are ing, bleaching, or deodorizing, as long harvest. commercially available, both imported as the natural taste, smell, and color are and manufactured in the U.S. Two that acceptable. Generally, any sediment in the are commercially available in the U.S. are oil will settle to the bottom of the collecting

Sectional view of a Komet oil expeller.

Page 6 ATTRA Oilseed Processing for Small-Scale Producers vessel after approximately 24 hours and form a hard Further Resources cake. You can then pour the oil through a paper or tex- Cox, Jeff. 1979. The sunflower seed huller and oil tile filter to remove any remaining impurities. press. Organic Gardening. April. 13 p. Online Since the vegetable oil will not reach temperatures at http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/ higher than approximately 100 to 120°F, all its vital oilpress.html components will be preserved. Therefore, it is excel- lently suited for natural nutrition. As long as the oil ATTRA Publications is stored in a dark, cool place, it will have a long shelf life. Adding Value to Farm Products: An Overview. 2006. By Holly Born and Janet Bachmann. NCAT, Fayetteville, You must precondition the seeds before extraction. Big AR. 12 p. nuts, kernels, and copra (dried coconut meat) have to be crushed to the size of peas on the Komet Cutting Keys to Success in Value-Added Agriculture. 2001. By Machine “System Crusher.” Holly Born. NCAT, Fayetteville, AR. 19 p. Grain Processing. ATTRA Information Packet. 2003. Täby Press By Lance Gegner and Janet Bachmann. NCAT, Fay- The Täby Press is a screw press manufactured in Swe- etteville, AR. 12 p. den. Various models are available for cold-pressing Soyfoods: Adding Value to Soybeans. 2001. By Janet rapeseed, linseed, flaxseed, sunflower seed, sesame Bachmann. NCAT, Fayetteville, AR. 8 p. seed, peanut, groundnuts, mustard seed, poppy seed, cotton seed, jojoba, etc. Bengt Jonsson is the designer, Biodiesel—A Primer. 2005. By Dave Ryan. NCAT, manufacturer, and seller of the oil press, and is also Butte, MT. 14 p. a farmer. The Type 20 screw press is distributed Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions. 2006. By Al in the U.S. by Magic Mill International. (See Kurki, Mike Morris, and Amanda Hill. NCAT, Butte, Further Resources.) MT. 12 p. Alternative Agronomic Crops. 2000. By Preston Sulli- References van and Patricia Sauer. NCAT, Fayetteville, AR. 12 p. Derr, Jamie, and Vernon Grubinger. 2006. Presenta- tions at the National SARE conference session Evaluating a Rural Enterprise. 2002. By Preston Sulli- “Biodiesel on the Farm.” Oconomowoc, van and Lane Greer. NCAT, Fayetteville, AR. 12 p. Wisconsin. [Author’s note—there are several Agricultural Business Planning Templates and Chinese oil press manufacturers, including: Resources. 2004. by Holly Born. NCAT, Fayetteville, Henan Double Elephants Machinery, Any- AR. 4p. ang General International and Chengdu Good Good International.] Adding Value Through Sustainable Agriculture Entre- preneurship: Overview and Resources. 2003. By Holly Fellows, Peter, and Ann Hampton (eds.). 1992. Small- Born. NCAT, Fayetteville AR. 94 p. Scale Food Processing: A Guide to Appro- Organic Production. 2003. By George Kuep- priate Equipment. Intermediate Technology per. NCAT, Fayetteville, AR. 5 p. Development Group. 158 p. (A second edi- tion was published in 2003. See Further Get a free printed copy of any of the above by calling Resources for ordering information.) 800-346-9140, or download from the ATTRA National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service Web site. Herz, Jonathan. 1997. Using and Maintaining the Ram Press. Enterprise Works Worldwide. Washington, DC. 42 p. Publications from Organizations Several private, non-profit organizations involved with Laker-Ojok, Rita. 2000. Personal communication. development work around the world have publications Matthies, E. Peter. 2004. Personal communication. that provide information on technologies appropriate See Further Resources for contact for smaller-scale farms and businesses. Publications information. related to small-scale oilseed processing are followed www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 7 by contact information for the organizations that 2nd Ed. ITDG. 255 p. distribute them. The food processing section of the book describes the stages and equipment needed to process a Herz, Jonathan. 1997. Using and Maintaining the wide range of food commodities, from fruit and Ram Press. EWW. 42 p. vegetables to dairy products, meat, and fish. The Herz, Jonathan. 1995. Construction of the directory section catalogs all the food-processing CAMARTEC BP-30 Press: A Workshop equipment a small industry might need and pro- Manual. EWW. vides contact information for manufacturers. Herz, Jonathan. 1995. How to Use Your Ram Press. Intermediate Technology Development Group EWW. To subscribe to Waterlines or Small Enterprise Development contact Enterprise Works Worldwide (EWW) Subscription Manager 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 630 ITDG Publishing Journals, c/o Portland Press Washington, DC 20005 Commerce Way, Whitehall Industrial Estates Phone: 202-293-4600 Colchester, Essex, CO28HP, U.K. FAX: 202-293-5698 Phone: +44 (0) 1206-796351 [email protected] Fax: +44 (0) 1206-799331 www.enterpriseworks.org To order a book, call Phone: +44 (0)1926 634501 (9 am to 5 pm, Anon. No date. Principles of Oil Extraction. ITDG Monday to Friday, U.K. time) Publishing. 11 p. Online at Fax: +44 (0)1926 634502 www.itdgpublishing.org.uk. [email protected] www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_ www.itdgpublishing.org.uk service/oil_extraction.pdf Anon. No date. Principles of Oil Extraction. ITDG Anon. 1983. Small Scale Oil Extraction from Ground- Publishing. 11 p. Online at www.itdg.org/. nuts and Copra. ILO Technical Memorandum Anon. No date. Food Processing Building Design. No. 5, MF 06-274. 111 p. ITDG Publishing. 3 p. Online at www.itdg.org/. This book looks at the steps involved in removing oil from peanuts (groundnuts) and dried coconut Potts, K.H., and K. Machell. 1993. The Manual Screw (copra) using small-scale mechanized equipment. Press for Small-scale Oil Extraction. ITDG It should be helpful in either starting a busi- Publishing. 72 p. ness or in identifying where in the process tech- This book describes a small-scale process of oil- nical improvements may be made. It provides extraction for use in rural areas, as well as ways detailed technical and economic information to market and distribute the oilcake. on small-scale oil extraction mills using either Anon. 1993. Oil Processing. ITDG. 48 p. small expellers or power ghanis, and process- This book is aimed at volunteers training for ing between 100 tons and 220 tons of materials food processing projects and their trainers, and per year. (A ghani is a large mortar and pestle- for the non-specialist already involved in projects style processor traditionally powered by oxen.) An and seeking specific information on technology economic comparison between these small-scale choice. Contents cover raw materials from which plants and medium- to large-scale plants oil can be extracted, methods of oil extraction is provided. and processing, descriptions of types of improved International Labour Office (ILO) technologies, case studies, a checklist of ques- 4 route des Morillons tions to ask when planning a project/enterprise, CH-1211 Geneva 22 facts and figures on a range of pre-processing Switzerland and extraction equipment, references, further The memorandum is available at: reading, and contacts. www.wikigreen.org/~wikigree/index.php/Small_Scale_ Azam-Ali, Sue, Emma Judge, Peter Fellows, and Mike Oil_Extraction_ from_Groundnuts_and_Copra Battcock. 2003. Small-Scale Food Processing,

Page 8 ATTRA Oilseed Processing for Small-Scale Producers Southern SAWG Publications Boyd, John. 1995. Tools for Agriculture, 3rd edition. P.O. Box 324 VITA. 200 p. Elkins, AR 72727 This new, enlarged edition of a well-known cat- [email protected] alog lists more than 1,000 manufacturers and Calo, Muriel. 2001. The olive and its oil. Part IV of suppliers of low-cost agricultural implements. IV: Pressing and oil separation. The Garlic Guidance is provided for selection of 3,000 Press. Fall–Winter. p. 8–9. products, from hand tools to animal- and small- engine-powered equipment. Machinery and Equipment Sources Casten, James, and Harry E. Snyder. No date. Under- Seedburo Equipment Company standing Pressure Extractions of Vegetable 1022 W. Jackson Blvd. Oils. 15 p. Chicago, IL 60607 This technical brief outlines the procedures Phone: 312-738-3700 or and equipment required to extract vegetable oil (toll-free) 800-284-5779 using presses. FAX: 312-738-5329 Kessler, Nathan. No date. Understanding Solvent [email protected] Extraction of Vegetable Oils. VITA. 12 p. www.seedburo.com This technical brief outlines the procedures ALMACO and equipment required to extract vegetable oil using solvents. P. O. Box 296 99 M Avenue PACT Publications Nevada, IA 50201 1200 18 th Street, NW 515-382-3506 Washington, DC 20036 FAX: 515-382-2973 202-466-5666 [email protected] [email protected] www.almaco.com www.pactpublications.com HYBREN™ Oilseed press Neoteric Biofuels Inc. Richards, Keith, and Deborah S. Wechsler. 1996. B.A.G. 9000 Suite 305 Making It On the Farm: Increasing Sustain- 190 Trans Canada Highway NE ability Through Value-added Processing and Salmon Arm, BC, Canada Marketing. Southern Sustainable Agriculture V1E1S3 Working Group. 40 p. Phone/FAX: 250-833-0275 This booklet is written for farmers who want to Email: [email protected] take a bite out of the middlemen by bringing the http://www.plantdrive.com/shop/home.php?cat=4 dollars for processing, packaging, labeling, and marketing home to their farms, and for local Rosedowns Presses: The Mini Press Range community leaders who want to encourage farm- Contact: On Web page. based, value-added businesses in their commu- www.rosedowns.co.uk/products/Mini_Press.htm nities. Compiled from interviews with southern farmers and ranchers who are adding value to IBG Monforts Oekotec their products, it describes some of their prac- An der Waldesruh 23 tices, discusses 10 keys to success, and includes 41238 Mönchengladbach a list of resources. Although some of the resources Germany listed are in the southern region, most have +49 (0) 2166 8682 90 counterparts in other states and regions. Cost is +49 (0) 2166 8682 44 FAX $10, payable to SSAWG, and includes shipping [email protected] and handling. Order from: www.Oekotec.ibg-monforts.de

www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 9 Skeppsta Maskin AB www.nwrpc.com Bengt Jonsson Badger Oil uses Komet equipment for oil seed Täby Skeppsta processing. The company can do contract press- S-705 94 Őrebro ing or provide consulting services for anyone who Sweden wants to do on-farm processing. +46 19 228005 [email protected] E. Peter Matthies www.oilpress.com/ EPM Distributing LLC 20 Marshall St. Magic Mill International Headquarters d-52066 Aachen 382 Rt. 59, Sect. 338 Germany Monsey, NY 10952 Phone: +49 241 160 7122 Phone: 845-368-2532 FAX: +49 241 160 7123 FAX: 845-368-2533 [email protected] [email protected] E. Peter Matthies, who formerly worked for Bad- www.magicmillusa.com ger Oil Company, now lives in Germany. Mat- Huntsman, Inc thies has years of experience with seeds from 2362 Warren Ave. fruits, vegetables, herbs, and even weeds. He is Twin Falls, ID 83301 licensed to represent Monforts worldwide and Phone: 208-733-2214 or provides free consultation with the purchase Toll-free: 877-733-2214 of KOMET oil presses. Contact him by e-mail FAX: 208-733-2240 or phone. [email protected] Food Protein R & D Center www.huntsmaninc.com Cater-Mattil Hall 373 Olsen Blvd. Huntsman, Inc. supplies used and reconditioned 2476 Texas A&M University food-processing equipment, including seed clean- College Station, TX 77843-2476 ers and packaging. Phone: 979-845-2741 Food Processing Machinery & Supplies Association FAX: 979-845-2744 1451 Dolley Madison Drive, Suite 200 [email protected] McLean, VA 22101 http://foodprotein.tamu.edu/ Phone: 703-761-2600 The mission of the Oilseeds Processing Program FAX: 703-684-1080 is to conduct basic and applied research to help [email protected] add value to oilseeds and to serve as a technical www.processfood.com/ resource to the oilseeds processing industry. FPM&SA is a non-profit trade association founded in 1885 to provide a business link The Oilseeds Processing Program has experience between food and beverage processors and sup- with essentially all row-crop oilseeds as well as pliers. The Association is made up of several a number of industrial crops. Row crop expertise hundred industry members. It can provide infor- includes familiar edible oilseeds such as soy- mation about sources of all kinds of equipment beans, cottonseed, corn germ, canola, peanuts, and supplies. Processfood.com is the association’s sunflower seed, safflower seed, and flax seed. electronic marketplace. Industrial crop expertise includes castor seed, rape seed, crambe, jojoba, and others in vari- Individual and Organization Contacts ous stages of commercialization. Specific services include practical short courses and customized Mark Muller training. Badger Oil 1400 South River Street ECHO Spooner, WI 54801 17391 Durrance Rd. 715-635-2197 N. Ft. Myers, FL 33917 FAX: 715-635-7262 Phone: 239-543-3246 [email protected] FAX: 239-543-5317

Page 10 ATTRA Oilseed Processing for Small-Scale Producers [email protected] Palm Oil Processing www.echotech.org www.fao.org/ ECHO—Educational Concerns for Hunger Orga- nization—is a non-profit, Christian organiza- The Sunflower Seed Huller and Oil Press tion dedicated to the fight against world hunger. http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/ ECHO’s Web site provides access to resources and oilpress.html services for small farm tropical agriculture from Minor Oil Crops—Individual Monographs around the globe. ECHO’s most popular publica- www.fao.org/ tions are online, and include several about oil- seed crops. A for-sale publication is The Manual Commonsense Winemaking Q&A Column from Screw Press for Small-Scale Oil Extraction. July 2001 issue of Wines and Vines www.findarticles.com/cf _dls/m3488/7_82/77107740/ Web Sites Olive Oil Extraction www.ucm.es/info/improliv/allgem.htm “Now Build This—The Sunflower Seed Huller and Oil Press.” Specialty Olive Oil Production www.green-trust.org/2000/biofuel/sunfloweroil.htm www.sfc.ucdavis.edu/research/olive.html Tiny Tech UDYOG www.oil-refinery.com Armfield Limited www.armfield.co.uk/index.shtml www.oekotec.ibg-monforts.de/en/12.html Is a list of contacts (including USA) for Komet Seed Presses.

Oil-containing seeds, nuts, kernels (from IBG Monforts product literature) Apricot stones Elderberry Niger seed Avocado Black currant Palm kernel Cotton seed Jojoba Red pepper Billberry Coffee Brazil nut Borage Cocoa Passion fruit Stinging nettle Coriander Pecan Beech nut Caraway seed Pistachio Calendula Pumpkin seed Rape seed Cashew nut Linseed Castor bean Copra (dried coconut) Mace Sea buckthorn Safflower Corn seed Mustard seed Groundnut Macadamia nut Sesame seed Spurge Almonds Soybean Rubber seed Melon seed Sunflower seed Rose hip Poppy Tropho plant Hemp Nutmeg Tomato seed Hazelnut Evening primrose Grape seed Raspberry Neem seed Walnut Citrus seed www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 11 Oilseed Processing for Small-Scale Producers By Al Kurki NCAT Agriculture Specialist and Janet Bachmann with research assistance by Darron Starks and Dana Brandon NCAT Agriculture Interns For technical assistance, contact Al Kurki ©2006 NCAT Paul Driscoll, Editor Cynthia Arnold, Production This publication is available on the Web at: www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/oilseed.html or www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/oilseed.pdf IP134 Slot 140 Version 111406

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