Introducing AOCS 2.0

inform June 2010 www.aocs.org Volume 21 (6) 325–384

International News on Fats, Oils, and Related Materials Introducing AOCS 2.0

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Departments !/#3 DEBUTS and Information ! DRUM ROLL PLEASE 4HE NEW !/#3 WEB EXPERIENCE OTHERWISE KNOWN AS !/#3 DEBUTED IN EARLY -AY #ATHERINE 7ATKINS DETAILS 328 Index to Advertisers what users of the new site can expect. 328 Calendar Biodiesel industry faces economic, policy challenges Marketplace: 4HREE KEY LEADERS FROM !/#3 AND THE .ATIONAL "IODIESEL "OARD -ICHAEL (AAS 3TEVE (OWELL AND *OE *OBEGIVE THEIR INSIGHTS ON THE 341 News & Noteworthy current state of the biodiesel industry and on two annual conferences 347 Biofuels News addressing its future. Rebecca Richardson presents their responses.

351 Health & Nutrition First high-GLA safflower oil on market News The first high-GLA safflower oil has reached the market at commercial scale after six years of research and development work by Arcadia 355 Surfactants, Detergents, "IOSCIENCES )NC #ATHERINE 7ATKINS LOOKS AT ITS DEVELOPMENT AND & Personal Care News potential impact.

Algae oil: Biofuels and beyond Publications: Lynn Crandall examines the trends in algae research. 358 Book Review His bags are packed, he’s ready to go: A processing 359 Patents consultant’s adventures around the globe 362 Extracts & Distillates *ACK 7OLOWIEC PROlLES ONE PROCESSING CONSULTANTS WORK IN )NDIA !FRICA AND )RAQ

367 Classiﬁed Advertising The role of soy ! PREVIEW IS PRESENTED OF THE TH )NTERNATIONAL 3YMPOSIUM ON THE Role of Soy in Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention AND 4REATMENT SET FOR /CTOBER n AT THE #APITAL (ILTONIN 7ASHINGTON $# 53!

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AOCS Mission Statement To be a global forum to promote the exchange of ideas, information, and experience, to enhance personal excellence, and to provide high standards of quality among those with a professional interest in the science and technology of fats, oils, surfactants, and related materials. inform s )NTERNATIONAL .EWS ON &ATS /ILS and Related Materials )33. )&2-%# n 328 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) Editor-in-Chief Emeritus: *AMES "- 2ATTRAY Bold type new listing For details on these and other upcoming Calendar meetings, visit www.aocs.org/meetings. Contributing Editors: Rajiv Arora Keshun Liu *ULY n &OOD 0ROCESSING 3UPPLI- 7% !RTZ Mark Messina July ERS !SSOCIATION 0ROCESS %XPO -C#ORMICK 3COTT "LOOMER Robert Moreau 0LACE #HICAGO )LLINOIS 53! )NFORMA- %DUARDO $UBINSKY D.J. Murphy *ULY TH *ORNADA ,ÓPIDOS .UTRICÓON TION HTTPFPSAORGPROCESSEXPOPRO- 7ALTER % &ARR 7ILLEM VAN Y 3ALUD #ONFERENCE ON ,IPIDS .UTRITION cessexpo. Anu Hopia .IEUWENHUYZEN AND (EALTH "UENOS !IRES !RGENTINA 9 3 6IC (UANG "RENT 3RENSEN )NFORMATION EMAIL GABRIELAPAGE ASAGA July 25–30, 2010. Lipid Droplets: Met- S.P. Kochhar T. Thiagarajan org.ar or [email protected]. abolic Consequences of the Storage Gary List of Neutral Lipids, FASEB Summer *ULY n TH !0## !SIAN AND Research Conference, Steamboat Editorial Advisory Board: 0ACIlC #OCONUT #OMMUNITY #/#/4%#( Springs, Colorado, USA. Infor- -ICHAEL %SKIN (ANS .IEUWENHUIS -EETING AND #OCONUT &ESTIVAL 4HE )MPE- mation: www.faseb.org/Default. -ICHAEL (AAS &EREIDOON 3HAHIDI RIAL "OAT (OUSE 2ESORT AND 3PA (OTEL aspx?alias=www.faseb.org/src. !RNIS +UKSIS "ERNARD 3ZUHAJ 3AMUI )SLAND 4HAILAND )NFORMATION WWW APCCSECORGCOCOTECHHTML Robert Moreau August *ULY n #HINA 3OYBEAN %XPO AOCS Ofﬁcers: (ARBIN )NTERNATIONAL #ONFERENCE %XHI- President * +EITH 'RIME *+' #ONSULTING !UGUST n TH 7ORLD #ONGRESS bition and Sports Center, Heilogjiang - #INCINNATI /HIO 53! OF 3OIL 3CIENCE "RISBANE !USTRALIA )NFOR 0ROVINCE #HINA )NFORMATION WWWCHI- MATION WWW7#33ORGAU Vice President %RICH % $UMELIN :URICH NASOYBEANEXPOCOMEN 3WITZERLAND !UGUST n #URSO !VANZADO Secretary 3EVIM : %RHAN 53 $EPARTMENT *ULY n !GRI'ENOMICS 7ORLD #ON- of Agriculture, Agricultural Research sobre Crushing de Semillas Oleaginosas FERENCE #ONRAD "RUSSELS (OTEL "RUSSELS !DVANCED #OURSE ON /IL 3EED #RUSHING 3ERVICE 7YNDMOOR 0ENNSYLVANIA 53! "ELGIUM )NFORMATION WWWSELECTBIOSCI- Treasurer 4IMOTHY +EMPER $ESMET 2OSARIO !RGENTINA )NFORMATION EMAIL ENCESCOMCONFERENCES!'7# [email protected] or asaga@ "ALLESTRA .ORTH !MERICA )NC -ARIETTA asaga.org.ar. 'EORGIA 53! July 11–16, 2010. 19th Executive Vice President *EAN 7ILLS (INTON International Sympo- August 21–24, 2010. Lipids, Inﬂam- !/#3 5RBANA )LLINOIS 53! sium on Plant Lipids, mation, and Stress Reactions in Ath- Cairns Convention erosclerosis: Mechanisms, Imaging, AOCS Staff: Centre, Cairns, Aus- and Therapy, Kern Aspen Lipid Con- Area Manager, tralia. Information: ference, Aspen, Colorado, USA. 0UBLICATIONS *ACK 7OLOWIEC www.ispl2010.org. Information: www.kernconference. -ANAGING %DITOR *EREMY #OULTER org. !SSOCIATE %DITOR #ATHERINE 7ATKINS *ULY n )NSTITUTE OF &OOD 4ECH- Technical NOLOGISTS !NNUAL -EETING AND %XPO 0ROJECTS %DITOR -ARGUERITE 4ORREY -C#ORMICK 0LACE #HICAGO )LLINOIS 53! $ESIGN,AYOUT 'RETCHEN 7IESHUBER )NFORMATION WWWIFTORG #/22%#4)/. 4HE TOP PHOTO ON PAGE OF THE !PRIL issue should have run with the preced- )NDEX TO ADVERTISERS ING ARTICLE ON 0AGE 4HE PHOTO IS OF THE MEMBERS OF THE )NTERNATIONAL !NDERSON )NTERNATIONAL #ORP 'IANAZZA %NGINEERING SRL /RGANIZATION FOR 3TANDARDIZATION 4ECH- !NDERSON )NTERNATIONAL #ORP -C#UTCHEONS 0UBLICATIONS NICAL #OMMITTEE 3UBCOMMITTEE ON (ORIZONTAL -ETHODS FOR -OLECU- !RMSTRONG %NGINEERING !SSOC -YERS 6ACUUM $ISTILLATION $IVISION LAR"IOMARKER!NALYSISWHOATTENDEDA "$) "IODIESEL)NTERNATIONAL!' .0 !NALYTICAL ,ABORATORIES MEETING IN &EBRUARY IN 4OKYO )N ADDI- $ESMET "ALLESTRA 'ROUP .6 # 2OSKAMP #HAMPION # tion, the photo at the bottom of page '%! 7ESTFALIA 3EPARATOR 3AF4EST $IVISION OF -0"IOMEDICALS # SHOULD HAVE BEEN IDENTIlED AS BEING 0ROCESS 'MB( 3HARPLEX &ILTERS )NDIA 064 ,4$ of attendees of a workshop on Sampling AND $ETECTION -ETHODS HELD &RIDAY *Corporate member of AOCS who supports the Society through corporate membership dues. &EBRUARY IN 4OKYO *APAN inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 329

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The new AOCS website features advanced functionality recommended by top web designers. Included are mega drop-down menus that allow site visitors to ﬁnd links quickly.

Catherine Watkins experience. “The web is a new medium and requires a new approach,” writes the chief usability researcher, Jakob Nielsen. A drum roll, please: The new AOCS web expe- Nielsen is a principal of the Nielsen Norman Group in Fremont, California, USA, which he co-founded with Donald A. Norman, a rience, otherwise known as AOCS 2.0, debuted former vice president of research at Apple Computer. Rather than in early May. The unveiling followed more than structuring a site to mirror the way an organization is structured, a year of extraordinary efforts by all members Nielsen says, a site should be structured to mirror users’ tasks. The key to taking the frustration out of finding informa- of the AOCS staff, led by AOCS Web Strategy tion on any website is navigation designed for the tasks users Manager Amy Lopez. Lopez, who is a dissertation short of a Ph.D. in animal nutrition from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, is also INFORM OFFERS DIGITAL EDITION in charge of developing AOCS’ eLearning programs. As a scien- inform, now has both a print tist working for a scientific association, she naturally took a sci- !/#3 MEMBER MAGAZINE entific approach to the redesign. She not only pored over reams of and a digital edition. research on website usability and design, she also analyzed traffic The new digital edition appears in a page-ﬂipping patterns on the previous AOCS site to better understand what visi- format that replicates the experience of reading a print 330 tors to www.aocs.org need and want. MAGAZINE %ACH DIGITAL ISSUE IS FULLY SEARCHABLE AND ALL Like many nonprofit organizations, AOCS developed its HYPERLINKS ARE LIVE 0$&S OF ARTICLES CAN BE DOWNLOADED first websites as time and staffing permitted, bit by bit (byte by FOR EASY VIEWING OFmINE "EST OF ALL THE DIGITAL VERSION byte?). The ad hoc approach led to a site with more than 3,000 SHOULD BE AVAILABLE SEVEN TO DAYS AHEAD OF THE PREVI- separate pages, including some that had never been accessed. As ous online posting schedule. Lopez began managing the herculean effort of redoing the old )N ADDITION THE inform web news service on the

inform site, she used three organizing principles: usability, readability, AOCS home page has been enhanced so that stories and simplicity. WILL BE ORGANIZED BY DATE INSTEAD OF BY TOPIC AREA 7EB NEWS WILL BE ARCHIVED BY MONTH A PROJECT THAT IS NOT RESEARCH LEADS THE WAY YET COMPLETED SO WITH THE ENHANCED SEARCH FUNCTION- Lopez began by researching usability, or how to design a site ality of the new site, pulling up a past story or stories from a user-centered standpoint, rather than from an organiza- on a given topic will be simple and fast. June 2010 tional standpoint. Log in to www.aocs.org today and experience the What she found was that AOCS—like most companies and new digital inform and web news. organizations—had designed its previous sites based on nonweb June 2010 inform 331 ------web news headlines, news making web inform Inside AOCS Inside tions Practically 1986. BITNET in for Eric Thomas by developed listserv mailing a to addressed is email when speaking, list. the on everyone to broadcast automatically is list, it The result is similar to a newsgroup or forum,the messages are transmitted except as email and are therefore that list. the on individuals only to available Ability to read andwrite reviews of AOCS products %ASY CHECKOUT AND IMMEDIATE DOWNLOADucts such as methods and eChapters OF 0$& PROD 0ERSONALIZED CONTENT DELIVERY INCLUDING RECOMMEN dations %XPANDED FREE INFORMATIONAL RESOURCES INCLUDING Library 4HE Lipid AOCS .EW SITE FOR THEDATIONORG !/#3 HIGHLIGHTING CURRENT &OUNDATION FUNDING PROJECTS WWWAOCSFOUN options donation different AND h&IND IT FASTv LISTING$YNAMICALLY OF THE POPULATED MOST PERFORMED VIEW OF TASKS THEular features and pages SITES MOST POP )NCREASED SPACE FOR /PEN ACCESS NOW TO ALLTRY VENDORS LISTINGS AND ASSOCIATIONS TECHNICAL RESOURCES EXCEPT THE INDUS MEMBERSHIP ROSTER WHICH REMAINSTO AVAILABLE MEMBERS ONLY LISTSERVS ONE EACH FOR !/#3 DIVISIONS AND SEC scanning easier ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ server list mailing automatic an listserv is a Technically, AOCS STORE MISCELLANEOUS Highlights of the new www.aocs.org HOMEPAGE AOCS DIRECTORY LISTSERVS has called Jakob Nielsen (above) “the guru Mega drop-downs will not help users, however, if the terms will not help users, however, drop-downs Mega Mega drop-downs, or big, two-dimensional panels divided panels divided or big, two-dimensional drop-downs, Mega THE PROCESS OF REDESIGN all 3,000+ pages on the came the huge task of examining Next This part of those that needed to remain. old site and rewriting used do not reflect the tasks that visitors want to accomplish. For want to accomplish. used do not reflect the tasks that visitors Services. Technical site had a tab for AOCS the old example, Services department Technical AOCS that the knew staff AOCS Therefore, users did not. but method development, oversees is Which was difficult. on the old site AOCS methods finding Tech- site has a tab for methods, and not precisely why the new nical Services. into groups of navigation options, allow for one-click navi- options, allow into groups of navigation All options are visible at once without gation for most users. choices are structured through layout and scrolling. Navigation typography. want to accomplish. The new AOCS site exhibits Nielsen’s well- Nielsen’s site exhibits AOCS The new to accomplish. want drop-down mega researched recommendation for navigation: menus (see photo, page 330). of webpage usability.” The new AOCS website design was based on his research. 4HE .EW 9ORK 4IMES 332 June 2010 inform tive tothehead.) About 40%skimthepageinanFpattern(two measuring eitherthepointofgazeormotionaneye rela- tracking patterns,researchshows. (Eyetrackingistheprocessof computer monitorsistiring.Usersalsoexhibit two distincteye- lists, andshortparagraphshasgreatlyincreasedreadability. that formerlyappeared.Inaddition,theuseofsubheads,bulleted content thatcanbeskimmedandusesaboutone-halfthetext even moreabruptlythanthey read websites. by-word.” Another studyfoundthatusersreademailnewsletters scanned any new pagethey cameacross;only16%readword- those languagesthatarereadfromlefttoright). more thanbytraditionalleft-to-right,top-to-bottomsequence(for read.” Infact, theorderinwhichthey readisaffected bydesign on informationalpages,“they skimandscanbeforethey startto that hastheinformationthey want,” Redishsays.Further, even ally donotreadmuch—“especiallybeforethey gettothepage They want informationthat: Web Contentthat Works, peoplecometowebsitesforcontent. on research.(Thenew sitehasabout1,500pages.) the redesigninvolved theentire AOCS staff andwas alsobased TBDSU V PEU BEDSFEJCMF BOE EBUF BOE UP VOEFSTUBOE VQ UP BDDVSBUF FBTZ *T BOE UBTL àOE r B UP DPNQMFUF FBTZ UIFN *T IFMQT PS r RVFTUJPO B "OTXFST r One reasonwebusersskimcontentisthatreadingfrom Now whenvisitorsarrive atwww.aocs.org, they willfind Jakob Nielsenfoundthat79%ofhistestusers“always Research shows thatwebuserswant information,but actu- As JaniceRedishnotesin Letting Goofthe Words: Writing from [email protected]. to AOCS membersandconstituents.” source ofemerging issuesandlate-breakingnews ofimportance breaking toarchival, making AOCS theprimary authoritative AOCS websiteshouldprovide informationrangingfromlate- erning Board’s No.1objective onitscurrentstrategic plan:“The redesign hasgonealongway toward fulfillingthe AOCS Gov- project, headover towww.aocs.org now. Seeifyouagreethatthe every day,” shesays.“We alllove whatwedo.” Absolutely. addresses). about malformedURLs(UniformResourceLocators,orweb during theprocessofitsredesign,includinghaving nightmares The AOCS webteamreportsdreamingaboutthenew website WHAT ISNEXT? tracking patterns. Studies show thatimageswithfaces orface-like shapesaltereye- Z pattern. These patternscanbemodifiedthroughclever design: horizontal stripesfollowed byavertical stripe.);60%skimina at [email protected]. of editor associate is Watkins Catherine And ifyoudonotagree, Amy Lopez looksforward tohearing If youhave notalreadytestedouttheresultsof15-month “It isawonderful, funjobwherewegettotrulyhelppeople Would Lopezgothroughacompletewebsiteoverhaul again? inform and can be reached

- - - - )3". )3". )3". )3". MAGAZINEASONEOFTHE ation ation inform by Steve Krug by Jakob Nielsen Jakob by MAGAZINEISACTIVELYSEEKING by Gerry McGovern by MAGAZINE inform BusinessWeek by Janice Redish Janice by ! NEW DEVELOPMENT IN YOUR lELD THAT IS SURE

managing editor at [email protected] for more [email protected] more at for editor managing inform

8 Content Web Writing Words: the of Go Letting that Works that Designing Web Usability Web Designing 8 Content Killer Web Don’t MakeDon’t Me Think! ■ ■ ■ ■ the contributions of and you colleagues. your Contact inform’s information. LEAGUE OR INSTITUTION "EEN TOSTIRRED A GREAT MEETING DEBATE WHOSE HOT TOPICS to TO GENERATE WIDESPREAD INTEREST ! PROFILE OF A COL contributing contributing Do a story you have that would be perfect for the pages informof )NTERESTED IN This book covers a great deal of ground, ranging deal ground, great of from a covers book This tohow get a website into the ﬁrst page of search results TO UNDERSTANDING THE3YNDICATION BENElTS AND OF EMAIL BLOGS NEWSLETTERS 233 2EALLY 3IMPLE )F ONLY THE AUTHORSEXIST OF ON ALL THE WEB BILLIONof us would have many fewer words HAD to wade through OR READ SO THIS PAGES BOOKwhile surﬁng. THAT )F THEY HAD ALL !UTHOR *AKOB .IELSEN HAS MADE Awriting about web usability, LIVING page design, and content SPEAKING AND DESIGN .AMED BY Here are fourmust-have books on web redesign and redesign web AOCS the by recommended writing, TEAM 3UBTITLED h! #OMMONITY v 3ENSE THE SECOND !PPROACH EDITION TO OFPLETELY THIS 7EB CHANGE REFERENCE 5SABIL AIMS THE hTO WAY COM YOU THINK ABOUT WEB DESIGNv WORLDS MOST INmUENTIAL DESIGNERS HUMAN COMPUTER HE INTERACTION HOLDS A FROM 0H$ THE IN 4ECHNICAL 5NI VERSITY OF $ENMARK IN #OPENHAGENWWWUSEITCOMIS .IELSENS WEBSITE lLLED WITH RESOURCES ON USABILITY Co-sponsored by AOCS, AISE, CESIO, JOCS, JSDA, and SDA inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 335 Biodiesel "IODIESEL INDUSTRY FACES economic, policy challenges ."" !/#3 LEADERS SHARE INSIGHTS INTO GLOBAL CONDITIONS

Rebecca Richardson You have a longstanding record out of labs and test bays, and even expanded Q of attending and speaking at the in the Munich meeting to include a session Never in the short, stormy history National Biodiesel Conference and have on new nonbiodiesel fuels. By comparison, served as the general chair for the Interna- the National Biodiesel Conference includes of the biodiesel industry have tional Congress on Biodiesel. How would a rainbow of topics dedicated to biodiesel, more factors been pivotal in you characterize the difference between the with research contributing one of the confer- determining an industry’s exis- two meetings? ence’s many colors. (Haas): They are different sorts of tence. Whereas policy decisions A meetings—the National Biodie- When comparing the two meetings, and a nervous economy continue sel Conference unites producers, blend- Q do the same major issues surface, to create hurdles, success with ers, dealers, users, researchers, regulators, and do the discussions differ? entrepreneurs, and people from a host of (Haas): The International Con- B20 (20% biodiesel + 80% petro- other areas. The International Congresses A gress on Biodiesel does not provide diesel) in new diesel engine tech- on Biodiesel are attended only by research- detailed treatment of what might be termed ers. The scope of meeting topics reflects, local issues, such as US federal tax policy nology and the promising future or perhaps dictates, the audiences. The and RIN (renewable identification number) of biodiesel to reduce carbon focus of the Congress is problem solving tracking (EPA’s system for tracking volume emissions in new markets such via research and new developments coming requirements in Renewable Fuel Standard-2 as home heating oil keep industry supporters energized. Two recent meetings provided further THE INTERVIEWEES: insights on the biodiesel industry. The -ICHAEL (AAS OF THE 53 $EPARTMENT OF !GRICULTURE !GRICULTURAL Second International Congress on Biodie- 2ESEARCH 3ERVICE %ASTERN 2EGIONAL 2ESEARCH #ENTER 7YNDMOOR sel: The Science and The Technologies was 0ENNSYLVANIA SERVED AS THE GENERAL CHAIR FOR THE ND )NTERNA- held November 14–17, 2009, in Munich, TIONAL #ONGRESS ON "IODIESEL 4HE 3CIENCE AND 4HE 4ECHNOLOGIES Germany. The meeting was co-sponsored in Munich, Germany. Haas is a research biochemist with the Agri- and organized by the American Oil Chem- cultural Research Service and has conducted research on biodie- ists’ Society (AOCS) and Euro Fed Lipid. sel for more than a decade. He is a past president of AOCS. In the United States, the National Biodiesel Conference was held February 7–10, 2010, 3TEVE (OWELL IS PRESIDENT AND FOUNDER OF -!2# )6 +EARNEY -IS- in Dallas, Texas, and was organized by the SOURI 53! A CONSULTING lRM DEDICATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF National Biodiesel Board (NBB). Although industrial products from agriculture. He also serves as the tech- the agendas and intended audiences were NICAL DIRECTOR FOR THE .ATIONAL "IODIESEL "OARD AND IS RESPONSIBLE somewhat different, several themes surfaced FOR COORDINATING ALL TECHNICAL SESSIONS FOR THE .ATIONAL "IODIESEL at both events. Conference. Rebecca Richardson, regulatory and education *OE *OBE HAS BEEN THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFlCER OF THE .ATIONAL "IO- specialist from MARC-IV DIESEL "OARD ."" SINCE 0RIOR TO HIS WORK WITH THE ."" Consulting, interviewed *OBE WAS A FRAUD INVESTIGATOR FOR THE -ISSOURI !TTORNEY 'ENERALS key leaders from AOCS and Office. Jobe holds the professional credentials of certified public the NBB regarding the two accountant and certified association executive. He is responsible annual conferences, capturing their com- for overseeing all national and international operations, including ments related to the success of the events, THE ."" HEADQUARTERS IN *EFFERSON #ITY -ISSOURI AS WELL AS A POLICY OFlCE IN impacts on the industry, and what the future 7ASHINGTON $# holds for biodiesel worldwide: 336 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6)

[RFS-2]). These two issues are examples of session topics found at the annual National Biodiesel Conference. On the other hand, because it draws an international crowd, the Congress is a tremendous format for learn- ing about issues one may rarely hear of at home—how problems were solved, what situations pertain, and the like in other countries or regions of the world. Since biodiesel feedstocks and the finished product are traded globally, a world view of challenges and solutions, and the great diversity of approaches and solutions that comes from diverse research labs, is a valuable asset. How would you characterize this Q year’s National Biodiesel Confer- ence compared with past years? (Jobe): The 2008 conference in A Orlando had almost 4,000 attendees, but that included a lot of “tire kickers” who were searching for ways to get into renew- The 2010 National Biodiesel Conference theme “Today’s Impact, Tomorrow’s Challenge” able energy as a sector. This year’s confer- offered general and breakout sessions on issues including feedstock sourcing, new engine ence had a lot fewer attendees, but they were technology, use of biodiesel in heating oil, and advances in fuel quality. the serious business people who have serious business models and technologies, and who significant because it means that biodiesel is diesel gallons, or by purchasing RINs on have stuck it out through this period of unfa- the first advanced biofuel to reach success- the open market. There is a civil penalty of vorable economic conditions. ful commercialization in the United States. $37,500 per day for noncompliance. How have the program and the This is in spite of the fact that the EPA used Some say the science of renewable makeup of the Conference changed unfavorable assumptions against biodiesel Q fuels has not kept up with the policy. from the first year? in its analysis of lifecycle greenhouse gas Q Do you agree? (Jobe): Every year we have worked (GHG) emissions. The EPA attempted to (Jobe): I agree with the statement hard to make sure the content of the “measure” GHG emissions from second, A but would state it a different way. conference is substantive, valuable, and third, and fourth iterations of indirect emis- A Tortured attempts to assign speculative current. The content has emphasized the sions for biodiesel 20 years into the future. It variables for one product, giving all other priority topics of the day. For example, the assumed that petroleum diesel had no indi- products a pass on the same variables, is in first conference in 2004 emphasized passage rect emissions, compared with biodiesel’s the realm of pseudo-science and not science. of the biodiesel tax credit, which was signed direct and indirect emissions. This violates The current, flawed application of attempt- into law later that year. The 2006 conference the most fundamental elements of the sci- ing to assess indirect impacts for biofuels, emphasized fuel quality (in the midst of the entific method: That comparative analysis and no other fuels, is blatantly irrational Minnesota requirement waiver). The 2009 must include the same comparative crite- and counterproductive. Science calls for the conference emphasized sustainability issues ria and the same boundary conditions. Yet study of data to form a conclusion. Pseudo- such as flawed arguments of food vs. fuel despite these worst-case-scenario assump- science forms a conclusion and collects and indirect land use change, and how those tions for biodiesel, the EPA concluded that supporting data. Lifecycle analysis should issues were being inaccurately and inappro- biodiesel meets the criteria as an advanced estimate indirect impacts for all fuels or for priately leveled against biodiesel. The 2010 biofuel and has the best GHG reduction of none. At this moment there is an exploded conference heavily emphasized the imple- any liquid fuel that has actually made it to oil derrick that is continuing to spew tens mentation of the RFS-2, with the final rule nationwide commercialization. of thousands of barrels of oil per day into passing just days before the conference. How will the EPA keep track the Gulf of Mexico. These first-iteration, With the US Environmental Protec- Q of whether we are meeting the real-time indirect impacts are ignored, as Q tion Agency’s final rule published for requirement? are the emissions from entire forests that the updated RFS-2, is biodiesel included as (Jobe): The EPA has set up an elec- are being burned down in Alberta to conduct part of that standard? A tronic tracking system to track RINs open pit mining of the oil shale that biodie- (Jobe): One thing that is impor- that are generated when renewable fuels are sel is poised to replace. Yet biofuels must be A tant for people to understand is that produced. Obligated parties, which are basi- accountable for third and fourth iterations of EPA’s final rule confirms that biodiesel, cally petroleum refiners, must fulfill 1.1% speculative, hypothetical, and unmeasurable from a variety of feedstocks, qualifies as of their gasoline and diesel output with decisions of millions of individuals on other an “advanced biofuel” under the EPA’s cri- “biomass-based diesel.” They can do this continents decades into the future. AOCS teria and under federal law. This is very by either purchasing biodiesel or renewable is a highly respected science and research- inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 337

based organization. I hope its members will support B20 in their engines; virtually all look into this area further, lend their cred- OEMs support B5 (5% biodiesel). ibility to science-based research on indirect With the RFS-2, there are a lot of land use change, and speak out against the other new fuels being considered. pseudo-science currently being considered. Q How do you see biodiesel stacking up Steve, you’ve served as a techni- against the renewable fuel competition? Q cal expert in the biodiesel industry (Howell): We use a lot of fuel in this for many years, correct? During the Con- A country and there is plenty of room ference, what technical issues were people for all of us. That being said, biodiesel is most interested in hearing about? a low-capital, low-cost, high-yield way to (Howell): Yes, I’ve been the chair of turn fats and oils into a usable diesel fuel. A the ASTM Biodiesel Standards Task Other processes have higher capital costs, Force since 1994 and have been active in the require more processing steps and operat- AOCS Biodiesel Expert Panel and the new ing costs, or don’t recapture the glycerine AOCS Industrial Oil Products Division since or oxygen in oils and fats. So we believe, their inception. This year, attendees seemed moving forward, that biodiesel is positioned most interested in how biodiesel performs extremely well. Plus, as the industry grows with the latest diesel engine after-treatment and starts producing oils/fats optimized technology, progress on getting biodiesel for biodiesel, it is possible to grow an oil/ blends on pipelines, and Bioheat™ (i.e., use fat that will produce a bona fide biodiesel of biodiesel as a home heating oil fuel). The that freezes below –20°F (–29°C) and has interest in Bioheat was especially intense, superior long-term stability compared with today’s ultra-low-sulfur diesel. This will since the oxygen in biodiesel reduces NOx (nitrogen oxide) production in open flame make it possible and practical to use higher applications and the oil heat industry just blends of biodiesel in cold weather—even announced they want to transition to 100% B100 in home heating fuel. biodiesel by 2050 to reduce their carbon Mike, getting back to the Interna- footprint by 80%. Q tional Congress on Biodiesel and CONTINUED ON PAGE 323 Where do you see the greatest chal- comparing it to the National Biodiesel Q lenges in the next five years for the Conference held in Dallas this year, has biodiesel industry? the science of biodiesel changed consid- (Howell): I think our biggest chal- erably in Europe or North America? If so, A lenge will be to maintain the momen- is the science coming closer together or tum we have built so far and implement the diverging? one billion gallon-per-year requirement in (Haas): I don’t see that the science, the RFS-2, while at the same time putting A or in many cases even the affiliated into place long-term efforts to get to sig- matters, are that different between Europe nificantly higher biodiesel volumes with a and North America. In both sectors people more “optimized biodiesel” than is possible are trying to make good product in the face with the excess fats and oils available as raw of incredibly difficult economic times, and materials today. sometimes being faced with aggressive criticism from entrenched parties favor- You mention the new 2010 diesel ing the status quo. We have had trouble in Q engine technology. What are the the United States with tax credit systems, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and the German government recently with- saying about biodiesel’s performance with drew them from its biodiesel industry. In the this new technology? United States we have tended to run low- (Howell): With significant funding percentage blends of biodiesel in petroleum A from the soybean checkoff program, while Germany had a history of running the NBB has worked cooperatively with the neat, or pure, biofuel. Today, Germany and OEMs to test B20 in new diesel technology. the European Union have reached a con- Blends up to and including B20 work well in sensus on a lower blend rate. People in this new technology, as evidenced by Ford both regions want quality biodiesel, made and GM announcing full acceptance of B20 affordably by industries that are econom- in their 2011 diesel pickup truck models that ically viable, and used in national fuel have both NOx and PM (particulate matter) systems. What is incredible to see and to after-treatments to meet EPA’s air emissions learn are the various approaches taken to standards. Today, more than 50% of OEMs CONTINUED ON PAGE 370 338 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6)

&IRST HIGH ',! SAFmOWER OIL on market

Catherine Watkins Table 1: Representative fatty acid compositiona for SONOVA™ 400 The ﬁrst high-GLA safﬂower oil has reached the Fatty acid Percentage Fatty acid Percentage market at commercial scale after six years of research and development work by Arcadia Bio- ',! sciences, Inc. (Davis, California, USA). With 44% minimum GLA, SONOVA™ 400 delivers 400 mil- ligrams (mg) of -linolenic acid (GLA) per gram (g) of oil. Other γ a sources of GLA deliver considerably less, including borage oil ',! γ-linolenic acid. 3OURCE !RCADIA "IOSCIENCES )NC (20%), evening primrose oil (10%), black currant oil (15–20%), and hempseed oil (up to 5%). “We have significant commercial volumes currently available,” said Frank Flider, Arcadia’s vice president of business develop- omega-3 fatty acids, there is some indication that GLA combined ment. “In a short time, we will be able to supply a very substantial with omega-3 fatty acids may exhibit synergistic effects. portion of the world’s current GLA demand. Additionally, we are Animal and human studies suggest that dietary GLA may ramping up to supply new demand that is expected to develop with provide relief from rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory the availability of this more concentrated and cost-effective source disorders. GLA has also been found to be helpful in alleviating the of GLA.” effects of atopic eczema, hyperactivity disorders, cyclical mastal- The market for GLA has suffered in past years from “very gia (premenstrual breast pain), diabetic neuropathy (pain and loss inelastic availability,” Flider noted, adding that sudden increases of peripheral nerve function), and high blood pressure. in demand caused wild price swings and made it difficult for for- Dietary GLA has been shown to reduce low-density lipoprotein mulators of finished products to secure adequate supplies at stable cholesterol, plasma triacylglycerols, and smooth muscle prolifera- prices. tion. It may also be helpful in treating dry eye conditions. In vitro “As a result,” he said, “new product development and research studies have characterized GLA’s selective cytotoxic effects on more have suffered and very few new products featuring GLA have been than 30 types of cancer cells. Others have shown evidence of the introduced over the past several years.” suppression of breast cancer genes, tumor growth, and metastasis. A study by Marie A. Schirmer and Stephen D. Phinney of the Univer- METABOLIC PATHWAY AND APPLICATIONS sity of California, Davis, USA, showed that GLA helped maintain weight loss for people who had lost weight (Journal of Nutrition GLA is an omega-6 fatty acid (18:3n-6), synthesized in the body 137:1430–1435, 2007). by the action of the Δ-6 desaturase (D6D) enzyme on linoleic acid Recent studies on evening primrose oil have shown that dietary (LA; 18:2n-6). Because the activity of D6D diminishes as a result of GLA has a measurable effect on skin softness, moisturization, and aging, stress, pollution, diet, smoking, drinking, and other activities wrinkle reduction. This has not gone unnoticed by the personal care of daily living, our bodies may produce suboptimal levels of GLA. and cosmeceutical industries and may represent a significant new Once synthesized or ingested, GLA quickly is elongated to market for GLA. dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA; 20:3n-6). DGLA is a precursor In fact, there is a long, documented history of medicinal use of to two important anti-inflammatory metabolites: prostaglandin GLA-containing plants such as evening primrose. The Algonquin PGE and 15-OH-DGLA. Many of the favorable effects of GLA 1 Indians chewed the seeds and rubbed the seed oil onto flesh wounds, are attributed to increased tissue levels of PGE , which is known to 1 according to Herbal Medicine in Endocrinology and Metabolic suppress chronic inflammation. The anti-inflammatory benefits of Disease (Food Products Press, Binghamton, New York, USA, 2005). GLA are recognized in medical foods such as Abbott Nutrition’s The oil was known in Europe as the “King’s Cure All“because of ® Oxepa , which is used to modulate inflammation in sepsis, ARDS its beneficial properties. (acute respiratory distress syndrome), and ALI (acute lung injury). Although GLA does not have a DRI (Dietary Reference Intake), Although the body of literature concerning the effects of dietary estimations of the amount that constitutes a therapeutic dose range GLA is sparse compared with the burgeoning body of research on from 500 to 2,000 mg daily. Given that standard 500-mg capsules of inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 339

evening primrose oil contain only 50 mg of GLA, the attractions of an oil that contains 44% GLA become immediately apparent. DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-GLA SAFFLOWER The high-GLA safflower plant was developed through a combination of plant breeding and biotechnology. As Flider previously noted (inform 16:279–282, 2005), Calgene LLC developed transgenic canola oil varieties containing as much as 43% GLA. (Calgene was a biotech research and development company in Davis, California, USA, that Monsanto Co. acquired in 1996.) “This was accomplished by introducing Δ-6 and Δ-12 desaturase genes from the fungus Mortierella alpina into canola cells,“Flider writes. “. . . Despite the fact that Calgene conducted several genera- tions of field trials on high-GLA canola varieties, for reasons not made public, the product was never commercially produced.“ Why safflower for the next attempt? Most safflower already is produced in defined growing regions throughout North America by contract farmers, making identity preservation easier to achieve. Because safflower is self-pollinating, pollen drift is minimal and identity preservation is improved relative to canola. A further disadvantage of canola as a platform is the presence of significant quantities ofα -linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3). Pro- duction of stearidonic acid (18:4n-3) at the expense of GLA is possible in canola because ALA competes with LA for Δ-6 desaturase activity. COST AND MARKET SONOVA 400 is being marketed and distributed by Bioriginal Food & Science Corp., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, in partnership with Arcadia. In support of its commercialization program, Arcadia success- fully completed the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory process for GLA safflower in December 2009. Following established procedures for New Dietary Ingredients in Dietary Sup- plements, the FDA reviewed and acknowledged extensive data supporting the safety of GLA safflower, allowing it to be marketed and sold as an ingredient in dietary supplements. “We have petitioned Canada but have not yet started on other geographies,” said Flider. “We are exploring regulatory requirements for Europe and Japan as well as other Asian and South American countries, but at this point have taken no formal action. We hope to be able to offer SONOVA 400 worldwide within a few years. “Typically, the cost involved with doubling the concentration of an active component will result in a per-unit price very significantly higher than two times,” Flider said. “Because it isn’t necessary to fractionate or concentrate the GLA through physico-chemical means, the per-unit GLA price for SONOVA 400 will be reasonably competitive with borage oil GLA. “SONOVA 400 is the first in what we hope to be a line of nutritional and functional oils developed by Arcadia,” he continued. “As we have lines of GLA safflower producing oil in excess of 65% GLA, more concentrated versions of SONOVA GLA oils can be expected in the foreseeable future.”

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A new 15-minute method for deter- News & Noteworthy mining melamine in milk has been developed by researchers at the Uni- versity of Miami (Coral Gables, Florida, USA), led by Na Li, an assistant professor in the College of Engineering. Melamine is an industrial chemical used as an adulterant to add economic value to human and pet food. The combination of melamine and cyanuric acid can cause death in infants and pets as well as severe health problems in adults. The new method was described in Applied Physics Letters (96:133702– 133705, 2010). In related news, the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for melamine has been reduced by 60% by the European Food Safety Authority. The new TDI is 0.2 mg/kg bodyweight, which is the same as the level set by the World Health Organization in 2008. ■■■ A report from the US Government Accountability Office recommends that the Food and Drug Administra- US finally delivers as Australia, Argentina, Israel, and New tion (FDA) clarify its goals in planning Zealand) will fall within the parameters of and management, as well as set better the new US standards. final olive oil Under the revised standards, oils performance standards to boost over- with α-linolenic acid values between 1.0 sight of drugs, medical devices, and standards and 1.5% and campesterol values between food. FDA agreed with many criticisms After five-and-a-half years of work, the 4.0 and 4.5% would be subject to further and suggestions in the report, which United States Standards for Grades of Olive testing when the product is officially cer- also recommends enhancement for Oil are finally final. tified by AMS. (The IOC limits are the agency’s information systems and The standards (http://tinyurl. 1.0% for α-linolenic acid and 4.0% for other scientific technology as well as com/29cv8mc) were published in the April campesterol.) improvement in employee recruitment. 28, 2010, Federal Register by the Agri- Thirty sets of comments were made The report is available at http://tinyurl. cultural Marketing Service (AMS) of the in response to the notice of proposed rule- com/29eya3p. Department of Agriculture. The revision making in November 2004. Those com- ■■■ replaces the first edition of the US grade ments are available online at http://tinyurl. Unilever, Nestlé, and Danone occupy standards, which were effective in March com/2444wuk. the top three spots of a new ranking 1948 and used terms that are not consistent of major food and beverage compa- with current terminology. nies based on their corporate social Even though the Codex Alimentar- Oil Crops outlook responsibility. The Tomorrow’s Value ius Commission has yet to set a limit on Rating by London-based consultancy α-linolenic acid in olive oil, the new US The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Two Tomorrows ranked Unilever No. standards do set limits on both α-linolenic produces monthly Oil Crops Outlook 1 because of the initiatives it has co- acid and campesterol that are “consistent reports. The April 2010 report was written founded, such as the Marine Steward- with commercial practices in the domestic by Mark Ash, Erik Dohlman, and Kelsey ship Council and the Roundtable on industry.” (Sterol analysis is used to detect Wittenberger and is excerpted below. the presence of seed oil adulterants in olive Sustainable Palm Oil. Unilever was oil.) also an early supporter of fair trade USDA’s March 31 Prospective Plantings AMS characterized its new limits and an earlier adopter of nutritional report indicated that US farmers intended to for α-linolenic acid and campesterol as sow 78.1 million acres of soybeans in 2010. labeling on products; the company also “slightly more liberal than the International If realized, this would be a 1% increase over improved on important variables such Olive Council (IOC) standard,” adding that 2009’s record of 77.5 million acres, or about carbon emissions and water usage over a broader range of olive oils (including US 31.4 million hectares. recent years. The summary report is production and oils from countries such available at www.tomorrowsvaluer- CONTINUED ON PAGE 343 ating.com. ■ 342 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6)

Grain & Oil Industrial Co. Ltd. Con- ing facility adjacent to the Timbúes Port Acquisitions/ struction was to begin in May 2010 and Grain Terminal in Argentina. The new is expected to be complete in approxi- oilseed processing complex currently has mergers mately 18 months. an annual crush capacity of approximately 3 million metric tons (MMT) of soybeans, In April 2010, Monsanto Co. (St. Louis, COCONUT OIL which are processed into high-protein Missouri, USA) completed the purchase of SC Global Coco Products, Inc., based soybean meal, pellets, and soybean oil the Chesterfield Village Research Center in Baybay City, the Philippines, plans to for export. located in Chesterfield, Missouri, USA. expand new markets in Asia. Emmanuel Monsanto had previously announced an S. Licup, SC Global’s managing director, SUNFLOWER OIL agreement to acquire the property from told the Business World newspaper that Kernel Holding, one of the largest pro- Pfizer Inc. The 1.5 million-square-foot the firm plans to export coconut oil and (almost 140,000-square-meter) research ducers of sunflower oil on the Ukrainian related products to South Korea, Japan, vegetable oil market, has been allowed center includes 250 laboratories, 108 plant and China. These three countries are growth chambers, and 2 acres of green- by Ukraine’s Antimonopoly Committee “very promising markets” for coconut- to gain control over Kernel Holding’s houses. based products, he added. The company ■■■ Ukrainian competitor Allseeds Group, produces organic crude coconut oil; virgin according to the Ukraine Business Daily Alfa Laval Group (Lund, Sweden) has coconut oil; coconut fatty acid distillate; acquired 65% of the shares in Si Fang newspaper. Allseeds owned two process- organic flour; refined, bleached, and ing plants in Ukraine with a total capacity Stainless Steel Products Co. Ltd. in deodorized coconut oil; cochin; copra China. Si Fang targets the food and bev- of 565,000 MT/year, the report noted. cake and mill; as well as coconut biofuel ■■■ erage market in China with its sanitary and lubricants. product portfolio, including pumps, valves, Ukrainian sunflower oil output will amount and fittings. The acquisition closed on April COTTONSEED OIL to about 3 MT during the 2009/2010 mar- 1, 2010. keting year, according to oilseed asso- Seed giant Monsanto Co. has purchased ciation UkrOliyaProm. The group a new facility in Casa Grande, Arizona. also reported that Ukraine obtained a “The region represents an important agri- permit in April 2010 to renew sunflower Commodities cultural environment for our cotton busi- oil exports to the European Union (EU) ness,” Ty Vaughn, cotton technology lead countries. According to Director General CACAO/CHOCOLATE for Monsanto, said in a statement. “Having Stepan Kapshuk, Ukrainian sunflower oil Cacao production is expected to be below an even greater presence will allow us exported to the EU must be accompanied 2009 levels, according to AP-FoodTech- to develop and test our products right by a sanitary certificate issued by the ter- nology.com. The site reported that the where they will be used by our farmer ritorial body of the state sanitary service, International Cocoa Organization customers.” the sampling data, and the protocol of predicted in March 2010 that global cacao tests for mineral oil content. (Roughly supplies could fall short of demand this FISH OIL 400,000 MT of Ukrainian sunflower oil year by around 18,000 metric tons (MT). Fish oil supplier EPAX AS (headquar- headed for the EU were deliberately con- However, it anticipated a surplus next tered in Aalesund, Norway) has intro- taminated with mineral oil in 2008.) year of as much as 90,000 MT because duced a new website detailing its efforts ■■■ of the recent high prices filtering down in the areas of sustainability, traceability, Advanta Semillas of Argentina confirms to the growers in both Ghana and the and accountability. The site is at www. that Nutrisun production in the United Ivory Coast. epax.com/EcoVision. States has begun in 2010 in Texas and North Dakota. Production began in Spain CANOLA/RAPESEED OIL PALM OIL in 2009 and in Argentina in 2006. “Planted Viterra Inc. (Regina, Saskatchewan, Malaysia has no plan yet to make “sugar area has been steadily growing, with an Canada) has formed a joint venture with palms,” or palm trees that produce sugar, a expected area of around 50,000 acres Guangxi Beibu Gulf International new commodity. Deputy Minister Hamzah [about 20,234 hectares] for the current Port Group Co. Ltd. to build a canola Zainudin told the Bernama news agency season,” wrote Lucas Pan of Advanta in crushing facility in the province of Guangxi, in April 2010 that the Malaysian govern- an email. South China, at the port of Fangchenggang. ment was giving priority to strengthening The plant is expected to crush 2,000 MT of the development of existing commodities, canola per day, or approximately 680,000 including oil palm, rubber, pepper, cacao, New ventures MT annually. Viterra will hold a 49% inter- and timber. est in the enterprise, the maximum allow- China has a new cooking oil: COFCO’s able investment in the market; its partner SOYBEAN OIL Fortune Natural Grains Blended Cooking will hold a 51% share. The joint venture Hong Kong’s Noble Group has opened Oil with life’sDHA. DHA, of course, is will be known as Fangchenggang Maple its first South American oilseed process- docosahexaenoic acid, and life’sDHA is inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 343

made from microalgae by Martek Biosciences Corp. Producers also intend to plant more area in 2010 to canola, David Abramson, Martek president, told NutraIngredi- cotton, flax, peanuts, and sunflowerseed than they did last year. ents-USA.com: “This product [introduction] is a signiﬁcant Intended canola plantings in 2010 are up 49% from last year to milestone as we seek to expand our presence in interna- 1.228 million acres. Though below the record acres planted eight to tional markets like China, and as we continue to diversify 10 years ago, attractive cash bids this spring are likely responsible our product applications, including the large and growing for the sharp increase. cooking oil category.” Sunflowerseed planting is expected to increase 7% in 2010 to ■■■ 2.181 million acres—virtually all owing to an increase in nonoil- DuPont has introduced a new supplement for vegetarians: type (confectionery) area. Plantings of nonoil-type sunflowers may New Harvest™ EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid). The supple- increase by 41% this year to 467,000 acres. Sunflowerseed growers ment contains 600 mg of EPA in every 1,200 mg soft gel will favor sowing more of the nonoil varieties this year because of capsule. It is produced via yeast fermentation. a larger-than-usual price premium relative to the oil-type varieties. ■■■ US flaxseed acreage may increase for the first time since 2005. Ag Processing Inc. (AGP) announced in April 2010 that it Despite a recent uptick in flaxseed imports from Canada, domestic is expanding its export facility at the Port of Grays Harbor prices have held steady. Planting intentions for flax in 2010 are at in the US state of Washington. The 13.5-acre expansion is 410,000 acres, a 32% increase from last year but well below levels seen four years ago. Producers in North Dakota will account for expected to begin in the third quarter of 2010, with comple- nearly all of the increase in flax acreage. tion scheduled for early 2012. AGP calls itself “the largest With peanut stocks expected to decline against last year’s car- farmer-owned soybean processor in the world” and is based ryover, growers intend to plant 8% more peanut acres in 2010. US in Omaha, Nebraska, USA. planted area may rise to 1.201 million acres, compared to 1.116 ■■■ million acres in 2009. The recent record high yields in peanuts have A veriﬁcation plan for sustainable and ethical trade of oil helped to offset the decline in peanut acreage, which would be the from the African Allanblackia tree is under development, Rik second-lowest since 1915. Kutsch Lojenga, executive director of the Ethical Biotrade, Over the past year, cotton prices have strengthened considerably told FoodNavigator.com. The oil consists almost entirely with a sharp reduction in stocks. Thus, US cotton plantings this year of stearic and oleic fatty acids and is used in both food and are expected to increase 15% to 10.5 million acres and help reverse a personal care products. ■ CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 344 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6)

long-term decline in cottonseed production. export market. China is the top destination MMT. India’s total imports of vegetable oil Provided that yields rebound as well, 2010 for soybeans from Brazil and Argentina, too. in 2009/10 (at 9.5 MMT) could begin to rival cottonseed output could improve signifi- A record 46 MMT of soybeans are expected world leader China’s imports (9.9 MMT). cantly from the 4.2 million short tons (3.8 to be crushed in China for 2009/10. million metric tons) produced in 2009—a Growth in processing of imported soy- 33-year low. beans has turned China into the world’s Indonesia wants For the fourth consecutive month, second-largest producer of soybean oil— domestic soybean crushing broke a previ- trailing only the United States by a modest to double palm oil ous monthly record. The February crush sum. This year, continued growth in China’s totaled 153.8 million bushels and pushed domestic output of soybean oil is expected to production the crush for the first half of 2009/10 up to a diminish its import requirements. Soybean The Government of Indonesia (GOI) has tar- record high 939.6 million bushels. However, oil imports by China are seen declining in geted palm oil production levels to reach 40 slowing demand in the second half is 2009/10 to 2.3 MMT compared with 2.5 MMT by 2020, according to GAIN (Global expected to hold the season total well short MMT in 2008/09. Large existing stocks of Agricultural Information Network) Report of its peak for a full season (1.808 billion vegetable oil have pressured oilseed crush No. ID1008. GAIN reports are produced by bushels in 2006/07). The forecast 2009/10 margins. the Foreign Agricultural Service of the US crush was unchanged in April at 1.73 billion There soon could be a new constraint Department of Agriculture. bushels. on soybean oil trade. Chinese officials This 40 MMT target is double current have recently warned importers of soybean levels of palm oil production and would INTERNATIONAL OUTLOOK oil—all of whom must obtain licenses from increase areas of production from current Domestic crushing of soybeans in Brazil the central Government—to avoid ship- levels of approximately eight million hect- will be pressured by a sharp turnaround in ments from Argentina. Starting April 1, the ares to approximately 15 million hectares. crop production and processing in Argen- country’s quarantine agency tightened the Also of note: There has been no significant tina. Brazil’s 2009/10 soybean crush was maximum level of solvent residue that is impact from the reported El Niño on Indo- forecast down in April to 31.5 million metric permitted in soybean oil to 100 parts per nesian palm oil production, according to the tons (compared to 32.5 million metric tons million (ppm) from 200–300 ppm previ- report. in 2008/09). The reduction is associated with ously. Based on last year’s data, most of the The GOI also plans to shift the Indone- the exports of soybean meal from Brazil, soybean oil imports from Argentina (the sian palm oil industry to more sustainable, which are expected at an eight-year low of source for about three-fourths of China’s differentiated palm oil production, focused 12 million metric tons (MMT). Similarly, imports) would not meet the new standard. on food-based and energy-based products. Brazilian soybean oil exports are forecast Depending on how long the limits remain in To achieve these goals, the government at a 12-year low of 1.375 MMT. The large place, they may help to temporarily reduce has announced its Framework for Palm Oil crop, however, will support soybean exports China’s stocks of soybeans and soybean Development 2010 and Beyond. in 2009/10, which were forecast up 700,000 oil. A longer-term disruption in Argentine The FAS [Foreign Agricultural Service] MT in April to 26.3 MMT. imports, however, would likely encour- Office of Agricultural Affairs in Jakarta Unlike a year ago, the Argentine age an expansion of palm oil imports and forecasts that approximate planting areas in soybean crop has not been stressed by a lack soybean oil imports from other countries. 2010/11 will be 8.2 million hectares. This of rainfall. Yields look excellent through- In India, domestic harvests of rape- number is slightly higher than the govern- out the country’s main production region. seed, sunflowerseed, and peanuts this year ment’s forecast of 7.8 million hectares. Some USDA raised its soybean crop estimate for are smaller than previously expected. Based press and government reports have indicated Argentina in April by 1 MMT to 54 MMT. on lower yields and a reduction in rapeseed the expansion of oil palm plantations in 2010 About 27% of the crop was harvested as of harvested area to 6.45 million hectares, the at between 2 and 3 million hectares. The the beginning of April 2010. 2009/10 production estimate was lowered FAS attaché believes this figure is unlikely, The abundant supply will provide addi- to 6.4 MMT from 6.6 MMT in March. And, considering the limited levels of land avail- tional support for Argentine processors, owing to cropland switching with winter able and suitable for growing oil palm. The who are forecast to raise the soybean crush grains and pulses, a reduction in sunflower- most realistic estimate for 2010/11 oil palm by 16% this year to 36.4 MMT. Exports seed area lowered its crop estimate from 1 production area growth is approximately of soybean meal and soybean oil should MMT to 820,000 MT. The peanut crop was one million additional hectares over produc- rebound strongly, although demand for reduced from 5 MMT to 4.9 MMT owing to tion area in 2009/10. More specifically, pro- soybean oil in biodiesel production is also a below-average yield. duction areas will increase from 7.2 million likely to expand. Likely reductions in the vegetable hectares in 2009/10 to 8.2 million hectares Soybean imports by China in 2009/10 oil produced from these crops will further in 2010/11. were forecast 1 MMT higher in April to 43.5 enhance the demand for imports this year. In related news, Reuters news service MMT. To appreciate how important China And any imports of soybean oil that are reported in April 2010 that Indonesia plans is to world trade in soybeans, the United diverted from China could end up in India. to introduce “green certificates” for palm oil States—the world’s top exporter—is seen The cost of soybean oil in India is now producers who meet sustainable standards. exporting 39.3 MMT. Of course, US soy- approaching parity with palm oil. Indian The government expects to issue Indo- beans are shipped all across the world, imports of soybean oil for 2009/10 are nesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) certi- but China alone represents 60% of the US forecast 200,000 MT higher in April to 1.4 fication to cover production from field to inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 345

factory, Achmad Manggabarani, director general of plantation crops Suspicion thus fell on farming activities, and the new study investi- at the agriculture ministry, told Reuters. gated the role of fermented livestock feed. The action came after Unilever, Nestlé, and Cargill all dropped The paper documents emissions from seven different animal Indonesia’s largest palm oil producer, Sinar Mas, as a supplier after feeds of organic gases, which combine with combustion emissions Greenpeace alleged in a report that the company is engaging in in the presence of sunlight to form smog. It shows how fermented illegal deforestation and peatland clearance in Indonesia. feed such as silage appears to be the largest manufactured source In other palm oil news, IOI-Loders Croklaan and New Britain of these organic gases that is contributing to ozone formation in the both announced that they had opened dedicated palm oil refineries, Valley even more than automobiles. making sales of segregated sustainable palm oil possible in the very near future. The announcements came shortly after Groupe Casino (a French supermarket group) said it will remove palm oil from its New soy JV formed in Brazil house brand food products “for environmental and health reasons,” Cooperativa dos Agricultores da Região de Orlãndia (CAROL) of according to FoodNavigator.com. Brazil and Sodrugestvo Group of Russia announced in April 2010 that they have formed a joint venture, named Carol Sodru. Sodru- gestvo Group will own 51% of Carol Sodru and CAROL will own Industrial use of water 49%. How much water does it take to produce $1 worth of sugar, dog and cat CAROL will transfer to the joint venture (JV) its assets related food, or milk? The answers appear in the first comprehensive study in to the origination and processing of soybeans in the states of São 30 years documenting US industry’s thirst for this precious resource. Paulo, Goias, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Tocantins; the The study, which could lead to better ways to conserve water, is in distribution of fertilizers and other inputs; and the production and Environmental Science & Technology (44:2126–2130, 2010). distribution of soy seeds. Chris Hendrickson and colleagues, of Carnegie Mellon Univer- Sodrugestvo will contribute cash. The objective of the JV is sity (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA), note in the study that indus- to produce 3 MMT of soybeans, segregating genetically modi- try (including agriculture) long has been recognized as the biggest fied and nongenetically modified beans; to become a significant consumer of water in the United States. However, estimates of water importer and distributor of fertilizers and other inputs in Brazil; and consumption on an industry-by-industry basis are incomplete and to develop crushing capacity in new regions, the companies said in outdated, with the last figures from the US Census Bureau dating to a statement. ■ 1982. The research team estimated water use among more than 400 industry sectors—from finished products to services—using a special computer model. The new data show that most water use by industry occurs indirectly as a result of processing, such as packaging and shipping food crops to the supermarket, rather than from direct use, such as watering crops. Among the findings for consumer products: It takes almost 270 gallons (or about 1,020 liters) of water to produce $1 worth of sugar; 200 gallons of water to make $1 worth of dog and cat food; and 140 gallons of water to make $1 worth of milk. “The study gives a way to look at how we might use water more efficiently and allows us to hone in on the sectors that use the most water so we can start generating ideas and technologies for better management,” the scientists note. Animal feed, not cars, related to smog A new study identifies cattle feed as a possible culprit in the longstanding mystery of why California’s San Joaquin Valley—a moder- ately populated agricultural region in the United States—has higher levels of ozone (one of the main ingredients in smog) than many densely populated cities. The report, which explains how fermented cattle feed works with automotive exhausts in forming ozone, is in Environmental Science & Technology (44:2309–2314, 2010). Michael Kleeman and colleagues, of the University of Cali- fornia–Davis (USA), note that high ozone levels in the San Joaquin Valley, where 10% of all the food produced in the United States is grown, have puzzled scientists for years. Motor vehicles are the major source of smog elsewhere, but the Valley has fewer motor vehicles compared to big urban areas with similar levels of ozone. ;2 r~ ~ ~- MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION 101NF ,-. e .i: Street Address: 2710 S. Boulder Drive, Urbana, IL 61802-6996 USA. '-' · · Mail Address: P.O. Box 17190, Urbana, IL 61803-7190 USA. N ~.:.:::m ""'""•1-217-359-23« ; ' ''" • 1-217-351 ~091 ; Em•h~b'"hipO•oc• 0<• Wob.w~.•oc•.o• 0 Dr. 0 M r. 0 Ms. 0 Mrs. 0 Prof. Please print or type. All applicants must sign the Code of Ethics. Last Name/Family Name.______First Name ______Middle Initial ______

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I hereby subscribe to the above Code of Ethics. Signature of Applicant------inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 347 Briefs Biofuels News As a result of new fuel economy standards for US cars and light trucks (inform 21:284, 2010), the US government predicts gasoline consumption should fall and imports of crude oil and petroleum products should decline. The Obama administration calculates that the higher fuel efficiency standards should generate a savings of approximately 1.8 billion barrels of oil over the 20-year lifespan of cars and trucks that meet the higher economy standards. The US Department of Energy expects the country’s oil consumption in 2010 to fall to 6.9 billion barrels, continuing a downward trend since gasoline consumption peaked in 2007. ■■■ On April 16, the third year of the Renewable Fuel Transport Obligation began in the United Kingdom. This requires the inclusion of 3.5% biofuel in all road fuel supplies, whether ordinary diesel or petrol, and represents an increase of 0.25% over the previous 12 months. ■■■ gallons (150,000 liters) of camelina-based Indonesia-based PT New World Energy GENERAL fuel. The Navy’s ultimate goal is to develop (NWE), a jatropha and castor oil plan- protocols to certify alternative fuels for use in its aircraft and ships. tation company, and appliance manu- The Navy quoted the pilot of the test facturer Bosch and Siemens Home US Navy plane flight, Lt. Cmdr. Tom Weaver of Billerica, (BSH) Appliance Group of Germany tests camelina oil Massachusetts, who said, “The aircraft flew are conducting a pilot project to intro- exactly as we expected—no surprises. The duce the Protos, a stove powered by on Earth Day fuel works so well, all I needed to do was crude plant oil instead of kerosene, just fly the plane.” in Indonesia. BSH claims that Protos’ A Green Hornet, a Boeing-built unmodi- fied F/A-19 Super Hornet fighter plane, flew According to McClatchy-Tribune Busi- technology is 50% more efficient than from the US Naval Air Station at Patuxent ness News (April 21), the Navy has a goal traditional kerosene stoves. NWE sup- River, Maryland, on a 50:50 mixture of to make 50% of its entire fuel consumption plied the jatropha oil for the initial biofuel made from camelina oil on April 22 from renewable sources by 2020. six-month trial; participants included (Earth Day). This was the first flight fueled UOP LLC (Des Plaines, Illinois), a NWE employees. The goal of BSH is by a biofuels blend of a supersonic jet with Honeywell company, processed the cam- to have 1,000–2,000 stoves in use in afterburners. elina oil into jet fuel using a hydroprocess- 2010 (requiring 120,000 L/yr of jat- Ray Mabus, US Secretary of the Navy, ing technology. The result is an aviation ropha oil). was present at the take-off. He commented, biofuel that can be used as a drop-in fuel ■■■ “We think that this is one of America’s big with petroleum-based fuel. UOP is set to Aviation Daily magazine reported on strategic imperatives, to reduce our reli- produce up to 190,000 gallons of fuel for April 15 that the airline JetBlue has ance on foreign sources of fossil fuel . . . the Navy and 400,000 gallons for the US Air postponed its scheduled biofuel demon- and to get us better down the road of energy Force from sustainable, nonfood feedstocks, stration flight with an IAE V2500-pow- independence.” including animal fats and algae as well as ered Airbus A320 because insufficient The Defense Energy Support Center, camelina. The Air Force also is conducting second-generation bio-based jet fuel is which oversees procurement of biofuel for tests of biofuels. available. Instead, JetBlue is now hoping the Navy, recently awarded a $2.7 million Sustainable Oils already has a con- contract to Sustainable Oils (Seattle, Wash- tract for 6,000 acres of camelina in north CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE ington; Bozeman, Montana) for 40,000 central and northeast Montana. Mike 348 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) agreements signed by a group of 15 airlines in 2009 with two producers fuel consumption of vehicles that stop fre- eBio was quoted as saying, “Some will lead to a supply of alternative fuels quently, such as garbage trucks and transit provisions in Version One of RSB’s inter- by 2012. buses, by as much as 35% in the same time national standard for better biofuel produc- ■■■ frame. Although vehicle purchasers would tion and processing are not only impossible Bioalgene (Seattle, Washington, USA) pay for these improvements, many of these to implement but even contradict the EU was named by Frost & Sullivan at its technologies would pay for themselves even directives.” 2010 Excellence in Industrial Technolo- at today’s energy prices. The letter of resignation from the gies Awards Banquet in late April as a In setting fuel consumption stan- EBB—written by Secretary General Raffa- “Hot Investment Opportunity.” In the dards, the NRC said regulators should use a ello Garofalo, dated April 20, and available award citation, Bioalgene’s approach to measure of fuel consumption that accounts through http://tinyurl.com/28xgylg—said, large-scale algae cultivation was recog- for the amount of freight or passengers in part, “The reason for this [resignation] nized for accomplishing environmental carried by these vehicles. The miles-per- is that although the initial project that you remediation as well as for producing gallon measure used to regulate the fuel developed would have been interesting, in multiple product streams from algae economy of passenger cars is not appro- reality the work that the RSB is performing is becoming excessively complex and theo- biomass. Bioalgene has developed pro- priate for medium- and heavy-duty vehi- retical.” He added, “It does not keep enough prietary methods to accelerate the cles, which are designed above all to carry into consideration the pragmatic implemen- growth of algae that are fed flue gas loads efficiently. For example, a partially tation of what you intend to develop.” from a coal-fired power plant. ■ loaded tractor-trailer could travel more miles per gallon than a fully loaded one, but this Garofalo also wrote, “The decision- would not be an accurate measure of the fuel making reform that was adopted very recently did not solve the important point . . . efficiency of moving goods. that the respectable RSB objective to build Waring, a regional sales manager for Sus- A load-specific fuel consumption metric an international and democratic initiative on tainable Oils based in Great Falls, Montana, would reflect efficiency more accurately, for biofuels needs to be based only on reliable told McClatchey-Tribune Business News, example, gallons per ton-mile. and recognized interlocutors.” “[Camelina] . . . has a half-a-million acres Regulating medium- and heavy-duty In response, Alwin Kopse, executive potential. . . . This thing could create crush- vehicles will be more complicated than secretary of the RSB, told BiofuelsDigest. ing facilities in Montana, it could create a it is for passenger cars, because of the com on April 30, “EBB’s letter points to the whole lot of different things.” variety of vehicles and their differing tasks importance of developing a workable and and terrains. The NRC report points out, pragmatic certification system for sustain- Fuel economy however, that Japan already regulates the able biofuels. I think . . . we all share this fuel economy of these vehicles, and both the view. This is the reason why the RSB is con- of medium- and European Union and the state of California ducting pilot tests of our standard. We want are developing such standards. to make sure that the system we developed heavy-duty Imposing a fuel tax could avoid the together works in the field and the supply complexity of regulating different types of chains.” vehicles vehicles. Doing so would force companies Further, Kopse challenged EBB to iden- to optimize the fuel efficiency of their oper- Now that mandates for fuel economy tify “obscure consultants” and “ambiguous ations. The NRC report urged Congress to in passenger cars and light trucks are in organizations” that Garafalo claimed are consider this approach. Other approaches place (inform 21:284, 2010), the National working in the RSB. Kopse promised, “The Research Council (NRC) has turned its eye are also discussed in the report, available RSB Secretariat will certainly do its utmost to various methods and technologies that for free download at www.nap.edu/catalog. to keep the standards of collaboration and could improve the fuel economy of medium- php?record_id=12845. transparency high,” and invited EBB and and heavy-duty vehicles, such as tractor- eBio to rejoin the RSB when the priori- trailers, transit buses, and work trucks. At ties of the three organizations once again present there are no fuel consumption stan- Defections from coincided. dards for these vehicles, which account for about 26% of the transportation fuel con- Roundtable on sumed in the United States. Sustainable BIODIESEL A NRC committee has written a report estimating the improvements that various Biofuels technologies could achieve over the next Italian customs decade in seven vehicle types. For example, BiofuelsDigest.com reported on April 27 using advanced diesel engines in tractor- that both the European Bioethanol Fuel authorities seize trailers could lower their fuel consump- Association (eBio) and the European Bio- biodiesel tion by up to 20% by 2020, and improved diesel Board (EBB) had resigned from the aerodynamics could yield an 11% reduc- Switzerland-based Roundtable on Sustain- In mid-March, Italian customs authori- tion. Hybrid powertrains could lower the able Biofuels (RSB). ties seized 10,000 metric tons of biodiesel inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 349

imported in the ports of Venice and Trieste. produced from 100% renewable raw materi- The load was declared as Canadian in als and is free of any fossil oil components, origin, but the European Biodiesel Board in cars in Finland. Executive Vice President, (EBB) said there was strong evidence that Oil Retail, Sakari Tiovola said, “This is the it originated in the United States, where first time anywhere that a premium renew- its production was subsidized by the US able diesel will be tested across a range of government. different cars.” The European Commission approved The trial includes private individuals antidumping and antisubsidy duties on and Neste Oil employees. Test drivers from imports of biodiesel from the United States outside the company began their work in in mid-March 2009 (inform 20:219). Since mid-May and will continue until the middle then, the EBB has repeatedly contended that of the third quarter. Test drivers recruited these duties are being circumvented, either from within the company began in late via triangular trade through various coun- western India who had had to close his busi- April and will continue until the end of third tries (including Canada), or via blends, such ness over two years ago as saying, “We are quarter. Drivers will fill up at selected Neste as B19 (19% biodiesel + 81% petrodiesel) unable to recover our costs at the price fixed Oil service stations in Greater Helsinki. or lower, which are imported into Europe. by the government.” Toivola added, “The majority of Neste These practices are of an illegal or fraudu- oil stations in Finland already offer Neste lent nature. Green diesel” that comprises 10% renewable Part of the evidence that this cargo RENEWABLE diesel plus 90% conventional diesel. “We involved trans-shipment, said the EBB, was plan to make Neste Green 100 diesel . . . that the product was offered with a $150– DIESEL available to motorists as soon as possible,” $180 per ton discount compared with Euro- he concluded. pean Union biodiesel of comparable quality, Neste Green 100 diesel contains and at a lower price than the most common EPA recognizes NExBTL renewable diesel and an additive biodiesel raw materials (soybean oil and package designed for Finnish conditions rapeseed oil). LS9’s UltraClean to keep engines clean, protect them from corrosion, prevent foaming, and promote diesel lubrication. NExBTL renewable diesel is India struggles In April the US Environmental Protection produced from vegetable oil and waste Agency (EPA) officially registered Ultra- animal fat using proprietary hydrogeniza- to implement Clean Diesel™, which LS9 Inc. of South tion technology. San Francisco, California produces in a biodiesel one-step fermentation process based on The issues of government pricing of biofuels renewable raw materials. LS9 genetically ETHANOL and the availability of feedstocks are com- engineers microorganisms to produce fuels bining to restrict the commercialization of with improved properties such as cetane biodiesel in India. number, volatility, oxidative stability, and DDGS exports to The government of India has identified cold-flow. 40 million hectares of land for cultivation of The chemical composition of LS9’s Southeast Asia rise jatropha, an oilseed-bearing tree that grows UltraClean diesel is compatible with the The US Grains Council (USGC; Washing- on suboptimal soils and has a relatively low existing infrastructure (a “drop-in” fuel) and ton, DC) announced on April 22 that imports water requirement. High-yielding varieties has a more desirable environmental foot- of distillers’ dried grains with solubles of jatropha are not expected for another two print than conventional diesel. Production (DDGS), a by-product of ethanol produc- or three years, and at the moment costs of of this fuel provides an 85% reduction in tion from corn, to Southeast Asia rose 73% production of biodiesel from jatropha make greenhouse gas emissions compared with in January–February 2010 compared with the fuel unsustainable. conventional petrodiesel; it contains no the same period in 2009. The 2010 imports The focus on feedstock production in benzene, which is a carcinogen, and only were 890,000 metric tons (MT) of DDGS, India has been on nonedible oilseeds such trace amounts of sulfur. or 16% of total US DDGS exports for those as jatropha and on importation of free fatty two months. Exports in January–February acid-based palm oil (e.g., inform 21:264– 2009 were 590,000 MT. 266, 2010). The latter has been stopped, but Neste Oil road- USGC attributed the increase in exports nonedible oils have not taken up the slack. to Southeast Asia to Vietnam’s rising The government has set the price of tests renewable demand for DDGS, particularly for use biodiesel to be affordable, but tax struc- diesel in the aquaculture industry, where it com- tures on the fuel vary across the states in plements soybean meal products in high- India. India’s Business Standard newspa- Neste Oil (Espoo, Finland) has begun protein aqua diets. GrainNet.com quoted per quoted a biodiesel manufacturer from trials of Neste Green 100 diesel, which is Adel Yusupov, USGC regional director in 350 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6)

Southeast Asia, as saying, “From livestock (inform 20:295, 2009). An eight-month trial jobs has led to the decline in farming. Thus, to aquaculture, producers in southeast Asia of the BEI mechanical system for harvest- fallow land is available for growing algae. have come to realize DDGS keeps feed ing jatropha has since been conducted on Tsukuba University has invited Toyota costs low without affecting feed quality and the Agroipsa Farm in Coluteca, Honduras. Motor Corp. and refiner Idemitsu Kosan animal performance.” The study area is a 550-hectare plantation Co. to join the study, but neither company As a first-ever event, 858 MT of DDGS of three-year-old jatropha. Max Lint, BEI has yet reached a decision. General Motors were shipped to Cambodia in February 2010, International president, told BiofuelsDigest. Corp. is already working in a five-year part- for use in Thai- and Vietnamese-operated com, “We are currently working on a jatro- nership with the US Department of Energy feed mills located there, said the USGC. pha harvester sale in Hawaii and another to develop jatropha oil as a feedstock for in Brazil.” biodiesel in India BEI market materials claim their sway In March the Japanese Cabinet called JATROPHA picking mechanism has the ability either for expanding renewable energy to supply to harvest all fruit at one time or to harvest 10% of the country’s energy needs by selectively. If selective harvest is chosen, 2020. Brookhaven, SG only ripe fruit will be collected, leaving the balance for a future harvest. Up to 3 acres Biofuels agree to (1.2 hectares) per hour can be harvested with Hydrothermal their equipment, equaling a fuel savings of partner up to 66%. processing for Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL; The company calculates that harvest of Upton, New York, USA) and SG Biofuels 1 acre of jatropha in 1 hour would require algae (Encinitas, California, USA) agreed in April 3,125 people, or one BEI sway harvester. Researchers at the University of Michigan to establish a partnership to accelerate the Expressed another way, 500 person-hours (U of M; Ann Arbor, USA) are investigat- analysis and testing of oil produced on SG’s are needed to pick 1 ton (0.9 metric ton) of ing a hydrothermal process for converting Latin American jatropha plantations. BNL jatropha seed. microalgae to fuel. The conventional tech- A pruning mechanism also can be is expanding its research and focus on jat- nique involves cultivating special oily types mounted on the harvester, allowing the ropha as a sustainable, low-cost source of of algae, drying the algae, and then extract- driver a choice of pruning while finishing biofuel feedstock. ing their oil. the harvest or at any later time. Jatropha oil will be blended with resid- The hydrothermal process being inves- ual oil combusted in a commercial boiler that tigated at the U of M allows researchers to has been used by BNL to test other biofuel start with less-oily types of algae and elim- blends over the past few years. Measure- ALGAE inates the need to dry the cells, thus over- ments of gases and particulates in the stack coming two major barriers to large-scale will be made to evaluate the differences conversion of microalgae to liquid fuels. made by the blending. Physical and chemi- Tsubuka University According to Phillip Savage, princi- cal properties are also being evaluated. pal investigator on the $2-million National In a company statement, Kirk Haney, researches algae, Science Foundation grant that supports this president and chief executive officer of SG project, “We heat [an algae soup] to about Biofuels, said, “As we continue our scien- invites Toyota to 300°F (~150°C) and keep the water at high tific and genetic efforts to enhance jatropha join enough pressure to keep it liquid as opposed across a number of traits . . . it’s important to steam. We cook it for 30 minutes to an that we continue to benchmark oil quality Makato Watanabe, an environmental science and performance.” He added, “This part- professor with Tsukuba University (Japan) hour and we get a crude bio-oil.” nership will provide valuable third-party has been studying the fuel produced by The high temperature and pressure research and analysis.” Botryococcus algae. He reports that he has allow the algae to react with the water met a production target of 1,000 metric tons and break down. Not only is the native oil per hectare per year—in a laboratory experi- released, but proteins and carbohydrates also BEI International ment. Watanabe indicates he will attempt decompose and add to the fuel yield. to produce fuel in a $16 million open-air Savage and his co-workers are investi- improves jatropha pilot project later in 2010 on the university gating ways to use catalysts to increase the campus. energy density of the resulting bio-oil, thin it harvesting Looking ahead, Watanabe and co-work- into a flowing material, and reduce its sulfur ers are urging the growth of algae in Japan’s and nitrogen content. They also are consid- equipment rice fields. As of 2005, the agriculture min- ering ways to recycle waste products into BEI International, LLC (South Haven, istry said almost 10% of the country’s crop- future fuel batches. For example, the waste Michigan, USA) announced in 2009 it had land had been abandoned, according to products might be used to grow the bacte- converted the blueberry-picking machinery Bloomberg.com (April 21, 2010). An aging rium Escherichia coli, which also poten- it manufactures to collecting jatropha seeds population and migration to cities for better tially could be processed into fuel. ■ inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 351 Briefs Health & Nutrition Trans fats should be banned from all UK foods, says an editorial in the British Medical Journal (doi: 10.1136/ bmj.c1826). Ironically, the editorial was written by two Harvard Medical School researchers from across the pond—Dariush Mozaffarian and Meir J. Stampfer. The editorial (http://tinyurl. com/24ypezw) estimates that a 1% drop in consumption could prevent 7,000 deaths a year in England alone. ■■■ Eggs from chickens that consumed extremely high levels of melamine in their feed did not contain levels of the potentially toxic contaminant that exceeded US Food and Drug Admin- istration limits. That was the conclusion of the ﬁrst study to examine the effects of melamine-contaminated feed in laying hens. It appeared in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (58:3512–3516, 2010). Melamine is an industrial chemical that has been used as an adulterant in foods to add economic value. participants aged 70–80 years from general Fish oil no boost to practice clinics in England and Wales. ■■■ Trial participants, who all had good Can the 2008 tainted milk scandal in brainpower? cognitive health at the start of the study, China be traced back to the country’s The largest-ever trial of fish oil supplements were randomly assigned into two groups, reward system for science-based inno- found no evidence that they offer benefits one of which received fish oil capsules while vation? for cognitive function in older people. the other group received a placebo (olive That is one hypothesis put forward The OPAL (Older People And omega-3 oil) for two years. (Those receiving fish oil by commentary on SciDev.net. Author Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids) took 200 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 500 Li Jiao points out that Sanlu Group— study investigated the effects of taking mg docosahexaenoic acid daily.) Trained one of the companies implicated in omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty research nurses assessed cognitive function the adulteration of milk by the indus- acid supplements over a two-year period on at the start and end of the study by using a trial chemical melamine—won second the cognitive function of participants aged series of paper and pencil tests of memory prize in January 2008 in the prestigious 70–80 years. and concentration. After two years, those participants National Science and Technology Prog- The number of persons with cognitive impairment is rising and it is estimated that receiving fish oil capsules had significantly ress Awards for its best-selling infant by 2040, more than 81 million people glob- higher blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids milk formula. ally will have dementia. Some studies have than those participants receiving placebo Sanlu Group’s formula and several suggested that high intakes of omega-3 fatty capsules. However, cognitive function did others were later blamed for the acids, most commonly found in oily coldwa- not change over the course of the study deaths of six infants and the illnesses ter fish, are important for the maintenance of in either group of participants, and there of more than 300,000 babies. A recent good cognitive health in later life. was no evidence that the consumption of study by scientists from Peking Uni- The OPAL study, which appeared in omega-3 fatty acids had a benefit for cogni- versity’s Institute of Reproductive the American Journal of Clinical Nutri- tive function in older people. and Child Health found that 12% of tion (doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.29121), was Dangour urges caution in interpreting the affected children still suffer from a randomized, controlled trial led by Alan these results: “From the data we have col- Dangour, senior lecturer at the London lected in the OPAL study there is no evi- urinary tract abnormalities. ■ School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, dence of an important benefit for memory and colleagues. The study enrolled 867 or concentration of increased omega-3 fatty 352 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6)

acid consumption over a two-year period tive. They also had lower BMIs (body mass In related news, a new study found that among older people with good cognitive indexes). persons whose diet was rich in oleic acid health. However, it is important to keep in The findings, which appeared in the were 90% less likely to develop ulcerative mind that poor cognitive function can take British Journal of Nutrition (doi: 10.1017/ colitis. many years to develop and although this is S0007114510000267), stop short of defini- The study included more than 25,000 the longest trial of its kind ever conducted, tively classifying fat as a taste, but co-author participants, aged 40–65, in Norfolk, UK, it may be that it was not long enough for any Russell Keast of Deakin University believes who were recruited between 1993 and 1997. true beneficial effects to be detected among the evidence is “strong and mounting.” The None of the participants had ulcerative this healthy cohort of older people.” next step will be to prove the existence of colitis at the start of the study. By 2002, It is also possible that the omega-3 taste receptor cells for fat, he says. 22 participants had developed ulcerative group received an insufficient dose for them “We have what . . . we will call possible colitis. to exhibit any benefits. Further, the olive oil candidate receptors for fat on taste receptor “Oleic acid seems to help prevent the placebo may itself have conferred benefits. cells,” he told COSMOS magazine. development of ulcerative colitis by block- Shortly after the OPAL study results ing chemicals in the bowel that aggravate were released, a panel of experts convened the inflammation found in the illness,” said by the US National Institutes of Health Phenolic study leader Andrew Hart of the University released its findings on cognitive decline at of East Anglia’s School of Medicine in a a conference titled “Preventing Alzheimer’s compounds in news release. Disease and Cognitive Decline” held in late “We estimate that around half the cases April. olive oil of ulcerative colitis could be prevented if “The state of the science is: We don’t Francisco Perez-Jimenez of the University larger amounts of oleic acid were consumed. have instruments or information that allows of Cordoba, Spain, led a team of research- Two to three tablespoons of olive oil per day us to prevent the development of [cognitive ers who studied the effects of eating a break- would have a protective effect,” he said. decline],” said Evelyn C. Granieri, chief of fast rich in phenolic compounds on gene The study was presented on May 1 at the division of geriatric medicine and aging expression in 20 patients with metabolic the Digestive Disease Week conference in at Columbia University. Granieri, a panel syndrome, a common condition associated New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. member, noted that some popular antide- with increased risk of cardiovascular disease mentia strategies such as nutritional supple- and type 2 diabetes. ments, cognitive games, and exercise may The study participants ate controlled EFSA sets DRVs eventually be proven helpful. breakfasts, and for six weeks before the To date, however, none is backed by rig- study they had to avoid all drugs, vitamin for fat orous scientific evidence of effectiveness. tablets, and other supplements. The European Food Safety Authority Perez-Jimenez said: “We identified 98 (EFSA) Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutri- differentially expressed genes when com- tion, and Allergies has established dietary Is fat the sixth paring the intake of phenol-rich olive oil reference values (DRVs) for the intake of with low-phenol olive oil. Several of the carbohydrates, dietary fiber, fats, and water. sense? repressed genes are known to be involved DRVs constitute the amount of an individ- Is fat the sixth taste (after sweet, sour, in proinflammatory processes, suggest- ual nutrient that a person needs for good salty, bitter, and protein-rich or umami)? ing that the diet can switch the activity of health, depending on age and gender. Opin- That is what researchers at Deakin Univer- immune system cells to a less deleterious ions on DRVs for vitamins and minerals will sity and the University of Adelaide in Aus- inflammatory profile, as seen in metabolic follow. tralia believe after conducting a study in syndrome.” The Panel concluded that: humans. Phenols are micronutrients of olive oil; r %BJMZ JOUBLF PG UPUBM DBSCPIZESBUFT The scientists tested the ability of 30 the extra-virgin varieties have a particularly including carbohydrates from starchy subjects to taste three different fatty acids large phenol fraction. foods such as potatoes and pasta, and (oleic, linoleic, and lauric) in otherwise According to Perez-Jimenez, “These from simple carbohydrates such as sug- plain solutions. All were able to differentiate findings strengthen the relationship between ars—should range between 45% and fatty acids, although some persons required inflammation, obesity, and diet and provide 60% of the total energy intake for both higher concentrations than others did. In evidence at the most basic level of healthy adults and children. the second part of the study, the researchers effects derived from virgin olive oil con- r " EBJMZ JOUBLF PG HSBNT PG EJFUBSZ created a screening procedure to test sub- sumption in humans. It will be interesting fiber is adequate for normal bowel jects’ sensitivity to the tastes. to evaluate whether particular phenolic com- function in adults. In addition, evidence Of 50 people tested, the ability to taste pounds carry these effects, or if they are the in adults shows there are health ben- fat was linked to their weights. Those who consequence of a synergistic effect of the efits associated with higher intakes of were sensitive to fat—who could taste very total phenolic fraction.” dietary fiber (e.g., reduced risk of heart low concentrations—consumed less dietary The findings appeared in BMC Genom- disease, type 2 diabetes, and weight fat than the subjects who were less sensi- ics (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-11-253). maintenance). inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 353

r &WJEFODF JT TUJMM JODPODMVTJWF PO UIF messages about foods, called food-based “Nutritional studies performed in role of the glycemic index and glyce- dietary guidelines. animals and intervention studies with mic load in maintaining weight and humans suggest that the ingestion of soy preventing diet-related diseases. protein with isoflavones improves glucose r *OUBLF PG GBUT TIPVME SBOHF CFUXFFO Fermented control and reduces insulin resistance,” 20% and 35% of the total energy intake, they note. “Korean fermented soybean with different values given for infants soyfoods and products such as doenjang, kochujang, and and young children. chungkookjang contain alterations in the r 3FQMBDFNFOU PG TBUVSBUFE BOE trans diabetes structures and content of isoflavonoids and fats by mono- and polyunsaturated small bioactive peptides, which are pro- Earlier work suggests that ingestion of fer- fatty acids should be considered by duced during fermentation. Several studies mented soy foods such as tempeh by Asian policy makers when making nutrient revealed improvements in insulin resistance cultures may explain their lower incidence recommendations and developing food- and insulin secretion with the consump- of type 2 diabetes. based dietary guidelines at the national tion of these fermented products. There- “Some have hypothesized that dietary level. fore, fermented soybean products may phytoestrogens and soy peptides in fer- r " EBJMZ JOUBLF PG NH PG MPOHDIBJO help prevent or attenuate the progression omega-3 fatty acids for adults may mented soybean foods consumed in tradi- of type 2 diabetes,” the researchers suggest. reduce the risk of heart disease. tional Asian diets may help prevent and slow “Although the lack of human interven- r " EBJMZ JOUBLF PG MJUFST PG XBUFS GPS the progression of type 2 diabetes,” write tion trials does not permit definitive con- women and 2.5 liters for men is consid- Korean researchers led by Dae Young Kwon clusions, the evidence does suggest that ered adequate. of the Korean Food Research Institutes in fermented soy products may be better for The Panel also published two further Sungnam. Kwon and his colleagues evalu- preventing or delaying the progression of opinions, one laying down the general prin- ated existing evidence from animal studies type 2 diabetes compared with nonfer- ciples for establishing DRVs, and another and clinical and epidemiologic investiga- mented soybeans,” they conclude. providing advice to policy makers on how to tions on fermented soybeans in the preven- The review appeared in Nutrition translate nutritional recommendations into tion and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Research (30:1–13, 2010). ■ ~Springer springer.com the language of science

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A team led by Ray Marriott of the Uni- Surfactants, Detergents, versity of York, UK, is using supercriti- cal CO2 to extract paraffins for lipstick wax from waste wheat straw, according to the New Scientist magazine. Mar- & Personal Care News riott was quoted as saying that the cosmetics business has been slow to embrace green chemistry: “They have primarily been concerned with making products that consumers want, with less regard to where the ingredients come from.” One hopeful sign, writes author Sarah Everts, “was the con- vening in November 2009 in Frank- furt, Germany, of the first of a series of ‘sustainable cosmetics summits.’” See www.sustainablecosmeticssum- mit.com/ for information about the 2010 meeting. ■■■ Arizona Chemical (Jacksonville, Florida, USA) announced in mid-April 2010 that it plans an Initial Public Offering (IPO) for up to $125 million of its common stock. The company manufactures oleochemicals and specialty resins from crude tall oil, a by-product of wood pulping. International Paper sold Arizona Chemical to private equity First vegetable- mulators to use smaller volumes, which firm Rhone Capital in 2007. decreases transport amounts. Rhodia has also introduced Mackine® ■■■ based ethylene 301, a nonquaternized amidoamine surfac- Air Products announced in April 2010 tant for hair conditioners. “A vegetable- that it is building a new hydrogen pro- oxide debuts based product, Mackine 301 offers an . . . duction facility in West Port, Selan- The first surfactant manufactured with sugar- alternative to conventional CTAC (cetri- gor, Malaysia, to support increasing derived ethylene oxide and lauryl alcohol monium chloride),” the company said in a demand in the region. The hydrogen sourced from palm oil has been introduced statement. will be used by a variety of industries by Rhodia (Paris, France). including oleochemical manufacturers Rhodapex ESB-70 NAT can replace who produce fatty alcohols, and fatty petrochemical-derived sodium laureth Household cleaning acid and methyl esters. sulfate in shampoos, liquid soaps, and body ■■■ washes that require foaming and cleansing agents and NDMA Tide laundry detergent became the characteristics, the company said. Are certain ingredients in shampoo, deter- first detergent to be awarded the new Rhodia also claims that its manufac- gents, and other household cleaning agents Green Good Housekeeping Seal from turing process for the surfactant reduces a source of precursor materials for the for- the Good Housekeeping Research greenhouse gas emissions by 30% when mation of a suspected cancer-causing con- Institute (GHRI; New York, New York, compared to the conventional ingredient. taminant in water supplies that receive water USA). GHRI was founded in 1900 “to The reductions result from a savings in from sewage treatment plants? improve the lives of consumers and emissions related to crude oil extraction and A study from Yale University sheds new their families through education and conversion into ethylene oxide. In addition, light on possible environmental sources of product evaluation.” According to sugarcane waste products are used to gener- this poorly understood water contaminant, GHRI, Tide Coldwater did “particu- ate heat and electricity during the upstream called NDMA (N-nitrosodimethylamine), larly well” in meeting the Green Good production steps. which is of continuing concern to health Housekeeping Seal criteria for ingredi- The product allows for additional officials. ent and product safety, water reduc- energy savings because it is shipped at a William Mitch and colleagues note tion, and reduced production of waste 70% concentration (instead of the traditional that scientists have known that NDMA 30%). The higher concentration allows for- during manufacturing. ■ CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 356 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6)

and other nitrosamines can form in small and information to FDA on both the safety r 8BTI MBVOESZ JO DPME XBUFS NPSF GSF- amounts during the disinfection of waste- and the efficacy of triclosan as an important quently (58%) water and water with chloramine. Although ingredient in a range of personal care prod- r 4XJUDI UP NVMUJQVSQPTF DMFBOJOH QSPE- nitrosamines are found in a wide variety ucts. We will continue to support the agen- ucts (41%) of sources—including processed meats cy’s review of triclosan and have confidence r 6TF SFGJMMBCMF DMFBOJOH QSPEVDUT and tobacco smoke—scientists know little that the final result will be a thorough, sci- (38%) about their precursors in water. Past studies ence-based evaluation of the ingredient.” r #VZ IJHIFGàDJFODZ PS FOFSHZFGàDJFOU with cosmetics have found that quaternary In Europe, the European Commis- washer or dryer (36%) amines, which are also ingredients in house- sion (EC) has evaluated the safety of triclo- r %P MBVOESZ MFTT GSFRVFOUMZ hold cleaning agents, may play a role in the san and permits its use as a preservative in r .BLF UIFJS PXO DMFBOJOH QSPEVDUT formation of nitrosamines. cosmetics and personal care products at a (12%) The team’s laboratory research showed maximum concentration of 0.3%. However, Consumers also seem to be reading that when mixed with chloramine, some triclosan has formally been withdrawn from their detergent label directions more than household cleaning products—includ- a European list of compounds for potential in the past. The 2010 ACI survey shows ing shampoo, dishwashing detergent, and use as food contact materials, but plastic 62% of respondents say they have read the laundry detergent—formed NDMA. The containing the substance can be marketed directions on a package of laundry deter- report notes that sewage treatment plants until late 2011. gent, versus 38% who said they never have. may remove some of the quaternary amines The EC announced that triclosan has When ACI last asked that question in 2003, that form NDMA. However, quaternary been removed from its provisional list at the 49% said they had not read the detergent amines are used in such large quantities that request of Ciba, the Swiss-based company package directions. some still may persist and have a potentially that manufactures the chemical. The notifi- The 2010 National Cleaning Survey harmful effect in the effluents from sewage cation, listed in the Official Journal of the was completed for ACI by Echo Research, treatment plants. European Union, said Ciba had made the Inc. Echo questioned 1,008 American adults “Our technical team and our members decision to withdraw its application as it (500 men and 508 women) via telephone are reviewing this research,” said Brian “does not consider the use of the substance on February 25–28, 2010. The survey has Sansoni, vice president of communica- in plastics intended to come into contact a margin of error of plus or minus 3.1%. A tion and research for the American Clean- with food appropriate anymore.” According summary of the survey results is available at ing Institute (ACI). “We think it is very to Ciba, which is owned by BASF, “This is www.cleaning101.com/newsroom. important not to draw overly broad conclu- a strategic business decision made to focus sions from a single piece of research.” ACI Ciba’s resources in the areas of greatest is a trade group based in Washington, DC, customer value, and in markets where the SD&PC Patents USA. proven safety and efficacy of triclosan is most clearly valued by our customers and CLEANING COMPOSITION supported by market demand.” CONTAINING SUBSTITUTED Antimicrobials in The Official Journal of the European STARCH Union states that because triclosan may the news already have been used in the production of Oh, H., et al., The Procter & Gamble Co. food contact plastics; a transition period will (P&G), WO2010/033897, March 25, 2010 The antimicrobial triclosan is in the news on be introduced to allow a staggered phase- A cleaning composition comprising both sides of the Atlantic. This ubiquitous out. from 0.05% to 30% by weight of surfac- chlorinated aromatic compound is found in tant and from 0.01% to 10% by weight of everything from personal care products to substituted starch, wherein the substituted food contact materials to toys. starch has: a total degree of substitution in In the United States, the Food and Drug US consumers the range of from 0.001 to 0.6, a degree of Administration (FDA) and the Environ- change cleaning substitution of anionic substituent in the mental Protection Agency (EPA) are taking range of from 0.001 to 0.04 and/or a degree another look at triclosan after recent studies habits of substation [sic] of nonionic substituent suggest it may serve to disrupt the endocrine in the range of from 0.01 to 0.5, a degree system in humans and may also help create More US households are laundering in cold of substitution of cationic substituent in the bacteria resistant to antibiotics. The review water and switching to multipurpose and range of from 0 to 0.004, an average per came after Rep. Edward J. Markey (Demo- refillable cleaning products, according to weight molecular weight in the range of crat-Massachusetts) wrote letters to the FDA the latest National Cleaning Survey from the from 10,000 to 100,000,000 Daltons. and EPA urging a new review. American Cleaning Institute (ACI; formerly FDA said it plans to release a report on The Soap and Detergent Association). ACI LIQUID DETERGENT triclosan by the second quarter of 2011. is a trade association based in Washington, In the meantime, the American Clean- DC, USA. COMPOSITION ing Institute “expressed concern” over FDA’s Consumers were asked what changes, Ogura, H., and H. Shindo, Lion Corp., assessment. The Personal Care Products if any, they have made to their cleaning or WO2010/029749, March 18, 2010 Council said it “has worked for many years laundry routines in the past year (respon- A liquid detergent composition [that] to provide voluminous scientific research dents could choose more than one option): has good cleaning power and a bleaching inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 357

effect, while exhibiting excellent storage step (b) in the presence of hydrogen and comprising at least two aldehyde or hydroxyl stability. The liquid detergent composition a hydrogenation catalyst to form a poly- alcohol groups, at least three branches, and contains 50–70% by mass of a nonionic sur- branched detergent alcohol mixture; and three or less carbon-carbon double bonds. factant (A) represented by formula (I) or removing said polybranched alcohol mixture formula (I’), 1–10% by mass of an anionic from said catalyst and branched aldehydes, COMPOSITIONS AND surfactant (B), and 0.05–1% by mass of alcohols, and surfactants produced from the METHODS FOR PROVIDING A 4,4´-bis(2-sulfostyryl)biphenyl disodium products of this process. salt serving as a fluorescent bleaching agent BENEFIT (C). (In formula (I), R1 represents a linear SPECIFIC POLYBRANCHED Corona III, A., et al., P&G, WO2010/025097, or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl group POLYALDEHYDES, March 4, 2010 having 5–21 carbon atoms; R2 represents Compositions and methods useful for an alkylene group having 2–4 carbon atoms; POLYALCOHOLS, AND providing one or more benefits, including R3 represents an alkyl group having 1–4 SURFACTANTS AND a color rejuvenation and/or color mainte- carbon atoms; and n represents a number of CONSUMER PRODUCTS nance benefit to a fabric are disclosed. The 5–30 which is the average mole number of disclosed compositions contain at least one 2 BASED THEREON added –OR –. In formula (I’), R4 represents cationic polymer. The methods include pro- a hydrocarbon group derived from a sec- Scheibel, J.J., and R.E. Shumate, P&G, viding the disclosed compositions in com- ondary alcohol having 8–30 carbon atoms; WO2010/033979, March 25, 2010 bination with a source of anionic surfactant. R2 represents an alkylene group having 2–4 Acyclic polyaldehydes and polyalco- Unit dose and multi-compartment systems carbon atoms; and m represents a number hols having 11, 16, or 21 carbon atoms and are also disclosed. ■ of 5–20 which is the average mole number 2 1 2 3 of added –OR –.) R CO–(OR )n–OR (I) R4–O(OR2)mH (I’) PARTICLES COMPRISING A AOCS Career HUEING DYE Prabhat, M., and G.B. Swan, P&G, WO2010/030540, March 18, 2010 Services makes ﬁnding A particle for use in a composition comprising: a first coating layer comprising the perfect career or a coating material selected from surfactant, surfactant precursor, builder, film-forming polymer and mixtures thereof, and a core, at employee easier. least a portion of said core being coated by said coating; wherein the particle additionally comprises a hueing dye. www.aocs.org/member/jobcent SPECIFIC POLYBRANCHED ALDEHYDES, ALCOHOLS SURFACTANTS AND CONSUMER PRODUCTS BASED THEREON Scheibel, J.J., and R.E. Shumate, P&G, WO2010/033976, March 25, 2010 A process for preparing a detergent alcohol mixture comprising the steps of providing one or more polybranched polyolefins, wherein the polybranched polyolefins must contain one nonbranched terminal olefin and one or more additional branched olefins in the molecule; hydroformylating said polybranched polyolefins to produce a polybranched olefin containing aldehyde product with one or more olefins or mixture thereof; reducing the aldehyde product of 358 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6)

these materials. Sugars and Book Review other polyols, such as poly- glycerol and bioderived poly- Biobased Surfactants and Detergents: propanediol, can be expected Synthesis, Properties, and Applications to replace oligomers of eth- Douglas G. Hayes, Dai Kitamoto, Daniel K.Y. Solaiman, and ylene oxide as the polar head group of nonionic surfactants Richard D. Ashby (eds.) in the future. AOCS Press/CRC Press, 2009 All aspects of surfac- 515 pages, $225 (nonmember) or $180 (member) tants are covered in the ISBN: 978-1-893997-67-7 book. Several chapters focus on surfactant synthesis. The synthesis methods range Krister Holmberg from organic synthesis, via bioorganic synthesis using Biobased Surfactants and Detergents: Synthesis, isolated enzymes, to true Properties, and Applications is broad in scope with biotechnological methods, i.e., use of microorganisms three parts, each consisting of several chapters. in a fermentation process. The first part deals with glycolipid-based surfac- Lipases are the most important class of enzymes for surfactant syn- tants, with a focus on rhamnolipids and sophoro- thesis, and lipase-catalyzed esterification to produce surface active saccharide esters is examined in some detail. The fermentation route lipids. The second part is about phospholipids and may be said to lead to “true biosurfactants,” although the term “bio- their synthetic counterparts. The third part deals surfactant” is used in a generic sense both in this book and in the with sugar-, polyol-, and amino acid-based lipid- general literature. Some chapter authors express some concern about surfactants obtained by fermentation. based surfactants. All sixteen chapters are written Other chapters focus on the physical-chemical behavior of by leading experts in their respective fields and the new surfactants. The glycolipid surfactants rhamnolipids and constitute an impressive wealth of up-to-date sophorolipids, as well as sugar-based surfactants, such as sucrose fatty acid esters and alkyl glycosides, receive in-depth treatments. A information. particularly fundamental chapter is devoted to the latter class, includ- The use of renewable raw materials for the surfactant hydropho- ing maltosides and glucosides with varying degree of branching of bic tail is not new. Vegetable oils, such as coconut, palm, and palm the alkyl chain. kernel, have been important raw materials for surfactants for a long There are also several chapters devoted to applications for the time, and triglycerides of animal origin, such as tallow and lard, have new surfactants. The applications range from metal-working fluids also been used. The surfactant hydrophobic tail can also be made to food. A special topic, discussed by two sets of authors, is pul- from petrochemical raw materials, and the products that come from monary surfactants, or lung surfactants. Pulmonary surfactants are the two routes can be very similar. A typical example is linear fatty present at the air–alveolar fluid interface in the lungs of mammals. They reduce the surface tension to very low values, thus minimizing alcohols of C10–C14 length, which may be produced from coconut oil via the fatty acid methyl ester and or made from ethylene by the the work required for breathing. Pulmonary surfactants are typically Ziegler-Natta polymerization reaction. 90% phospholipids and 10% proteins. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcho- The focus of the book is not the surfactant hydrophobic group, line is the predominant phospholipid. This saturated zwitterionic however, but rather the surfactant hydrophilic group, i.e., the polar lipid forms tightly packed monolayers at the air-water interface that head group. Sugars and other types of polyols, as well as amino provide the high surface pressure needed for good lung function. A acids, constitute examples of polar head groups of natural origin. deficiency in the action of the pulmonary surfactant is a well-known The book contains numerous examples of surfactants that utilize cause of respiratory problems for newborn babies, and it is particularly common for premature infants. The physical-chemical aspects of this problem are discussed in detail. We are looking for additional book reviewers, including reviewers The introduction is particularly helpful. Not only does it give from outside North America. If you are interested in reviewing an overview of the subject area, it also provides several compila- one or more books, please send an email to the book review tions of useful facts. One table lists commercial biobased products, editor (William Artz) at [email protected] and indicate your and this list ranges from alkylpolyglucosides (which are in fact not subject area of interest. An email request for the review with all that biobased) to pulmonary surfactants obtained from processed information about the text is sent to each reviewer, before any and supplemented bovine lung tissue. Another table lists applica- book is mailed out for review. Reviews are generally expected tions in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals for various biobased three to four months later. After review submission, the books surfactants, while a third table presents the enzymes used for prepa- belong to the reviewer. AOCS provides a general review guide- line, available to each reviewer upon request. ration of biobased surfactants via enzyme-catalyzed processes. The CONTINUED ON PAGE 370 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 359 Publications Patents Material compositions for reinforcing Published Patents ionic polymer composites Jong, L., The United States of America as Represented by the Sec- retary of Agriculture, US7645818, January 12, 2010 Method of drilling using invert The invention is related to the preparation of an ionic polymer composite material comprising a protein and carbohydrate-contain- emulsion drilling fluids ing vegetable material component that serves as a reinforcement Kirsner, J., et al., Halliburton Energy Services Inc., US7645723, agent for the composite. In preferred embodiments of the invention January 12, 2010 the vegetable seed component is selected from the group of soy spent A method for drilling, running casing in, and/or cementing flakes, defatted soy flour, or soy protein concentrate with ionic poly- a borehole in a subterranean formation without significant loss of mers and the ionic polymer is carboxylated poly(styrene-butadiene). drilling fluid is disclosed as well as compositions for use in such The composites have a significantly higher elastic modulus when method. The method employs a drilling fluid comprising a fragile gel compared with base polymer. or having fragile gel behavior and providing superior oil mud rheol- ogy and overall performance. The fluid is especially advantageous Food for skin moisture retention for use in deep water wells because the fluid exhibits minimal difference between downhole equivalent circulating density and surface Ishikawa, K., et al., Kao Corp., US7648714, January 19, 2010 density notwithstanding differences in drilling or penetration rates. This invention relates to a food containing a glycosylated cer- When an ester and isomerized olefin blend is used for the base of amide and diacylglycerol. This food is capable of improving and the fluid, the fluid makes an environmentally acceptable and regu- enhancing the barrier function of skin and increasing water-holding latory compliant invert emulsion drilling fluid. The fluid preferably capacity of the skin. contains no organophilic clays. Intermolecular compounds of fatty Compositions and use of mono- and acid triglycerides polyenoic acids for breaking VES- Arimoto, S., et al., Nisshin OilliO Group Ltd., US7648724, January gelled fluids 19, 2010 There are provided an intermolecular compound of (i) di-satu- Crews, J.B., Baker Hughes Inc., US7645724, January 12, 2010 rated medium-chain fatty acids mono-saturated long-chain fatty acid Fluids viscosified with viscoelastic surfactants (VES) may triglyceride and (ii) 1 3-di-saturated long chain fatty acids 2-mono- have their viscosities reduced (gels broken) by the direct or indirect unsaturated long chain fatty acid triglyceride of which a long spacing action of a composition that contains at least one unsaturated fatty value by X-ray diffraction is 65 Å or more, and foods containing the acid such as a monoenoic acid and/or polyenoic acid. The unsatu- intermolecular compound. The intermolecular compound can be rated fatty acid may be contained in an oil-soluble internal phase used as a part of fats and oils that constitute foods. Due to formation of the fluid. The breaking composition is believed to act possibly of the intermolecular compound the fats and oils containing large by rearranging, disaggregating, or otherwise attacking the micellar amounts of symmetric triglycerides such as cocoa butter and those structure of the VES-gelled fluid. In a specific non-limiting instance containing medium-chain fatty acids do not form separate crystals a brine fluid gelled with an amine oxide surfactant can have its vis- and therefore can keep smooth texture and prevent blooming. cosity broken with an oil such as flax (linseed) oil, soybean oil, and/ or fish oils containing relatively high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids. The unsaturated fatty acids are thought to auto-oxidize into Toner, developer, and image forming products such as aldehydes, ketones, and saturated fatty acids that apparatus break the VES gel. Umehara, K., Ricoh Co. Ltd., US7648812, January 19, 2010 A toner is provided including a binder resin; a release agent; a Production of biodiesel and a side colorant; and a fatty acid amide compound wherein the binder resin stream of crude glycerol which is includes: an amorphous polyester (A) having a softening point of from 70 to 140°C; an amorphous polyester (B) having a soften- converted to methanol ing point of from 120 to 190°C; and a crystalline polyester (C) Goetsch, D., et al., G.D.O. Inc., US7645807, January 12, 2010 and wherein the following relationship is satisfied: TmC less than Production of biodiesel from vegetable and animal oils with Tm(Asp) wherein TmC represents a softening point of the crystal- conversion of a by-product crude glycerol stream to methanol. The line polyester (C) and Tm(Asp) represents a softening point of the crude glycerol stream is combined with superheated steam and fatty acid amide compound; and a developer and an image forming oxygen to produce a synthesis gas that is then passed to a methanol apparatus using the toner. synthesis reaction zone to produce methanol. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 360 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6)

greater than 85% omega-3 fatty acids by weight. Certain other for- System and method for fueling diesel mulations provided herein contain EPA [eicsosapentaenoic acid] and engines with vegetable oil DHA [docosahexaenoic acid] in a ratio of from about 4.01:1 to about 5:1. The invention also provides methods of using the dosage forms Kleinberger, O.L., US7650878, January 26, 2010 to treat a variety of cardiovascular, autoimmune, inflammatory, and A heated fuel delivery system for vegetable oil or other fuels central nervous system disorders by administering a formulation of of temperature-dependent viscosity, which may be used as fuel for the invention to a patient in need thereof. a diesel engine. The system includes one or more heated fuel lines and/or a heated fuel tank to heat the fuel and reduce its viscosity for more efficient use. Recovered engine heat from the engine coolant Reﬁned method for manufacturing system is transferred to heat the fuel. ethyl esters from fatty substances of Vegetable oil based dielectric ﬂuid natural origin Hillion, G., and B. Delfort, Institut Français du Petrole, US7652156, and methods of using same January 26, 2010 Corkran, J.L., et al., Cooper Industries, Inc., US7651641, January A method allowing, from natural fat or oils, vegetable or animal, 26, 2010 or from other glyceride mixtures to obtain in a quasi-quantitative In one aspect the present invention provides a dielectric fluid for way fatty acid ethyl esters that can be used as gas oil substitutes, use in electrical equipment comprising a vegetable oil or vegetable comprises the succession of stages as follows: a stage (i) wherein oil blend. In another aspect the invention provides devices for gen- the oil, the fat, or the glyceride mixture is transesterified by ethanol erating and distributing electrical energy that incorporate a dielectric using a soluble catalyst or a catalyst that becomes soluble during the fluid comprising a vegetable oil or vegetable oil blend. Methods of reaction, a stage (ii) wherein the glycerin formed is decanted and retrofilling electrical equipment with vegetable oil-based dielectric removed without requiring an excess ethanol evaporation operation, fluids also are provided. a stage (iii) wherein a second transesterification reaction is carried out so as to obtain a product whose ester content is at least 97% by Milk chocolate containing water mass, a stage (iv) wherein controlled neutralization of the catalyst is carried out, a stage (v) wherein the excess ethanol is removed by Beckett, S.T., et al., Nestec SA, US7651721, January 26, 2010 distillation, a stage (vi) wherein the ester undergoes purification by A process for manufacturing milk chocolate products contain- means of water wash sequences, and a stage (vii) wherein the ester ing a higher than normal water content by preparing a dark choco- mixture is dried under reduced pressure. late containing up to 30% by weight of water, adding a milk powder suspension optionally together with seed crystals of cocoa butter or cocoa butter equivalent, and mixing under low shear. The invention Homogeneous low hardness also relates to high water content milk chocolate products, methods polyurethane of preparing a chocolate-coated ice cream article with such products, and to the resulting chocolate-coated ice cream articles. Killeen, K.A., Lexmark International Inc., US7655311, February 2, 2010 This invention employs a polyol derivative of a fatty acid that is Herbicidal compositions reacted into a polyurethane formed also with a urethane prepolymer, Kazen, J.L., et al., Valent U.S.A. Corp. and Akzo Nobel Surface a polydiene, and optionally, a curative for cross-linking. The fatty Chemistry LLC, US7651977, January 26, 2010 acid moiety becomes a relatively short side chain of the polyurethane The present invention provides an improved herbicidal compo- formed. In embodiments the polyol is an ester of the fatty acid. This sition including (i) an effective amount of an herbicidal cyclohexane- achieves reduction in hardness of the polyurethane with a homogene- dione oxime compound or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; (ii) ity that provides consistent surface characteristics over an extended one or more esters of a fatty acid; (iii) a salt of dodecylbenzene- period desirable for use for electrophotographic development and sulfonic acid; (iv) at least one nonionic surfactant selected from the the like when the material is used as a developer roller. group consisting of polyoxyethylene plant oils and polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters; and (v) optionally an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent. Recombinant Candida rugosa lipases The present invention also provides a method for controlling the growth of vegetation by applying to the vegetation the composition Shaw, J.-f., et al., Academia Sinica, US7655453, February 2, 2010 of the present invention. The present invention features an isolated nucleic acid that includes a mutant DNA encoding a Candida rugosa lipase wherein the mutant DNA is 80% identical to a wild-type DNA encoding the Omega 3 fatty acid formulations Candida rugosa lipase and includes at least 12 (e.g., 13, 15, 17, or Feuerstein, S., et al., Cenestra LLC, US7652068, January 26, all) universal serine codons corresponding to CTG codons in the 2010 wild-type DNA. Each of the universal serine codons, independently, The present invention provides highly purified omega-3 fatty is TCT, TCC, TCA, TCG, AGT, or AGC. The Candida rugosa lipase acid formulations. Certain formulations provided herein contain can be Candida rugosa lipase 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 8. inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 361

Method and apparatus for assessing ADS genes for reducing saturated purity of vegetable oils by means of fatty acid levels in seed oils terahertz time-domain spectroscopy Heilmann, I.H., and J. Shanklin, Brookhaven Science Associates LLC, US7655833, February 2, 2010 Zhao, Z., et al., Nuctech Company; Tsinghua University, US7652769, The present invention relates to enzymes involved in lipid January 26, 2010 metabolism. In particular the present invention provides coding The present invention relates to a method for assessing the sequences for Arabidopsis desaturases (ADS), the encoded ADS purity of vegetable oils by means of terahertz (THz) time-domain polypeptides, and methods for using the sequences and encoded spectroscopy, comprising the steps of: measuring the THz time- polypeptides, where such methods include decreasing and increas- domain spectra of standard vegetable oils to establish a spectral ing saturated fatty acid content in plant seed oils. database; measuring the THz time-domain spectrum of vegetable oil to be detected; analyzing the purity of the detected vegetable oil based on the pre-built database. The present invention also relates Process for printing an aqueous ink to an apparatus for assessing purity of vegetable oil by means of THz time-domain spectroscopy, comprising: spectrum measuring composition device for measuring time-domain waveforms of THz pulses before Bujard, P., et al., Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp., US7658488, Feb- and after transmitting the vegetable oil held in a container by trans- ruary 9, 2010 mission approach, or directly measuring time-domain waveforms A process for printing flat substrates in which the said sub- of THz pulses before and after reflecting from the vegetable oil by strate is printed with an ink composition including (a) a basic dye reflection approach; and data processing device for extracting physi- together with (b) an aliphatic carboxylic acid having at least four cal parameters of the vegetable oil in THz region according to the carbon atoms, (d) a binder resin, and water yields water-resistant time-domain waveforms. Compared with the prior art, the method prints having a high depth of shade and high chroma. according to the present invention is easy rapid and quantitative. Cosmetic or dermatological Clean-up additive for viscoelastic impregnated cloths surfactant based ﬂuids Von Der Fecht, S., and J. Kuether, Goldschmidt GmbH, US7658936, Crews, J.B., Baker Hughes Inc., US7655603, February 2, 2010 February 9, 2010 Clean-up additive compositions may be used to enhance the The invention is a cosmetic or dermatological cloth, compris- clean-up of VES (viscoelastic surfactant)-gelled aqueous fluids in ing a water-insoluble nonwoven material which is moistened with a wide range of applications and VES fluid compositions including a cosmetic or dermatological impregnating solution comprising an use of an internal breaker system. The compositions are microemul- oil-in-water emulsions having a viscosity of less than 2000 mPa∙s sions that may include, but not necessarily be limited to, at least one and comprising one or more partially neutralized glyceride esters viscosity-reducing agent, at least one solubilizing agent, at least one selected from the group consisting of monoglyceride and diglycer- desorption agent, and at least one water-wetting agent. One non-lim- ide esters of saturated fatty acids with citric acid and one or more iting embodiment of a specific microemulsion includes an unsatu- fatty alcohols selected from the group consisting of branched and rated fatty acid oil, a glycol, a sorbitan ester/ethoxylated sorbitan unbranched alkyl alcohols with 12 to 40 carbon atoms. ■ ester mixture, and an alkyl sulfonate. Microemulsions may perform one or more of the following functions: keeping the reservoir water wet; keeping surface tension reduction low; demulsifying reservoir Patent information is compiled by Scott Bloomer, crude oils and aqueous VES fluids; dispersing and solubilizing the a registered US patent agent with Archer Daniels by-products generated when breaking the VES gel; and/or limiting Midland Co., Decatur, Illinois, USA. Contact him the amount of VES residue on reservoir minerals. at [email protected].

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simply moisturized with the matrix solu- homologs (particularly α- and γ-tocopherol) Extracts & tion and characteristic lipid (represented by and the possible functions of tocotrienols, phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, and which in contrast to tocopherols are only triacylglycerols) profiles were obtained via present in a range of unrelated plant groups MALDI–MS. As representative examples, and are almost exclusively found in seeds Distillates human, bovine, sheep, and fish oocytes, as and fruits. well as bovine and insect embryos were analyzed. MALDI–MS is shown to be capable Separation of cis/trans of providing characteristic lipid profiles of Medium-chain fatty acids: gametes and embryos and also to respond to geometrical fatty acid isomers Functional lipids for the modifications due to developmental stages by silver-exchanged zeolite Y prevention and treatment of the and in vitro culture conditions of bovine Lykakis, I.N., et al., Tetrahedron 66:2203– metabolic syndrome embryos. Investigation in developmental 2209, 2010. biology of the biological roles of structural The separation of cis and trans isomers Nagao, K., and T. Yanagita, Pharmacol. Res. and reserve lipids in embryos and oocytes is relevant for biological and nutritional 61:208–212, 2010. should therefore benefit from these rapid applications; silver-exchanged zeolite Y Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of met- MALDI–MS profiles from single and intact was prepared and applied for the treatment abolic disorders, such as abdominal obesity, species. of mixtures of cis and trans geometrical dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired isomers of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty fasting glucose, that contribute to increased Tocochromanol functions in acid methyl esters (FAME). cis FAME were cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. plants: antioxidation and adsorbed into zeolite with a high degree of Although the pathogenesis of metabolic selectivity (cis/trans ratio in the range of syndrome is complicated and the precise beyond 19–32) The effectiveness was clue to the mechanisms have not been elucidated, Falk, J., and S. Munne-Bosch, J. Exp. Bot. synergism of the π-complexation between dietary lipids have been recognized as con- 61:1549–1566, 2010. the silver ion and the double bonds and tributory factors in the development and the Tocopherols and tocotrienols, collec- the different FAME structures trapped into prevention of cardiovascular risk cluster- tively known as tocochromanols, are lipid- the zeolite cages Some indication of the ing. This review explores the physiological soluble molecules that belong to the group complex stabilities came from theoretical functions and molecular actions of medium- of vitamin E compounds and are essential studies using unsaturated lipids A proto- chain fatty acids (MCFA) and medium-chain in the human diet. Not surprisingly, most type cartridge was also designed for applica- triglycerides (MCT) in the development of of what is known about the biological function in the fractionation of cis/trans FAME metabolic syndrome. Experimental studies tions of tocochromanols comes from studies mixtures. demonstrate that dietary MCFA/MCT sup- of mammalian systems, yet they have been press fat deposition in animal and human shown to be synthesized only by photo- Instantaneous characterization subjects through enhanced thermogene- synthetic organisms. The last decade has sis and fat oxidation. Additionally, several seen a radical change in the appreciation of vegetable oils via TAG and reports suggest that MCFA/MCT offer the of the biological role of tocochromanols FFA proﬁles by easy ambient therapeutic advantage of preserving insulin in plants thanks to a detailed characteriza- sonic-spray ionization mass sensitivity in animal models and patients tion of mutant and transgenic plants, includ- with type 2 diabetes. ing several Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, spectrometry the sucrose export defective1 (sxd1) maize Simas, R.C., et al., Analyst 135:738–744, Single embryo and oocyte lipid mutant, and some transgenic potato and 2010. ﬁngerprinting by mass tobacco lines altered in tocochromanol A fast and reliable method is presented biosynthesis. Recent findings indicate that for the analysis of vegetable oils. Easy spectrometry tocopherols may play important roles in ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spec- Ferreira, C.R., et al., J. Lipid Res. 51:1218– plants beyond their antioxidant function trometry (EASI-MS) is shown to efficiently 1227, 2010. in photosynthetic membranes. Plants defi- desorb and ionize the main oil constituents Methods used for lipid analysis in cient in tocopherols show alterations in ger- from an inert surface under ambient condi- embryos and oocytes usually involve selec- mination and export of photoassimilates tions and to provide comprehensive triacyl- tive lipid extraction from a pool of many and in growth, leaf senescence, and plant glyceride (TAG) and free fatty acid (FFA) samples followed by chemical manipula- responses to abiotic stresses, thus suggesting profiles, detected mainly as either [TAG + tion, separation, and characterization of that tocopherols may influence a number of Na]+ or [FFA – H]– ions. EASI (+/–)-MS individual components by chromatographic physiological processes in plants. Thus, in analysis is simple, easily implemented, techniques. Herein we report direct analysis this review not only the antioxidant function requires just a tiny droplet of the oil, and by matrix-assisted laser desorption ioniza- of tocochromanols in plants but also these is performed without any pre-separation or tion–mass spectrometry (MALDI–MS) of new emerging possible roles will be consid- chemical manipulation. It also causes no single and intact embryos or oocytes from ered. Particular attention will be paid to spe- fragmentation of TAG ions, hence diacylgly- various species. Biological samples were cific roles attributed to different tocopherol ceride and monoacylglyceride profiles and inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 363 Publications

contents can also be measured. The EASI compared the experimental FAME compo- insulin sensitivity. PS induced only minor (+/–)-MS profiles of TAG and FFA permit sition to the theoretical one calculated from gastrointestinal side effects. Dietary supple- authentication and quality control and can the TAG results obtained by LC–ELSD. mentation of PS decreases plasma choles- be used, for instance, to access levels of For each TAG, theoretical and experimen- terol levels and enhances insulin sensitivity adulteration, acidity, oxidation, or hydroly- tal values were statistically similar, which in men with the MetS. sis of vegetable oils in general. proves and validates the relevance of the new quantification methodology proposed in Encapsulation of plant oils in Calibration of an evaporative this work. The concordance between the two different methods also highlights the great porous starch microspheres light-scattering detector for the advantage of the direct LC–ELSD method Glenn, G.M., et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. universal quantitative analyses which additionally provides more informa- 58:4180–4184, 2010. in liquid chromatography— tion on TAG structures. Natural plant products such as essen- application to the determination tial oils have gained interest for use in pest The effect of dietary control in place of synthetic pesticides of triacylglycerols in phytosphingosine on because of their low environmental impact. cucurbitaceous oils Essential oils can be effective in controlling cholesterol levels and insulin parasitic mites that infest honeybee colo- Heron, S., et al., Food Anal. Methods 3:67– nies, but effective encapsulants are needed 74, 2010. sensitivity in subjects with the to provide a sustained and targeted delivery The goal of this work is to validate metabolic syndrome that minimizes the amount of active ingre- a quantitative method to analyze 15 tri- Snel, M., et al., Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 64:419– dient used. The present study reports the acylglycerols (TAG) that are present in 423, 2010. encapsulation of essential oils in porous cucurbitaceous oils using a new liquid Sphingolipids, such as phytosphin- microspheres that are within the size range chromatography–evaporative light-scat- gosine (PS), are part of cellular membranes of pollen grains and can be easily dispersed. tering detector (LC–ELSD) methodology. of yeasts, vegetables and fruits. Addition of The microspheres were made by pumping For the majority of the TAG, the absence of PS to the diet decreases serum cholesterol an 8% aqueous high-amylose starch gelat- chromophoric groups absorbing in a spec- and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in rodents inous melt through an atomizing nozzle. tral zone different from those of the high- and improves insulin sensitivity. To study The atomized starch droplets were air-clas- performance liquid chromatography mobile the effect of dietary supplementation with sified into two fractions and collected in phases limits the use of ultraviolet detectors. PS on cholesterol and glucose metabolism ethanol. The size range for each fraction The most convenient detectors for this type in humans, twelve men with the metabolic was measured using a particle size ana- of analyses are the “universal” aerosol-based syndrome (MetS) [according to the Inter- lyzer. The mean particle size for the largest detectors, and the most frequently used one national Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria; fraction was approximately 100 μm with a among these detectors is the ELSD. TAG age 51 ± 2 years (mean ± s.e.m.); body mass range from 5 μm to over 300 μm. Part of the responses using ELSD can vary according 2 index (BMI) 32 ± 1 kg/m ] were randomly reason for the large particle size was attrib- to their structure, and the analyst may not assigned to 4 weeks of PS (500 mg twice uted to the merging of smaller particles possess all the 15 different TAG standards. daily) and 4 weeks of placebo (P) in a dou- that impinged upon each other before they Therefore, the determination of these ana- ble-blind cross-over study, with a 4-week solidified. The smaller fraction of spheres lytes in unknown samples cannot be accurate washout period between both interventions. had a mean particle size of approximately 5 and depends on the nature of the available At the end of each intervention anthropo- μm. The starch-based porous microspheres standards. We propose here a new quanti- metric measures and serum lipids were mea- were loaded with 16.7% (w/w) essential oils fication methodology by LC–ELSD using sured and an intravenous glucose tolerance including thymol (5-methyl-2-isopropylphe- the standard response model A = a × m(b), test (IVGTT) was performed. PS did not nol), clove, origanum, and camphor white where a and b are numerical coefficients affect body weight and fat mass compared oil. The essential oils appeared to be largely that are specific for each solute and both with P. PS decreased serum total cholesterol sequestered within the pore structure, since correlated. The method uses a sample dilu- [5.1 ± 0.3 (PS) vs. 5.4 ± 0.3 (P) mmol/L; P the spheres remained a free-flowing powder tion procedure that provides for each com- < 0.05) and low-density lipoprotein-cho- and exhibited little if any agglomeration in pound to quantify an accurate b value, and lesterol levels [3.1 ± 0.3 (PS) vs. 3.4 ± 0.3 spite of the high loading rate. Furthermore, by calculation, the corresponding a value. (P) mmol/L; P < 0.05], whereas it did not scanning electron microscopy micrographs The quantification of both coefficients a and alter serum triglyceride and high-density verified that the pore structure was stable, b easily gives the direct mass determination lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. In addition, as evidenced by the persistence of pores of each TAG. Such LC–ELSD results are PS lowered fasting plasma glucose levels in spheres that had first been loaded with validated by the comparison with the fatty [6.2 ± 0.3 (PS) vs. 6.5 ± 0.3 (P) mmol/L; essential oils and then had the oil removed acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis using the P < 0.05]. PS increased the glucose disap- by solvent extraction. Thermal gravimetric conventional capillary gas chromatography– pearance rate (K-value) by 9.9% during the analyses were consistent with a loading rate flame ionization detector that transforms IVGTT [0.91 ± 0.06 (PS) vs. 0.82 ± 0.05 (P) at predicted levels. nonvolatile TAG in FAME after a transester- %/min; P < 0.05] at similar insulin levels, ification step. To perform this validation, we compared with P, thus implying enhanced CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 364 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6)

Ricinoleic acid as a marker for ergot impurities in rye and rye AOCS Journals ■ The Plackett–Burman design for eval- products uating the production of polyunsatu- Franzmann, C., J. Agric. Food Chem. rated fatty acids by Physcomitrella patens, 58:4223–4229, 2010. Chodok, P., A. Kanjana-Opas, and S. Ergot alkaloid and ricinoleic acid con- Kaewsuwan tents of 63 ergot sclerotia samples from rye throughout Germany of the harvest ■ Enzymatic production of monoacyl- years 2006−2009 were determined. Alka- glycerols with camellia oil by the glyc- loid contents were analyzed by means of erolysis reaction, Zeng, F.-k., B. Yang, high-performance liquid chromatography Y.-h. Wang, W.-f. Wang, Z.-x. Ning, with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) and L. Li and ricinoleic acid contents by means of ■ Physicochemical properties of garden gas chromatography with flame ionization cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seed oil, detection (GC-FID). Ergot alkaloid amounts Diwakar, B.T., P.K. Dutta, B.R. Lokesh, ranged from 0.01 to 0.2 g/100 g of sclerotia with an average amount of 0.08 g/100 g. and K.A. Naidu Ergotamine and ergocristine were identified ■ Potential relationships between fatty as lead alkaloids representing 57% (w/w) acid compositions and phytochemi- of the total alkaloid content. The average cals of selected low linolenic soybeans ricinoleic acid amount in the ergot sclerotia grown in Maryland, Whent, M., M. was 10.3 g/100 g. Because of the low varia- Slavin, W. Kenworthy, and L. Yu tion of ricinoleic acid content in the ergot sclerotia, a new method for the determina- Journal of the American Oil ■ Antioxidant activity of tannin fraction of ricinoleic acid in rye products as a Chemists’ Society (May) tions isolated from buckwheat seeds marker for ergot contaminations was devel- and groats, Karamać, M. oped. This method allows the determination ■ The antioxidant functions of tocoph- ■ Effect of metal contaminants and anti- of ergot impurities as low as 0.01% (w/w). erol and tocotrienol homologues in oxidants on the oxidation stability of Furthermore, 29 rye products (flours, bread oils, fats, and food systems, Seppanen, mix, bread) were investigated for their ricin- the methyl ester of pongamia, Sarin, C.M., Q. Song, and A.S. Csallany oleic acid and ergot alkaloid contents. A., R. Arora, N.P. Singh, R. Sarin, M. ■ Evaluation of the oxidative stability of Sharma, and R.K. Malhotra Effects of lipase, lipoxygenase, diacylglycerol-enriched soybean oil and ■ Effect of storage conditions on the oil peroxidase, and free fatty acids palm olein under Rancimat-acceler- quality of Chinese tallow tree seeds, ated oxidation conditions, Wang, Y., on volatile compound found in Terigar, B.G., S. Balasubramanian, and M. Zhao, S. Tang, K. Song, X. Han, and D. Boldor boiled buckwheat noodles S. Ou ■ Sodium bisulfite-induced changes in the Suzuki, T., et al., J. Sci. Food Agric. ■ Improving plasticity of milk fat for use in physicochemical, surface and adhesive 90:1232–1237, 2010. baking by fractionation, Reddy, S.Y. properties of soy β-conglycinin, Zhang, Relationships between buckwheat L., and X.S. Sun (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) flour ■ Effect of irrigation regimes on oil lipase, lipoxygenase, and peroxidase activ- content and composition of safflower ■ Liquid-liquid equilibrium constant for ity, along with levels of individual free fatty (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars, acetic acid in an epoxidized soybean acids (FFA) and levels of headspace volatile Ashrafi, E., and K. Razmjoo oil–acetic acid–water system, Janković, compounds of boiled buckwheat noodles, ■ Characterization of soybean proteins– M., S. Sinadinović-Fišer, and M. Lam- were investigated for 12 different buck- fatty acid systems, Quiroga, A., M.C. shoeft wheat varieties. Enzyme activities and FFA levels in flour were correlated with their Añón, and M.C. Puppo respective varietal arrays of boiled noodle ■ Determination of deep frying soybean Lipids (May) headspace volatile compounds, measured oil disposal point by a sensory method, by gas chromatography–mass spectrome- Ravelli, D., C.R. Matsuoka, R.C. Della ■ Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and try. The volatiles hexanal, tentative butanal, Modesta, T.M.F. de Souza Vieira, and docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-6) algal tentative 3-methylbutanal, and tentative M.A.B. Regitano-d’Arce oils reduce inflammatory mediators in 2-methylbutanal showed significant positive correlation with one another, indicating that they may be generated through similar inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 365 Publications

mechanisms. These important volatile components of buckwheat fl avor were also penes, Camargos, H.S., A.H.M. Silva, positively correlated with lipase and/or per- J.L.V. Anjos, and A. Alonso oxidase activity, indicating that enzymatic reactions are important in fl avor generation ■ Impact of administered Bifi dobacterium in boiled buckwheat noodles. On the other on murine host fatty acid composi- hand, pentanal, which showed no signifi - tion, Wall, R., R.P. Ross, F. Shanahan, cant correlation with any enzyme activity, L. O’Mahony, B. Kiely, E. Quigley, T.G. showed a signifi cant positive correlation to Dinan, G. Fitzgerald, and C. Stanton the levels of C18:2 and C18:3 FFA, suggesting the existence of a “nonenzymatic” and/ ■ Occurrence of the cis-4,7,10, trans-13- or “uncertain enzymatic” pathway for fl avor 22:4 fatty acid in the family Pectinidae generation in boiled buckwheat noodles. (Mollusca: Bivalvia), Kraffe, E., J. Grall, Lipase and peroxidase in buckwheat fl our E. Palacios, C. Guerra, P. Soudant, and are important for fl avor generation of boiled Y. Marty buckwheat noodles. This information is ■ The effects of ezetimibe and/or orlistat important for increasing desirable fl avor of on triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metab- buckwheat products as well as for selecting olism in obese hypercholesterolemic varieties with improved fl avor. patients, Nakou, E.S., T.D. Filippatos, A.P. Agouridis, C. Kostara, E.T. Bairak- Major lipid classes separation human peripheral mononuclear cells in tari, and M.S. Elisaf of buttermilk, and cows, goats vitro and paw edema in vivo, Nauroth, ■ Identifi cation of glucosylceramides con- and ewes milk by high J.M., Y.C. Liu, M. Van Elswyk, R. Bell, taining sphingatrienine in maize and rice E.B. Hall, G. Chung, and L.M. Arter- performance liquid using ion trap mass spectrometry, Sug- burn chromatography with an awara, T., J. Duan, K. Aida, T. Tsuduki, ■ Effects of partially hydrogenated, semi- and T. Hirata evaporative light scattering saturated, and high oleate vegetable oils detector focused on the ■ Pecipamide, a new sphingosine deriv- on infl ammatory markers and lipids, ative from the cultures of Polyporus phospholipid fraction Teng, K.-T., P.-T. Voon, H.-M. Cheng, picipes (Basidiomycetes), Li, Y., Y.-T. Ma, Rodríguez-Alcalá, L.M., and J. Fontecha, J. and K. Nesaretnam Y. Kuang, J.-M. Gao, and J.-C. Qin Chromatog. A 1217:3063–3066, 2010. ■ Modulation of platelet aggregation, hae- An improved high-performance liquid ■ Erratum to: Trans fatty acid-induced matological and histological parameters chromatography–evaporative light-scatter- NF-κB activation does not induce by structured lipids on hypercholes- ing detector (HPLC–ELSD) method has insulin resistance in cultured murine terolaemic rats, Sengupta, A., and M. been developed for the analysis of the lipid skeletal muscle cells, Hommelberg, Ghosh classes of buttermilk and milk from differ- P.P.H., R .C.J. Langen, A .M.W.J. Schols, ent species, focused on the phospholipids ■ Saponifi ed evening primrose oil reduces A.L.M. van Essen, F.J.M. Snepvangers, fraction without a prior fractionation step melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells R.P. Mensink, and J. Plat and in a single run. The total lipid profi le and reduces UV-induced skin pigmen- analysis showed the major and minor lipid tation in humans, Koo, J.-H., I. Lee, compounds as cholesterol esters, triacyl- S.-K. Yun, H.-U. Kim, B.-H. Park, and glycerides, cholesterol, diacylglycerides, free J.-W. Park fatty acids, monoacylglycerides, and also information the polar compounds glucosylceramide, lac- ■ Fatty acid composition of the maternal tosylceramide, phosphatidylethanolamine, diet during the fi rst or the second half Did you know that inform provides phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, of gestation infl uences the fatty acid news updates on the AOCS homepage phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and at www.aocs.org? As well as alerts on composition of sows’ milk and plasma, lysophosphatidylcholine. The identifica- Twitter at www.twitter.com/theAOCS and plasma of their piglets, Amusquivar, tion and quantifi cation of the different com- and Facebook at E., J. Laws, L. Clarke, and E. Herrera pounds, using calibration curves made with www.facebook. individual standards and the low coeffi cients ■ Molecular dynamics and partitioning com/AOCSFan? of variation obtained in the inter- and intra- of di-tert-butyl nitroxide in stratum assays showed the suitability of the devel- corneum membranes: Effect of ter- oped method. In this study, we optimized and validated a quantitative HPLC–ELSD method at a concentration level suitable for 366 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6)

routine analysis of the major lipid classes in the trial (n = 28 in the CLA group, n = 25 radiation treatment up to 6 kGy, however, milk and dairy products. in the placebo group). CLA attenuated the decline was more pronounced at higher the increase in BMI (0.5 ± 0.8) compared dosages. The effects of irradiation on the The gut microbiota modulates with placebo (1.1 ± 1.1) (P = 0.05). The fatty acid composition of sunflower oil percentage change in body fat measured showed a significant p( < 0.05) change in host energy and lipid by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was the amounts of stearic, oleic, and linoleic metabolism in mice smaller (P = 0.001) in the CLA group (–0.5 acids, while the concentration of palmitic

Velagapudi, V.R., et al., J. Lipid Res. ± 2.1%) than in the placebo group (1.3 ± acid was unaffected even at 10 kGy. Similar

51:1101–1112, 2010. 1.8%). The change in abdominal body fat trends in the fatty acid profile were found for The gut microbiota has recently been as a percentage of total body weight was both the sunflower and maize oil. P = 0.02) in the CLA group (–0.09 identified as an environmental factor that smaller ( ± 0.9%) than in the placebo group (0.43 ± may promote metabolic diseases. To inves- Protection of biodiesel against 0.6%). There were no significant changes in tigate the effect of gut microbiota on host plasma glucose, insulin, or low density lipo- oxidation energy and lipid metabolism, we compared protein-cholesterol between groups. Plasma Ingendoh, A., Lipid Technol. 22:83–86, the serum metabolome and the lipidomes high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol 2010. of serum, adipose tissue, and liver of con- decreased significantly more (P = 0.05) in The importance of using synthetic anti- ventionally raised (CONV-R) and germ-free the CLA group (–5.1 ± 7.3 mg/dL) than in oxidants to improve oxidation stability and mice. The serum metabolome of CONV-R the placebo group (–0.7 ± 8 mg/dL). Bone shelf life of biodiesel is today generally mice was characterized by increased levels mineral accretion was lower (P = 0.04) in accepted. In our investigations, which started of energy metabolites, for example, pyruvic the CLA group (0.05 ± 0.03 kg) than in the early with the development of biodiesel, we acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, and malic placebo group (0.07 ± 0.03 kg). Reported have looked at the course of stability, aging acid, while levels of cholesterol and fatty gastrointestinal symptoms did not differ sig- of biodiesel, and the use of synthetic antiox- acids were reduced. We also showed that nificantlybetween groups.CLA supplemen- idants. We have shown for the first time that the microbiota modified a number of lipid tation for 7 ± 0.5 months decreased body oxidative stability of biodiesel is lower than species in the serum, adipose tissue, and fatness in 6–10-year-old children who were that of the rapeseed oil from which it was liver, with its greatest effect on triglyceride overweight or obese but did not improve produced. The natural stability of biodie- and phosphatidylcholine species. Triglycer- plasma lipids or glucose and decreased sel relates mainly to the content of tocoph- ide levels were lower in serum but higher in HDL more than in the placebo group. Long- erols that survive the transesterification adipose tissue and liver of CONV-R mice, term investigation of the safety and effi- process. Biodiesel freed from tocopherols consistent with increased lipid clearance. cacy of CLA supplementation in children has no stability and will be destroyed imme- Our findings show that the gut microbiota is recommended. diately in air. Synthetic antioxidants such affects both host energy and lipid metabo- as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and the lism and highlight its role in the develop- newly developed stronger “Bis-BHT” dra- ment of metabolic diseases. Oil quality characteristics of irradiated sunﬂower and maize matically improve oxidative stability and prolong shelf life. Biodiesel rich in poly- Effect of conjugated linoleic seed unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester needs acid on body fat accretion in Yaqoob, N., et al., Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. strong antioxidants to be sufficiently pro- overweight or obese children 112:488–495, 2010. tected. The class of hindered phenolic anti- The characteristics of oils extracted oxidants from which the BHT and Bis-BHT

Racine, N.M., et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. from gamma-irradiated sunflower (Helian- derive are well suited as industrial biodie- 91:1157–1164, 2010. thus annuus) and maize (Zea mays) seeds sel stabilizer because of their ready avail- Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a at absorbed doses of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 kGy ability, sufficient effectiveness, and proven supplementaldietary fatty acid that decreases were investigated. Gamma irradiation did not safety in diesel fuel. Surprisingly, none of fat mass accretion in young animals. The affect the lipid, protein, fiber, and ash con- the approved international biodiesel and bio- aim of this study was to determine CLA’s tents of either sunflower or maize seeds sig- diesel blend specifications refer to shelf life efficacy with regard to change in fat and nificantly (p > 0.05). No significant changes as a quality parameter. There is no defini- body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) in chil- were observed for the values of refractive tion of shelf life available, although it is well dren. We conducted a 7 ± 0.5-month ran- index and density between the control and understood that biodiesel ages and loses its domized, double-blind, placebo-controlled irradiated sunflower and maize oils. Perox- oxidative stability over time. We propose to trial of CLA in 62 prepubertal children ide value, acid value, para-anisidine value, consider the time span from production until aged 6–10 years who were overweight or and conjugated dienes and trienes contents the biodiesel reaches zero oxidative stability obese but otherwise healthy. The subjects increased, while iodine values decreased in and becomes rancid and detrimental for the were randomly assigned to receive 3 grams/ the irradiated oils as compared to those of engine as the “shelf life” of biodiesel. From day of 80% CLA (50:50 cis-9,trans-11 and control oils (p < 0.05). A small decrease in the perspective of customers running their trans-10,cis-12 isomers) or placebo in choc- the contents of α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols of cars on biodiesel blends, shelf life should olate milk. Fifty-three subjects completed both sunflower and maize oils was noted by become a more important issue. inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 367

faster than those of the other homologs, Effects of tocopherols and exhibits variability in αs1-casein content gen- tocotrienols on the inhibition of whereas δ-tocopherol had the highest sta- erated by genetic polymorphism. This vari- bility in CLA during storage. All homologs ability in composition could lead to altered autoxidation of conjugated exhibited an antioxidant activity by inhib- antioxidant properties. Thus, the ability of linoleic acid iting the formation of secondary oxidation two caprine caseins differing in αs1-casein products. It appears that α-tocotrienol and content to inhibit lipid oxidation in algae Ko, S.-N., et al., Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. β-tocotrienol have significantly higher anti- oil-in-water emulsions at 5% oil was inves- 112:496–501, 2010. oxidant activities for secondary oxidation in tigated and compared to bovine caseinate. The effect of eight vitamin E homologs, CLA than α-tocopherol and β-tocopherol. All caseins inhibited the formation of lipid that is, α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol and α-, Meanwhile, the other homologs, namely oxidation at pH 7.0 as determined by lipid β-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienol, on the inhibition γ-tocopherol, γ-tocotrienol, δ-tocopherol, hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reac- of autoxidation of conjugated linoleic acid and δ-tocotrienol, exhibited similar anti- tive substances. However, caprine caseins (CLA) were investigated. The oxidation was oxidant activity for secondary oxidation in were in general more effective inhibitors carried out in the dark for 21 days at 50°C CLA. of lipid oxidation than the bovine caseins, and monitored by peroxide values (PV) and which may be attributed to their altered thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values. The levels casein amino acid content and/or metal- of the individual vitamin E homologs in CLA Lipid oxidation in algae oil-in- binding capabilities. The combination of during storage were determined by HPLC. water emulsions stabilized by the carotenoids with bovine and caprine γ-Tocopherol exhibited the highest antioxi- bovine and caprine caseins caseins was highly effective at repressing dant activity among the homologs tested in oxidation leading to the speculation that this study when the antioxidant activities of Mora-Gutierrez, A., et al., J. Agric. Food the caseins may inhibit the loss of the car- the individual homologs in CLA were com- Chem. 58:5131–5139, 2010. otenoids and/or react with and enhance pared by PV. The order of antioxidant activ- Caseins (αs1-, αs2-, and β-casein) are the carotenoid activity; again some differ- ity of eight homologs was γ-toco pherol > phosphoproteins that are capable of binding ences between bovine and caprine caseins δ-tocopherol = δ-tocotrienol ≥ γ-toco trienol transition metals and scavenging free radi- were observed with caprine caseins being > β-tocopherol = β-tocotrienol > α-toco- cals; this property makes them good can- slightly more effective in the presence of pherol = α-tocotrienol. The degradation didates to be used as natural antioxidants carotenoids. ■ rates of α-toco pherol and α-toco trienol were in oil-in-water emulsions. Caprine casein

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David Pi nkston, Procter & Gamble Co Xin Tian, Rutgers U niversity Kaustav Majumder, U niversity of Alberta Surekha Purushothaman Abraham Tibebu, Genencor International Inc Kanyanida Makkam Young-gil Pyo, Korea University Zhao Ting Ting, Korea U niversity O lga Maksymiv, Wacker Chemical Corp Marie Q uinn, Industry Canada Bekele Tsegaye, Bekas Chemica ls PLC Amulya Malladi, Novozymes AS Su niya Q uraishi, University ofToronto Marcia U tke, Northern Sun-ADM Atthaphon Maneedaeng, Suranaree University Shyam Rajan, Newcastle University Ph il Van den Heuvel, Ocean Nutrition Canada ofTech N ithyalakshmy Rajarajan, Newcastle Siva A. Vanapalli, Texas Tech U niversity Melissa Marchese, BASF Corp University Gilles Verboom, Alberto Cu lver Co Alejandro Markovits, Naturalis SA Enrico Rampini, U niversita Degl i Studi Di Thorsten Von Fehren, BASF SE Sasha Marks, Verenium Pad ova Purvi Vyas, Church & Dwight Co Inc Aris G. 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Munk, Palsgaard AS Hector Sandoval, Teamfoods SA Ltd Sarah Murphy, PMK Associates Inc Fabio Santori, New York University School of Gulden Yilmaz, Trakya University Thomas E. M yers, Mahle Industrial Fi ltration Medicine Xin Ying, University of Guelph Janet C. Naab, Genencor International Inc Kathryn Sargent, Caravan Ingredients Jaemin Yoon, Chungbuk National University Andras Nagy, Evonik Goldschmidt Corp Anton L. Schorno, Productos Verde Valle SA de Katherine Yu, Henkel Corp M asaru Nakamura, Showa Sangyo CV Alessandro Zaggia, U niversita Degli Studi Di Yukiko Nakayama, Kawasaki Univ of Medical Wanda P. Septiano, O klahoma State University Pad ova Welfare Andrea Serani, Salov SpA Yu Zhang, Pennsylvania State U niversity Aaron NaPier, Nutro Co Charles F. Shoemaker, University of California, Jin Zhicheng, Pu rdue U niversity Andrea L. Nash, Glenn Corp Davis Musfirah B. Zulkurnain, U niversiti Putra Thomas J. Nelson, North Dakota State Jan Shulman, Dow Chemical Malaysia U niversity Andrew Sieber, FI NA Kristian Zuur, DSM Food Specialties Derek Ng, Emery Oleochemicals (M) Sdn Bhd Wong Siew Pu i, U niversity of Malaya Siou Pei Ng Sonia Singh To become a member of the AOCS, complete, sign, and Njuan John Nghiem, U SDA ARS ERRC Sherry Siteman, Ocean Nutrition Canada fax back the membership application in this issue or contact us. Scott C. Nivens, Cargill Inc Chadakarn Sittiarjharn, Chulalongkorn Mathias Nordblad, Technical University of University AOCS Barb Semeraro Denmark Gary Smith, Baker Commodities Inc Area Manager, Membershi p Timothy D. Norden, USDA GIPSA TSO Tracy Smith, University of Waterloo Phone: + 1-217-693-4804 Raquel Oliveira, University of Campinas Thritima Sritapunya, Chulalongkorn U niversity E-mail: [email protected] Lindsay O rr, University of Minnesota Michael Stefanski, Martek Biosciences Corp Website: www.aocs.org Dennis D. Otten, Cargill Inc Birgit Stei nhardt, BASF Plant Science Co Asaf Ovadia, Shemen Ltd GmbH Corporate memberships are available! Martijn Oversteegen, FrieslandCampina Christopher M. Stokes, Sanimax LLC Research Ivar Storro, SINTEF Fisheries & Aquaculture Call today and find out Lu is E. Palacios, Molinos Rio de la Plata SA Rick Tabor, Stepan Co Edward J. Parish, Auburn U niversity Solmaz Tabtabaei, U niversity of Toronto how your company can Debra A. Park, Henkel Corp/Dial Cheak Hian Tan, Britz Networks Sd n Bhd become a vital part Sumin Park, Chungbuk National U niversity Mamoru Tanaka, Kawasaki U niv of Med of the AOCS network. Amish P. Patel, Ferro Corp Welfare Jose Patron, Proteinas y Oleieos Dave A. Tarquini, Ri verland Oilseeds Pty Ltd 370 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6)

BOOK REVIEW CALENDAR (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 329) (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 358) enzymes listed include lipases, phospho- Information: www.biofuelsinterna- Treatment, Capital Hilton, Washing- lipases, glucosidases, and the protease tionalexpo.com/canada. ton, DC, USA. Information: www. papain. SoySymposium.org. Biobased Surfactants and Detergents September 28–30, 2010. 2010 Algal originates from a symposium, “Biobased Biomass Summit, JW Marriott Desert October 17–21, 2010. Federation of Surfactants and Oleochemicals,” organized Ridge Resort, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy by AOCS in Québec City, Canada, in May Information: www.algalbiomass.org/ Societies Annual Conference, Raleigh Con- 2007. This book is an excellent collabora- events. vention Center, Raleigh, North Carolina, tion of four participants from that meeting, USA. Information: http://facss.org/facss. who have brought together this group of leading experts to write the book. October October 18–20, 2010. Sustainable Cosmetics Summit, Paris, France. Krister Holmberg is professor of surface chem- October 3–6, 2010. GERLI (Groupe Information: www.sustainablecos- istry at Chalmers University of Technology in d’Étude et de Recherche en Lipidomique), meticssummit.com. Gothenburg, Sweden. His research relates to 7th Lipidomics Congress: Lipids in all novel surfactants, nanomaterials prepared via states, Club Bellambra, Anglet Biarritz, October 20, 2010. Cosmetic Technology self-assembled surfactants, and organic and France. Information: www.cbmn.u-bor- Transfer Conference, Woodbridge Hilton, bioorganic reactions in organized solutions. deaux.fr/GERLI/index.php?tab=1. Woodbridge, New Jersey, USA. Informa- He can be reached at [email protected]. tion: email: [email protected]; October 3–7, 2010. Practical-Short Course www.nyscc.org/cttc.html. on Processing and Products of Vegetable BIODIESEL INDUSTRY Oil/Biodiesel, Food Protein Research & October 20–22, 2010. OFI Asia 2010, (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 337) Development Center, Texas A&M Univer- incorporating OFIC 2010 (Oils & Fats sity, College Station, Texas, USA. Informa- International Congress 2010), Kuala solving common problems. For example, tion: http://foodprotein.tamu.edu/fatsoils/ Lumpur Convention Centre, Kuala if you focused only on North America you scvegoil.php. Lumpur, Malaysia. Information: www.oil- would hear what was being done to assess sandfatsinternational.com/publication. the sustainability of biodiesel here in the October 4–6, 2010. 5th Soya & Oilseed asp?pubid=28&nav=3&exid=160. United States. When you include Europe Summit/Global Soybean & Grain Trans- and beyond in the picture, you learn of a port, Hyatt Regency Minneapolis, Min- October 21, 2010. Jornada de Actu- multiplicity of new approaches being taken nesota, USA. Information: http:// alización de Mantenimiento en la by groups that are doing good work but have events.soyatech.com/conferences/ Industria Aceitera (Sustainability in little visibility in North America. I believe GSGTSOS2010.htm. the Oil Industry), Holiday Inn Hotel, that you ignore the international situation at Rosario, Argentina. Information: your own risk. October 4–7, 2010. 7th email: [email protected] Joe, looking ahead to next year’s World Conference on or www.asaga.org.ar. Q National Conference, have you Detergents: New Strat- decided on a theme, and what changes are egies in a Dynamic Global October 22, 2010. Jornada de Actu- you anticipating for the conference and for Economy, Montreux Music & alización de Calidad en la Industria the industry? Convention Centre, Montreux, Aceitera (Achieving Quality in the (Jobe): We have not yet decided on Switzerland. Information: www.aocs. Oil Industry), Holiday Inn Hotel, A a theme. Changes for the industry org/meetings/montreux. Rosario, Argentina. Information: will be determined by critical federal and email: [email protected] state government policy developments that October 13–14, 2010. American Fats & or www.asaga.org.ar. are currently in a state of flux. As of this Oils Association Annual Meeting. Informa- writing, the biodiesel tax credit has lapsed, tion: www.afoaonline.org/events.html. October 24–27, 2010. American and the RFS-2 is yet to be fully imple- Association of Cereal Chemists, mented, placing extraordinary and unnec- essary distress on the US biodiesel industry. October 16-19, 2010. Savannah International Trade & Con- Once those two pieces of important energy 9th International Sym- vention Center, Savannah, Georgia, policy are in place, biodiesel will be poised posium on the Role of USA. Information: http://meeting. to become a major contributor to our domes- Soy in Health Promotion aaccnet.org/reghotel/Registration. tic energy supply. and Chronic Disease Prevention and cfm. ■ ANDERSON DURABILITY ''Anderson is Pleased to Unveil its Most Innovative Desifln in Expeller® Technolofly"

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Phone: +1 217-693-4803 Fax: +1 217-351 -8091 Email: [email protected] TECHNICAL ~Ell SERVICES ~~W inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 373 Algae

Algae oil: Biofuels and beyond

Lynn Crandall productivity of the desired oils. “Algae therefore have the potential to become a significant new source of oils for use in cosmetics, soaps, Working in the lab in his senior year of undergrad- and other applications. Algae can provide certain essential fatty acids that are not easily obtained from oil crops. Algae can provide certain uate studies, Yusuf Chisti experienced an “Aha!” oils for pharmacological use.” moment. His research project required puriﬁca- tion of hydrocarbon oils from extracts of the alga SOMETHING OLD Botryococcus braunii. The algal oil ignited possi- Algae are primitive plants that thrive on sunlight and carbon dioxide, as do all plants. Some algae are large, called macroalgae, and have bilities in his mind. been used as a food source throughout history. Kelps are an example “I held a match to a drop of the algal oil,” Chisti said. “It caught of macroalgae used as food. fire and burnt for quite a while. I thought, this might replace petro- Current interest, however, is focused on microalgae—micro- leum some day.” scopic, unicellular plants that are the earliest evolutionary precur- That was 1979. Since that time, Chisti, a professor of bio- sor to all higher plants. All of the biochemistry for oil production chemical engineering at Massey University, Palmerston North, New that is inside a canola plant or soybean plant or palm tree first arose Zealand, has made considerable contribution to the field of microal- in unicellular algae. Also known as phytoplankton, microalgae in gae research and its possible market applications. Although hopes high concentrations can make oceans, lakes, and slow-moving rivers of creating renewable fuel oils from algal oil have driven interest in appear green. recent years and made algae research “hot,” Chisti and other scien- There are two basic options for growing microalgae on a large tists who have amassed appreciable history in the field contend that scale—open raceway ponds or closed system photobioreactors— there is more to algal oil potential than its use in biofuel. In fact, it but almost all commercial algal production occurs in open ponds, is its potential for diverse applications that holds the most promise said John Benemann, a consultant based in Walnut Creek, Califor- for making algal oil products commercially viable. nia, United States, who has been involved in microalgae research at “Oil productivity of some algae exceeds the productivity of all levels for almost 40 years. Although open ponds face challenges, crops such as oil palm, one of the most productive oil crops,” said including invasion of other organisms and the effects of tempera- Chisti. His current research is focusing on producing algal oils for ture fluctuations, they are cheaper to build and maintain than pho- renewable biofuels and specialty oils, and attempting to improve tobioreactor systems, Benemann said, and thus help reduce overall

Patented Verti- gro system for growing microalgae. This tubular photobioreactor system, oriented vertically to max- imize capture of sunlight, is a joint venture of Valcent and Global Green Solutions. 374 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6)

cost of production. Oil production in algae is species-dependent and algae. But I believe algae can potentially displace oil crops as a is influenced by its feedstock and by the manner in which they are source for oil for making detergents and soaps. Algae oils could be grown. According to Chisti, laboratory and field studies suggest that produced without competing with traditional food oils and could at least 60,000 liters per hectare of algal oil could be produced per actually free up land for growing food. Large quantities of algae oils year, which is nearly 10-fold higher than oil palm. could be produced without encroaching on forests.” Still, Benemann suggests that current production costs tend to prohibit commercialization of algal oil and more advancement in SOMETHING NEW research and development is needed. Although he foresees possi- bilities for biofuels, he predicts the greatest near-term potential in The lure of creating renewable biofuels from microalgae is what microalgae technology is going to be in other applications. fueled the genesis of an algal oil company founded in a garage in “It’s a question of money. Right now the research and devel- 2003 by Harrison Dillon and Jonathan Wolfson. Today the company, opment is not giving us commodity prices. The challenge is how Solazyme, Inc., is headquartered in South San Francisco, California, to produce algal oils cheaply,” Benemann said. “Currently, 99% of United States, and employs about 80 people all working essentially production comes from open pond cultivation systems. Scale-up and to revolutionize the field of renewable oils. But its development rationalization of the open pond systems—from tens to hundreds of didn’t come without some hard-won realizations, said Dillon, who hectares—will allow some economies of scale and process efficien- is president and chief technology officer for the company. One real- cies, but costs would need to be reduced further, by almost one order ization was that photosynthetic algae as a source for renewable fuel of magnitude.” oil seemed like a good idea but the costs were astronomical. Chisti agrees that costs are prohibitive but potential is great for “We were the first algae fuel company to come into existence addressing global problems, such as land use, deforestation, and the so we have more experience at this than anyone [else]. We thought need for renewable oils, through development of a variety of uses for we were going to grow algae in big open ponds to make diesel fuel. algae oils. Specialty oils tend to have a much higher market value That was the original idea,” Dillon said. “After two years of growing than fuel oils and therefore relatively expensive methods can be used algae in outdoor ponds and photobioreactors, we realized it costs to produce them, he said, pointing to uses in surfactants, foods, and over a thousand dollars a gallon to make oil from algae when you pharmaceuticals. grow it on sunlight as a direct energy source. At over a thousand “Production of algae is currently expensive,” Chisti said. dollars a gallon, you’re not going to sell anything. We realized our “Methods need to be developed to reduce the cost of production. company was going to fail if we didn’t find another way to make oil Also, low-cost technologies are required for extracting oils from from algae.” inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 375 Algae

In the process that Solazyme subsequently developed, microal- are grown on 87% of the Earth’s arable land. gae are grown and fed carbohydrates—sugarcane, cornstarch, cellu- Solazyme currently is exploring partnerships with companies lose, for example—under controlled conditions in large fermentation that can participate in the iterative process to further develop applica- tanks. The algae convert the cabohydrate into oil at large scale. The tions. One such partnership with Unilever was announced in March, oil is then extracted from the algae using a standard agricultural oil and described plans for use of Solazyme’s algal oil in its soaps and extraction process. One of the company’s key competitive advan- personal care products formulations. Solazyme’s oil is already on tages is that it fits into the existing infrastructure at every step of the the shelf in nutritional supplements in Whole Foods stores across process. the United States. The next step in the company’s development came from a So while the thrust of algal oil research will continue to focus second realization: The company needed to think of itself not as a on development of renewable biofuels as a means to reduce depen- diesel fuel company but a renewable oil production company that dence on petroleum products, other applications for the oils may could address a range of oil-based products and markets with its eventually exert a more substantial influence on the plant oil indus- unique technology platform. As a result, the company’s scientists try and its impact on the planet. have engineered the oil production pathway in the algae to be able “What we’re doing at Solazyme is really big,” Dillon said. “Our to tailor oils. platform is so versatile, what we’re doing is to really help the sus- “Suddenly we went from diesel fuel to plastics and surfactants, tainability of natural oils. So instead of having to rip out rainforests soaps, edible oils, and half the stuff that’s made in your house,” to plant palm plantations, we can make oils that are not only equiv- Dillon said. “We can make the oil look like canola; we can make alent to palm, but better than palm. With replacing tallow, which it look like palm oil; we can make it look like oils that have never comes from beef and is a huge contributor to environmental destruc- existed or been available before. We can for the first time tailor tion, we can make stuff that is equivalent and better than tallow and natural oils to whatever is optimal for a particular product, so instead reduce its impact on the environment. Companies can’t pay three of having to fractionate and use only a portion of it for the product, times more per gallon just to be able to say their product is sustain- we can make 100% of the oil targeted for that particular product.” able. But they’re willing to work with us to develop economically Dillon sees achieving commodity prices in the “relatively near viable sustainable solutions. We’re going to really expand the impact future,” but counts among Solazyme’s achievements the ability to of biobased fluids to things that traditionally were only able to be make oil that is 100% targeted for the intended product; eliminating made by petroleum.” geographic limitations (Solazyme’s algae can grow anywhere in the world); and the ability to utilize as feedstock the carbohydrates that Lynn Crandall is a freelance writer based in Ludlow, Illinois. AOCS Press Book of the Month

Bio based Surfactants and Detergents Biobased Surfactants and Detergents Synthesis, Properties, and Applications Synthesis, Properties, and Applications Douglas G. Hayes, Dai Kitamoto, Daniel K.Y. Solaiman, and Richard D. Ashby, Editors

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His bags are packed, he’s ready to go: A processing consultant’s adventures around the globe

Jack Wolowiec processing industry: a lack of qualified personnel to run the plants, an uncertain flow of raw materials, and unreliable electric power. When Larry Paukert got his start in the process- Compounding all this was Iraq’s intense four-year-long drought, which crippled all aspects of the agriculture industry. One particu- ing industry more than three decades ago, little lar frustration Paukert had to contend with was the various layers of did he imagine that one day he’d ﬁnd himself in military and civilian bureaucracy, which he said made “everything Africa helping local farmers operate a Chinese- seem to take forever.” But, on the positive side, he noted that the processing plants themselves were “pretty much intact.” As a sub- made oilseed press. stitute for domestically sourced cottonseed and sunflower oil, the But that’s exactly what the former president of IOMSA (Inter- war had forced Iraq to import palm oil, putting additional strain on national Oil Mill Superintendents Association) found himself doing the country’s economy. last year, as a volunteer consultant sharing his expertise in Malawi, Concerns over security severely limited the team’s ability to a country sandwiched between Zambia and Mozambique in south- travel about the countryside. “Basically,” Paukert said, “we trav- east Africa. eled from the military Paukert’s long base where we stayed road to Malawi began to the various facili- when he was working ties we visited, which as a sales consultant were secured before for Prattville, Ala- our arrival. There bama-based Continen- weren’t many opportu- tal Eagle/IMPCO. His nities for sightseeing. first trip, in 2001, was to We were also lucky to Syria, where he helped have good translators, in the startup of plants who were locals hired in Hama and Aleppo, by the US military.” Syria. Later assign- Paukert did, however, ments took Paukert have time to see an to Brazil and Turkey, olive grove on a farm where he consulted on once owned by one a biodiesel startup in of Saddam Hussein’s 2004–2005. cousins, the notori- A new chapter in ous “Chemical Ali,” Paukert’s career began who was executed in in August 2008 when January 2010. he founded his own Group picture at a farm visit with part of Paukert’s team and the owners of the farm. Paukert’s most company, 3T Veg Oil recent trip was a Consulting, LLC. Through longstanding contacts at Texas A&M three-week stint in Malawi. The assignment was part of a Farmer- University, Paukert got in touch with the university’s Norman to-Farmer project conducted by CNFA, a Washington, DC-based Borlaug Institute for International Agriculture (College Station, nonprofit organization dedicated to empowering people and enter- Texas, USA). This, in turn, led to his most challenging—and reward- prises in the developing world. ing—assignment: six months in war-torn Iraq, from November 2008 In Malawi, Paukert worked with the local operators of two veg- to May 2009, working to get a cottonseed and sunflower process- etable oil extraction plants, helping train local farmers on peanut ing plant back online. storage, shelling, grinding, roasting, refining, and oil extraction As part of a 10-person team assembled to help restore the techniques. He also conducted training sessions on roasting and nation’s shattered agricultural infrastructure, Paukert was quickly extracting machinery, focusing on important maintenance and safety measures. able to identify the principal challenges confronting Iraq’s oilseed CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 378 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6)

The extraction plants were operated by two local farmer-owned cooperatives, which earned most of their profits through the processing of their crops; this is where Paukert put his expertise to work. “They were using a Chinese-made diesel-powered cold press that they weren’t operating very efficiently. You see a lot of this kind of equipment in [developing] countries because it’s cheap to buy. The problem is that the manufacturer doesn’t provide any training after they make the sale. In this case, the local operators had no real plant training at all.” Paukert found those he worked with to be “friendly, receptive, and open to suggestions. They do really well with what they have to work with because they face many obstacles to getting their product to market.” They also appreciated that Paukert took into account their limited financial resources. “I did not tell them to scrap all their equipment and buy new ones. This seemed to make them more willing to do the things I did recom- mend,” he said. Paukert said his most satisfying experience was a month-long assignment in India, where he An irrigated wheat field. found people willing and eager to learn. “Many of the big US firms are there, but are working with local partners. The technology is almost as good as here, but in many respects, India is still very much a developing country.” information While Paukert enjoys the challenges and rewarding experiences that come with his international consulting work, there are some The Norman Borlaug Institute for International Agriculture, drawbacks. “I do miss my family. In Iraq, we had email and Skype, named after the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize laureate and father of so that helped a lot. But in the more underdeveloped countries you the green revolution, is part of Texas A&M University, where can be pretty much cut off from the outside world.” Borlaug served as a distinguished professor of international agriculture from 1984 until his death in September 2009. The institute continues his mission of improving agriculture in poor and developing nations. Its faculty, scientists, and students are involved in over 100 countries around the world to better international agriculture. For more information, visit the Institute’s web page, http://borlaug.tamu.edu/. Founded in 1985, CNFA is a Washington, DC-based, non- partisan, not-for-profit organization dedicated to stimulating economic growth around the world by nurturing entrepreneur- ship, private enterprise, and market linkages. Originally the Citi- zens Network for Foreign Affairs, CNFA empowers people and enterprises in the former Soviet Union, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Near and Middle East. As part of its Farmer-to-Farmer Initiative, CNFA assesses the weak links in the flow of crops all the way from production, through processing, marketing, and distribution. Projects include training associated service providers and agribusinesses in financial management, marketing, cooperative development, agricultural production, post-harvest and processing technologies, international quality standards, and rural finance. To learn more about CNFA’s Farmer-to-Farmer Initiative, go to http://www.cnfa. The mechanical screw press used to extract oil from groundnuts org/farmertofarmer. (peanuts), sunflowerseed, and soybeans at the Mitundu Agro Pro- cessors plant. inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 379 Processing

And where is Paukert off to next? A 3T consulting assignment has taken him to Brazil, where he assisted with the startup of a 600 metric ton per day cottonseed oil mill plant. His next assignment will be back to India to continue his work with processors there.

Jack Wolowiec is area manager for the AOCS Publications Depart- ment. He can be reached at [email protected]. This article originally appeared in the May 2010 issue of Oil Mill Gazetteer, a publication of the International Oil Mill Superintendents Association, and is reprinted with permission.

A ﬁeld of maize (white corn), the primary food source for the people Processing consultant Larry Paukert, at left, with (left to right) his of Malawi. Notice the large ant hill in the ﬁeld. interpreter, a plant manager, and a volunteer from Japan. 380 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6)

The role of soy

Catherine Watkins topics involving the health effects of soyfoods, isolated soy protein, and supplements such as isoflavones derived from soybeans. A number of renowned scientists are preparing “The 9th International Symposium is designed to highlight important unpublished clinical research and to address some of the to gather for the 9th International Symposium on misinformation and misunderstanding that exists about the health the Role of Soy in Health Promotion and Chronic effects of soyfoods,” says Co-Chairperson Mark Messina. Messina Disease Prevention and Treatment, October 16–19, is an adjunct associate professor at Loma Linda University (Califor- nia, USA) and president of Nutrition Matters, Inc. in Port Townsend, 2010, at the Capital Hilton in Washington, DC, Washington, USA. “There will be several panel discussions so the USA. more contentious issues in the field can be thoroughly evaluated and debated. For those health professionals and researchers wanting to The Soy Symposium has established itself as the place to be to hear the latest findings about soy, this is a can’t-miss meeting.” hear about new and emerging science on the subject. Participants Topics tentatively scheduled to be covered include: learn about clinical trials and epidemiological study results prior to r 4PZ BOE TLJO IFBMUI publication as they debate some of the more controversial research inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 381

Also serving as co-chairpersons of the submissions made after this date will be con- meeting are Thomas M. Badger and Aedin sidered as time and space permit. There is no At a glance Cassidy. Badger is a professor at the Uni- deadline for poster submissions. However, versity of Arkansas for Medical Science to be included in the printed program book, 9th International Soy Symposium and director and senior investigator at the poster abstracts must be submitted for October 16–19, 2010 Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, both review by August 31, 2010. Capital Hilton, Washington, DC, of which are in Little Rock, USA. Cassidy is USA a professor and head of the Diet and Health Catherine Watkins is associate editor of www.soysymposium.org Group at the School of Medicine at the Uni- inform and can be reached at cwatkins@ versity of East Anglia in Norwich, UK. aocs.org. Among the speakers already confirmed r 5IF VTF PG HFOJTUFJO GPS UIF USFBUNFOU for the meeting are James W. Anderson and of mucopolysaccharidoses (a genetic Grzegorz W˛egrzyn. Anderson is professor disorder); emeritus of internal medicine and direc- Meeting Sponsors r 5IF JNQBDU PG TPZ PO EJTFBTFT TVDI BT tor of the Metabolic Research Group of the (as of April 15, 2010) osteoporosis, breast cancer, and fatty Division of Endocrinology and Molecular liver and on symptoms such as hot Medicine at the University of Kentucky in Diamond Level Sponsors flashes; and Lexington (USA). His research focuses on Pharmavite LLC, USA nutritional approaches to dyslipidemia and r 5IF FGGFDU PG TPZ PO UIF IFBMUI PG Otsuka America, Inc. intensive management of obesity with diet various organs, such as the thyroid. and pharmacotherapy. W˛egrzyn is head of Panel discussions will include an exam- Platinum Level Sponsor ination of whether, based on several recent the Department of Molecular Biology at the University of Gdansk (Poland) and has con- Solae studies, oncologists can now assure their breast cancer patients that eating soyfoods is sidered the isoflavone genistein in the treat- For information about becoming a safe. Other topics that may be dealt with in ment of genetic diseases. sponsor, contact sponsorship coor- panel discussions include the health effects Symposium organizers are currently dinator Connie Hilson at connieh@ of equol; an exploration of the health, safety, accepting abstract submissions for oral and and nutrition of whole soy; and a debate poster presentations. Abstracts submitted by aocs.org. about genetically modified foods. July 1, 2010, will receive highest priority; 382 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6)

Pittcon 2010

Marguerite Torrey In a poster presentation, Dionex scientist Xiadong Liu and co- workers introduced a stationary phase especially designed for liquid The 61st annual Pittsburgh Conference on Analyt- chromatographic separation of cationic surfactants. The surface chemistry of this new product effectively deactivates the ionic inter- ical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, known action between negatively charged silanol groups and positively as Pittcon, was held February 28 through March charged cationic surfactants, resulting in excellent selectivity and peak shapes. Acetonitrile, ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone were 4, 2010, at the Orange County Convention Center evaluated as eluents. in Orlando, Florida, USA. Total attendance was Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, California, USA; www. 16,987, continuing a decline since the high of 22,213 agilent.com) presented a system to identify fish species in food. The method can be used for routine verification of seafood label- in Chicago in 2007. Nine hundred sixty companies ing and detecting species substitutions. The system uses an Agilent exhibited their wares in separation sciences, mass DNA Fish Species ID Ensemble with an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer lab-on-a-chip system, and specialized RFLP (restriction fragment spectrometry, spectroscopy, nanotechnology, lab- length polymorphism) Decoder Software. The DNA analysis method oratory automation, and informatics. Almost 20% is based on polymerase chain reaction–RFLP. The method is more of the exhibiting companies came from outside the accurate than existing protein-based tests and lowers analysis time from days to hours. The system can be used with fresh, frozen, United States. dried, salted, or minced fish, as well as fish fins. The Decoder Soft- Besides the instrumentation exhibit, there were 2,348 techni- ware comes with experimentally derived patterns from more than cal presentations, 100 short courses in 60 topic areas; and 39 formal 50 species, and the user can add more. opportunities for conferee networking. CDS Analytical, Inc. (Oxford, Pennsylvania, USA; www.cdsan- alytical.com) markets thermal sample preparation instrumenta- GENERAL tion for analytical laboratories, including front-end GC equipment for pyrolysis, purge and trap, headspace, and thermal desorption. In September 2009 Dionex Corporation (Sunnyvale, California, Thomas Wampler and co-workers from CDS presented a poster USA; www.esainc.com; www.dionex.com) acquired ESA Bio- at the meeting on several alternative sampling techniques, using sciences’ subsidiary Magellan Biosciences Inc., which had intro- control of temperature instead of solvents, to remove the oils from duced an ultra-high-performance version of its Corona ultra Charged algae and transfer them to a gas chromatograph. All samples were Aerosol Detector (CAD) at Pittcon 2009 (inform 20:398–400, 2009). placed in a quartz tube, which was then inserted into the coil of This technology allows one to detect nonvolatile analytes, even those a CDS Pyroprobe and heated to the desired temperature. Experi- without a chromophore. Dionex is making available a considerable ments were done by (i) heating the algae to volatilize the oils to a number of application notes for the analysis of lipids that depend on GC injector, (ii) adding tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide to the a CAD, for example, Lipid Analysis by Reversed-Phase HPLC and sample before heating, thus generating fatty acid methyl esters, and Corona CAD: Natural Oils; Biodiesel Analysis by Normal Phase (iii) pyrolyzing the algae at relatively high temperatures, releasing HPLC and Corona CAD; Cholesterol; Simultaneous Analysis of the fatty acids. The presentation concluded that chromatograms Glycerides (mono, di, and triglycerides) and Free Fatty Acids in from the whole algae bore a good resemblance to those produced Palm Oil; and Non-Ionic Surfactants: Polysorbate 20, Polysorbate from isolated oil. 80 and Triton® X 100. Dionex also promoted its Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE®) 150 and 350 systems for sample preparation and the Ulti- LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (LC) Mate® 3000 HPLC and the ICS-5000 Reagent-Free™ Ion Chroma- Agilent presented an application for the high-resolution analy- tography (RFIC) systems for lipid and carbohydrate profiling. sis of intact triglycerides by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6) 383 Meeting Report

On the Expo Floor of the 61st annual Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy chromotography (HPLC) on their Agilent 1290 Infinity LC system. this need by providing columns having particle sizes more nearly Separations were carried out on C18 columns (i.d. 3.0 and 2.1 mm) like the standard HPLC materials while providing the resolution of of various lengths, with 1.8-μm packing materials. Analytes were the very small particles (<2 μm) used in UHPLC. Agilent is mar- detected with ultraviolet/visible diode array detectors (DAD). Pres- keting Poroshell columns, which it describes as particles made sures can be taken up to 1,200 bar and flow rates up to 5 mL/min for with a layer of porous silica on a solid core of silica. Phenomenex maximal chromatographic performance, compatibility, and flexibil- (Torrance, California, USA; www.phenomenex.com) is providing ity. Agilent also has applications with this system for fast analysis Kinetex columns, based on a similar principle. The company says of fat-soluble vitamins and for synthetic antioxidants in vegeta- these columns provide roughly twice the efficiency of fully porous ble oils (http://www.chem.agilent.com/Library/applications/5990- 3-μm columns and three times the efficiency of fully porous-5 μm 4694EN.pdf). columns without generating excessive backpressure. Waters (Milford, Massachusetts, USA; www.waters.com) dis- The very high pressures used in UHPLC require great atten- played its new Acquity UPLC (ultra performance liquid chromato- tion to column protection so as to extend column life. Phenom- graph) H-Class System at Pittcon. The company says this system has enex introduced KrudKatcher Ultra filters at Pittcon. Designed to the advantages of UHPLC with the operational simplicity of tradi- remove microparticulates from the LC flow stream, KrudKatcher tional HPLC technology. As an example of how this instrumentation produces lower dead volumes than other protection devices and could be useful to oil chemists, Waters has available a file showing comes with a universal fit that can be used with columns 1.0–4.6 the transfer of a US Pharmacopeia HPLC method for soy isoflavones mm in diameter. in powdered extracts to a UPLC method. Another application with this instrument is the UPLC separation of aflatoxins M1, G2, G1, B2, PORTABLE INSTRUMENTS and B1, without derivatization, in under 5 minutes per sample. C&EN magazine hosted a forum at Pittcon highlighting industry UHPLC (ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography) builds trends. One emerging trend is the use of high-end analytical instru- on the older HPLC methodology, which is found in a great many ments by regulatory agencies involved with food safety and environ- analytical and biological laboratories. Many labs have a great deal mental issues. According to Gregory Herrema, senior vice president of money invested in HPLC equipment, and thus have compelling and president, Analytical Instruments, Thermo Fisher Scientific financial reasons for staying with HPLC equipment. The enhanced (Waltham, Massachusetts, USA; www.thermo.com), “Enforced speed, resolution, and flexibility of UHPLC have much to recom- compliance is now a global initiative.” Field-testing has also grown, mend them, however. Laboratory supply houses are recognizing Herrera added. Hand-held portable testing devices have seen high 384 inform June 2010, Vol. 21 (6)

FIG. 1. A: Torion Technologies’ Guardion®-7 GC-TMS (gas chromatograph-toroidal ion trap mass spectrometer). B: Torion’s CUSTODION® solid phase microextraction (SPME) ﬁber syringe.

use of this instrument: monitoring cacao beans from the time they are picked to when they arrive for processing. It would be possible to check beans for quality in the field, where storage conditions may be much less than ideal. Further, the beans can be monitored during shipment—since their quality is often adversely affected by growth, with the need to move data from the field site to the lab for hot, humid conditions—and at the receiving point. Browerbank and instant results. colleagues pointed out that at present 40% of cacao bean shipments A number of manufacturers promoted portable instruments at are rejected by processors owing to smell or taste. Other field uses Pittcon. For example, Wilks Enterprise Inc. (East Norwalk, Connect- for the Guardion-7 GC-TMS could include monitoring for melamine icut, USA; www.wilksir.com) presented three portable instruments adulteration, detecting mold contamination, and evaluating myco- of use to fats and oils chemists. (i) The InfraSpec VFA-IR Spectrom- toxin contamination of feed. eter is a small, variable filter array (VFA) mid-infrared spectrometer that allows samples to be analyzed at remote locations without having to transport them to a centralized laboratory, thus eliminating OF INTEREST the delay to off-load the raw material. The company claims biodiesel Entering “Fat” in the agenda builder for Pittcon brought up a pre- in diesel fuel can be accurately measured down to 0.05% in under a sentation entitled “Food Additives as Tracers of Wastewater Using minute; this characteristic is particularly important for nuclear power Advanced Mass Spectrometry Techniques: The ‘Low Fat’ Diet plants and pipeline operators who need to be sure little or no biodie- Impact.” The report by Imma Ferrer and Michael Thurman (Center sel is in their system. (ii) InfraCal Biodiesel and Ethanol Blend Ana- for Environmental Mass Spectroscopy, University of Colorado, lyzers are preset for one analysis, either biodiesel or ethanol blend, Boulder, USA) did not focus on fat per se, however, but on com- and can be operated by personnel with no scientific background. (iii) pounds included in processed foods to make them less calorie-dense. InfraCal TOG/TPH Analyzers can be used to measure fats, oils, and Their research developed a method to analyze aqueous samples for greases (FOG) in water, for example to determine discharge levels sucralose (C12H19Cl3O8), an artificial sugar that is present in well over of FOG from water treatment plants. half of the diet drinks and foods in the United States. The method, based on liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass A2 Technologies (Danbury, Connecticut, USA; www.a2technol- ogies.net) was showing its iPal and PAL Analyzers, which are Fou- spectrometry, detected sucralose in wastewater samples that received rier-transform infrared spectrometers designed to measure biodiesel a direct impact of human sources, thus demonstrating that sucral- concentrations in diesel fuel. The iPAL is portable, for field use, and ose is a good tracer for wastewater inputs in the environment. Other weighs 15 lb (7 kg); the PAL is a benchtop system for on-site use reports have identified sucralose in both surface and groundwater in the US states of Colorado, Ohio, Alabama, and Minnesota. and weighs only 8 lb. A2 has applications for these instruments for both low-level detection of biodiesel in diesel fuel and determina- Asking Pittcon exhibitors “What do you do that a chemist inter- tion of 1–100% biodiesel; methods are available that comply with ested in fats and oils would like to know about?” could produce a ASTM and EN procedures. surprising answer. H-B Instrument Company (Collegeville, Penn- One of the main instruments being promoted at the Torion Tech- sylvania, USA; www.hbinstrument.com), a manufacturer of time, nologies Inc. (American Fork, Utah, USA; www.torion.com) booth temperature, density, and weather-related instruments, sells prod- was its Guardion®-7 GC-TMS (gas chromatograph-toroidal ion trap ucts intended to support sustainable green initiatives. In response mass spectrometer). The instrument, which weighs less than 28 lb, to this question, Darlyn Nash, vice president of sales, replied, “The has a mass range of 50–500 Daltons. Samples are injected using a sensing liquid in our Enviro-Safe® thermometers is orange peel CUSTODION® solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber syringe oil, not mercury or alcohol.” Should this be added to a list of Novel (see Fig. 1A and 1B). The Guardion-7 GC-TMS is ideal for rapid Uses of Fats and Oils? screening of chemicals including environmental volatiles and semi- volatiles. In a presentation in a technical session, C.R. Bowerbank Marguerite Torrey is technical projects editor for inform. She can be and co-workers of Torion Technologies pointed out a possible field contacted at [email protected]. - . iJ - . ( ( .• ==- .· · ~- · J ,, ,,,

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