Performance and Meat Quality of Lambs Fed Detoxified Castor Meal
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Open Access Anim Biosci Vol. 00, No. 00:1-9 Month 2021 https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.20.0592 pISSN 2765-0189 eISSN 2765-0235 Performance and meat quality of lambs fed detoxified castor meal Hellenn Cardoso Oliveira1, Rasmo Garcia1, Vitor Visintin Silva de Almeida2, Aline Cardoso Oliveira2, Aureliano José Vieira Pires3, Ueslei Leonardo Cardoso Oliveira4, Andreia Santos Cezario5, and Dorgival Morais de Lima Junior6,* * Corresponding Author: Objective: The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the performance and meat Dorgival Morais de Lima Junior Tel: +55-84-3317-8200, quality of lambs fed diets containing four levels of substitution (0%, 33%, 67%, and 100%) Fax: +55-84-3317-8200, of soybean meal for detoxified castor meal (CM). E-mail: [email protected] Methods: Twenty-four sheep (18.5±2.71 kg initial body weight) were distributed in a com- 1 Department of Animal Science, Federal pletely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates. University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Results: The intakes of dry matter, crude protein, and metabolizable energy were not Brazil affected (p>0.05) by the CM levels. The neutral detergent fiber intake increased linearly 2 Campus Arapiraca, Federal University of Alagoas, Bom Sucesso Arapiraca, AL 57309- (p<0.05) and the non-fiber carbohydrates intake had a linear decrease (p<0.05). Final body 005, Brazil weight and average daily gain had a decreasing linear effect (p<0.05) with the inclusion of 3 Department of Animal Science, State the CM levels in the diet. Effects of the inclusion of CM were not observed (p>0.05) on the University of Southeast Bahia, Itapetinga, BA, 45700-000 Brazil percentage of total lipids of the lamb meat, but the inclusion of CM in the concentrate had 4 Department of Environment and Agrarian a positive quadratic (p<0.05) the oleic acid (C18:01n9) in lipids of the lamb meat. Science, Universidade Estadual de Santa Conclusion: Inclusion of detoxified CM in the concentrate impairs the productive Cruz, Ilhéus BA 45662-900, Brazil performance, however it contributed to increase monounsaturated fatty acids content in 5 Campus Morrinhos, Federal Institute of Goiano, Morrinhos, GO 75650-000, Brazil the meat of lambs. Replacing up to 33% soybean meal with detoxified CM is recommended. 6 Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region, Mossoró, Keywords: Biodiesel By-product; Lamb Performance; Ricinus communis; Sheep; RN, 59625-900, Brazil Sugarcane Silage ORCID Hellenn Cardoso Oliveira https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8371-3537 Rasmo Garcia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4200-5059 Vitor Visintin Silva de Almeida INTRODUCTION https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9278-6829 Aline Cardoso Oliveira https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3737-7202 Rearing sheep in feedlots has aroused interest in intensifying the production system, as it Aureliano José Vieira Pires reduces the loss of young animals due to nutritional deficiencies and parasitic infections, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4015-3445 Ueslei Leonardo Cardoso Oliveira maintains the regularity of supply of meat and hides throughout the year, and provides a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4150-1202 faster return of the invested capital by reducing the age at slaughter [1]. However, the major Andreia Santos Cezario https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9909-2763 disadvantage of a feedlot is the high production cost, especially regarding concentrate Dorgival Morais de Lima Junior https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1154-8579 feed, which makes up one of the highest expenses in intensive systems. This situation leads to a search for low-cost alternative feeds with good nutritional value, such as plant Submitted Aug 24, 2020; Revised Oct 8, 2020; Accepted Dec 11, 2020 by-products, which represent a possible way of minimising expenditures on feed [2]. Currently, with the increasing valuation of renewable energy sources, such as biodiesel for example, the use of agroindustrial by-products such as castor bean has generated a large production of waste in the form of meal [3]; among others, which can be used in ruminant nutrition [4]. In this regard, castor meal (CM), which contains 904±21 g/kg dry matter (DM), 357±81 g/kg crude protein (CP), 21.9±16.3 g/kg ether extract (EE), 427±87 g/kg neutral detergent fibre (NDF), 84.5±54.0 g/kg non-fibrous carbohydrates and 281±31 g/kg lignin [5-7] has emerged as an option for the substitution of soybean meal as a pro- Copyright © 2021 by Animal Bioscience This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, www.animbiosci.org and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 Oliveira et al (2021) Anim Biosci 00:1-9 tein supplement in animal feed. Nevertheless, despite the the proportion of 5 g/kg on a fresh-matter basis. potential of use of CM as a feed for animals, its use is restricted The CM used was acquired from an agro-industry in the due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors: ricin, ricinine metropolitan region of Salvador/BA, Brazil. This product and CB-1 A allergen complex [8]. These factors may be in- was previously detoxified—the anti-nutritional factor: ricin— activated by the detoxification processes, rendering the CM by the use of a micro-pulverised lime solution, with every a potential substitute for traditional protein feeds [9,10]. kilogram diluted in 10 L water, and applied at the rate of 60 Some studies of CM replacing soybean meal have shown g/cal kg of CM on a fresh-matter basis, as recommended by no effect on nutrient intake and weight gain in lambs [11,12], Oliveira et al [9]. After mixing the meal with the limestone while others have shown that adding CM reduces feed intake, solution, the material was left to rest for 12 h (overnight), CP digestibility and the performance of lambs and kids [5,6]. and subsequently dried in a cemented area covered with Therefore, it is not established what the effects are of increas- canvas. The drying time varied according to the climatic ing levels of CM on lamb performance and meat quality, conditions, but was approximately 48 to 72 h. especially in animals finished in a tropical environment. The animals were fed a diet containing 60% sugarcane The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of silage and 40% concentrate on a DM basis. Diets were for- the substitution of soybean meal by detoxified CM on the mulated to be isonitrogenous and to provide a weight gain productive performance and meat quality of male Santa Inês of 250 g/d, according to the NRC [13] (Table 1). The chemical lambs. composition of silage, CM and diets are shown in Table 2 and 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS The animals were fed TMRad libitum—at 08:00 am and at 04:00 pm—that was adjusted daily according to the intake All animal management and experimental procedures for of the previous days, allowing for 10% as orts. The amounts this study were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of feed supplied to and left over by each animal were weighed of Federal University of Viçosa and conducted under the daily, sampled, and then conditioned in labelled plastic bags rules and regulations of experimental field management and stored in a freezer. protocols (licence 044/2015) in accordance with the Law No. 11,794, of October 2008, establishes procedures for the sci- Intake, digestibility and performance entific use of animals in Brazil. The indigestible neutral detergent fibre (iNDF) marker was used to estimate the voluntary roughage intake, obtained af- Management of animals and diets ter ruminal incubation of 0.5 g of samples of feed, orts and The experiment was carried out in southwest Bahia, BA, faeces inside non-woven fabric bags (5×5 cm; paper density Brazil. The city has an average temperature of 20.5°C±2.8°C 100 [100 g/m2]) for 240 h [14]. The remaining material after and rainfall of 80 cm/yr. Twenty-four intact male Santa Inês incubation was subjected to extraction with neutral deter- sheep of 18.5±2.71 kg initial body weight (BW) and 4 months gent to determine the iNDF. of age were used. Before the start of the experiment the sheep The dry matter intake (DMI) from the roughage was cal- were dewormed and received supplementation with injectable culated as follows: DMI (kg/d) = ([FE×CMF]/CMR). Where: vitamins A, D, and E subcutaneously, and kept in individual stalls provided with feed and water troughs measuring 1.5 m2 in an open area. Table 1. Composition of the experimental diets, on a dry matter basis The animals were distributed in a completely randomised Castor meal level (% DM) Ingredient (g/kg) design with four treatments and six replicates. Four levels of 0 33 67 100 substitution (0%, 33%, 67%, and 100%) of soybean meal by Sugarcane silage 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 detoxified CM were adopted. The animals were subjected to Corn 169.9 173.6 167.7 163.2 a period of 99 days in the feedlot, with 15 of these days being Soybean meal 214.3 136.0 69.2 0.00 used for adaptation and 84 days for the actual experimental Castor seed meal 0.00 70.5 141.2 209.1 Urea 6.2 10.3 12.8 18.1 period (three 28-day periods). 1) Mineral mix 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.7 For the silage production, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum Monoammonium phosphate 3.7 3.8 3.4 3.8 L.) was chopped manually and the Brix degree was deter- DM, dry matter.