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Kade Sidiyasa & Pieter Baas IAWA Journal, Vol. 19 (2),1998: 207-229 ECOLOGICAL AND SYSTEMATIC WOOD ANATOMY OF ALSTONIA (APOCYNACEAE) by Kade Sidiyasa & Pieter Baas Rijksherbariuml Hortus Botanicus, P. O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands SUMMARY The wood anatomy is described of three sections of the genus Alstonia: sections Alstonia, Monuraspermum, and Dissuraspermum. The wood anatomical characters support the infrageneric classification on the ba­ sis of macropmorphological and pollen morphological features (Sidiyasa 1998). Vessel frequency, mean tangential vessel diameter, LID ratio, ray frequency, presence or absence of laticifers, parenchyma distribu­ tion, fibre wall thickness, and fibre wall pitting are all, in various de­ grees, diagnostic to separate the light Alstonia timber group (= section Alstonia) from the heavy Alstonia group (including the other two sec­ tions studied). Sections Monuraspermum and Dissuraspermum can be separated on vessel frequency and mean tangential vessel diameter. Among the light Alstonia group, the swamp inhabiting species have lower multi seriate rays than the non-swamp species which presumably root in well-aerated soils. Vessel elements and fibres also tend to be shorter in material from swamps, but this difference is not statistically significant. This tendency is perhaps associated with the physiological drought induced by water-logged soils. Key words: Vessel dimensions, laticifers, ray height, swamp species, light and heavy Alstonia groups, Pulai. INTRODUCTION Alstonia is the largest and most widespread genus of trees and shrubs in the subtribe Alstoniinae of the tribe Plumerieae of the Apocynaceae. Many of its species provide important timbers of commerce, and several species are used in traditional local medi­ cine. The genus occurs in Central America, tropical Africa, and from the Himalayas and China to New South Wales in Australia, and has its centre of diversity in the Malesian region. The genus has recently been taxonomically revised (Sidiyasa 1998), and the present wood anatomical study was carried out as part of the morphological and anatomical analyses of variation within the genus. Five sections are currently recognised in Alstonia: sections Alstonia, Blaberopus, Dissuraspermum, Monurasper­ mum, and Tonduzia. Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 07:58:19AM via free access tv Table 1. Variation of selected wood anatomical characters of Alstonia. o 00 GR SOL RAD CL VF VD VL LID IP FL FT FPr PD PR RF RH USR LT PC NCC Section Alstonia A. actinophylla Versteegh BW 66 10 70 20 8 106 695 6.5 4-5 1350 vt + ± + 7 435 + A. angustiloba BZFw 8018 + 8 67 25 4 107 1010 5.6 4-7 1570 vt + ± + 7 525 1 + PR 17 KEPw 63545 + 4 64 32 5 154 840 6.9 5-7 1540 vt + ± + 6 450 1-2 + A. boonei INEAC 664,DF 4 80 16 5 162 1080 5.8 4-7 1740 vt + ± + 7 630 1-2 + MAD-SJRw 47430 ± 9 82 9 4 144 830 4.7 4-8 1400 vt + ± + 8 740 1-5 + A. congensis MADw 27091 21 65 14 4 116 785 5.7 4-7 1240 vt + ± + 7 800 1-2 + PR 3 FROw 818 ± 8 52 40 5 149 1235 ? 4-6 ? vt + ± + 8 650 1-4 + A. iwahigensis Ridsdale 1868 + 13 55 32 8 127 860 5.0 4-8 1550 vt + ± + 6 480 1-3 + P Sidiyasa 1116 ± 11 45 43 6 91 960 7.5 4-10 1630 vt + ± + 6 450 1-3 + P AA970 + II 45 44 6 121 810 4.6 4-8 1410 vt + ± + 8 610 1 + P BZFw 13585 + 16 67 17 4 146 880 4.1 4-10 1670 vt + ± + 6 450 1-2 + P A. pneumatophora Sidiyasa 1169 ± 23 62 15 6 146 625 3.0 4-6 1380 vt + ± + 8 525 + PR 20 (BZFw) E418 20 54 26 3 158 910 6.6 4-6 1420 vt + ± + 7 440 + PR 19 Sidiyasa 1383 ± 16 58 27 6 152 850 5.6 4-6 1340 vt + ± + 5 788 + P Sidiyasa 1381 ± 17 49 33 5 120 710 4.7 4-5 1210 vt + ± + 6 455 + Downloaded fromBrill.com10/06/2021 07:58:19AM A. rostrata CAFw 12013 16 40 44 10 78 685 8.6 4-5 1430 vt + ± + 9 570 1-5 + Gamble B-6750 ± 12 63 25 15 76 770 10.7 4-6 1350 vt + ± + 8 565 1-7 + PR A. scholaris van Balgooy 4809 10 50 40 4 154 930 6.1 4-6 1560 vt + ± + 6 740 1-2 + PR 12 BZFw 25003 ± 9 53 38 3 151 810 4.1 4-7 1420 vt + ± + 5 750 1-4 + PR 4 Sidiyasa 1402 ± 23 50 28 6 128 790 5.3 4-8 1410 vt + ± + 7 580 1-5 + P 15 MADw 45148 14 78 8 3 172 840 3.5 4-6 1490 vt + ± + 6 830 1-6 + P AA961 10 47 43 6 117 500 3.5 4-7 1110 vt + ± + 7 400 1-3 + PR 10 A. spatulata BZFw 22312 ± 16 66 19 6 III 740 4.4 4-6 1170 vt + ± + 6 395 + via freeaccess BZFw 13110 ± 26 67 7 7 101 720 5.4 4-6 1330 vt + ± + 7 520 + (Table 1 continued) ~ §; '< GR SOL RAD CL VF VD VL LID IP FL FT FPr PD PR RF RH USR LT PC NCC Pl rJ> Pl Section Dissuraspermum Ro A. costata tli Pl Pl MAOw20623 ± 30 67 3 100 46 620 9.8 3-4 1505 m-t ± + 11 435 1-2 PR 24 rJ> 3-4 425 1-2 PR MAOw 29265 62 30 8 72 59 770 8.9 1500 m ± + 11 19 I MAO-SJRw 24854 47 48 5 121 41 720 14.9 3-4 1360 m-t ± + 12 415 1-5 16 MAO-SJRw 25481 44 49 7 110 49 870 14.8 3-4 1490 m-t ± + 10 520 1-8 12 0~ MAO-SJR w 26118 55 39 7 147 42 720 13.7 3-4 1300 m-t ± + 13 535 1-10 + PR 13 0- MAO-SJRw 28040 ± 34 56 10 131 43 710 10.3 2.5-4 1430 m-t ± + 12 435 1-4 PR 9 Pl :::s MAO-SJRw 28275 57 37 6 131 43 725 12.9 3-4 1270 m-t ± + 11 400 1-4 PR 8 S MAO-SJRw 28329 51 41 8 106 50 810 13.4 3-4 1500 m ± + 12 400 1-3 PR 4 a MAO-SJRw 28377 ± 38 57 5 149 49 905 14.6 2.5-4 1530 m-t ± + 13 660 1-12 PR 12 '< 0 Section Monuraspermum ...., A. angustifolia rJ>:::: BZFw 6013 50 46 4 29 83 1000 9.8 4-5 1470 tm ± + 9 315 1-11 P 16 8" 8. BZFw 11044 37 58 5 30 91 890 9.7 3-5 1620 tm ± + 11 320 1-11 P 8 Pl BZFw 3365 32 56 12 34 72 940 10.7 3-5 1590 m-t ± + 8 310 1-8 P 10 A. macrophylla Ridsdale 1425A ± 39 57 5 49 88 760 10.6 3-5 1370 tm ± + 10 300 1-10 PR 13 Ridsdale 1159 18 74 8 31 88 960 14.2 3-5 1480 tm ± + 8 330 1-10 P 5 Jacobs 8668 57 41 2 61 51 790 11.6 4-5 1400 tm ± + 14 505 1-12 NGF 15481 28 71 I 53 88 930 8.8 3-5 1590 tm ± + 9 445 1-6 PR 13 Hoogland 8901 34 56 10 53 83 1320 12.5 4-5 1830 tm ± + 7 455 1-8 P 8 Downloaded fromBrill.com10/06/2021 07:58:19AM A. spectabilis Sidiyasa 110 1 ± 45 49 6 45 59 820 10.8 3-4 1480 tm ± + 9 320 1-12 PR 13 BZFw 3331 + 44 44 12 31 77 960 10.5 3-5 1580 m-t ± + 12 390 1-15 P 13 BZFw 22100 13 76 11 37 88 1100 13 .5 3-5 1750 m-t ± + 8 345 1-8 PR 20 GR: growth rings present and distinct (+), indistinct (±), absent (-). - SOL: Percentage of solitary vessels. - RAD: Percentage of radial vessel multiples. - CL: Percentage of clustered vessels. - VF: Vessel frequency (per sq. mm). - VD: Average tangential vessel diameter (11m). - VL: Average vessel element length (11m). - LID: Ratio vessel length I vessel diameter. - IP: Intervessel pit diameter (11m). - FL: Average fibre length (11m). - FT: Fibre wall thickness (11m) (m: medium, tm: thin to medium, vt: very thin, m-t: medium to thick). - FPr: Fibre pits in radial walls common (+), very few (±). - PD: Axial parenchyma diffuse and diffuse-in-aggregates predominant (+), few (±). - PR: Axial parenchyma reticulate predominant (+), absent (-). - RF: Ray frequency (per mm). - RH: Height of multiseriate rays (11m). - USR: Number of square orland upright (marginal) cells in multi seriate rays. - LT: Latex tubes present (+), absent (-). - PC: Prismatic via freeaccess crystals present in axial parenchyma cells (P), in the ray cells (R), or absent (-). - NCC: Number of chambers per chain of prismatic crystals. N 0\0 210 IAWA Journal, Vol. 19 (2),1998 Wood anatomical data on Alstonia in the literature are mostly confined to a few economically important timber species, and usually scattered in limited papers and some books or atlases on wood anatomy for restricted geographical regions. The most important references are: Metcalfe & Chalk (1950), Gill et al. (1985), Martawijaya et al. (1986), Ilic (1987 and 1991), Soerianegara & Lemmens (1993). No wood ana­ tomical descriptions are available for the numerous non-commercial species from mainland Asia and the Pacific Islands. These earlier studies have demonstrated that among the timber producing genera of Alstonia there are two distinct groups: lightweight woods traded as 'Pulai' with thin-walled fibres (including A.
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