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A New Rock Glacier Inventory of the Eastern European Alps

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A New Rock Glacier Inventory of the Eastern European Alps ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences Jahr/Year: 2012 Band/Volume: 105_2 Autor(en)/Author(s): Kellerer-Pirklbauer Andreas, Lieb Gerhard Karl, Kleinferchner Harald Artikel/Article: A new rock glacier inventory of the eastern European Alps 78-93 © Österreichische Geologische Gesellschaft/Austria; download unter www.geol-ges.at/ und www.biologiezentrum.at Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences Volume 105/2 Vienna 2012 A new rock glacier inventory of the eastern European Alps Andreas KELLERER-PIRKLBAUER1)2)*), Gerhard Karl LIEB3) & Harald KLEINFERCHNER3) KEYWORDS 1) Institute for Earth Sciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 26, 8010 Graz, Austria; 2) Institute of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 30, polygon-based rock glacier inventory Central and Eastern Austria 2) 8010 Graz, Austria; Late Pleistocene 3) Institute of Geography and Regional Science, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 36, 8010 Graz, Austria; permafrost Holocene *) Corresponding author, [email protected] Abstract Rock glaciers are striking features in high mountain environments indicating permafrost conditions during the period of formation and activity. Within the framework of the Alpine-Space-Project PermaNET, a new polygon-based inventory of rock glaciers has been elaborated comprising the alpine areas of central and eastern Austria as part of an inventory covering the entire European Alps. The establishment of the new inventory was primarily based on an existing point-based inventory which was re-evaluated and am- plified using currently available orthophotos, different digital elevation models and derivatives thereof. Further topographic informa- tion such as for instance elevation of lower and upper limits, maximum length and width, area and activity degree were gathered in an attribute table. All different parameters were analysed regarding the entire investigation area, differences between the relevant federal provinces of Austria and between the single mountain regions. These regions were distinguished by differences of mainly climate, topography and present glacier extent. As a result, data on altogether 1647 rock glacier polygons or units were gathered in the inventory comprising 1430 monomorphic rock glaciers (rock glacier with one unit/generation) and 98 polymorphic rock glaciers (with two to five distinct units). 1300 rock glacier units have been classified as relict (no permafrost anymore) covering 97.7 km2 in total, whereas 347 units with a total area of 21.3 km2 as intact (containing permafrost) ones. The mean lower limit of relict rock gla- cier units with a mean size of 0.075 km2 is situated at 2102 m a.s.l.. For the intact ones the respective values are 0.061 km2 and 2515 m a.s.l.. Interpreting the results leads to the conclusion that the dominance of relict rock glaciers is due to fact that the summit elevations decrease towards the east thus restricting current permafrost occurrence to limited areas. Furthermore, “normal glaciers” still occupy rock glacier favourable sites particularly in central Austria. Intact rock glaciers usually developed over millennia primarily during the Holocene. In contrast, relict rock glaciers began to form during and after the Lateglacial deglaciation of cirques which generally occurred earlier in the east compared to the west of the investigated area. However, slope orientation was relevant for the deglaciation pattern causing formation of older rock glaciers on „warm“ slopes whereas on “cold” slopes rock glaciers are possibly of younger age. Although a comprehensive overview on rock glacier distribution can be given by our study, drawbacks of this study are the varying quality of information sources, the absence of data on surface motion (except for single rock glaciers) and missing absolute dating of rock glacier surfaces._________________________________________________________________________ Blockgletscher sind herausragende Elemente der Hochgebirgslandschaft und zeigen Permafrostbedingungen während ihrer Bil- dungs- und Aktivitätszeit an. Im Rahmen des Alpine-Space-Projektes PermaNET wurde ein neues polygon-basiertes Inventar der Blockgletscher für die österreichischen Alpen östlich von Nordtirol als Beitrag zu einem gesamtalpinen Inventar erarbeitet. Die Me- thodik umfasste die Reevaluierung und Erweiterung eines schon bestehenden punkt-basierten Inventars mit aktuell erhältlichen Orthophotos, neueren digitalen Geländemodellen sowie numerischen Ableitungen daraus. Daneben wurde eine Reihe von topogra- phischen Informationen in einer Attributtabelle gesammelt wie beispielsweise Höhe der Unter- und Obergrenze, maximale Länge und Breite, Fläche sowie Aktivitätsgrad. Die verschiedenen Parameter wurden für das gesamte Untersuchungsgebiet sowie bezüg- lich der Unterschiede zwischen den betreffenden österreichischen Bundesländern und zwischen einzelnen Gebirgsgruppen getrennt analysiert. Dabei unterscheiden sich die einzelnen Gebirgsgruppen voneinander vor allem durch Klima, Topographie und rezente Vergletscherung. Als Ergebnis konnten Daten von 1647 Blockgletscherpolygonen in das Inventar eingebracht werden. Diese bilden 1430 einfach aufgebaute monomorphe Blockgletscher sowie 98 komplexe, aus zwei oder mehreren Polygonen bestehende poly- morphe Blockgletscher. 1300 der Blockgletscherpolygone mit einer Gesamtfläche von 97,7 km2 wurden als reliktisch (Permafrost bereits abgetaut), 347 mit einer Gesamtfläche von 21,3 km2 als intakt (gegenwärtig noch Permafrostbedingungen) klassifiziert. Die mittlere Untergrenze der reliktischen Blockgletscher, welche durchschnittlich eine Fläche von 0,075 km2 bedecken, liegt in 2102 m ü.A., für die intakten Blockgletscher lauten diese Werte 0,061 km2 und 2515 m ü.A.. Die Interpretation der Ergebnisse führt zum Schluss, dass die Dominanz der reliktischen Blockgletscher mit den nach Osten abnehmenden Gipfelhöhen erklärt werden kann, welche rezenten Permafrost nur auf kleinen Flächen ermöglichen. Intakte Blockgletscher entwickelten sich gewöhnlich über Jahr- tausende während des Holozäns, reliktische schon in früheren Phasen seit dem Eisfreiwerden der Kare im Spätglazial, was im Osten generell früher als im Westen geschah. Dieses regionale Muster wird aber durch lokale Gegebenheiten wesentlich verändert, wobei warme, eher in südlicher Richtung ausgerichtete Hangbereiche früher eine Blockgletschergenese zuließen als kalte nordex- © Österreichische Geologische Gesellschaft/Austria; download unter www.geol-ges.at/ und www.biologiezentrum.at Andreas KELLERER-PIRKLBAUER, Gerhard Karl LIEB & Harald KLEINFERCHNER ponierte Bereiche. Obwohl die Arbeit einen guten Überblick über die Blockgletscher-Verbreitung gibt, bleiben als Nachteile die unterschiedliche Qualität der Quellenlage sowie das Fehlen von Daten zur Kriechbewegung (mit Ausnahme einzelner Blockglet- scher) und von absoluten Datierungen der Blockgletscher-Oberflächen bestehen.________________________________________ 1. Introduction Active rock glaciers are lobate or tongue-shaped large-scale was started as early as 1988 by G. K. Lieb, first comprising creep features in permafrost environments consisting of pe- the Austrian part of the Hohe Tauern Range (first publication rennially frozen debris material (talus and/or till) often super- in Lieb 1991) and subsequently expanded over the entire area saturated with interstitial ice and ice lenses. This material shown in Fig. 1. Finally, this point-based inventory comprised moves slowly downslope by creep thereby forming often ben- a total of 1451 rock glaciers and was comprehensively pub- ded transversal ridges and furrows on its lower part and paral- lished by Lieb (1996). Further statistical analysis was carried lel ridges on its upper part. The movement is a consequence out by Lieb (1998a). The inventory was also presented on the of the deformation of the ice contained in them. Therefore, CAPS Version 1.0 CD-ROM in June 1998 (Lieb 1998b) edited active rock glaciers are features of cohesive flow that are in by the International Permafrost Association (IPA). Generally, motion over long periods, i.e. >102 to >103 a (Barsch, 1996). the inventory was elaborated by visual interpretation of aerial Spatial extent, internal structure, shape and surface geomor- photographs at different spatial scales and ages. Further sour- phology of rock glaciers are the cumulative result of their en- ces were analogue drawings of rock glaciers in topographical tire evolution period. When creeping stops active rock glaciers maps at scales 1:25,000 or 1:50,000 and interpolating the re- turn into inactive ones, which is either due to climate warming levant topographic metadata from these maps.____________ (climatic inactive) or due to topographical and/or reduced Within the Alpine Space project “PermaNET – Permafrost debris-supply reasons (dynamic inactive). Both active and long-term monitoring network” it was aimed to create an al- inactive rock glaciers contain permafrost and are therefore pine wide polygon-based rock glacier inventory which was considered as intact rock glaciers. Relict rock glaciers are widely successfully achieved (Cremonese et al., 2011). Within permafrost free at present and are characterised by collapse this PermaNET research activity, the authors of the present structures at their surface. A fourth type is a pseudo-relict paper elaborated a new polygon-based inventory for Central
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