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Effective Firefighting Operations in Road Tunnels
Effective Firefighting Operations in Road Tunnels Hak Kuen Kim, Anders Lönnermark and Haukur Ingason SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden Fire Technology SP Report 2010:10 Effective Firefighting Operations in Road Tunnels Hak Kuen Kim, Anders Lönnermark and Haukur Ingason The photo on the front page was provided by Anders Bergqvist at the Greater Stockholm Fire Brigade. 2 3 Abstract The main purpose of this study is to develop operational procedures for fire brigades in road tunnels. Although much progress has been achieved in various fields of fire safety in tunnels, very little attention has been paid specifically to fire fighting in tunnels. This study is focused on obtaining more information concerning how effectively the fire brigade can fight road tunnel fires and what limitations and threats fire brigades may be faced with. This knowledge can help parties involved in tunnel safety to understand safety issues and enhance the level of fire safety in road tunnels. The report is divided into three main parts. The first part consists of a review of relevant studies and experiments concerning various key parameters for fire safety and emergency procedures. The history of road tunnel fires is then summarised and analyzed. Among all road tunnel fires, three catastrophic tunnel fires are highlighted, focusing on the activities of fire brigades and the operation of technical fire safety facilities. In the second part specific firefighting operations are developed. This has been based on previous experience and new findings from experiments performed in the study. In the last part, information is given on how the proposed firefighting operations can be applied to the management of fire safety for road tunnels. -
A Hydrographic Approach to the Alps
• • 330 A HYDROGRAPHIC APPROACH TO THE ALPS A HYDROGRAPHIC APPROACH TO THE ALPS • • • PART III BY E. CODDINGTON SUB-SYSTEMS OF (ADRIATIC .W. NORTH SEA] BASIC SYSTEM ' • HIS is the only Basic System whose watershed does not penetrate beyond the Alps, so it is immaterial whether it be traced·from W. to E. as [Adriatic .w. North Sea], or from E. toW. as [North Sea . w. Adriatic]. The Basic Watershed, which also answers to the title [Po ~ w. Rhine], is short arid for purposes of practical convenience scarcely requires subdivision, but the distinction between the Aar basin (actually Reuss, and Limmat) and that of the Rhine itself, is of too great significance to be overlooked, to say nothing of the magnitude and importance of the Major Branch System involved. This gives two Basic Sections of very unequal dimensions, but the ., Alps being of natural origin cannot be expected to fall into more or less equal com partments. Two rather less unbalanced sections could be obtained by differentiating Ticino.- and Adda-drainage on the Po-side, but this would exhibit both hydrographic and Alpine inferiority. (1) BASIC SECTION SYSTEM (Po .W. AAR]. This System happens to be synonymous with (Po .w. Reuss] and with [Ticino .w. Reuss]. · The Watershed From .Wyttenwasserstock (E) the Basic Watershed runs generally E.N.E. to the Hiihnerstock, Passo Cavanna, Pizzo Luceridro, St. Gotthard Pass, and Pizzo Centrale; thence S.E. to the Giubing and Unteralp Pass, and finally E.N.E., to end in the otherwise not very notable Piz Alv .1 Offshoot in the Po ( Ticino) basin A spur runs W.S.W. -
Ankogel- Hochalm-Gruppe/Hohe Tauern, Austria) / New Insights on the Variscan Basement in the Eastern Tauern Window____
Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences Volume 103/2 Vienna 2010 Schists and Amphibolites of the Kleinelendtal (Ankogel- Hochalm-Gruppe/Hohe Tauern, Austria) / New Insights on the Variscan Basement in the eastern Tauern Window____ Linda LERCHBAUMER1)*), Urs KLOETZLI2) & Gerhard PESTAL3) KEYWORDS 1) Bavarian Research Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany; Variscan basement 2) Department of Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria; pre-Mesozoic units 3) Geological Survey of Austria, Neulinggasse 38, A-1030 Wien, Austria; U-Pb-zircon-dating Tauern Window *) Corresponding author, [email protected] Eastern Alps Abstract In the Kleinelendtal/Ankogel-Hochalm-Group (eastern Tauern Window) pre-Mesozoic units are well preserved. These units com- prise Variscan orthogneisses (the Zentralgneise) and their host rocks, the “Pre-Zentralgneis-Complexes” (formerly “Altes Dach”).__ The “Pre-Zentralgneis-Complexes” comprise the “Zwischenelendschiefer” (biotite-schists, garnet-micaschists and sericite-schists) and amphibolites. Their contacts with the Zentralgneise are mostly concealed by debris- and rock flows or overprinted by shear zones and faults. Preserved primary contacts are rare. Characteristic of the biotite-schists are biotite-blasts of golden colour due to weathering. Besides this biotite, quartz, plagioclase, potassium feldspar, white mica, and chlorite also calcite, garnet, magnetite/ ilmenite, titanite, and zircon are present._________________________________________________________________________ -
The Geology of Western Zanskar by GERHARD FUCHS*)
Jahrb. Geol. B.-A. ISSN 0016-7800 Band 125, Heft 1-2 S. 1-50 Wien, Dezember 1982 The geology of Western Zanskar By GERHARD FUCHS*) With 18 Figures and 6 Tables (= Beilagen 1-6) (Fig. 2, 4-10, 13-18 on Tables 3-5) v NW-Himalaya X Ladakh -I W-Zanskar 3 Stratigraphy 3 Tectonics 03 Evolution CONTENTS Abstract 2 Zusammenfassung 2 1. Introduction 3 2. Stratigraphy 5 2.1. Stratigraphy of the Tibetan Zone 5 2.1.1. Crystalline 5 2.1.2. Panjal Trap 6 2.1.3. Permo-Triassic 6 2.1.4. Triassic 7 2.1.5. Quartzite Series and Kioto Limestone 7 2.1.6. Upper Dogger 7 2.1.7. Spiti Shales 8 2.1.8. Giumal Sandstone 8 2.1.9. Chikkim Limestone 8 2.1.10. Kangi La Flysch 9 2.1.11. Spanboth Limestone 10 2.1.12. Chulung La Slates 12 2.2. Stratigraphy of the Northern Zanskar Unit (N.Z.U.) 13 2.2.1. Triassic-Jurassic Carbonates 13 2.2.2. Jurassic-lower Upper Cretaceous 14 2.2.3. Shillakong Formation 15 2.2.4. Lamayuru Formation (Maestrichtian portion) 16 2.2.5. Lingshet Limestone 17 2.2.6. Kong Slates 19 *) Address of the author: Dr. GERHARD FUCHS, Geologische Bundesanstalt. A-1031 Wien. P.O.B.154. 1 2.3. The Lamayuru Unit 20 2.4. The Dras Unit 22 2.5. The Rusi La Zone 24 2.6. The Peridotites and Ophiolitic Melanges 25 2.7. The Indus Molasse 26 3. Tectonics 27 3.1. -
Das Lassacher Kees in Den Hohen Tauern
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Carinthia II Jahr/Year: 2013 Band/Volume: 203_123 Autor(en)/Author(s): Hohenwarter Gerhard sen., Hohenwarter Gerhard jun. Artikel/Article: Das Lassacher Kees in den Hohen Tauern. 45-54 ©Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein für Kärnten, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Carinthia II ■ 203./123. Jahrgang ■ Seiten 45–54 ■ Klagenfurt 2013 45 Das Lassacher Kees in den Hohen Tauern Von Gerhard HOHENWARTER sen. & Gerhard HOHENWARTER jun. Zusammenfassung Schlüsselwörter In Kärnten gibt es rund 70 Gletscher (LANG & LIEB 1993), wobei die Gebiete rund Lassacher Kees, um den Großglockner und um die Hochalmspitze zu den am stärksten vergletscherten Gletscher, Hohe Regionen zählen. Der Ankogel ist mit 3.252 m nicht einer der höchsten Gipfel der Ost- Tauern, Ankogel, alpen, er wird jedoch an allen Flanken von Gletschern umgeben; an den Südhängen Klimawandel, des Berges befi ndet sich das Lassacher Kees. Umfasste dieser Gletscher um 1850 Gletscherschwund noch eine Fläche von rund 39 ha und war er damals zusammen mit dem Radeck-, Schwarzkopf-, Kleinelend- und Plessnitzkees noch Teil eines den Ankogel umschlie- Keywords ßenden Eispanzers, so hat sich seine Eisfl äche bis zum Jahr 2012 auf etwa 6,6 ha redu- Lassacher Kees, ziert. Die topografi schen Voraussetzungen ermöglichen es aber, dass das Lassacher glaciers, Hohe Kees trotz seiner südlichen Exposition sowie der globalen Erwärmung heute noch Tauern, Ankogel, immer existiert. Sowohl die Bergsteiger, welche den Gletscher im Aufstieg auf den global warming, Ankogel überschreiten, als auch die Fachliteratur nehmen das Lassacher Kees jedoch deglaciation kaum wahr, und es ist nur wenigen Personen bekannt, dass dieser kleine Gletscher die Wiege des Gletscherschilaufs in Kärnten war. -
Alpine Huts & Mountain Roads
ALPINE HUTS & MOUNTAIN ROADS GROSSGLOCKNER ZILLERTALER ALPINE ROAD The best impression of this imposing mountain, The Zillertaler mountain road with a total length of 48 km which dominates the largest glacier area of the is one of the most beautiful alpine roads in Austria with a Eastern Alps with its striking silhouette (3,797 m), height of 2,020 m. The bus ride gives impressions of the obtained by driving over the Grossglockner High fantastic panorama of the Zillertal Alps, brings visitors to Alpine Road. the only Alpine garden in the Zillertal, opens up beautiful The route leads from Zell am See to the viewpoint natural landscapes, leads to managed alpine huts & invites you to rest. GRAMAI ALM Certainly one of the most beautiful alpine huts in GERLOS ALPENSTRASSE & KRIMMLER Tyrol. It is located at 1,263 m above sea level at the Karwendel Nature Park (about 7 km from Pertisau WASSERFÄLLE am Achensee). It is easily accessible by bus and The Gerlos Alpine Road is open all year and offers a offers a large car park. A special sight: the fantastic ride over the Gerlos Pass, the connecting route "Kashütt'n" from the 16th century! between Tyrol and Salzburg. EnJoy the beautiful landscape of the raised bogs (nature reserve) on the pass, marvel at the interesting display boards on the Hangbrücke and the magnificent view to the Krimml waterfalls and the CHLEGEIS LPINE OAD Krimmler Achental. South of the Gerlos Pass, the S A R Krimmler Ache falls in three stages a total of 380 m in Only a few kilometers south of Mayrhofen begins the depth. -
The Dösen Rock Glacier in Central Austria: a Key Site for Multidisciplinary Long-Term Rock Glacier Monitoring in the Eastern Alps______
Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences Vienna 2017 Volume 110/2 xxx - xxx DOI: 10.17738/ajes.2017.0013 The Dösen Rock Glacier in Central Austria: A key site for multidisciplinary long-term rock glacier monitoring in the Eastern Alps_________________ Andreas KELLERER-PIRKLBAUER1)*), Gerhard Karl LIEB1), & Viktor KAUFMANN2) 1) Department of Geography and Regional Science, Working Group Alpine Landscape Dynamics (ALADYN), University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 36, 8010 Graz, Austria; 2) Institute of Geodesy, Working Group Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 30, 8010 Graz, Austria; *) Corresponding author, [email protected] KEYWORDS rock glacier; monitoring; flow velocity; geophysics; ground temperature; Dösen Valley Abstract Rock glaciers are distinct landforms in high mountain environments indicating present or past permafrost conditions. Active rock glaciers contain permafrost and creep slowly downslope often forming typical flow structures with ridges and furrows related to compressional forces. Rock glaciers are widespread landforms in the Austrian Alps (c. 4600). Despite the high number of rock gla- ciers in Austria, only few of them have been studied in detail in the past. One of the best studied ones is the 950 m long Dösen Rock Glacier located in the Hohe Tauern Range. This rock glacier has been investigated since 1993 using a whole suite of field- based and remote sensing-based methods. Research focused on permafrost conditions and distribution, surface kinematics, inter- nal structure and possible age of the landform. Results indicate significant ground surface warming of the rock glacier body du- ring the period 2007-2015 accompanied by a general acceleration of the rock glacier surface flow velocity (max. -
Č.1 12. Mezinárodní Konference PODZEMNÍ STAVBY PRAHA 2013
obalka 1_13vazba B:Obalka A3 20.3.2013 21:18 Stránka 1 č. 1 2013 Volume 22, No. 4/2013 Volume ČASOPIS ČESKÉ TUNELÁŘSKÉ ASOCIACE A SLOVENSKEJ TUNELÁRSKEJ ASOCIÁCIE ITA-AITES MAGAZINE OF THE CZECH TUNNELLING ASSOCIATION AND SLOVAK TUNNELLING ASSOCIATION ITA-AITES 12.12. mezinárodnímezinárodní konferencekonference 22. ročník, č. 1/2013 PODZEMNÍPODZEMNÍ STSTAVBYAVBY PRAHAPRAHA 20132013 1212THTH InternationalInternational ConferenceConference UNDERGROUNDUNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTIONSCONSTRUCTIONS PRAGUEPRAGUE 20132013 EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL22. ročník - č.EDITORIAL 1/2013 EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIA EDITORIALL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIALVážení EDITORIAL čtenáři časopisu EDITORIAL Tunel, EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL EDITORIAL v době, kdy se vám dostává do ruky toto číslo časopisu, prožívá naše odborná tunelářská veřejnost velký svátek. Koná se již EDITORIAL12. mezinárodní EDITORIAL konference Podzemní EDITORIAL stavby Praha. EDITORIALTaková událost je vždy EDITOIAL podnětem k ohlédnutí EDITORIAL se nazpět i k zamyšlení EDITORIAL -
Alpine Summer with the FRIENDLY ASSISTANCE of ASSISTANCE the FRIENDLY WITH
Salzburg‘s Lungau region Information General at a glance Alpine Summer Fabulous Hikes to Alpine Tarns Tarns Hikes to Alpine Fabulous Tours from Lake to Mountain from Tours Flavor of the High Country Flavor Hut and mountain lake hiking in Salzburg‘s Lungau region Ferienregion Salzburger Lungau Parks & Nature Trails Theme Rotkreuzgasse 100 A-5582 St. Michael T +43 (0)6477 8988 F +43 (0)6477 8988-20 [email protected] www.lungau.at WITH THE FRIENDLY ASSISTANCE OF 101 Table of Contents Alpine tarns and huts in Salzburg‘s Lungau region General Information Page 3 Fabulous Hikes to Alpine Tarns Page 4 Tours from Lake to Mountain Lake Page 28 Flavor of the High Country Page 45 General Information General Theme Trails & Nature Parks Page 95 In conclusion, the Salzburg’s Lungau Holiday Region wishes to thank: • Dr. Gertraud Steiner for authoring the editorial texts, • Mr. Peter Bayr for his descriptions of the alpine hut and lake routes, as well as for compiling cartographical materials, • Mr. Hannes Modl for his descriptions of the alpine hut and lake routes, as well as for his wealth of ideas during the creative and realization process, and also • all of the owners, managers and staff of our region’s alpine huts. Without their support and dedication, it would not have been possible to produce this brochure. Additional Reading on this Topic: Fabulous Hikes to Alpine Tarns Tarns Hikes to Alpine Fabulous • Dr. Gertraud Steiner: Winkelwelt. Sagen aus dem Lungau. Wolfgang Pfeifenberger Verlag 1999 • Dr. Gertraud Steiner: Sagen und Mythen entdecken auf Salzburger Almen. -
Nota Lepidopterologica
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Nota lepidopterologica Jahr/Year: 2010 Band/Volume: 33 Autor(en)/Author(s): Cupedo Frans Artikel/Article: A revision of the infraspecific structure of Erebia euryale (Esper, 1805) (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) 85-106 ©Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica; download unter http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ und www.zobodat.at Nota lepid.33 (1): 85-106 85 A revision of the infraspecific structure of Erebia euryale (Esper, 1805) (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) Frans Cupedo Processieweg 2, NL-6243 BB Geulle, Netherlands; [email protected] Abstract. A systematic analysis of the geographic variation of both valve shape and wing pattern reveals that the subspecies ofErebia euryale can be clustered into three groups, characterised by their valve shape. The adyte-group comprises the Alpine ssp. adyte and the Apenninian brutiorum, the euryale-group in- cludes the Alpine subspecies isarica and ocellaris, and all remaining extra- Alpine occurrences. The third group (kunz/-group), not recognised hitherto, is confined to a restricted, entirely Italian, part of the south- ern Alps. It comprises two subspecies: ssp. pseudoadyte (ssp. n.), hardly distinguishable from ssp. adyte by its wing pattern, and ssp. kunzi, strongly melanistic and even exceeding ssp. ocellaris in this respect. The ssp. pseudoadyte territory is surrounded by the valleys of the rivers Adda, Rio Trafoi and Adige, and ssp. kunzi inhabits the eastern Venetian pre-Alps, the Feltre Alps and the Pale di San Martino. The interven- ing region (the western Venetian pre-Alps, the Cima d'Asta group and the Lagorai chain) is inhabited by intermediate populations. -
Mallnitz Perle Im Nationalpark Hohe Tauern
Mallnitz Perle im Nationalpark Hohe Tauern MIT UNTERSTÜTZUNG VON BUND UND EUROPÄISCHER UNION Europäischer Landwirtschasfonds für die Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums: Hier investiert Europa in die ländlichen Gebiete Inhalt Bergsteigerdörfer und Alpenkonvention 04 Vorworte 06 Mallnitz - Perle im Nationalpark Hohe Tauern 08 Geschichtliches 10 Besonderheiten 12 Tourentipps Sommer 14 Säuleck-Klettersteig (inkl. Topo) 28 Tourentipps Winter 30 Alternativen für weniger gutes Wetter 35 Anreise 36 Mobilität vor Ort 37 Partnerbetriebe 38 Alpenvereinshütten 39 Wichtige Adressen 40 Wanderkarten 41 Impressum, Bildnachweis, Literatur 42 PEFC zertifiziert Dieses Papier stammt aus nachhaltig bewirtschafteten Wäldern und kontrollierten Quellen. www.pefc.org - gedruckt nach der Richtlinie "Druckerzeugnisse des Österreichischen Umweltzeichens, Samson Druck GmbH, UW-Nr. 837 Die Initiative „Bergsteigerdörfer” ist ein Projekt des Österreichischen Alpenvereins und wird aus Mitteln des österreichischen Bundesministeriums für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt- und Wasserwirtschaft (Ministerium für ein lebenswertes Österreich) und des Europäischen Landwirtschaftsfonds für die Ent- wicklung des ländlichen Raums gefördert. 4. Auflage, Innsbruck 2016 4 5 Bergsteigerdörfer. Mosaiksteine einer gelebten Alpenkonvention ! Linz Legend !Augsburg ! ! Wien legte schon bei der Auswahl der nunmehr wandern, Langlaufen und Rodeln stehen auf National border !München Perimeter Alpine Convention Freiburg 20 Gemeinden und Talschaften in Österreich dem Programm. Auch schlechtes Wetter -
Phleum Commutatum and Ph. Rhaeticum (Poaceae) in the Eastern Alps: Characteristics and Distribution List of Seen Specimens
Phleum commutatum and Ph. rhaeticum (Poaceae) in the Eastern Alps: Characteristics and Distribution List of Seen Specimens By Kurt ZERNIG Abteilung für Botanik, Landesmuseum Joanneum, Raubergasse 10, A-8010 Graz, e-mail: [email protected] Published May 9, 2005 For details see: Phyton (Horn, Austria) 45 (1): 65–79. Summary The two species of Phleum alpinum group – Ph. commutatum GAUDIN and Ph. rhaeticum (HUMPHRIES) RAUSCHERT – were investigated. They can be differentiated morphologically by the presence (Ph. rhaeticum) or absence (Ph. commutatum) of ciliae on the awns on the glumes. But this character turned out to be insufficient for populations which have one or few cilia on the base of awns. Some other morphological characters were tested, if and to what extent, they provide additional features to facilitate correct determination. The length of the anthers shows distinct differences between the two species: anthers of Ph. commutatum are (0.6) 0.7–1.2 (1.3) mm long, while those of Ph. rhaeticum measure (1.0) 1.3–2.0 (2.3) mm. Collection sites of more than 1200 revised herbarium specimens are localized and shown in dot maps. Ph. rhaeticum is very common and frequent in the central and southern regions of the Eastern Alps, towards the north it becomes rarer. It prefers pastures in the subalpine and alpine belt. Ph. commutatum, in contrast, grows especially in the alpine belt of the Central Alps, there forming part of the snow-bed vegetation. Towards the north it becomes more common, where it grows in moderate altitudes from 1500 m upwards.