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India: Social Development Report 2016, with a Thematic Focus on Disability

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India: Social Development Report 2016, with a Thematic Focus on Disability INDIA Social Development Report 2016 INDIA Social Development Report 2016 Disability Rights Perspectives Council for Social Development edited by Kalpana Kannabiran and Asha Hans 1 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries. Published in India by Oxford University Press YMCA Library Building, 1 Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110 001, India. © Kalpana Kannabiran and Asha Hans 2017 The Contributors retain copyright to their individual essays. The moral rights of the authors have been asserted. First Edition published in 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. ISBN-13: 978-0-19-947443-1 ISBN-10: 0-19-947443-5 Typeset in Adobe Garamond Pro 11/13 by Tranistics Data Technologies, Kolkata 700 091 Printed in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd For Sri. B.N. Yugandhar In deep appreciation of his abiding commitment to the rights of persons with disabilities in India Contents List of Figures, Charts, Tables, and Boxes ix Acknowledgements xv List of Abbreviations xvii Introduction 1 Asha Hans and Kalpana Kannabiran PART I DISABILITY, DISABLEMENT, AND DISCRIMINATION 1. Disability and Disadvantage in India 17 Ashwini Deshpande 2. Accessing Rights: Women with Disabilities in India 49 Asha Hans 3. Girls with Disabilities in India: Living Contradictions of Care and Negation 60 Nandini Ghosh and Supurna Banerjee 4. Will All the Included Children Please Stand Up? Making Educational Inclusion Real 76 Jo Chopra-McGowan 5. Disablement in Higher Education: Mapping Barriers and Access in Indian Universities 81 Kalpana Kannabiran and Soumya Vinayan 6. Persons with Disabilities in the Labourscape of Tamil Nadu 103 J. Jeyaranjan and Padmini Swaminathan 7. Urban Employment for Persons with Disabilities: A Study of Telangana 122 Soumya Vinayan 8. MGNREGA: Unexpected Bonanza for Persons with Disability? 148 Satish B. Agnihotri and Shruti Singh 9. Who Is a ‘Worker’? Problematizing ‘Ability’ in the Conceptualization of Labour 168 Kalpana Kannabiran 10. Invisible People, Invisible Violence: Lives of Women with Intellectual and Psycho-social Disabilities 185 Mahima Nayar and Nilika Mehrotra 11. Custody, Conflict, and Psycho-social Wellbeing: Bihar and Kashmir 199 Kriti Sharma PART II VULNERABILITIES, PRECARITY, AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 12. Status of Elderly Population in India: Issues and Concerns 219 K.S. James, T.S. Syamala, and Supriya Verma 13. Indispensable Yet Inaccessible: The Paradoxes of Adequate Housing in Urban India 229 Gautam Bhan and Anushree Deb viii CONTENTS 14. Dispossessed by Development: Mining, Habitations, Lives, and Livelihoods 239 Sujit Kumar Mishra 15. Waiting for Swachh Bharat: A Close Look at the Question of Caste, Sanitation, and Policy Approaches 252 Subhash Gatade 16. Gender in Internal and International Labour Migration: Women’s Migration, Social Disadvantage, and Social Development 264 Praveena Kodoth 17. In Pursuit of an Inclusive Financescape in India: Changing Course, Shifting Goals 278 Tara Nair PART III SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT INDEX 18. Social Development Index 2016 299 Surajit Deb Notes on Editors and Contributors 334 Figures, Charts, Tables, and Boxes FIGURES 5.1 Insiders’ Recall of Outsider Views 92 5.2 Exclusionary Worldviews 93 7.1 Type of Employment by Category of Workers 144 8.1 Skewed Allocations at All India Level for FY 2015–16 150 8.2 Allocation (Rs. in Crores) towards Specific Expenditure towards Persons with Disabilities 150 8.3 The Per Capita Spending, Calculated as a Ratio between Allocation for Spending on Persons with Disabilities for that Particular Year by the State and the Population of the State 151 8.4 The Proportion of Spending on Pension/Allowance/Grant to Individuals 151 10.1 Government Organizations Contacted by the Researcher 187 12.1 Proportion of Elderly Across Major States in India, 2011 220 12.2 Work Participation (Main and Marginal) of Elderly Women and Men by Place of Residence, 2011 221 12.3 Work Participation (Main and Marginal) of Elderly Men and Women by Age, 2011 221 12.4 Need to Work at Old Age According to Sex in Seven Surveyed States (in per cent) 2011 222 12.5 Utilization of Social Security Schemes (in per cent) among BPL Elderly in Seven Surveyed States in India, 2011 223 12.6 Percentage of Elderly with no Income and No Assets by Sex in Seven surveyed States in India, 2011 224 12.7 Elderly Needing Full/Partial Assistance for ADL Activities by Age, 2011 226 12.8 Percentage of Elderly by Type of Disability in Seven States of India, 2011 226 12.9 Percentage of Disabled Elderly Using any Form of Aids According to Age in Seven States of India, 2011 227 13.1 Estimates of Urban Housing Shortage 230 13.2 Urban Housing Shortage by Income Group 231 13.3 The Affordable Housing Market 234 13.4 Slab-wise Disbursement of Housing Loans to Individuals 234 14.1 Share of GSDP of a Mineral Rich District (Sundargarh of Odisha) in India 239 14.2 Number of Reported Mines in Major States of India 240 17.1 Share in Cash Debt Outstanding by Type of Credit Agency: Cultivator Households 289 17.2 Share in Cash Debt Outstanding by Type of Credit Agency: Non-cultivator Households 290 17.3 Percentage Distribution of Cash Loan Outstanding by Major Non-business Purpose–2012 291 17.4 Incidence of Indebtedness among Cultivator Households: 2002 and 2012 293 17.5 Incidence of Indebtedness among Non-cultivator Households: 2002 and 2012 293 x FIGURES, CHARTS, TABLES, AND BOXES 18.1 Aggregate SDI Scores 307 18.2 Aggregate SDI in Individual Dimensions 308 18.3 Rural SDI Scores 309 18.4 Rural SDI in Individual Dimensions 309 18.5 Urban SDI Scores 310 18.6 Urban SDI in Individual Dimensions 310 18.7 Social SDI Scores: Scheduled Castes 311 18.8 Social SDI in Individual Dimensions: Scheduled Castes 312 18.9 Social SDI Scores: Scheduled Tribes 312 18.10 Social SDI Scores in Individual Dimensions: Scheduled Tribes 313 18.11 Social SDI Scores: Non-SC-ST 313 18.12 Social SDI in Individual Dimensions: Non-SC-ST 314 18.13 Male SDI Scores 315 18.14 Male SDI in Individual Dimensions 315 18.15 Female SDI Scores 316 18.16 Female SDI in Individual Dimensions 316 18.17 Economic Growth and Social Development 319 CHARTS 1.1 Total Disabled Population, India, 2011 19 1.2 Total Numbers of PWDs by Types of Disabilities 20 1.3 Disabilities in Activities of Daily Living, India, 2005 21 1.4 Disability in Activities of Daily Living by Age, India, 2005 21 1.5 Incidence of Type of Disability by Sex and Location, All India, 2011 22 1.6 Proportion of PWDs: T/R/U by State, 2011 23 1.7 Proportion of Types of Disabilities within Total PWDs, by State, 2011 24 1.8 Types of Disabilities, 0–6 Year Olds, India, 2011 25 1.9 Distribution of PWDs by Workers and Non-Workers, 2011 27 1.10 Distribution of Workers by Disability Type, 2011 28 1.11 Workers with Disability: Type of Work by State, 2011 32 1.12 Types of Disabilities for Scheduled Caste Population 36 1.13 Type of Disabilities for Scheduled Tribe Population 37 1.14 Social Group, Work and Literacy, 2011 37 1.15 Social Group, Work, Literacy and Disability Type, 2011 38 1A.1 Share of Movement Disability in Total Disability, by State, 2011 43 1A.2 Share of Hearing Disability in Total Disability, by State, 2011 44 1A.3 Share of Sight Disability in Total Disability, by State, 2011 45 1A.4 Share of Speech Disability in Total Disability, by State, 2011 46 1A.5 Share of Mental Illness, Mental Retardation, Multiple and Any Other Disability in Total Disability, by State, 2011 47 TABLES 1.1 Disability by Type, Sex, Residence in 0–6 Group, India 2011 25 1.2 Disability by Type, Literacy Status, Sex, and Residence, India, 2011 26 1.3 Type of Work for PWDs by Disability Type, Sex, and Residence 28 1.4 Disability Index for Sixteen Major States, India, 2002 31 1.5 Causes of Disability Across Social Groups 33 1A.1 Males Number of Disabled Persons by Age-group per 1000 Disabled Persons in Each Household Social Group 40 FIGURES, CHARTS, TABLES, AND BOXES xi 1A.2 Female Number of Disabled Persons by Age-group per 1000 Disabled Persons in Each Household Social Group 41 1A.3 Disability Prevalence Rate by Various Socio-Economic Characteristics, IHDS 2004–5 Data 42 3.1 State-wise Distribution of Disability 62 3.2 State-wise Distribution of Religion 62 3.3 Caste-wise Distribution 63 5.1 Participants with Disabilities by Type 85 5.2 Incidence of Disability by Certification Among Participants 85 5.3 Participants by Gender and Age Group 86 5.4 Participants by Religious Affiliation and Social Location 87 5.5 Participants by Marital Status 87 5.6 Level of Education of Parents of the Participants 88 5.7 Participants by Age and Current Affiliation 89 5.8 Educational Level and Status of Education among Participants 89 5.9 Type of Institution of Study 90 5.10 Subjects of Study of the Participants 90 5.11 Physical Access—Availability and Levels of Convenience
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