ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT
Edited by F. Ll. GRIFFITH
EIGHTEENTH MEMOIRl
THE IIOCK TOMBS
OF EL AMARNA PAET VI-TOMBS OF PAEENNEFEE, TUTU, AND AY
BY
N. DE G. DAVIE S
FORTY-FOUR PLATES
LONDON SOLD AT
The offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Geeat Russell Steeet, W.C.
I AND Pierce Building, Copley Square, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
' and by KBGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Dryden House, 43, Gerraed Street, Soho, W. B. QUARITCH, 11, GEAifTON Street, New Bond Street, W.
ASHER & CO., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C, and 56, Unter den Linden, Berlin, AND HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, B.C., and 91 and 93, Fifth Avenue, New York.
1908 ajorncU Uttiueraitg Hthratg
Stliata, 5?CMi florfe
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The rock tombs of El Amarna ...
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EL AMARNA VI PLATE I
111
X o
< ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT
Edited by F. Ll. GRIFFITH
EIGHTEENTH MEMOIR
THE ROCK TOMBS
OF EL AMARNA PART VI.-TOMBS OF PARENNEFER, TUTU, AND AY
BY
N. DE G. DAVIE S
FORTY-FOUR PLATES
LONDON SOLD AT EXPLORATION The offices OF THE EGYPT FUND, 37, Great Russell Street, W.C. AND Pierce Bthlding, Copley Square, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
TRUBNER & CO., Dryden House, AND BY KEGAN PAUL, TBENCH, 43, Gerrard Street, Soho, W. B. QUARITCH, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W.
ASHER & CO., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C, and 56, Unter den Linden, Berlin and AND HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C, 91 and 93, Fifth Avenue, New York :
LONDON PRINTED BY WILllAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, DTIKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.B., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W. EGYPT EXPLiOBATION FUND
iPrestOcnt
P. G. HILTON PEICE, Esq., Die.S.A.
lt)fce=lPrcs(Ocnts The Et. Hon. The Eael op Ceomeb, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I. (Egypt)
Sir E. Maunde-Thompson, K.C.B., D.C.L., The Hon. Chas. L. Hutchinson (U.S..\."/ LL.D. Peof. Ad. Eeman, Ph.D. (Germany) The Eev. Peop. A. H. Satcb, M.A., LL.D. Peop. G. Maspeeo, D.C.L. (France) Peop. W. W. Goodwin (U.S.A.) Josiah Mullens, Esq. (Australia)
Ibon. trreasurers H. A. Geuebee, Esq., P.S.A. Edwaed E. Warren, Esq. (U.S.A.)
Ibon. Secretarg
J. S. Cotton, Esq., M.A.
/IBembers of Committee
0. F. Mobebly Bell, Esq. Mes. McCluee. The Hon. J. E. Caetee (U.S.A.) The Eev. W. MaoGeegoe, M.A. SoMEES Claeke, Esq., F.S.A. EoBBET Mond, Esq., F.E.S.E. Newton Ceane, Esq. (U.S.A.) The Maequess op Noethampton. W. E. Ceum, Esq., M.A. Feancis Wm. Peecival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. Aethue John Evans, Esq., M.A., D.Litt., SiE Heebeet Thompson, Baet. F.E.S. Mes. Tieaed. Prop. Eenbst A. Gaednee, M.A. John Ward, Esq., F.S.A. F. Ll. Gbippith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. T. Heebeet Warren, Esq., M.A. P. G. Kenyon, Esq., M.A., D.Litt. E. TowEY Whytb, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. Peop. Alexandee Macalistee, M.D.
CONTENTS
PAGE
vii List of Plates ...... • .
Chapter I. The Tomb of Parennefer.
A. Architectural Features...... 1
B. Scenes and Inscriptions . . • ^
6 C. Parennefer ...... • •
Chapter II. The Tomb of Tutu.
7 A. Architectural Features .... • • • B. Scenes and Inscriptions .....••.• 9 14 C. Tutu •
Chapter III. The Tomb of Ay.
A. Architectural Features . . . . . 15
B. Scenes and Inscriptions . . . 17
C. Ay and Tyi . . .23
Chapter IV. The Eeligious Texts.
A. Hymns and Prayers ...... 25 B. Shorter petitions ...... 31
Appeistdix. Pictures of the Palace ...... 36
Index . . • ... . , .... 39
Index of Cross References ... 41
General Index of Tombs ...... 43
LIST OF PLATES
WITH REFERENCES TO THE PAGES ON WHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED.
PLATE
*I. LIST OP PLATES.
PLATE XXXIV. Tomb of Ay. Addenda .... *xxxv. Tomb of Tutu. The Hall. N. thickness
*XXXVL Tombs of Tutu and Ay. Hall ; S. wall. The harem
*XXXVII. Tomb of Ay. Central aisle. The hall . *XXXVIII. Ay and Tyi. E. thickness *XXXIX. East thickness [continued) *XL. East thickness [upper pari) *XLI. Hymn to the Aten *XLII. North wal]. The Royal family
*XLIII. „ The crowd .
*XLrv. ,, Outside the palace THE EOGK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.
PART VI.
CHAPTER I
THE TOMB OF PARENNEFER ( J 3-
Tomb No. 7 ^ is the northernmost of the tombs Queen, accompanied by their household. There of the South Group, being excavated at the are three princesses, and, though the inscriptions
extreme end of the line of foot-hills (IV. xiii.). are broken, it is easy to perceive as well the
Lying high up on a steep slope, its entrance figure of Benretmut, the Queen's sister, officiat-
was probably always traceable, if not actually ing as fan-bearer and ranking after the royal
open. A road which leads from it to the city children.^ Nothing appears in the details of
across the plain helps to mark down the site. the picture which is not already familiar from
The name of the owner is injured wherever it similar scenes.
occurs, and the reading adopted here is due to a The supplementary picture which is so often shrewd s;uess of the late M. Bouriant. set below the main scene has been executed only on the left (north) side. Here the royal chariots and the rest of the body-guard make halt at A. Architectural Features. a respectful distance, and here, too, Parennefer
Exterior. —The tomb is a very unpretentious is seen making his private offering. The posi-
one of the cross-corridor type, but is singular tion facing the King which is given him seems
in possessing a fully-decorated fagade (PI. ii.). to indicate that his homage is directed to the The door-framing shows on the lintel the royal monarch rather than to the god. He kneels in family worshipping to right and left of an altar front of one of the little chapels or magazines on which the sun casts its rays. On the jambs which the pictures of the temple show in such
there is only the group of five cartouches written numbers, and the due paraphernalia of offering
in a horizontal line below the sun-disc. The set out before him are also in accord. It appears
smoothed wall to right and left of the doorway then as if Parennefer was making his gift in
is occupied by reliefs, the upper parts of which one of the side chapels, while the royal family
have been erased by the whirling sands of worshipped at the great altar. Possibly this
centuries. The two pictures exhibit, with chapel is meant to be that one in the temple differences merely of grouping, the conventional which was connected with his own tomb-endow- scene of the worship of Aten by the King and ment {wakf), and where the offerings for the
" 1 " The north-easternmost tomb behind Hadgi-Qandeel 2 The second figure in the upper register on the right of of Hay ; No. 3 of Lepsius. A sketch-plan the tomb hand ; effaced in the left-hand scene. Cf . Pis. IV., XVI.,
I., ; ; is given, in Mon. du culte d'Atonou, p. 125. xvii., xxvi., xxviii. II., v., vii., viii. V., iii., v. B THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMABNA. dead were first spread out before the god or the scene of worship had already been dealt with King, or both. outside, the artist was able to use some freedom. Interior. —Except for the entrance and the Accordingly the figures face inwards and are two walls in the northern half, the tomb is in a given the most unconstrained attitudes, as if the very rough and unfinished state. Its floor has deceased man had wished to depict a royal visit not been cut to the full depth, the walls of the to his tomb, whether remembered with pride as an southern half are still irregular, and the south event of the past or thus delicately suggested for door is only outlined in ink. The door at the the future. Or else it may depict simply those north end of the corridor has been pierced, but many occasions on which the King, sauntering instead of admitting to a shrine and statue, it forth with his family, included the gratified opens into two low successive chambers, small Parennefer among the scribes and officials who, and roughly hewn, where the sepulture must after the wont of the East, formed a favoured have been made. The east doorway was in- train on such occasions. These attendants are scribed in ink, as fragments of dy hetep seten seen in the foot-scene carrying water, stools and prayers on the right jamb shew,^ but later it the outfit of the scribe — exactly the needful was almost destroyed in an effort to carry the accessories of a visit of inspection to the tombs.
excavations further in this direction. This Parennefer has not attached his name, . but " extension, as also a square recess in the north probably the " cleanser of His Majesty's hands
is end of the east wall, probably contemporary ; is to be seen in the official who carries ewer and for the latter may be the first step in forming towel. the pillars of the enlarged chamber. The The main scene shows the King walking under decoration on this side of the tomb is naturally the rays of the sun, which clasp him under the left in ink, since it could only be carried out if armpit and head, as if to hold him up in their the ever-present hope of enlarging the chamber hands lest he stumble against a stone in the was definitely abandoned. Had this been done, rough desert.^ He grasps a staff in his left hand the pictures would have been transferred to the and throws his right arm round the Queen in rear wall of the extended chamber. the most caressing way possible. The picture
On the west wall south of the entrance there unhappily is not intact, but it is plain that the are remains of hieratic graffiti (PI. vii.).^ A King's arm passed round the neck of the Queen square is marked out on the floor near the north and that the fingers of their right hands were door, as if a pit were projected. The ceiling is interlaced.^ The Queen wears a coiffure as squared up in readiness for a design. simple as that of her ladies save for the uraeus on her brow. Four shade-bearers go in front, B. Scenes and Inscriptions. and probably no one saw the incongruity of depicting the sun as an inconvenient and as North Wall-Thickness (Plates iii., vii., viii.). a benevolent power at one and the same Previous copy : Mom. du culte d'Atonou, I., Pis. Ixii., Ixiii. (photograph). time. Behind the Queen follow the three princesses This space is occupied by a picture of the royal and their nurses. Merytaten displays as affec- family, as is usual in these tombs. But as the tionate a nature as her parents ; for she and her
1 Commencing (ith column) " A dy hetep seten of the " living Aten, and the great Queen (" spirit of the King,'' ^ For the caressing hands see Pis. iv., xvi., xvii., xxix. in the third column). * See the enlargement PI. vii. The artist has exag- ^ Mr. Griffith can only decipher a reference to "the gerated the size of the hands in order to make the attitude temple of Thoth in Khmennu (Eshmunen).'' clear. The King's hand is uppermost. THE TOMB OF PAEENNEFER. youngest sister walk with their arms round one execution, and its scheme of colour, would be in another's necks and beguile the way with caresses. strong contrast to its wretched surroundings, in
South Wall-Thickness (Plates iii., viii.).— spite of its own incompleteness and the stains
Here a full-size figure of Parennefer is seen in act and erasures that time has efi"ected, had it not of prayer. His bald head is crowned with the been mutilated in the most heart-rending way in festal cap and his neck is loaded with five double the general assault upon the tombs in 1890. collars of gold beads. The text of his prayer The outlines of the picture, fortunately, can be has been injured both in ancient and in recent restored in all essentials from earlier copies, and times, and his name, which occurs twice in the are presented here in full for the first time. text, was possibly expunged deliberately.^ For a Not only is the subject of the reward of the translation of the prayer see p. 25. deserving ofiicial the prominent feature in every
tomb, but the same general presentation of it, West Wall : North Side (Plates iv.,^ v., vii., ix., x.). though with much change of form, occupies the front wall of each of the chief tombs of this Previous copies (of Plate iv.) : Hay, MSS. 29814, fol. 39,
40 ; 29847, fol. 64 ; Lepsius, D., III., 108, 109 ; Mon. du group (those of Ay, Tutu, May (?), and Paren- culte d'Atonou, I., PI. Ixv. nefer). The picture, therefore, may be dismissed At the Palace Window (Plate iv.).— This in a few words. The balcony from which the wall, with its wealth of detail, its beauty of King and Queen lean out to see their favourite
publicly decorated is, as usual, the chief feature ' The first occurrence of the name shows that it ended in the picture, not only in size but also in the in nefer, the second that it began with Par ; and as an n and nfr can be traced below at intervals it seems certain amount of coloured detail bestowed upon it. written in ill-cut hieroglyphs that the rest of the name was The decoration shown on the palace front diff"ers where the contour of the figure left room for them. As somewhat from that given elsewhere ; but if this the name is well known in the 18th Dynasty, its adoption, it that it is exact suggested by Bouriant {Mon. du culte d'Atonou, I., p. 124), makes unlikely an reproduction is fairly safe. The east door (PI. vii.), which might have of one of the palace windows, it none the less less than no help. The only solved the question, gives mirrors faithfully the kind of ornamentation column preserved (in ink) on the right jamb ends with the which was applied to the walls above the dado title preceding the name, the wall not having been smoothed below this. Faint traces of the ends of the four columns re- of painted wainscotting.^ The design on the three first end at the same level main on the left jamb. The panelled front of the balcony is met with else- with the fragment of a title or name en pet (?). The fourth where in a less perfect condition (Plate xix. and closes with a name (?) ending in r or perhaps par. This xxxi. For a coloured copy see may be the name of the wife, which seems to have ended n. Frontispiece, '^~^ Vol V.).* Pictures similarly rich in information in (PI. V. For mention of the wife cf. PI. xxiv.).
2 The right-hand half of PI. iv. (the scene outside the 3 balcony) is from a half-scale drawing, but, owing to the Remains of such decoration, probably with the closest extensive injuries to the wall, I took L., D., III., 109, as degree of resemblance, may still be seen on the ruined the basis of the rest. I altered it, however, in numberless walls of the palace of the King's father, Amenhetep III., points of detail from the wall itself or from the copy of at Thebes. Hay. I have also ventured here and there to bring it into * This copy was made for nie by Mr. E. Harold Jones, nearer harmony with the style in vogue at El Amarna, as who spent much care on it. In the original the colours shown in extant parts or elsewhere. I could not use the are much soiled and impaired, so that close study is picture in the French publication, since it is evidently a necessary for their recovery, nor can I feel sure that we original value copy of Lepsius, with the addition of the left-hand bottom have obtained the of some of the greens. It corner which he did not include, and a few other altera- will bo seen that there are painted designs on the boi'ders tions. In Plate iv., as elsewhere, the limits of the parts and cornices of the loggia which were too minute or un- which are now destroyed are marked by a faint outline certain to be reproduced in Plate iv. The cushion is red and an asterisk in the margin. Berlin Museum possesses with small blue diamonds, alternating with larger white squeezes of the scene (No. 503). diamonds with dark red outline and central spot. THE ROCK TOMBS OP EL AMABNA. as to the design and colour of tlie textile fabrics set in a high wall, are seen a group of the royal familiar to the Egyptians of the Eighteenth chariots and the notables of the city, including Dynasty exist in the Theban tombs, but few two or three in mayoral dress and three fan- are available for study, and the designs tatooed bearers. With some probability we might see in in black on the body of the Libyan captive are the first three Nekht-pa-aten, Ay, and Ahmes. especially interesting. The mayor stretches out his hand as if to Some further points may be noted. The touch the hand of the King in greeting. Some rays which clasp the body of the King and courtiers stand in obeisance at a greater distance,
Queen, as if to prevent them losing their and still further in the background, where a cup- balance as they lean over the window-sill, show bearer is decanting wine or water from the great a pretty fancy of the artist which is confined jars, are hostages or visitors from Nubia and to the large tombs of this group. The gift Syria.
of the uraeus as well as the ankh by the rays is Beneath the window Parennefer (not named), still more unusual. The profile of the King who has reached the supreme moment of his corresponds very closely to other portraits in the career (and, to judge by his features, not early necropolis, but the forms of his neck and hips in life), dances with excitement as he is loaded reach the extreme of misproportion. He wears more and more heavily with the King's favours. an elaborate collar, on which and from which the Already the fifth necklace of gold beads is being cartouches of Aten hang in pairs. The twin secured round his neck, while a second servant cartouches also adorn his upper- and fore-arms rubs his body with precious ointment. Other ; they are not tatooed but mounted on threads or presents, collars, necklaces, and bags (of gold ?) ribbons, as is plainly shown in the case of the are displayed under the porch. A still greater
Queen. The royal pair are accompanied by the array of articles of dress is being brought three princesses and their nurses and also by out of a chest, faster indeed than the busy
Benretmut, who is consistently shown by her scribes can register them, and a long file of stature to be their senior.^ The group of prin- servants is employed in carrying off in jars and cesses interrupts a picture of the interior of baskets what may richly fill Parennefer's store- the palace which will be dealt with separately chambers. Two trusty guardians keep the
(p. 36). postern through which the porters defile ; one is In the Courtyard (Eight half of Plate iv.). — armed with a staff and a supple whip, while the Inside the central entrance of the palace court- other seems able to wield a pen as readily as a yard, which here is represented as a double gate stick.
Outside the Palace Gates (Plate v.).^—As
1 From tracings of the Berlin squeeze kindly furnished this part of the design was never sculptured, it me by Dr. Schaefer it is plain that the first sign of the has nearly disappeared. Four out of the five name of this princess is of much the same shape as that registers, apparently, were filled with the train shewn in her name in Plate xxxi. In both cases the spreading shoots at the top of the root seem certain, but of servants bearing away the King's bounty, of in neither is it quite plain whether the sides are shaped which only a few jars, ewers, and basins are like a root or a pod. The shape of the sign in L., D. distinguishable. In the midst of this profitable Text, II., p. 142 (on this same wall) speaks for the former; escort Parennefer but Hay's copy gives it an intermediate form such as it makes a triumphant progress has also in Petrik, Tell el Amarna, PL xii. This latter is homeward in his chariot. We see him at the probably the form in use in the necropolis. The hnr sign moment when the women of his house come out in III. vi. is injured and may not have been perfectly reproduced. The head of Benretmut seems well rendered
III., but apparently is in L. D., 109, somewhat restored. ^ Reduced from a tracing. " "
THE TOMB OF PAEENNEFEE. to meet him with music and dancing, and his under a baldachin on a raised dais with a sloping wife, rushing forward, is the first to welcome him approach (c£ II. xxxviii.). with uplifted arms. Of her outburst of praise to The purpose of this public appearance is not the generous King we can only decipher " [the quite obvious from the picture, and the in- mistress] of the house, the favourite of the chief scription put in the mouths of the courtiers or wife of ' of adulation the King, re, says (?) . . . . singers seems to have been one
.... Grant to him Nefertiti (?) merely.
[living] for ever for ever and " [of sed- O Pharaoh (?), millions of years and myriads (?) ever.' festivals], the bright child of the Aten, who hast afforded (?) ^ a sight of thyself to us(?) Thou sparkiest The House of Parennefer (PL vii.). — It is (?) with the brightness of the living Aten. Thou seest his evident from the last plate and from a study of beautiful rays multiplying for thee similar pictures that the scene is not yet com- the tale of ««d-festivals. He hath transferred ^ to thee to make plete. It must have extended over the narrow every land and given (?) to thee for thy heart giving life strip of the north wall adjacent to it and have to hearts ,0 Ua-en-ra whom the Aten included, as is often the case, a picture of the loves ! home of the official. Of this ink design only a The King, who is dressed in his J;e/-crown small fragment can now be recovered at the of state, may be giving audience to an embassy bottom of the wall. On the left, apparently, is which is presenting the tribute shown in the the outer wall of the premises with a gate picture. Or it may be that the great array admitting to the garden. Immediately within of dishes was only designed to express the is a building or enclosure with gate and abundance that reigned within the palace, and screening wall containing an altar loaded (?), that we merely see the King in a moment of with offerings. Beyond is the garden, the ease when it fell to Parennefer to discharge his arrangement and contents of which are no duty and pour water on the royal hands and longer clear. feet. The baldachin under which the King sits
East Wall : North Side (Plate vi.).^— This is supported on wooden columns having a capital scene was never executed with the chisel, and formed by the union of the lotus and its buds what ' remains of the ink design can be de- with the lily. The King is being served with a ciphered only with some difficulty, and here and draught by the cup-bearer ; and another official, there with uncertainty. A large part of the whom we may perhaps identify as Paren- wall to the left of the picture in the plate shows nefer himself, kneels at his feet, attending to of design and perhaps never received no trace them. while the excavations round the doorway any, All that remains to us of the scene before the have removed the end of the picture on the King is a mass of dishes, jars, and tables of right hand, where the Queen and the princesses meat, and several groups of musicians. Foremost were probably shown sitting behind the King. among the latter is a (double ?) troupe of female only case in this group (apart from This is the performers. Their instruments can no longer be tomb of Mahu) in which a scene from the peculiar enumerated, but we can distinguish both the the back wall is preserved, and it is therefore standing harp and the trigon, which is carried some guide to the imagination in completing on the shoulder ; perhaps also the lyre and the other tombs, such as those of Ay and Tutu. sitting on a stool D The picture depicts the King ^ Reading O I
^ Reading "^ 1 Reduced from a tracing. «IP^ — —
THE ROCK TOMBS OP EL AMAENA.
lute. The. foreign (?) musicians who play upon it is not surprising that we have no other
the great standing lyre (cf. III., v., vii.) are record of his existence than his tomb. In-
again present in their peculiar conical caps. deed, the display he makes is probably some- The group before the gate seems also to be one what incommensurate with his position. By of performers. economizing on the size of his tomb he managed
to have it decorated with sculptures designed for Parennefer. larger walls and illustrating the careers of bigger
Considering the very modest titles of Paren- men than himself; but he did not court rebuff nefer by obtruding his name. If the erasure of the
Craftsman of the King (Plate iii.) name in the entrance is not accidental, it would
He who washes the hands of His Majesty appear that with all his prudence he failed to
(Plates iii., vii.) escape the reward of the overweening. ;
CHAPTEE II. THE TOMB OF TUTU (^ ^
A. Architectural Features. the centre, wishing long life to " the Father, Ra-Aten " (later form of the cartouches), the Exterior (Plates xi., xiii., xv.). —This tomb King, and the Queen. (No. 8) ^ gives notice by its exterior aspect of Interior (Plates xi., xii., xiii., xiv., xxxv., the boldness which characterises its interior also. xxxvi.).^ —In its main features the hall cor- It combines the appearance of a rock-cut speos responds closely to the general type of large with that of a free-standing mastaba ; for the ex- tomb (Part IV., p. 8), the great hall having cavators chose for their purpose an isolated table been divided longitudinally into three aisles of rock and hollowed it out almost to the full by two rows of columns. The broader inter- extent of its dimensions. The rocky elevation columniation of the central columns leaves not being sufficiently high, the floor of the tomb an aisle in the axis of the tomb, which is was carried below the outside level, and a long further marked by the disposition of the archi- approach of the same width as the portal was traves. The columns are twelve in number, cut to meet it ; but as this alley was not pro- each row of six terminating at both ends in longed to the dip of the hills, it remained a pilasters of the familiar type. Or, rather, this sunken area into which one descends by a short would have been so had they been completely slope. Therefore only the portal gives the full carried out ; but the eastern corner of the hall height of the tomb ; the rest of the fapade is is still an unhewn and irregular mass to half its lower, rough in surface, and irregular in line. height. The mode of excavation is here plainly
This doorway is of the usual type ; room was visible ; the mass being divided into blocks by left on the jambs for seven vertical columns, deep trenches and then broken away by force. but on the right side only five of these have The shrines for statues, in which the sinele been cut, and only the lower half of the sixth cross-corridor tomb generally terminates, and and seventh on the left. Both are now sadly which we saw planned for each of the three damaged. (For translations and references see aisles in Tomb 16 (V., vii.), are in a still more p. 31). The device on the lintel differs only advanced state of preparation in this tomb, in detail from other examples and is now largely all three having been begun on the south side.* effaced.^ Three princesses with sistrums, their As in that tomb, the portal of the middle shrine nurses, fan-bearers, and scribes, accompany the is simple, while tliose on either side of it have King and Queen, and it is possible that the Queen's sister found a place also. Above the 3 Plans and sections drawn with the most admirable scene a row of hieroglyphs ran both ways from care and completeness are given by Hay, MSS., 29847
fol. 44, 49, 50 ; L'H6te gives sketch-plans {Papiers, iii.
1 behind of ; Lepsius {B. Text, II., "The principal tomb Hadgi Qandeel" Hay ; 298) p. 145), a plan and section No. 2 of Lepsius and L'Hote. Mon. du culte d'Atonou, a plan (p. 107). 2 Shewn in Mon. du culte d'Atonou, I., PI. lii. See also * For convenience and analogy I as-ume that the tomb Maeiettb, Voyage dans la Haute Egypte, I., PI. xviii. faces west instead of north-west. THE EOCK TOMBS OP EL AMARNA.
invariably planned but an entablature of the form familiar to us in The second chamber, rarely carried out in these tombs, is in no better Tombs 14 and 16 ; here, however, the panelling excavated to has been fully worked out in sculpture (cf. III., plight here, being a mere gallery half its height. xix.). The designs which should have filled the its full length but only to about panels have only been applied in paint. They The work of blocking out its columns has also
consist of the cartouches of the god (in the been begun at the rear.
later form) and of the King and Queen, adored Columns and Architraves (Plate xiv.).^ by the deceased.^ The most original feature of Though the ornamentation which can be re-
the tomb is seen in the arrangement of the covered from the columns in the tomb is themselves are third cross-aisle ; for this part of the hall is surprisingly rich and new, they
screened off from the rest by a low corniced wall, extremely unprepossessing and bare in their
which links all save the two middle columns of present condition. The only standing example
the row to one another and to the walls.^ To of the type is unfinished, and so encrusted that
emphasise the separate character of the space all colour and much of the form is lost. Four
thus enclosed, it is raised slightly above the columns are entirely removed, two are still half
floor of the hall : low ramps, roughly hewn, engaged in the rock, two others are imperfectly outline the passage-way into the inner chamber, shaped, and the remaining three (including the
and, where the wall is omitted between the fellow of the decorated column) have been left central columns, gate-jambs are set to mark the with a plain shaft. Fragments of two of the
entrance.^ The outer face of each of these jambs destroyed columns, however, still lie in the tomb was adorned with three sculptured panels, of and prove that their ornamentation was more or
which the upper two show the King, Queen, and less complete. Traces of eight stems on the Merytaten worshipping Aten, and the lowest. empty base on the north side of the aisle show Tutu." that one of these decorated columns stood there,
The surface of the ceiling and of the soffits is and the other was doubtless its fellow on the
too much eaten away to retain any traces of south side." pattern or colour, and the three columns of The detailed decoration of the column, with hieroglyphs which extend along the ceiling of bands of design adopted from the jeweller's art
the aisle are almost illegible (PI. xii. : transla- and without any relation at all to its papyrus tion on p. 32). Those on the ceiling of the form, is in keeping with that love of richness of entrance, however, are well preserved (Plate
xiv. : translation on p. 32). ' The column on the left (north) of the gateway in the back row. The moulding of the shaft into eight stems
^ Though inserted in the entablatures of the southern has been added from the fragments of its fellow ; for in
wall (PI. xii.), they are decipherable only on the northern the standing column they are only indicated above the door. The state in which these shrines have been left can tablet. be gathered sufficiently from the plates. That in the ' A column has been restored in Plate xii. (Section on furthest aisle has been cut back to the full height only in EF) from the fragments. These show that one of the two the entrance. destroyed columns was of exactly the same type as that
2 The inner side of the wall is without fillet or cornice, now standing, though the decoration had not been fully,
but this is possibly due to incompleteness. carried out. On the capital only the band of uraei seems ^ The restoration of the upper part of the jamb in to have been cut, but the shaft was fully moulded and Plate xiv. is hypothetical. A lintel is unlikely, but a adorned as in Plate xiv. Each of the stems has three
projecting capstone is possible ; for the rebate suggests a ribs. The other column (the capital and the lower part of gate, though there are no pivot-holes in the floor to the shaft extant) seems to have been without surface
receive it. decoration ; its eight stems are marked with sheaths at * For his prayer see pp. 31, 32. the foot. THE TOMB OP TUTU.
form and colour which marks the period. No Merytaten worshipping.* In section the column counterpart or precedent exists in Egypt. ^ The resembles closely those already met with (cf V.,
model seems to have been taken directly from vii.).^ The transverse architraves are inscribed the columns of the palace in the city, wliich the as usual on the inner face which meets the eye. new love for faience inlay had covered with These inscriptions begin at the entrance, and, ornamentation. Pictures of the palace show us continuing above the east doorway, end in the
that the royal bedroom and other of the private centre in a sign common to both (A B E, apartments of the King were furnished with A B D). The architrave above the three removed
columns, from the neck of which birds hung columns is also inscribed on the west side, but
(ostensibly sculptured in the round, but in the beginning of the text is on the part of the
reality only in greater or less relief).^ Con- transverse architrave adjacent to it (A B C).
sistently with these representations, the ruins The formulary A B is common to all three
of the palace actually yielded fragments of (translation on p. 32).
columns decorated with designs akin to those Burial Vault (PI. xiii.).— This tomb, like
employed here.^ nearly all the others, shows signs of a make- On the abacus of our column (PI. xiv.) is a shift place of burial. No thought was given to
line of hieroglyphs between two rows of petals, appearances ; for a stairway was sunk between
spelling the King's names on the south side, and the last columns at the north end of the hall in
on the west that of the Aten (later form). The such a way as to cut into all four. Yet consider-
stems of the capital have at the top a row of the able labour was expended in the eff'ort to provide group of signs spelling the word nlih, " eternity," an inviolable sepulchre. A flight of twenty and below this a row formed by a flower and its steps, passing under the rock floor at the seventh bud alternating with another seen full-face (con- stair and curving slightly southwards to a land-
volvuli ?). The sheathing leaves of the papyrus- ing, turns westwards there at a right angle and heads are seen at the foot of each. The eight at the thirty-fourth step reaches a small chamber. sections representing the inserted stems are here From the floor of this the stairway continues
devoted to ornamentation ; first and very in- almost due north and at the fifty-fourth step congruously by a row of uraei, then by a line reaches a rough hole in which a fitting interment of petals, finally by persea fruit and by corn- could scarcely be made. flowers. Below the neck of the column the floral
design is again employed between plain bands. B. Scenes and Inscriptions. There follows a band made up of three or four head down- bunches of five ducks, each hanging South Wall-Thickness (Plate xv.). —The wards over a table (?) formed by two bundles of shocking mutilation which this wall underwent bound reeds. Each bunch of birds is separated a few years ago may be judged from the fact from the next by a similar bundle set up- that, of the fifteen columns which covered the right. inner half from top to bottom, only a few scattered and The tablet shows the King, Queen, signs survive. Fortunately the text is recover-
1 It is not unlikely, however, that the columns of Tomb 16 would have been treated in this way (V., vii., * In Plate xiv. I ought probably to have extended the tablet a little further to the left, leaving room for Mery- and p. 13). is there and is 2 Wooden columns of pavilions, etc., may of course have taten, whose figure hinted at shown on the shown fully modelled birds. Cf. II., xxxii., and the broken column. ^ Similar columns in the city seem to have broken each remarks on p. 35 of that volume. into four reeds (Petrie, he. cit.). 3 Of. Petrie, Tell el Amarna, Pis. vii., ix., x., xi. stem up — " —
TOMBS OP EL AMAENA. 10 THE ROCK
are the the west wall. Similar in scheme as able from copies and squeezes. (References and great pictures on either side of the doorway, a translation are given on p. 25.) speeches, variety of detail is introduced. The North Wall - Thickness. (Plates xvi./ the events liberally interpersed, give us a clue to XXXV.). sadly which are commemorated, but they are Previous copies are :—Hay, MSS., 29814, fol. 37; only about two- XI., Lepsios, D., incomplete. The scenes occupy 29847, fol. 15, 16 ; L'Hote, Popers, 37;
I., liv. of the upper part of III., 106 6 ; Mon. du culte d'Atonou, thirds of the whole length the the wall on each side, but they extend over This scene is too stereotyped to call for niucli doorway, meeting in the centre there. comment. The heads of the King and Queen The surface of the stone here, as everywhere and the figures of the princesses have been lost, cor- in the tomb, is most unsightly and sadly through the fall of the slabs inserted with a view upper parts the sculpture roded ; indeed in the to the finer execution of these important parts. countless is almost efi'aced. This is due to the The vase in front of the stands has been chiselled bats that infest the tomb and make their presence away for some reason. Although the name of known to the nose as unpleasantly as to the eye.^ the princess whose figure remains is destroyed, A full half of the whole picture on each side it is easy to recognise in her the Queen's sister, his is devoted to the King, his family, and Benretmut. residence. For the two pictures of the palace, Below the scene is the text of the Shorter which together form a frame round the doorway, Hymn to the Aten. A translation of this, among the reader is referred to p. 36. other versions, has already been given in Part IV. and Queen are shown here, not Behind the The King (Pis. xxxii., xxxiii. ; pp. 26-29). leaning from the window, but seated outside it kneeling figure of Tutu we read : in the courtyard on stools. The border of uraei "The Chamberlain {ami-khent), Tutu, maakheru, says round the King's head-dress is unusual. The 'Listen to the utterances of thy son, Ua-en-ra, O Aten, ' been lost ! the Queen's figure has who fashioned him and set him to eternity upper part of with the fitted stone on which it was sculp- paw of the priest's leopard-skin shews under A tured. Apparently she was dandling three Tutu's arm. of her daughters on her knees, for we see xvii., West Wall : North Side (Plates the feet of two of them and learn from the xviii., xix.). hieroglyphs that they were the eldest and
: L'Hote, Papiers, III., 297 (the Previous copies youngest. The 2:)rincess Benretmut again
King) ^ Lepsius, D., III., 107 6 (the King) ; Mon. du ; appears with her two dwarfs (in front of the culte d'Atonou, I., Pis. lix., Ix., Ixi. attendants below the throne). of the reward and promotion of The subject Tutu stands before the King, the courtyard faithful official, which found the more favour the being filled behind him with a throng of spec- since it could be employed to reflect glory upon tators, two royal chariots, and five fat oxen. the King as much as upon the deceased, takes These last, whether as coming from the royal farms large dimensions here, occupying both halves of or as presents to the King in accordance with
the Eastern custom of gift for gift, are decorated 1 Restored from Lepsius, with help from Hay and with ribbons and plumes on their Bouriant for the text. The extent of the restoration can horns and be seen from the photogi-aph. Note the reading in col. 18, reversing the correction in Part IV., p. 26, note 8. ^ When working here I cleared the tomb of them in an 2 I can find no other drawings of L'Hote from this tomb hour or two by a massacre of about a thousand victims {Man. du culte d'Atonou, p. 107). So far as I know, he a good proof how easily the pests could be kept down or
only made a. few sketches in tiie Suuthci'n Tomljs. exterminated. "
THE TOMB OF TUTU. 11
are accompanied by bearers of meats and drinks King with a stream of far-fetched flattery which (PL xviii.). The audience comprises (from the has come down to us only in fragments. top row downwards) the foreign representatives, " The speech of the Chief Servitor of Nefer- the soldiery with their military standards, kheperu-ra, the Chamberlain, Tutu. ' my good lord, a ruler of character, abounding in wealth, great in duration, courtiers, scribes, and ofBcials, including the rich in monuments ! Thy every command is done : they mayor and the bearer of the fan, crook (?), and come to pass as (in the case of) Aten, the lord, the living
axe. Aten, whose command is done in heaven every day. Thou
art my life health is in seeing thee, O million of We are fortunate in learning what manner of ; my [2] Niles, my(?) [to] him who hath speech actually passed between King and subject placed him in his heart. O (thou) flock of birds on such occasions as this, even though it has at every season, great of reward of silver and gold for bis
come down to us only in broken snatches. Had two hands (?) more than one can carry on his forearm.* " ' The living Aten dawns [for] thee so as to gratify thy we heard it all, however, we should probably heart daily, TJa-en-ra, beautiful like Aten, thriving [3] not have come much closer to King or people, in life eternally thy gleaming for all the expressions are very stilted and father, that fashioned thee. May he grant to thee that he
formal.^ shines, and that all that are upon the earth (?) may see his rays, mankind, cattle of all kinds, and all that go upon their " The speech of the King of South [and North] Egypt, feet. They see Aten dawning [4] every (?) [day] who lives on Truth, lord of the Two Lands, N. ' O giving it (?) to thee more than festivals (?) or the banks of [great ones] and heads of soldiery who stand before streams, the number of (?) the sands, the hairs (?) of a
Pharaoh (L.P.H.) ! My purpose is to confer an exceptional feather. They are for thee, the loved one of the [5] Aten reward (lit. ' to perform the exceptional occasion of rewards') .... [great in] his duration (?). equal to a thousand [of what are done] to men. (?) He Thou art fixed in his rank eternally, O Ra whom Aten does not hear that it has been given to another noble of fashioned, ! createst N. Thou progeny by myriads ; [6] his, but I give it to the Chamberlain, (?) Tutu, because of thou makest They are not
his love for Pharaoh (L.P.H.) his lord. Lo ! [2] I appoint brought (?) ; they do not come with strides (?), they do not of copper give birth to (?) a million descendants. (But) thou art captains of bowmen overseers of the horses, (?),2 thriving like the Aten and living for ever and ever.' the scribes (?) of the King, overseers of soldiery, overseers After his reception the of all the mercenary troops of all lands, attendants (?) of by King, Tutu retires the depots of Pharaoh (L.P.H.), every Servitor of Aten of outside the gate of the courtyard, where the the Aten [3] in every place (?) sentries sit at their posts with the standards of South and North. Pharaoh (L.P.H.), his good lord, hath commanded that all nobles and heads of the the regiment planted by them on a stand (top to be given silver, entire land cause to him gold, register ; cf. Plates xx., xxx.). Here too the clothing, vessels of copper, [they ?] being due from you like chariots of the high officials wait to convey them [4] the [royal] levies (?) the projects home. A few retainers and a band of which [Pharaoh] (L.P.H.) makes for the Great Servitor of female Pharaoh (L.P.H.). No noble knoweth how to do it unto musicians prepare to accompany the palace ser- is found in the his [favourite?]. He [5] (?) seat of the vants, who lead away four fat oxen and carry Servitors One (i.e. the King) listens to him in the (?). the vessels and meats of the King's bounty. day. Behold ! Pharaoh (L.P.H.), his good lord, is setting [6] ^ Before he turns homeward. Tutu addresses yet his (?) great nobles, and likewise every noble whom Pharaoh (L.P.H.) hath fashioned in the entire land, to give to him a few words to his fellow-officials. silver, gold, clothes, vessels of copper, cattle every (?), " The Chamberlain, Tutu, saith to the year.'" to thy resting-place of eternity (?) ... Pharaoh
Tutu replies to this gracious speech of the (L.P.H.) . . . captains of bowmen (?), overseers of the
horses, overseers of [soldiery ?] every Servitor 1 The King's speech (in seven columns) reads from right of Aten of the Aten in the entire land, men to left, as if issuing from his mouth : that of Tutu in the Pharaoh, my (?) [lord, commands that ye contrary direction. shall give] great riches (?), the rewards of N., to his servant i Of. PI. xviii., col. 2. AVSAAA 3 Reading ^ -?. ||i^.=^. * Reading J] I mil III! I \> — " — " " — —
12 THE KOCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
* to his father (?) and duplicates (?) them ! who listens to his good teaching of proper life, the riches makes monuments generations and generations in the form of an impost (?) on Thou createst by which he (?) gives to [me ?] the living Aten who bare to distinguish me by favours more than [Thou art] as Ra, as long existence [2]. He dawns any (other) favourite of his." thee. Thou shalt pass his in heaven to give existence to thee, my lord, complete (?) would have included Probably the full design like the Father, comprehending, exact, and searching rays of Aten, so that the house of Tutu or the temple of Aten. hearts. Thy [hands ?] are like the mankind wondrously, O my lord ! The lower half of the wall contains only a thou establishest [3] makes The Aten gives to thee these many «ed-festivals ; he short prayer (Plate xix.), separated })y a blank thee his heir. For thou art his child; thou didst issue space of some length from a figure of Tutu, from him, Ua-en-ra, an image of eternity, who [4] upholds land to comprehend standing in prayer with uplifted hands.^ For a Ra and propitiates Aten, causing the for the him that made it. Thou illuminest his name ti;anslation, see 27. p. his rays. rekhyt ; thou bringest to him the produce of He
: South Side (Plates xix., xx., West Wall makes acclamation for thee in heaven [5] for joy on the day xxi.). on whicji thou appearest. The entire land trips to thee, Syria, Ethiopia, and all the nations. Their hands are Previous copy : Mon. du culie d'Atonou, I., Plates Ivi., (outstretched) for thee in praise to thy ka. They are Ivii., Iviii. they are saying, " Grant beseeching life as suppliants ; [6] In this, the companion picture to the last to us breath." Terror of thee hath closed their nostrils,
good fortune (?). Lo ! thy will scene, the King and Queen receive their servant they are bound (?) in their is in them as a scare; thy roaring makes their limbs at the cushioned balcony, from which they lean to fail as flame devours wood. [7] The rays of the Aten to confer the proposed honours on him.^ The shine on thee eternally. Make thy monuments stable as in them for ever (for) supposed speech of the King on the occasion is heaven and make thy appearance ; as long as the Aten exists thou shalt exist, living and recorded in two columns as follows : thriving for ever.' " [The speech of the King of South and North Egypt] of loyal feeling is shared by the living on Truth, Lord of the Two Lands, N., [to ?] the This outburst
' Chamberlain, Tutu. Lo ! I appoint thee my Chief bystanders, and a short expression of it has been Servitor of Nefer-kheperu-ra [in the temple of] Aten in assigned to each group by the artist (Plate xx.). Akhetaten, doing it to thee for love of thee, because thou standing in an attitude of respect, art my chief henchman (sdm hsh) who listens to my instruc- The foreigners, tion (his). Verily every commission which thou performest, speak through their Egyptian interpreter my heart is content therewith. I give to thee the office, " The tributaries (?) of every foreign land say, ' O living saying, " Eat thou the rations of Pharaoh (L. P. H. !), thy Ra, Nefer-kheperu-ra, [we] are subject [to thee] for ever ' ^ lord, in the temple of Aten." " and ever.'
By this formal announcement Tutu is raised to The soldiers grasping their standards are styled sacerdotal rank, second only to that of the high- ' "Those carrying (lit. wearing ') the hht standard, who priest. Golden collars, sandals, and cap are are followers of the Majesty who is beautiful of face, at brought and fitted on him. Meanwhile he sight of whom there is life, Nefer-kheperu-ra." makes a lengthy reply, lavishing encomiums on Next in order are their leaders in ordinary dress the King. " The great ones and captains of soldiery who stand " ' [Said by ?] the Chamberlain (?), Tutu : O Ruler who before Pharaoh (L.P.H. !) and say, ' O Ruler, brightness of '" the Aten, abounding in wealth 1 Mon. du culte d'Atonou, I., PL lix.
2 For remarks on the picture of the palace see pp. 36-7. Then come The Queen, who was wearing the flat-topped head-dress, " the scribes [saying] ' Say ye, " Health to was accompanied by her three daughters, who must have Nefer-kheperu-ra, the Aten [who establishes] mankind and been grouped about her in much the same way as in " ' brings into being the generations ! Plate xxix.
^ This was the formula of induction to priestly office, * Emending to The phrase occurs twice and was exactly followed at the investiture of the high priest also (I., v.). below similarly injured. " — " " —" •
THE TOMB OF TUTU. 13
Nearest to Tutu are the high oflBcials ; the note in the ceremony. Two chariots are stationed
appended to them is close by : the horses have been unharnessed and
" Said by the great ones, the companions/ ' How admirable are feeding from their mangers in pairs. are thy projects, Nefer-kheperu-ra. How prosperous is he The two lowest registers seem to represent who is in thy O fair child of the Aten ! Thou (?) scenes witnessed prior to the ceremony before wilt bring generations into being. Thou art to eternity like the Aten.= the palace gates. Servants and soldiers are dashing to and from the palace in chariots, con- Near the side door of the courtyard the two veying messages and officials. The major-domo royal chariots are in waiting, and one of the stands at the gate and demands the business of charioteers joins the general laudation (Plate those entering. As usual, a good stock of viands xix.). and water is piled up here in charge of soldiers (?), " Said by the charioteer ^ ' beautiful like perhaps the rations of the watchmen or the the Aten who gave him being, Nefer-kheperu-ra, who fashions mankind and gives existence to generations. He guard. The object in front of them seems to is fixed as the heaven in which Aten is.' offer some kind of shield against wind or dust.^
The scene which takes place when Tutu leaves A scribe, accompanied by his apprentice, is the courtyard and finds a crowd of friends and arriving on foot. On the left the service of exceptional, is retainers waiting outside to escort him home is the temple, whether ordinary or next depicted. Tutu's dwelling seems to have being provided for. been in or near the temple where the functions In the centre of the picture Tutu is seen
of his new office were to be discharged, for that returning in glory from the palace. As he in his building is presented here as the goal of emerges from the gate, decked out new movement/ finery, he is demonstratively welcomed by his charioteer, others. The picture tells its story in a very confused subordinates, his and They fall before the King's favourite or dance way, but a little study will show that the three down
: — registers which end at the temple contain the with excitement, and Tutu addresses them
main action. The rest is accessory. At the top " A laudation [of] the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, N., by the Chamberlain, Tutu, when he was ap- of the wall we see the spot outside the palace pointed (?) Chief Servitor of N. in in the temple wall where the military post is set. Two regi- of Aten in Akhetaten. The Chamberlain, Tutu, saith to
ments seem to be on guard and display their his many subordinates ' See the benefits which Pharaoh lord, done standards on altar-like platforms.* An officer is (L.P.H. !), my has unto me. For I saying truth, not allowing any overstepping either replacing one or removing it to take part (?) in any commission of my lord when he sends me thereon. For indeed I do according to that which goeth forth from
1 Cf. Pis. XXV., col. 12 xxxii., col. 4. Read m ; his mouth.' u'-' in V., 10. The first sign Spelt A ^ M p. must This speech immediately calls forth the loyal have been omitted here by the scribe. response : 3 The termination of the sky above seems to show that " O Ruler, who maketh monuments to his father and the picture is complete, though the wall extends much duplicates them! May Nefer-kheperu-ra have health. further. This is the only plan of the temple in the Southern O Aten, grant a million of sed-festivals to him, thy child, Tombs (an elevation is shown in IV., xviii., xx.) and it
whose nature is as thine ! Grant that he may fulfil thy should be compared with I. x.a, which it closely resembles. duration ! Even in this small picture the salient features of the King's stela, the screening wall behind the second pylon, etc., Tutu mounts his chariot and goes on his way are made clear. The smaller temple is given more promi- accompanied by detachments of police and groups nence and the building is more compact. Trees planted in boxes are set round the temple. * The standards on the left seem slightly unusual in form. = Cf. I., xviii. —
14 THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.
Letters seem to con- of friends and by his wife (?) and her women, all which the Tell el Amarna somewhat turbu- on foot. The temple servants receive him at tain.^ There we find Aziru, a interior the building and again Tutu must invoke a lent kinglet in the north of Syria or the also, Avriting to one blcssino- on the King : of PhcBnicia,^ and his son Du-u-du in Egypt as an intermediary with the " The Chief Servitor of N. [in the temple of Aten in]
Akhetaten, the Chamberlain, Tutu, saith ' Ruler, who King. Aziru addresses him in the most defer- and duplicates [makes monuments] to his father (1) (?) ential way as " my lord " and " my father,"^ and [them] otherwise shows that he had come to know him A prayer and praying figure of Tutu is the intimately, and in all likelihood personally, and only decoration of the lower part of the wall appreciated fully his influence at court. Tutu's Probably " of all the (Plate xxi. ; translation on p. 27). claim that he was chief mouthpiece " it was introduced in order to fill the vacant foreign lands (PL xix.) makes it almost certain space, for Tutu's tomb seems to have proved too that he is this Dudu whom the kings of Syria spacious for the stock designs. The only con- recognised as the real power behind the throne
nection with the scene above is that Tutu is in their affairs. It makes it probable, too, that arrayed in his collars and festal cap, as if fresh Tutu was a man of years and position before from his honours. Akhenaten came to the throne, and that the young King, whose interests were concentrated C. TuTfJ. on Egypt, gladly relied on the diplomatic The texts, which are interspersed with the wisdom of his father's confidant.*
scenes in this tomb with such unusual profusion, It is, perhaps, a sign of the special acquaint- do not bring the personality of Tutu much ance of Tutu with the King's mind that in
nearer to us. The distinctive functions of a several inconspicuous places in his tomb (the
Chief Servitor are as little known to us as those outer lintel, the abacus, the entablature), where of an Ami-Khent, probably for the good reason they were scarcely legible, the cartouches of the that they indicate positions of wide authority in Aten are given in the later form, which avoids
the temple and at court, which were all the the name of Horus, and which came into uni- higher because few bureaucratic duties were versal use in the tombs soon after the removal
attached to them. We gather that he was to the northern necropolis. (Here, too, in the
almost, if not quite, the highest official in the tombs of Mahu and Any.) It seems, then, that realm, enjoying the King's closest confidence.
As such, his activities had the widest range, and 1 Knudtzon, El-Amarna Tafeln, Nos. 158, 164, 169 (WiNCKLER, Tell el Amarna Letters, Nos. we have an instructive account of them in the 44, 45, .52). Dudu is mentioned also in Knudtzon, No. 167 (Winckler, short inscription on Plate xix. (see p. 27). Both 47a, p. 408). See also Stkindoefp, Beitrage zur Assyriologic,
the quantity and contents of the texts in his I., p. 331.
2 Knudtzon, ih., tomb justify us in concluding that if any man in p. 56. '' Khai (Huyl) he addresses as "my brother," writing in Akhetaten entered into the new " Teaching of a more familiar strain (Knudtzon, No. 166. Wincklee, Life," and made application of its zeal for Truth No. 46). In the reign of Amenhetep III., Amanappa is in his public life, it was he. addressed by Ribaddi, King of Gebal, in the same way as Dudu. It is generally in vain that we seek for some * Stela 211 of the British Museum shows one Thuthu touch of the outside world to give body to these
* ( ' v\ s=> )) Acting-Scribe and Steward in the shadows of men which the tomb-scenes throw yJ!> ^ house of King Ay, offering to Sokaris of Re-stau and making upon history, and therefore we cannot pass by a dy hetep seten prayer for his father Khonsu ; but this existence a testimony to Tutu's and activity official is not likely to be identical with our Tutu. THE TOMB OF TUTU. 16 the tomb was decorated at a time when the "CMef 3- v>si— r^nrsi s innovation was being introduced cautiously Servitor of N. in the barge" (PL xiv.). (shortly after the birth of the third daughter). " Overseer of all ^ ^^37 == Tutu's titles are : I illl " Commissions of the Lord of the Two Lands (Ami-Khent). " Chamber- 'Hffi <^ £3 (Jamb. PL xv.). " lain (?). (Passim. " Chamberlain of the Lord 5. "^ LJ "^w "^'^^ V Hi • " Overseer of all of the Two Lands" in PL xii.) (, III ^ i *u=^ works of His Majesty " (ib.). ^^^®n /VSAAAA 2. SSSlk"!) O 6. in^ r^^_ "Overseer of the " A u C O Chief Servitor of N. in " CQ2 CTTDI O silver and gold of the Lord of the Two Lands of the Temple of Aten in Akhetaten " (PL xv. (iS.).
col. 7 ; PL xix. ; twice on PL xx.).-^
AAA^^^ 1 1 aa/waa AAAV\A o n n o o " Overseer of the Treasury .... the Aten in the 1 The title is not clear, the short gap being plain or Temple of Aten in Akhetaten" (PL xiL). possible in all four occurrences. Tutu is never " Chief " Servitor of Aten," but he is described as " Great Servitor ^. " Chief
I I \> On I AAAAAA (King's speech, PL xvii.), " Servitor of Ua-en-ra" (PL xix.) 1 " " mouthpiece of the entire land" (PL xix.). . xvii.). and Servitor (?) . . Nefer-kheperu-ra (PL 16
CHAPTEE III.
THE TOMB OF AY l)(j)- ((] ^
Thk tomb of Ay (No. 25)^ is the most westerly Interior (Plates xxii., xxiii.). —The entrance, of the inscribed tombs. Its deep and roomy pierced through a thick wall of rock, admits to
approach easily fills with driftsand, and though a hall of which little more than half has been
Hay speaks of it as " the tomb opened by me," excavated, but which was planned on an ambitious
it was not fully cleared till 1893, and till 1883 scale. The two most striking features of the
was filled with later (New Kingdom ?) burials tomb are the crowding together of the columns and an enormous mass of broken sherds. Two and their brilliant whiteness. Had not the hail
diverging roads lead from it to the city. suffered sadly in the general mutilation of 1890,
the tomb, in spite of its unfinished state, would A. Architectural Features. have been by far the most attractive in the
Previous plans :—Hay, MSS., 29847, fol. 42 (fairly com- necropolis. Indeed, it may still claim the title
plete) ; Mon. du culte d'Atonou, I., p. 26. on account of its size, its purity, the beauty of the Exterior (Plates xxii., xxiv.). —A broad remaining sculpture, and the freedom from bats
approach cut through the rock-slope leads which it has so far enjoyed.
gently down to the door, which is of the usual The excavation of the hall has been completed character, though of such larger proportions as roughly on the east side, and on the west as
befits a tomb of the size. The framing of the much has been cleared as sufficed to set free the
door was decorated in the usual way, but the columns of the central aisle. In addition, the
lintel is now so weather-worn as scarcely to allow cross aisle nearest the door has been run out to us to distinguish the King and Queen offering about its full length, though at a diminishing to Aten, whose disc occupies the centre. They height, and the upper half of one other column are followed by three princesses, and no doubt has been roughly shaped.^ The columns in the Benretmut was also included. The jambs eastern half of the tomb number twelve, arranged (PI. xxiv.) are inscribed with prayers in six in three rows of four. Of these twelve only the
columns on either side, but the upper parts are two columns nearest the door in the central aisle very weather-worn. A panel at the foot shows have been finished. The rest have only been Ay and his wife in a kneeling attitude.^ (For given a rough contour, which differs very widely Ay's head see PI. xxxi., and for a translation of in the ten examples. The ungraceful thickness the .texts, p. 32.) adopted for the columns, which contrast very
unfavourably with those of Tomb 16, is combined 1 No. 1 of Lepsius and L'Hote. As the entrance faces
down-stream I have assumed this to be due north. ^ For the The usual method of commencing with the ceiling was position and roads see IV. xiii. followed. Parallel red lines are marked on it down the 2 The figures differ scarcely at all from those given on centre of the longitudinal aisles, from which, no doubt, PI. xxxi. They are shown in Mon. du culte d'Atonou, I., plumb-lines were dropped to keep the columns and walls PI. XV. In all cases Ay, when on the left, carries his perpendicular. The completion of one half of the tomb insignia in his outstretched hand, but when on the right shows a vivid apprehension of that untimely arrest of the his left shoulder. over work which actually befell. THE TOMB OF AY. 1? with so narrow an intercolumniation that the are from the north side of these columns and " hall is a mere forest of columns, between whose read similarly : The bearer of the fan on the bases one can scarcely walk with ease. If they right hand of the King, dwelling in the heart of have little claim to beauty, however, there is a the King in the entire land, excellent satisfier not unfitting sense of gloomy mystery in their {°^) of the heart of his lord, the acting scribe dark and mingling shadows. Viewed from the of the King whom he loves, the father of the doorway down the broader aisle of axis, the god, Ay, living anew." Remains of that on the tomb has a much more light and prepossessing west side of the second column on the east show appearance (PI. xxxvii.). that this formed a third variant ; but the frag-
Neither the door at the east end of the first ment yields no meaning (PL xxxiv.). cross-aisle nor that in the axis has been pierced For a translation of the inscription in coloured beyond the door-cheeks, and only the latter has hieroglyphs on the two architraves (PI. xxxii.) been inscribed. Besides this door, the outer see p. 34. portal, and the two sides of the entrance-passage, Ceiling. —This was decorated in the usual a part of the north wall is the only surface which way. In the entrance the patterns are efiaced, has received sculpture. but the inscriptions are still partly legible.
xxiii.). are Columns (Plate —The finished columns (Plate XXV. : translation on p. 34). Both show the usual features of the type most common admirably preserved in the hall (Plate xxxiii. : in the necropolis. As in Tomb 16, three ribs translations on pp. 34, 35).^ The wine-coloured instead of one are marked on the ptem, and here background with the prevailing blue of the deeply, foreshadowing the later division of each bead-pattern gives a rich appearance to the stem into four. The tablets, as usual, face tomb, which the whiteness of the columns diagonally towards the entrance in the first enhances. The designs and colours employed
^ pair, at right angles to the axis in the next.^ can be fully learnt from PL xxiii. These tablets are adorned with designs showing Burial-Place. —No second chamber being standing figures of Ay and his wife adoring car- provided, the place of sepulture was hewn out as touches of the god and the royal pair which are usual in the corner of the hall. A flight of set between them.^ The tablets are incised and twenty-nine steps bends round sharply to the the inscriptions painted in appropriate colours. west at the twenty-second step and tails off into Otherwise the columns are pure white, no colour a rough hole, now almost entirely filled with a apparently being proposed. The abaci of the large flint boulder. There is thus no trace of four finished columns were inscribed on the side any use having been made of this poor provision facing the aisle, and also on the north side in for burial, and this accords, of course, with Ay's the case of the first pair ; but these inscriptions supposed history. have been ruthlessly hacked away, and only a few hieroglyphs remain. The two duplicates B. Scenes and Inscriptions. published by Lepsius^ are probably those on the East Wall-Thickness (Plates xxv., xxvL, inner sides of the northern pair. The titles on xxxi., xliL, xliii., xliv.). two more published from the notes of Lepsius* Previous copies :—Hay, MSS., 29847, fol. 65 ; L'Hote,
Papiers, III., 297 (a few notes) ; Lbpsius, D. Text, II.,
1 Of these latter, one is blank and the other uncoloured. p. 142 (Queen's titulary) ; Mon. du culte d'Atonou, I.,xviii., 3 See Mon. du culte d'Atonou, I., p. 41. xix,, XX. (photograph). 3 L., D., III., 105 d (East Column), e (West Column.
Reproduced on PI. xxxi. Cf. Hay, MSS., 29847, fol. 65). ^ Published in Mon. du culte d'Atonou, I., PL xxii.
* Text, II., 145. 6 L., D. p. Hay, MSS., 29814, fol. 11 ; 29847, fol. 15 (coloured). D — — —
TOMBS OP EL AMAENA. 18 THE EOCK
confident, with a near approach to a true This wall offers one more example of the royal we feel of the pair. When fully coloured the family at worship. It has suffered greatly in portrait
been much enhanced ; for the upper portion through exposure and not less effect must have garments of both husband and wife by loss of patching-stones and modern violence. though the white, the collars, bracelets, armlets, The Queen, it can be seen, was wearing the Atef- are pure fillet, were crown. Three daughters are shown, as well as and, in the case of Tyi, the cap and off, in addition, by the princess Benretmut,^ accompanied by her bright with varied colour, set two dwarfs, "The vizier of the Queen, Er- the masses of minutely divided hair.^ " preservation, as the neheh (' To Eternity ') and " The vizier of his The text is in excellent mother, Para ('The Sun')."' photographs show. (A translation is given on The figures of the royal pair show good pp. 28, 29.) modelling, though the sculptor's unhappy trick West Thickness (Hymn to the Aten). Plates of sinking the figure less deeply below the skirt, xxvii., xli. of the leg at and so giving a sudden diminution Previous copy : Mon. du cuUe d'Atonou, I., Pis. xvi., that point, mars the effect in the case of the xvii.
King (Plate xL). The inner half of this wall (which would not Lepsius and Hay have preserved for us the be covered by the open door) is occupied by a titulary of the Queen, of which only the final text in thirteen long columns and by figures of
signs now remain : Ay and Tyi similar to those just noticed. This " The heiress, great in favour, lady of grace, sweet of text, the most poetical and lofty that the cult of love, mistress of South and North, fair of face, gay with Aten called forth, has acquired the name par ex- the two plumes, beloved of the living Aten, the chief wife cellence of The to the the of the King whom (he) loves, lady of the Two Lands, great Hymn Aten. Only far of love, Nefertiti, living for ever and ever.'' worse fate which has befallen other documents as precious can reconcile us to the form in which we The lower part of the wall is occupied by a long now possess it. As it was deeply buried in sand, prayer accompanied by the kneeling figures of Ay both Hay and Lepsius shirked the task of ex- and his wife (Pis. xxv., xxxix.). These figures, cavation and left the whole uncopied.* It was like those on the opposite wall, are distinguished not till 1883 that Bouriant uncovered it, and by remarkable precision of modelling, and, being the copy that he then made and revised in perfectly preserved, show the art of Akhetaten 1884
at its very best, retaining its bizarre features
without over-exaggeration, and presenting us, 3 I speak as if the figures were uninjured. Unhappily they are no longer so, though but a few years have passed since the protecting sand was removed. Since M. Jequier 1 The opening signs of her title are, of course. photographed them (Jlfon. du culte d'Atonou, I., PI. xx.) Tyi's The hnr sign, though injured, seems to have the form face has received deliberate injury, and the year after my '^ given it in Plate xxxi. (where, however, the final has own photograph was taken her face was again the object dropped out of the plate). Being misled by a supposed of a spiteful attack, levelled apparently at the Department analogy in necropolis, I was first the at more inclined of Antiquities, with whose administration the village to read the sign nzm, as others had done, till set right by happened to be offended. It is plain also from details of Sethe (A. Z., 1905, pp. 134-5). Of. p. 4 above. the jewellery given in the above publication that the ^ first dwarf is female, as the The determinative of the colour also is rapidly disappearing and will soon be name shows. Though no distinction in dress is noticeable, virtually gone. See PI. xxxiv. for Tyi's coUar and bracelet, the phrase " his mother " suggests that the second is a boy. chiefly from the above source. Ay's collar and armlet are " (if this translation is Vizier " correct) may have been plain yellow, and his bracelet similar to that of his wife. chosen in jest as the least applicable title, ^ " like the names. On the right side of the doorway is a large table of They recur in Plates xvii., xxviii. ; II,, v., vii., viii. and hieroglyphs, but to uncover it would be a great labour." v., iii. Hay. —
THE TOMB OF AY. 19
:— fol. 58; was to prove the only complete copy we possess.^ Previous copies^ Hay, MSS., 29814, 41, 29847, fol. 67; L'Hote, Papiers, III., 297 (inscriptions A. few years later, and apparently before any only) ; Peisse, Histoire de I'Art, I., xxxix." ; Lepsius, D., further copy was taken, full a third of the in- III., 103, 104, 105a, 106a, 111; D. Text,ll., p. 144;
scription was destroyed. Mon. du culte d'Atonou, I., xxiii., xxiv.' Considerable portions of the however, hymn, This scene, representing the reward of the are paralleled in other laudations of Aten, where King's favourite, has its sister pictures, as we they are probably as original as here. For, in have seen, in the tombs of Parennefer and Tutu.^ all likelihood, neither this nor any other hymn No one scene is the original or model, so far as is a set composition which had currency apart we can see ; all are modifications of a picture from, or previous to, its use in the tomb. which probably existed only in the imagination These texts either borrow from an authoritative of the chief artist of Akhetaten. composition or are compiled from the current The Palace® (Plates xxviii., xxix., xlii.). liturgical phrases and dogmatic statements of As always, the balcony occupied by the royal the new " Teaching," which was evidently zeal- family is the dominant feature of the scene. ously imparted in Akhetaten under the personal Behind it is the palace and in front the crowd guidance of the King.^ If his extreme youth accompanying Ay. at accession be accepted, it becomes difficult to have sometimes ventured to restore those forms of outline assign the literary or philosophical form of the and facial expression which are so stereotyped at El religion to him.'' The poet or prophet of the Amarna and which the plates of Lepsius so often fail to
movement and his works probably lie and will preserve. No deeper question is ever involved in these ever lie hidden from history, nor would mere changes, I believe. The upper parts of Ay and Tyi have been added from the photograph of the block in the Cairo knowledge of his name avail us much. Museum (PL xxxviii.). The dancers, the gifts (PI. xxix.), the The photograph on Plate i. makes further enlargement and the gifts (PI. xxx.) are added from scale- remarks on the admirable kneeling figures of the drawings, and the group round Ay (PI. xxxi.) is reproduced from a tracing. This combination of methods is responsible pair unnecessary.
for a few minor omissions ; e.g. the legs of Merytaten below In Plate xxxiv. I have shown the jewellery of her sister's chin, and the broad ribbon depending from the Tyi. The colour is now almost erased, and a Queen's head-dress. Such inexactitudes can be corrected the photographs, which, with all other full-plate little restoration has been necessary. Dark blue by negatives in this volume, were taken for me by Herr is represented by solid black. Where no colour Schliephack, of the Neue Phoiog. Geselhchaft. is assigned, light yellow is to be assumed. Tyi's ^ I do not include the amusing travesties of picture flesh colour is a warm yellow, her cap light and interpretation by Villiers Stuart, Nile Gleanings, chapter vii. Squeezes of the wall by Lepsius (see Stein- yellow, with a lost pattern in red line. DORFF Blutezeit, p. 156), and by L'Hote {Papiers, xix., 4) North Wall: East Side (Plates xxvi., are preserved at Berlin and Paris. xxviii.-xxxi., xxxvi., xlii.-xliv.*). ^ Evidently appropriated from Lepsius. A furnished room has been invented to fill up the corner cut oiF by the
architrave !
1 BouEiANT, Deux jours de fouilles, p. 2. ' These are clearly copies of the plates of Lepsius with 2 Compare the recurring phrase, " He rose up early and a few alterations in the texts, etc. The changes are later taught me." than the injuries to the wall ; so that the plates, where ^ No progress is visible in these respects from the year they agree with Lepsius, do not strengthen the evidence. ^ of the first proclamation. Perhaps also in that of May (V., PI. v., and p. 3). If * The heads (PI. xxvi.) are from careful tracings. But so, it supplies, so far as it is preserved, the lacking sub- the photographs are a still more secure guide. Plate xxviii. scene which showed the river-gardens of the palace and its is from my own scale-drawing. Plates xxix., xxx., owing landing-stage, as well as further by-scenes outside the to the present state of the wall, have been based on the palace and on the banks. plates of Lepsius, but corrected in numberless points of ' A comparison of the plans of the palace will be found detail from the wall itself. Even where this failed me I below on p. 36. ; .
20 THE BOCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
A second and generally similar representation It will be noticed that the women in the upper of the palace was to have occupied the same room of both houses have a peculiar mode of wall on the other side of the doorway, forming wearing the hair, by dividing it into one or more
part, no doubt, as in the tomb of Tutu, of a tresses curling at the ends. Nor is this mere similar depiction of the King's bounty. As that neglige, for the women in the rooms below wear
wall was still in the rough, the only part of the the hair in an ordinary Egyptian mode. This
scene that could be engraved was that which lock or tress is quite un -Egyptian, but is familiar extended over the doorway, meeting our scene to us in men of Hittite race and known also in
in the middle and forming a pendant to it Syrian women. ^ In addition one woman at least
(Pis. xxviii., xxxvi.).^ The two pictures are wears the flounced Syrian skirt.* It will be
separated by a vacant space where the sky is noticed also that the trigon and great standing seen to terminate on a mountain in the usual lyre are seen only in the upper rooms. The
way. Below it are two trees, in which I am latter is found only in the hands of foreigners,'^
inclined to see a corner of the palace garden and the former is probably un-Egyptian too.'' rather than the mythological sycamores sug- Now we know from the Tell el Amarna Letters gested by M. Maspero.^ that Akhenaten had a second wife, daughter of On both sides of the centre two self-contained Dushratta, King of Mitanni, of whom no sign or
buildings are shown. One contains two rooms hint is given in Egyptian chronicles. That this
entered from outside ; apparently, from the eastern wife whom Akhenaten had taken for
contents, it comprises a store-house and larder, diplomatic reasons would be practically a prisoner
the more so that servants sit round it at their of the harem is more than likely,' and that ease preparing and eating food. The other and her women should have their quarters and larger building I judge to represent the harem live apart from the Egyptian women would or that part of it assigned to the female servants be natural enough. Nor need her women be
or slaves ; for only women are seen in it and of her own race necessarily ; the artist at guards stand close by all the doors. It is least would be content to show Syrian slave-
divided into two suites of rooms which do not girls.^ communicate, each comprising a small hall with one column and two small chambers opening ^ Peteie, Racial Types, Nos. 30, 31 (Ascalon?). L., D., III., 166, shows that the Hittite women dressed the hair out of it. We have already noticed that each in much the same way as the men. Cf. Muller, Asien great house, whether royal or private, seemed und Europa, p. 330. to possess a band of female musicians. As the * This is repeatedly seen in the similar pictures Pis. xvii., xix., which, so far as their state allows, are in women shown here are all busily engaged in the har- mony with the scenes here. practice of music and dancing, and the walls both ^ See PI. vi., and Part III., Pis. v., vii. For the conical of the hall and the closets are hung with musical cap which they wear see Petrie, Racial types, No. 188a instruments of all kinds, we must conclude that (N. Syrian ?). ^ Cf. PI. vi. It is seen in the hands of Bes and of a this was a prominent part of the duties or woman with ti'esses (Wilkinson, Manners and Customs, I., recreations of the women of the house. The p. 469). Bes is said to be a Semitic god, and the woman instruments include the lyre, the lute, the tri- seems to be a Hittite or Cretan.
' Cf . WiNCKLBR, Tell el Amarna Letters, No. I angular harp, and the standing harp and lyre. 8 We find indeed that, in the last reign, Dushratta 1 It will be seen that this part of Plate xxviii. is repro- repulsed an invasion of the Hittites and sent a boy and duced on a larger scale than the other. The restorations girl of the prisoners to Amenhetep III. (Knudtzon 17, are from Hay and Lepsius. = WiNCKLER 16). II. xxxvii., too, shows how probable 2 See Part III., 31. There is p. one tree in III., xxxiii. it is that there were Hittite and Syrian slave-girls in the three in Pis. xvii., xix. King's harem, THE TOMB OF AY. 21
For the first time, therefore, we seem to have with his artist his admiration for the human evidence of the presence of Tadukhipa in Akhet- form.^ aten. In this harem of the foreigners in the The Queen's sister, Benretmut, though rele left-hand picture, an older woman seems to be gated to the background, is also present to see instructing two younger girls to play a duet on her father and mother honoured. She is to be the lyre and lute. In the adjacent room or story seen, accompanied by her stTsmge famuli, among an Egyptian woman is similarly teaching a com- the attendants on the left of the window.^ panion her first steps, while two others, laying The Courtyard (Plates xxix., xliii.).—^Ay their instruments aside, partake of a meal to- and his wife Tyi, attended by two fat ofiicials, gether. In the other picture, one of the foreign stand below the window to receive the bounty of
women is special combing out her friend's tresses ; a the King.^ Their faces are worked with third eats from a table, and others dance to the care and give one an impression of belonging
sound of a harp. Their Egyptian sisters are to the same high family, as may well have amusing themselves in much the same way. been the case. The face of Ay does not differ Two are dancing, one accompanying her own essentially from those in the entrance, and but
movements on the lute, while two companions little from the ink profile on PI. xxxi. From these bear their part on the lute and harp. In spite three examples of careful work we may per- of the small scale and the defaced condition of haps form a true estimate of the capacity of the
the wall, the shufiling gait of the Oriental dancer Egyptian artist for portraiture and of its limits.
is suggested as successfully as the lazy postures The presence of the wife of Ay here, as every-
of the eunuchs outside. where else in the tomb, is very exceptional, but The Balcoky.—However wearisome the repe- her rank as nurse and tutoress of the Queen and
tition of this scene may have become, we could handmaid (?) of the King fully justify it.* Gifts
ill spare this representation of the Queen and 1 Cf. Peteie, Tell el Amarna, I., figs. 1, 13, for nude her little daughters mutually caressing one sculpture of the Queen. The supposition that clothing
another. For though such pictures were not might have been indicated in paint seems to fail, since by exceptional, few have come down to our time exception there is no sign that colour was ever applied to this wall. in any completeness. The youngest of the three 2 Hay remarks here that the heads of these dwarfs have scarcely have been old enough to walk at can been destroyed, " perhaps as being favourites.'' The note this time, as indeed her lack of hair suggests. is pertinent, for their faces are almost everywhere defaced, Meanwhile the parents themselves are treated perhaps by accident. These servants, for whom ridiculous titles and names are invented, and their mistress, who as nurslings of the Aten, "the Father," who stands apart without participating in the worship of Aten, supports them by his hands with even more invite comment. Were it not for the evident youth of the solicitude than they themselves show for their princess and her Egyptian aspect, I would have ventured to suggest that it was Tadukhipa herself under an Egyptian offspring. The features of all are well preserved name, to whom the monogamous King would grant no are likely to be more authentic here, in and higher title or relation than this. She would then be " the the tomb of the Queen's parents, than anywhere queen" to whom the dwarf Er-neheh had been jestingly appointed " vizier." Her speedy disappearance would else. be easily explained by the King's repugnance to the alliance An astonishing, and indeed a unique, feature The dwarfs' curious titles might then have some playful of the representation is that the whole family reference to their Syrian names. 3 The stone on which the upper is absolutely nude, so far as we can see. One part of their bodies was cut fell out or was removed, but by good chance can hardly believe that the reverence for reality reached the Museum at Cairo (PI. xxxviii.). which the King is credited led him so with * Tenre, as a favourite of the Queen, also has a prominent far as this, but must suppose that he shared place in Tomb i, Cf. also p. 5 above, ^
22 THE BOCK TOMBS OP EL AMAENA.
are being showered on the proud pair, but the in order of precedence. At the back the two manner of their bestowal must, from their nature, royal chariots wait.^ The most grudging admis- be an artist's license, as little founded on fact as sion apparently is given to the representative the nudity of the royal family. foreigners (Negro, Libyan, North and South Since the gifts of the King are certain in this Syrian), accompanied by their Egyptian inter- case to represent those things which would most preters. Scribes follow and then squads of mercenaries, who seem to form an delight the heart of a high-born—and wealthy police and pair, they are worth enumerating : escort to a group of ofiicials (officers of the
18 double necklaces of gold beads, two at least Treasury ?) in charge of two small chests. Then
of them fitted with pectorals. come bands of soldiery, including four standard- 2 plain necklaces. bearers, Negro bowmen, and spearmen from Libya
5 collars, no doubt of threaded faience and Syria. The Egyptians (?) are armed with trinkets. what look like sand-bags, but may be officers'
6 fillets, probably of the same sort. batons. An advanced position is necessarily
4 golden (?) cups, two with a foot, two without. occupied by the acting scribes, who look strangely
2 metal (?) vases. like gentlemen of the press, so eager do they 5 signet rings. appear in the pursuit of their profession. Then
1 pair of gloves. comes a group of high officials, including fan-
12 pairs of plain armlets.^ bearers, and lastly, as the highest of all, the
We have here, surely, the earliest representa- high-priest of Aten (?) and the vizier. A place tion of gloves. Nor do they, I think, reappear in the front, however, is also reserved for a band in Egyptian pictures. One would suspect an of mimes, who seem to perform the part of the Eastern origin for them, since the most urgent jester in a Western court, manifesting the public need for them by a man of position would be in opinion on the day's proceedings in comic gesture the management of horses, and this was exactly and perhaps even in merry gibe or exaggerated Ay's duty. At any rate the picture would lead encomium.* us to think that Ay was intensely proud of this Outside the Courtyard (Plates xxx., xliv.).— rare possession. As soon as he is outside the It was a pretty fancy to make the Aten shed his gates of the palace he puts them on and exhibits rays also upon the gate, as if blessing those who them to his friends (PI. xxxi. ). Nor has he any enter even into the outer courts of the King. reason to be dissatisfied at the impression which Nevertheless two warders as well keep guard they make ; for the bystanders press round to with whips. ^ Ay is seen emerging from the see and stroke them, lift up their arms in wild gates ; he is loaded with jewellery and is wearing astonishment, and are ready to fall down and do the presentation gloves.^ Servants follow him homage to him and them indiscriminately. The crowd within the courtyard seems ranked ^ The top of the picture represents distance, and thus probably here a position near the gates, which must have ^ I do not include the gifts of Plate xxx., which I take admitted a broader road than the artist grants. to be a repetition, though some small toilet vases are ^ added They are seen also in II., xxxviii. ; III., xiv. there, but T have reckoned the collars which Ay and Tyi = Cf. PI. iv. donned. have already ^ The whole of this group, together with the cheering - At least Ay appears outside with them on, and it is in saises further on, are only executed in black ink. The itself probable that earrings and bracelets would be given collars, however, have been drawn in red ink to represent (cf. III., xvii.). They may, however, be represented by gold, as also the arm-bands and the gloves. Both the latter, the rings mentioned above, though those are distinctly indeed, have been coloured solid red, so that the gloved flattened on one side, like signet-rings. hands are indisputable. The marking of the fingers does !: ;
THE TOMB OP AY. 23
carrying the royal presents on trays, and at "Look to the stool ^ and the sack, that we may the sight his friends and the men of the patrol see what is being done for Ay, the father of the greet him with cheers and prostrations. Three god." The reply is more boy-like than accom- chariots " are in waiting to convey Ay and his modating : Don't be long, (or) I'll be off and " friends. keep them, my master ! Still further in the background are the military SouTHERiir Doorway (Plates xxxi., xxxii.).^ posts, where six standards are planted on three Previous copies :—Hay, MSS., 29847, fol. 66 ; 298U. platforms, two on each. They belong apparently fol. 13. L'HoTE, Papiers, xi., 38 (sketch of lintel) ; Lepsids, D., III., 105/, 107 i (hntel and left jamb). Mon. du culte to two regiments, the square standards being d'Atonou, I., p. 46.^ borne by troops dressed in a simple loin-cloth, The lintel of this door-framing is almost while those whose emblem is the sun-shade add totally destroyed, nothing now remaining but to this a long but girt-up tunic. By each plat- the figures of Ay (headless) and his wife, with form a sentry sits on a cushioned fauld-stool. her titles. The jambs are in even a worse state, The courtyard wall has shut out from their eyes only a few hieroglyphs and the kneeling figures the spectacle within, but they keep in touch at the foot surviving (Plate xxxi.). The lintel with what is going on by help of the street boys, showed the figures and prayers of Ay and Tyi on who run to and fro and bring the news. either side of a design formed of cartouches and The sentry nearest the gate hears the din and titularies under the radiant disc. Translations " asks eagerly : For whom is this rejoicing being of the texts will be found on pp. 33, 34. ? " made, my boy " The reply is given : The
rejoicing is being made for Ay, the father of the C. Ay and Tyi. god, along with Tyi. They have been made The intrinsic interest of this tomb is supple- " people of gold ! To which the very unsoldierly- mented by our knowledge of Ay's later career
" it is looking sentry ejaculates : You will see. These for generally acknowledged that he is
are the beauties of the age (?) ! " The news identical with that King Ay who ascended the does not reach the second sentry so quickly. throne of Egypt after the death of one or more of
" ! " successors. Hasten " he cries ; see rejoicing Akhenaten's This identification with go the loud ;
I mean, who it is ; and come back at a run." the King, on the ground of similarity of name, " The errand is thoroughly to the urchin's taste. wife's name, and the title father of the divinity,"
" I will do it. Behold me ! " The boys of the has gained new force and interest by the argu-
city have already brought a highly-coloured tale ments which Professor Borchardt has brought forward for giving to the third sentry ; for when a friend sits down to that title the sense ot " " * to chat and asks " For whom are they rejoicing ? father-in-law of the King." " reply : Rise : 1 he is able to up and you will see Ashet is used of the King's throne, III., xiii. Thenfet is thing which is a rare word, but the picture makes its meaning plain this the good Pharaoh (L.P.H. !) here, if it is not a slang use. has done for Ay, the father of the god, and Tyi 2 The lintel is reproduced from the plate of Lepsius, with Pharaoh (L.P.H. !) has given to them millions of one or two emendations from Hay. I have also thought loads of gold and all manner of riches ! " The to get nearer the original by taking the head of Ay on the outer jamb as a model. boys are more fortunate than the sentries in ^ This plate seems to have been drawn from the same leaving their duties. see one handing over We source as mine.
a bag and stool to a comrade with the words * BoECHAEDT, Beviclit d. Konigl. Sachaiechen GesellscJiaft, LVII., p. 254. May it not mean directly " father of the not necessarily imply that the gloves were fingered. They Queen," the heiress to the throne being considered divine are more likely to have been undivided, as in the sculptured in nature? Tyi is not suckler and nurse of the King examples. (ib., but of the p. 263), Queen ; for as Nefertiti's name is 24 THE BOCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
If the right to the throne lay with Nefertiti, It is unpleasant to turn from this pleasing
as her titles may indicate, they must then have picture of the King's happy relations with his passed to her through her mother Tyi, the wife wife's family as well as his own, the winning
of Ay, and it is possible that Tyi, Queen of thoughts of Ay's hymn, his exuberant expressions
Amenhotep III., assumed the name of the real of loyalty, and the charming examples of the heiress to conceal her non-royal birth. Ay, to new art which adorn his tomb, to the impressions whom Tyi was given in marriage, was probably gained from the burial-chamber of the same man
also of high birth, though his titles are not as King. For he had proved so false to his
extremely imposing. Tyi's titles show that the former faith that his few monuments show him pair cannot have been very young at this time in adoration of the whole Egyptian Pantheon, and and must have been advancing in years when his burial-place exhibits the stiffest and worst Ay came to the throne by right of his wife. If features of the Theban style. One genial touch,
Benretmut, as it appears, is their second daughter, however, distinguishes both the first and last whom her sister, the Queen, had taken into her tombs. That love of nature, of bird and plant
train, her separation from her parents in the life, which the religion of the Aten exhibited, and picture must be due to etiquette at El Amarna, on which Ay seems especially to have fastened,
which did not permit the children of the deceased is reflected again in his last tomb, where the old to be shown on the walls, nor even their wives, King, remembering past days and the private unless these had special relations to the Queen.^ pleasures of the former Master of the Horse, had Since Ay owed his special position near the King himself depicted, against the custom of kings, as to his wife, Tyi appears with her husband on engaged in a day's sport in the marshes in a every occasion, and even when he receives thoroughly human way.^
honours from the King. titles The accorded to Ay in his tomb are : The portrait of Ay in this tomb seems not to 1. " Father of the divinity," ^ (j ^7 be in disaccord with his features when he appears 2- ° " Bearer of the fan as King on the walls of his sepulchre in the West- fe I ? J L on the ern valley at Thebes, if we make allowance for the right hand of the King," conventional style adopted ^^ there ; and the head of ' " 3. 1 ffii , Acting Scribe of the King, Queen Tyi II. at Ekhmim is in striking harmony beloved by him," with that shown in PI. xxxix., both exhibiting a face somewhat plain and sharp-featured.^ all the horses of His Majesty," definitely attached to the first ofiice (PI. xxiv.), so the besides many complimentary epithets, determinative of the Queen wearing the double feather including belongs to the word ntr{t) or ntri{t), not to shd-t (Hay shows that of [1^||, "Companion" (PI. xxxii.), and the double feather quite clearly in both occurrences of the title on the lintel also). " 1' ^^^^ °^ *^® Companions of ffi I P ? iS i ^ ^ The exceptions (II., xxiii., and IV., xlv.) occur only in the King" (Pis. xxxii., col. 4 ; xxv., col. the shrine. 12).
2 The head of Ay as King and that of Tyi as Queen are reproduced in L., D., III., 113 a, 296. L., B., III., 113 c. " ;
25
CHAPTER IV.
THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS.
A. Hymns and Peayees. " ' [For] the A:aof the Royal Craftsman, he who lares the
1. HYMN OP PABENNEFER. hands (of the King), Parennefer (?).'
South Thickness. (Plate iii.). 2. HYMN OP TUTU. Previous copies: Hav, MSS., 29814, fol. 28; 29847, xv.).' fol. 2 South Thickness. (Plate 16 ; Mon. du culte d'Atonou, I., Ixiv.
Previous copies are : Hav, MSS., 29814, fol. 12 29847, "An ascription of praise to the [living Aten], who ; fol. 14; Lepsius, D., III., 107 a; Mon. du culte d'Atonou, illumines (?) every land with his beauty, at whose dawning all I. Iiii.8 men live (and ; to) the ha of the King, who lives on Truth, " [Praise to thy ia,] Horakhti-Aten, who givest life, Lord of the Two Lands, Nefer-kheperu-ra-Ua-en-ra, giving for ever and ever (and to) thy favourite the King (sic) life, the Origin of Fate and Creator of Nursing, Lord of ; who lives on Truth, Lord of the Two Lands, thy child who burial. Giver of old age, Lord of the term of life, in the issued from thy rays. Thou hast established him in thine day of whose vigour there is prosperity.' At sight of thee office of King of South and North Egypt (and) as ruler of there is Ufe and health. (When) one awakes (?) one that which Aten encircles. Thou hast given eternity to [adores] thy fair face. him, even as thou hast made thyself, (him) thy son, a "May he grant a life happy in following the King, part of thee (?),' that [he] may fulfil (it) with thy dura- pleasure and joy every day, (and as) the close of this a tion, i" the son of the sun [Akhenaten] great in his duration * goodly burial by the favour (?) of the good [god], entrance (and to) the chief wife of the King, Nefer-[neferu-]aten- [and exit] in the house of the King and that his body be [Nefertiti], who lives for ever and ever. provided with favours of his giving. For the ka of the ". [2] . . . (When) thou [dawnest] (and) illuminest the favourite of the good god, servant of the King when he Two Lands, thy rays^"^ (fall) on thy beloved son and thy hand was a child, Royal Craftsman,^ he who laves the hands of holds life and pleasure (?). Thy love is great and broad [His Majesty, Paren]nefer, who lives anew. ; (thou) sparkiest in thy proud colours ; thou floodest " He saith, ' Grant thy duration to thy beloved son. Lord of the Two Lands, []Srefer-kheperu-]ra. Further him" ' As the text in Mon. du culte d'Atonou is a collation, with sed-festival. Let thy rays be with I thought it best to ignore it in preparing my own, and life and strength, invigorating (his) limbs daily obtained an independent text from the copies of Hay and eternity in Akhetaten, propitiating thy ha daily. Grant Lepsius. A comparison of our plates will therefore show to me [old age happy in the] favour of the King, follow- (?) how strong is the confirmation of the text now presented. ing his ka every day, a lifetime happy in seeing the Lord When on the point of printing, I learnt of the existence of the Two Lands without failure in his beauty. of squeezes in the Museum at Berlin (No. 502), and, by the
extreme kindness of Dr. Ranke, one of the stafi", I was 1 The editor, in supervising my translations of these furnished with a copy drawn from these. Though few and other broken texts, has again made so many and such changes resulted, the assurance gained in a large number of valuable contributions that both in this chapter and else- doubtful readings was of enormous value, since confidence where they must be regarded as our joint work. in a text is of almost as great importance as its actual 2 Whence the restorations in the plate. correctness. 3 Read IP""^^^^- Extant signs are printed in solid black. ' Breasted has given a translation from his own copies * Or "among the favourites," reading in Becords, II., p. 415. n ^ \._y (squeeze). Surely an error. 9.9.^ ^^ One would have expected -
o r
11 Read Y for 1 (squeeze). 6 For the word cf. PI. xxv., col. 18, ;
26 THE BOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.
heaven and earth with thy beauty. Thy son who issued kheperu-ra] ' to whom life is given as (to) Aten, thy father, from thy body, worships thee and thou hearkenest for him and who thrivest even as he. I do not that which is to all that is in his heart, and fulfillest it as it proceeds hateful to His Majesty ; falsehood in my inward parts is my from his mouth. Thou lovest him and makest him like abomination, as it is the extreme abomination of Ua-en-ra.
; Aten ; (for though) thou art in heaven thy rays are upon I present Truth to His Majesty for I know that he lives
him(?).i [3] [The King of South and North, thereon. Thou indeed art Ra, who produced Maat (Truth)
living on Truth,] Lord of the Two Lands, N. Thou hast thou hast set [9] My voice was not loud (?) given birth to His Majesty even as thou givest birth to in the King's house, nor my walk swaggering (lit. " broad ") thyself daily without ceasing. Thou hast formed him by in the palace. I did not receive the reward of falsity in
thine own rays, that he might fulfil the duration of Aten. order to do violence to Justice on behalf of Crime. On the
(When) thou traversest heaven his eye is on thy beauty, contrary I did Right for the King,* I acted according to exulting with joy at seeing thee, the living Aten. Thou his command laid upon me. I have grown wealthy by the favourest him ; (and) all that are under heaven to its full bounty of Ua-en-ra ; I have been ennobled by the rewards extent, all that see thy rays, belong to thy son (?) ; even which he gave tome .... [10] the teaching.
as thou hast made them (that) he may gladden thy heart [I do] not (?) my lord guiltily to my know-
by them, [4] [the Son of the Sun, living on Truth, Lord ledge. I do not set falsity in my inward parts. I am of Diadems, Akhenjaten, great in his duration. before him in the palace as favourites (?). "I have come with praise to the Aten, the living and He rose early every day to teach me because of my zeal in sole god. Lord of rays for giving light. ^ Dawning in performing his teaching. On no occasion was I found in
heaven and illumining the Two Lands, he gives life to all evil.^ [11] the teaching of the Lord of the that he has created, he puts darkness to flight and sends Two Lands. I was precise and true, as the King knoweth his rays (so that) every land is filled with his love. The
herbs and trees spring up to (greet) life (lies) i" thy face ; the denizens my (?) in adoring His Majesty ; for I am his of the waters leap at thy rising. All men rise up in their follower. ^ places they cleanse ' ; [5] [their limbs and take] clothing ; " Let me be satisfied with seeing thee. My heart begs labourers of all kinds do their tasks. (When) thou that thou wouldest decree for me [goodly] burial [12] after awakenest the Two Lands at thy dawning in thy form of old age in the cliff of Akhetaten the living Aten, their mouth is filled with plenty of thy May I inhale thy sweet air of the North giving; all manner of cattle [rest on]* their herbage. wind; which is fragrant in the incense of the service of Thou dispersest ills and givest health. All men rise at N., my god. [13] How prosperous (?) is the King who does thy dawning, for they have seen their lord when he the good pleasure of his father ! appears, thy unique son, who issued from thy body, thou Grant me that my fame may be firm- embracest him with thy bright rays [6] Lord founded on that which thou (?) " hast done ; may the fame of heaven [When thou shinest] in ^ thy form of thy favourite not be to seek (i.e. may it be conspicuous), of the living Aten every land trips (?) to thy rising. Thy but may that which thou hast done abide and be named by rays hold millions of sed-iestiyals for thy son, who lives my (?) name for [me?].i2 on Truth, Lord of the Two Lands, N., my god " ' who [14] How prosperous is he whom thou rewardest in fashioned and fostered me. Grant to me my eye seeing each of his oflices ! is him, my arms adoring him, my ear hearing his tones, and the offerings (?) of the Aten in Akhetaten, all scribes of the his spirit before me without ceasing. King who know their business, whose hearts are expert in " I was a servant favoured [by his lord] ; his teaching serviceableness, every one who lifts the foot to walk by and his instruction are in my inmost heart (lit. " ") belly this (?) [tomb] [7] [unceasingly?] Verily I speak with
truth to his Majesty,^ for I know that he lives ' The squeezes thereon. suggest that a cartouche is to be substi- The Chief Servitor of in N. ... . the temple of Aten in tuted for the doubtful hieroglyphs here.
Akhetaten, the Chamberlain, ' ' " Tutu, saith : My lord who Or, the King's Right." lives on Truth, IST., I am a servant ^ Lit. " [8] [Nefer- My occasion was not found in any evil." 1° I adopt Hay's reading -^ ^^ against Dr. Ranke's 1 So Hay ; the squeeze is illegible. Perhaps 'upon reading of the squeeze, as it is what one would expect. earth" should be rea,d, as in Cf PL xxvii., col. 3. XXV., 14. ^ It is better perhaps to read <2>- for <:=>, with Hay " One would rather translate "all that I have done"- and translate " Creator of light." ' but see below. ^ Cf. Pis. xiv. and xxvii., cols. 4, 5. 1^ Or perhaps simply " and be honourably * Cf. PI. xxvii, col. 5. named." The last sign IS from Bouriant's copy. ^ Reading ^ «, with Hay. 13 Supply "0! all ye priests who offer" '' Or perhaps, " His Majesty's or a similar Truth." phrase. — —
THE KELIGIOtJS TEXTS. ^1 the living Aten, say ye for him " Set him to Eternity, Thou embracest the lands with thy power to the compass living Aten, He who creates Himself. Thou art eternal, of the rays of Aten. and likewise " of thy son Ua-en-ra, who issued from his body. [3] [The King of the South and North?] N., a ruler
Sweet breezes of the gift of the King's ha for the lea of the love, great of marvels. Thy beauties are many (?). The " Chamberlain, Tutu." ' colours of thy limbs are like the rays of thy father. (When) he, the living Aten, dawns, all that .... has created is 3. tutu's address to posterity. ^ illumined (?). Thou (?) (art) [4] of his nature, issuing (?) West Wall. North Side. (Plate xix.). Thy limbs are .... as he is beautiful in Previous copy : Mon. du culte d'Atonou, I., lix his flesh (While) he exists thou shalt " The Chamberlain, Tutu, saith : (exist) eternally. As to the Aten, thou (?) art his " ' O leaders (?) of ^ all persons, scribes [who know] ^ their beloved Son (?). Thou art of his nature ; acclamations business, [2] chief wab priests of the temple of Aten, pious (?) are made for thee to heaven [5] unto Aten, great ones scribes whose hearts (?) [great] in his duration. He sets thee are expert in life ! [3] (?) Every one who desires to reach ^ to Eternity ; thou shalt be everlasting ; thou celebratest old age, interment and proper obsequies, (when) one is festivals, thou whom Aten fashions as often as he rises sated [4] with life,' hear for yourselves J Enter ye my tomb and dawns in heaven to illuminate every land (?). [6] and see how great is that which was done to me. I was [Syria] and Kush are brought i° a servant of [5] Ua-en-ra, the Ruler who lived on Truth. with obeisances for thee to Akhetaten, they of the South I followed him and he was quick (lit. "he rose early") to equally with them of the North. They prostrate themselves reward me (?) because [6] I performed what issued from before thee and make salutations [7] his mouth. I did not shelter (anyone) in any case of Ra fashions thee, the lord of Destiny, who creates wrong-doing * in any business [of] his Majesty. I was [7] length of days, N., a heaven which holds the living Aten the supreme mouthpiece in the entire land, in expeditions, and in which are breezes. Thou hast given it to the ^ works ; and crafts, and [of] all persons living and dead ^^ nostril of thy favourites. [8] cattle (?) as to [8] the ambassadors of all the foreign lands, I an- with all kind of roast fowl (?) water (?) therein. nounced their words to the palace, I being [9] Its fields (?) are full of wealth, abounding in life. They are every day. I came out to them as the messenger of the '^ barred against any spoliation (?) [9] King, possessed of every rule of [His] Majesty. [I see (?) by means of them. As to Aten, he shines in ... . directed] [10] the work on his monuments. I was first in according to thy (?) ordinance. All thy favoured ones see
my rank (of ?) Ami-khent, being pure for Ua-en-ra . . (?) him (but) spoiler is (doomed) to the there shining ; the (?)
place of destruction (?) [10] 4. SECOND HYMN OF TUTU. [He] is the Sun, a nature excellent towards all men, West Wall. South Side. (Plate xxi.). N.? Thou formest him in order that he may [ I Previous copy : Bouriant, Mon. du culte d'Atonou, I.,
PI. Ivi. andpp. 114-117. travel on the road (?) in the midst of(?)the fields (?) [11] of six measured with a rod the body clothed [1] " child (?) of the Aten, a living Ra, (?), great of love, at whose decree the land lives. When thou with fine linen .... by thy bounty, his house filled . . .
so that (when) he calls to one of a thousand [he ?] openest thine eyes [2] the land (?) abounds with wealth (?). ^3 [12] voyages in the barge .... he which thou hast decreed (?). Thou art the mother who answers He hast borne all mankind and brought up millions by thy sails (?) having a crew, provided with rudder (?) establishes [men], bounty. Thy might is a wall of brass of millions of cubits.' according to the decree of the Ruler who the son of the Sun, Akhenaten, great in his duration, and
the chief wife of the King, whom he loves (?), [13] [Nefer- 1 Supplying (?)• ^^ ^ j '^ See prayer above, col. 14. ^^ Mon. du culte d'Atonou, I., PL Ivi. 3 Reading ^^^||. ^ Emending to <=^ Cf. XXV., col. 18. Mon. du culte * Emending to d'Atonmi reads ^^ ^ O m. "dead," is perhaps to be read in place of y iJIm- H —p— '^^ or immediately following it. Read i-i''^ (Mon. du culte d'Atonou and my 6 whether the inscription ended here or It is not clear photographs). was composed with a view to filling the entire space between 11 Read ^^ (ib.). this and the praying figure of Tutu, which affords room twelve columns more. The text seems incom- for about 12 Reading I plete, as it contains neither praise nor prayer. 13 Of. v., XV. ' Of. v.. PI. xxix., line 9. — ;
28 THE BOCK TOMBS OP EL AMABNA.
" titi], living for ever and ever. The Chamberlain, Tutu, [2] Praise to thee when thou dawnest on the horizon, O lord of Eternity, and an obeisance when thou saith : living Aten,
" ' I relate [in] my heart, .... dawnest in heaven to illumine every land with thy beauty. " thy .... in my inward parts [14] ... Thy rays (rest) on thy beloved son, thy hands [3] hold of . . . How salutary is the teaching of Ua-en-ra, which I millions of sed-festivals for the King South and North, have put (?) in my heart to do it the Aten N., thy child, who issued from thy rays. Thou transferrest who formed him [15] he listens to Truth, to him thy duration and thy years. Thou hearkenest [4] unto a heap (?) of riches as many as eastern for him to that which is in his heart. Thou lovest him horizon [16] millions, the Sun (Ra) who and makest him like Aten. (When) thou dawnest eternity lives on Truth, N. O all ye who follow him, listen to the is (when) thou settest thou givest to him given to him ; teaching of Ua-en-ra .... Truth everlastingness. Thou producest him in the morning like
[17] he descends to the execution and the flame devours his thy changes ; thou formest him as thy image [5] like flesh. The Aten dawns .... thou seest Ra, rejoiciug (?) Aten, a ruler of Justice, who issued from eternity, a son [18] the concerns of the body for of the Sun who upholds his beauty and conducts to him every one. Thine eyes are uplifted (?) to (?) see the circuit the produce of his rays, the King of South and North of Aten They have (?) Egypt, living on Truth, Lord of the Two Lands, N., (and) [19] the body swathed, a distant people whom the Ruler the chief wife of the King, Nefertiti, who lives for ever judges (?) [20] and ever. let " ' him become an enemy among you ; let him be clothed [6] The father of the god, etc.. Ay, says, Hail to thee, with the living Aten, who, dawning in heaven, floodest hearts
[21] wealth, on which your fame is established ; according (with his beams). Every land is in festival at his rising to the decree of the Ruler, beautiful clifi" their hearts are glad [7] with acclamations of their lord ; in the resting-place .... [22] Syria for He that hath created him dawns upon them. (When) till they are scrupulous for it . who him reach ... Aten, thy son presents Truth to thy fair face, with delight thou like [him?] eternal, Nefer-kheperu-ra.' .... [23] [The seest him who issued from thee, the son of Eternity who
^ ' Chamberlain, Tutu,] saith : My lord, sole one of Aten, issued from [8] Aten, serviceable to Him who was service- who upholds his name, his son [His] able to him, gratifying the heart of Aten. (When) he Majesty His Majesty dawns in heaven, he rejoices at his son ; he embraces him
[24] my breath of life is to see him daily, Ua-en-ra, my (?) with his rays ; he gives to him eternity as a King like the .... daily. Thou .... my name my .... of life (?), [9] Aten, N., my god who made me and fostered my ka. with wealth .... King. [25] He teaches me. Lo! I tell Grant that I may be satisfied with the sight of thee un- you something worth hearing. The Ruler is Light ceasingly, my lord, constituted like Aten, abounding in
burial, [26] salubrity, delight. Lo ! it wealth, a Nile [10] pouring forth (waters) daily, =^ who gives belongs to the Ruler. May he grant life to Egypt, silver and gold like the sands of the shores. (when) he [27] dawns, he does his will The land awakes to acclaim (him), prosperous by his bounty. against him who ignores his teaching and his favour to- thou whom Aten bore, thou art to Eternity, N., living wards him who knows him. When thou listenest to the and thriving even as he formed thee.' King .... the darkness (?) the rays of the [11] "The father of the god, etc.. Ay, saith, 'I was one [Aten] the [28] Ruler. When he rises the loyal to the King who fostered him, punctilious towards Nile prospers and waters the land ; the fields are in (?) (?) the Lord of the Two Lands, serviceable to his lord. I fol- festival Aten .... (?) [29] lowed the spirit of His Majesty as his favourite, seeing [12] me with his wealth. They are in joy ; every despoiler (?) his beauty when he appeared in his palace. I was Aten.'" head of the great ones, the companions of the Bang,* chief of all those that follow His Majesty 5. HYMN OP AY. He set Truth in my inward parts falsehood ; was my abomination (for) I East Thickness. Pis. xxv., xxxviii., xxxix. ; knew that Ua-en-ra, my lord, rejoiced thereat, [13] he Previous copies'": Daeessy, Becueil de Travaux, xv., being wise like Aten and truly understanding. He 45 Mon. du cuUe d'Atonou, I., xix., p. ; xx. (Photograph). multiplied for me my rewards of silver and gold. I was "An adoration of Aten, life who gives for ever and ever chief of the great ones, head of the reJchyt. My achieve- (of) the King of South and North, N., the son of the Sun, ments and my excellent character (made) my present A., in his duration, great (and of) the chief wife of the position.^ King, Nefertiti, living for ever and ever.
^ Cf. v., ii., Hne 13, for this and many other ^ borrowed Mon. du culte d'Atonou. Now injured. phrases. ^ A translation of the hymn is given by Breasted from ^ Or " head of the companions of the King." Cf p 33 his own copy in Records, II., p. 409. ' Cf. v., PI. iv., and p. 17. — — —
THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS. 29
[14] "' My lord taught me and I do his teaching. My life (consists) in adoring his ka. I am satisfied in following Hymn to the Aten. him. My breath by which I live is this North-wind, this Ay. West Thickness. Plates xxvii.,^ xli. Myriad of Niles, pouring forth waters daily, N. [15] Grant to me a life extended by thy favours. How happy Previous copy : Boueiant, Mission Archeologique. is thy Tome I., p. 2 ; revised in Mon. du culte d'Atonou, I., favourite, Son of the Aten ! All that he does is stable and thriving, and the bounty of the Lord of the Pi. xvi. and p. 30. " for and Two Lands is with him to eternity. Such a one is satisfied An adoration of Horakhti-Aten, who lives ever with life and reaches [16] old age. ever, the living and great Aten, who is within the sed-
" ' O my lord, who establishes man, determines (his) life- festival, lord of all that Aten encircles, lord of heaven, course, and creates a happy destiny for his favourite (so lord of earth,* lord of the house of Aten in Akhetaten, (of) that his) heart rests on truth and falsehood is his abomina- the King of South and North Egypt, living on Truth, Lord tion, how prosperous is he who listens to thy teaching of of the Two Lands, Nefer-kheperu-ra-Ua-en-ra, the Son of
LIFE ! He is satisfied the Sun, living on Truth, Lord of Diadems, Akhenaten, by seeing thee unceasingly ; [17] his eyes see the Aten daily. Grant to me a happy old age as great in his duration, (and of) the chief wife of the King, thy favourite. Give to me goodly burial by the command whom he loves. Lady of the Two Lands, Nefer-neferu-aten- of thy ka in my tomb, which thou hast commanded for me, Nefertiti, who has life, health and youth for ever and that I may rest therein in the mountain of Akhetaten, the ever.' resting-place of the elect, and the sound of thy [18] sweet " The Bearer of the Fan on the right hand of the King, voice in the chapel of the Benben. Overseer of all the horses of His Majesty, he who gives " ' Thou doest what is grateful to thy father the living satisfaction in the whole land, the favourite of the good
: Aten. May he set thee to eternity, (even) to eternity ! god, the father of the god. Ay [2], saith
^ " May he further thee with sed-festivals in number like the ' Thy rising is beautiful on the horizon of heaven, O sand-dunes (if) one measures (them) with a bushel ; as one living Aten, who dispensest life. (When) thou dawnest on reckons the sea, when measured by [19] zavets ;^ (as) one the eastern horizon thou fiUest every land with thy beauty. learns the tale of the mountains when hung in the balance, Thou art splendid, great, radiant, uplifted above every or the feathers^ of birds, or [20] the leaves (?) of trees land. Thy rays embrace the lands to the extent of all sed-festivals of the King Ua-en-ra, for ever and ever, and that thou hast made [3]. Thou art Ra ; thou bringest with a royal length of life [21] for the chief wife of the King, them after their number and subjectest them (to) thy whom he loves, who unites her beauties and propitiates the Aten with her [22] pleasant voice and with her beautiful hands holding [23] the sistrums, the Lady of the Two Lands, ^ The lacunae in this plate have been filled up from Nefertiti, who lives for ever and ever. May she be by Boueiant's copy, the extent of present gaps being marked the side of [24] Ua-en-ra for ever and ever, even as heaven by a light outline and by broken lines of partition, also in stands firm [25] with all that it holds. Thy father the a few cases by dotted hieroglyphs. The text of Bouriant Aten dawns in heaven to protect thee [26] every day, even admits of some distrust in badly preserved passages, but it as he has borne thee. must be remembered that we have no copy before us from " his own hand. ' Grant to me pure food which has gone into thy presence, The text is from [27] the surplus of thy father Aten, by the gift of discussed by Breasted in his De Wymnis in thy ka. Grant that [28] my lea may be lasting and Solem, and a passage of it (with revised text) in A. Z., thriving for me as when I was on earth, following thy ka, 1901, p. 53. Translations have been furnished by Gbiffith in Petrie, History, II., Library [29] one for whom there was a procession* of honour to p. 215, and of the World's the resting-place of the elect. Thou hast allowed me to Literature, p. 5225, by Eeman, Handbook of Egyptian Religion, (partially) rest in it, (for) my mouth [30] held truth, my name was p. 64, and by Maspeeo, Struggle of the mentioned because of it, as thou didst decree. May I be Nations, pp. 321-3. as every companion of thine, following thy ka. May I * I V should have been printed in the plate. come secure of thy rewards after old age.' ' It will be observed in the photographs that the name "For the ka of the Bearer of the fan, etc.. Ay, living of Ay in front of his figure follows immediately upon the anew. end of the first column of the hymn, though in a separated column. 1 There is here a play on the words mtn.w, " further,'' and narrower As the praying figure indicates the the prayer is attributed, and mi tn.w, " like the number." For the former word see person to whom Ay is obviously the speaker, and the subject to " he says " at the top of PL iii., col. 6. doubt, therefore, 2 Mr. Griflath suggests that this may be the cubic quarter col. 2. I do not that the name and titles of are to be taken as a continuation of of a lieqat. Ay col. 1. The 3 The word seems to be determined by a bird's wing. point is of importance, as it removes all textual ground for to the * Of. PI. xxxiii., East column. attributing the hymn King. . ;
30 THE BOCK TOMBS OP EL AMARMA.
the beloved son.i Thou art distant, but thy rays are on the from (within) the egg. (When) he comes forth from feet all his ; runs on his earth. ^ Thou art in (their) faces, and they watch (?) thy egg he can chirp with might he goings. when he comes forth from it.
" ' things hast made ! " ' (When) thou settest on the western hoi'izon the earth How manifold are the which thou sole none is in darkness, in the likeness of death. They lie down in They are hidden from sight, O [8] god, to whom rival.' Thou hast created them for thy heart a chamber with their heads wrapped up ; one eye seeth not other is all manner of its fellow. (Though) all their goods which are under their (when) thou wast alone, mankind, cattle, foot,' and as heads be taken from them, they know (it) not. [4] Every animals, all that are upon earth going on lion bite (for) as are aloft flying with their wings, the nations of Cometh forth from his den ; aU the serpents ; many the darkness is is Syria Kush and the land" of Egypt. Thou assignest (their) ambush (1).^ The land in silence ; and (for) he who made them rests in his horizon. each man to his place, thou suppliest their needs (so that) life. " ' When the land brightens, thou dawnest on the horizon each man has his sustenance, reckoning his term of and shinest as Aten of the daytime. Thou drivest away Their tongues are diverse in speech ; their natures, [9] and darkness. When thou sendest thy rays the Two Lands are even their complexions, are distinct. (For thus) thou peoples. in festival ; mortals (?) arise and stand upon (their) feet distinguishest the strange (for) thou hast raised them up. They cleanse their limbs '"Thou makest the Nile in the under-world and bringest give life to mankind, as thou hast (and) take [5] clothes ; their arms are (uplifted) in praise it at thy pleasure to at thy rising; the whole land performs its labours. made them for thyself, their lord to the uttermost who is lord of every land, Animals of all kinds rest on their pastures ; trees and weary because of them, (as well as) the herbage grow green ; birds flutter in their nests, their who dawns for them, the Aten of the daytime, great of wings (outstretched) in praise to thy spirit. All cattle awe.i"^ leap upon their feet, all manner of flying and fluttering " 'As to every distant nation thou makest them to live. things [6] have life* when thou dawnest for them.^ The Thou hast set a Nile in heaven which descends for them ships, too, go and the (for) the mountains like the great down up stream ; every road [10] and makes waves on opens at thy rising. The fish in the rivers glide to greet deep, moistening their fields in their settlements. How
; ^^ thee " thy rays penetrate the deep sea, creating (too) issue excellent are thy ways, Lord of Eternity ! Thou art a in women and producing seed in mankind,' giving life to Nile in heaven for the strange nations and for all the wild the son in his mother's womb, issues from soothing with that which beasts that go upon foot ; (but) a Nile which stills his weeping, being a nurse within [7] the womb, the under-world for Egypt. Thy rays nurse every field : giving air in order to put life into all that He has made. when thou dawnest they live and thrive for thee.
When he issues from the womb the day of " ' Thou makest the seasons to foster all that thou hast birth, thou openest his his mouth duly (?) and suppliest made : [11] the winter to cool them and the summer heat that
his needs. they (?) may taste thee. Thou hast made the heaven afar
" ' A young bird in the egg chirps within the shell, (for) off' in which to shine and look on all that thou hast made.'^^ thou givest to him an- inside it to impart life to him ; thou Thou art one ; but thou shinest in thy changing forms as the givest to him his full form, so that he breaks it (the egg) living Aten, rising, gleaming, becoming distant, approaching
again (?). Thou didst make millions of formations out of thy single self—cities, villages, fields, road and 1 For this column thus far, see V., ii., which gives the O river. All eyes see thee opposite them. Thou art Aten variants and for and and of the day-time aloft. [12] When thou didst depart, when
I all men whose faces thou didst create that thou mightest the reading V\ Q. II not see [thine (?)] own self [alone ?]
2 Cf. PI. XV., col. 2. (Though) thou art in my heart, there is none ^ For the passage compare IV., iv.
* " Or, all winged (insects) fly : they live.'' ' Cf. I., xxxvi.. III., xxix. ^ An error of the scribe for ^ Literally "on two feet" ; but this restriction I is plainly I r Cf. IV., xxxii., col. 4. For parallels to the whole passage not intended.
IV., xxxiii. '" " see (p. 29). — ' — must be an error for ... .
« face." " The thought is of the sun setting in the far west as if Lit. to thy Read ^^ (?), A' weary of his task, but rising again in awful majesty. ' The writer is led by the thought of the rays which 12 '^=^. penetrate the deep waters to the manifestation of creative Emending to (1 V^ Only the heavenly Nile the power in the recesses of human body, where the vital (the rain) can benefit the desert-dwellers and foreign lands, fluids have their rise and place. The hieroglyphic sign for and there it descends in torrents from the hills, unlike the " " shows the simple anatomical woman idea on which the river of Egypt, whose source is not traceable. analogy is based " Cf. Part IV., p. 29. " — —
THE EELIGIOUS TEXTS. 81
that knoweth thee other than thy son, IST. Thou hast " For the ka " (as above). caused him to be skilled in thy ways and thy power. 2. Tutu. Door : Left Jamb. Plates xv., xxxiv.^
"'The land depends on thee, even as thou hast made Previous copies : Mariette (v. supra) ; Lepsius, D. them lii. ; when thou dawnest they live, when thou settest Text, II., p. 146 (partial) ; Mon. du culte d'Atonou, I., PI. they die. Thou in thyself art length of days ; life is from Col. 1. (Titularies as before).
thee. Eyes are (fixed) [13] on (thy) beauties until thou Col. 2. "I have come to thee, O living Aten! Truth
settest; (then) all labours are set aside. Thou settest has made her throne in me. I am not insolent ; I do not on * the right {i.e. the West) ; dawning, [thou bringest falsehood ; [I do not] anything which is hateful to thy
weal (?)] for the King. All who run upon son .... Akhenaten, great in his duration. Grant [to foot, since ever thou laidest the foundations of the earth, me] water (?) and air of the gift of the ka of the King. thou hast raised up for thy son who went forth from " For the ka of the Overseer of all the commissions of the thy body, the King of South and North, Nefer-klieperu-ra, Lord of the Two Lands, Tutu, maakheru." lives " who on Truth, the lord of diadems, Akhenaten, great Col. 3. I have come to thee, Aten ! I make an in his duration, (and for) the great wife of the King, whom obeisance to thy beautiful beams. Send thyself on thy he loves, of Lady the Two Lands, who lives and thrives son (?) (for) my arms are in praise (?) for ever and ever.' son of the sun, Akhenaten, great in his duration, grant a reception of food in the hall of the B. Shorter Petitions. Benhen.
1. Tutu. Door: Right Jamb. Plates xiii., xxxiv. " For the lea of the Overseer of all works of His Majesty,
Previous copies : Mariette, Voyage dans la Haute Tutu, maakheru." " ; Col. 4. I have to thee, ! I Egypte, PI. 18 (photograph) ' Mon. du culte d'Atonou, come O Aten am a servant
I., PI. lii. whom the Lord of the Two Lands (?) fostered
1. Col. Titularies of Aten, the King, and the Queen, .... He it is who made me I am sated (?) " commencing : (Long) live the Father, Horakhti-Aten." with his wealth like (?) Aten, great of Col. 2. " I have come with praises to thy rays, O living The son of the sun, Akhenaten [great in his duration].
Aten, sole (god). Thou art eternal. Heaven is thy Grant me thy bounty (?) for ever and ever. temple in which thou makest thine appearance every [day] " For the ka of the Overseer of the silver and gold of the to give birth to thy son who issued from thy body, the Lord of the Two Lands [Tutu], maakheru.'' " King of South and North [N.] the Col. 5. I have [come] to thee, Aten ! I adore thy living Aten. beauty.^ " For the Jca of the Chamberlain, Tutu, maakheru." He issued from thee. O son of the sun, Akhenaten, [great Col. 2. " [I] have come [to] thee. My mouth holds Truth, in his duration], grant sight of thee livest O Aten, who thereon. I followed thy son ; I did (?) daily (?). according to his achievements, TJa-en-ra, ruler of Truth, " For the ka of the Chamberlain, Tutu, maakheru." son of Eternity, the living Aten, King of South and Col. 6. " O son of the sun, Akhenaten in my
North, N. May he grant (1) and thy ka before pavilion (?) unceasingly. me for ever and ever. " For the ka etc." (as above). " For the ha etc." (as above). Col. 7. " O son of the sun, Akhenaten for Col. 3. "I have come to thee. My arms adore thee. ever and ever. " My eyes see thee unceasingly. Thou art the breath . . . . For the ka etc." (as above).
goodly burial in the cliff of Akhetaten, Panel. " Aten. May he grant it
the true (?) resting-place. Thou (?) art satisfied with Truth thou hast issued " (as above). For the Jca etc." from him ; thou fulfiUest his duration (?) with 4. have [come] to thee, Aten, created to the place every day. Col. "I O who .... May he grant (?) himself (?).^ Thou hast given birth to thy son she listens to Ua-en-ra. Grant eternally. " like the elect. For
3. Tutu. Inner Portal ; Panel. Plate xiv. " Praise to thy ka, living Aten ! Thou hast assigned (?) 1 After the completion of the plate my attention was to me a term of life as a favourite of his lord. drawn to this early photograph of Mariette's by Miss Porter, whose Index of published inscriptions will, it is to
be hoped, appear before long. Another photograph of the 3 Containing a restoration of the injured parts from door in its uninjured state is given by Maspero, Struggle Mariette's photograph. of the Nations, p. 329. Supplementary readings from ^^^ * Restoring %:> Mariette are given on Plate xxxiv. J ^
2 Suggested reading • ^ Reading A/V\AAA 1 ^ ]j^ | J ^ o : : : : : —
82 THE BOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAKNA.
xxiv. " For the Ita of the Chamberlain of the Lord of the Two 7. Ay. Door : Jambs. Plate
Lands, Tutu, ....'' Previous copy : Mon. du culte d'Atonou, I., PI. xv.
4. Tutu. Architraves. Plate xiv. Left Jamb Introduction. Titularies of the Aten, the King and the Col. 1, 2. —Titularies of the Aten, the King and the Queen, commencing " Long live the Father, Horakhti- Queen. A parallel to the opening phrases is given on the Aten " (A B). inner door-jambs (PI. xxxii.).^ 3. — Nefer-kheperu- There follows on the South Architrave (B E) : Col. "
" The ruler is born like the Aten, stable to eternity even ra. Grant a sight of thee on the eastern horizon, until as he, fulfilling the million of sed-festivals which the Aten, at length thou settest in life. who lives and gives life for ever, has decreed for him.'' " For the ha of the favourite of the good god, bearer of the acting scribe The North Architrave (B D) continues : the fan on the right hand of King, of the " She (the Queen) sees the E-uler daily without fail. He King, beloved by him, the father of the god, Ay, living is (hke) the Aten, his father, he who thrives and lives for anew." — ever, the Lord of the Two Lands, N., who gives life for Col. 4. " flourishing (?) ever and ever." for ever so long as thou endurest
The West Architrave (B C) continues : His Majesty endures, the son of the sun, Akhenaten, great "[Thou art] praised, [0] living Aten, by all that thou in his duration. Grant thou that I follow thee as thy hast made. They adore thee, even as thou hast made favourite. " them ; they live by thee eternally all For the ha of the favourite of the good god, bearer of
that thou hast created, made (?) gleaming on their the fan, etc., overseer of all the horses of His Majesty,
bodies. Thou shinest on me ; and, seeing thee, I live." acting scribe, etc., the father of the god. Ay, maakheru."
5. Tdtu. Ceiling of Entrance. Plate xiv. Col. 5. — " long duration to
North Border the King (?) and to the great royal wife, Nefertiti, living for " Mayest thou rise in the morning in thine eternal ever and ever. Grant that I live in receipt of his bounty. resting-place to see Aten (when) he rises. Mayest thou I am a servant whom His Majesty fostered.
purify thyself and take fine linen even as when thou wast " For the ha of the favourite, etc., the bearer, etc.,
on earth. giving satisfaction in the entire land, the scribe, etc., the
"For the lea of the favourite of the good god, the father of the god, Ay, living anew." Chamberlain, Tutu." Col. 6. —" The living Aten comes
Mid Column : whom no (?) other knoweth save (?) thy son,^ the King of " Mayest thou adore Aten and may he give thee airs. South and North, N. Grant me a life happy in seeing thy May his rays refresh thy body. Mayest thou raise thyself beauty daily without fail.
life " up and forget languor, and may he give to thy face (?) For the ha of the favourite of the good god, the nurse by the sight of him. of the chief wife of the King, Nefertiti, who lives for ever " For the lea of the Chief Servitor of Nefer-kheperu-ra and ever, Tyi, maaikheru.''
in the barge, the Chamberlain, Tutu." Right Jamb :
South Border Cols. 7, 8.—As on the opposite jamb. "Mayest thou follow Aten, like his favourites, in the Col. 9.—" thou hast filled Thou court of the hall of the Benben, and make obeisance to his art beautiful, great, shining thy son rays when thou art in the true (?) resting-place. the King of South and North, N. " For the Tea of the Chamberlain, Tutu." " Grant to me food ofiisred before thee, until an old ace 6. Tutu. Ceiling of Hall. Plate xii. of thy giving comes on.*
North Border (A) " For the ha etc." (titles as in col. 3). " chief servitor (?) of Aten Col. 10.— "Comes morning. For the ha [of] salute thee in the the Chamber- these completely. His son .... lain of the Lord of the Two Lands, the Overseer of the Treasury the Aten in the house of Aten in [Akhetaten], Tutu." 2 For the usual "within the house of Aten " these jambs give South Border (C) "lord of the house of Aten." The agreement of nh " thy name stable to eternity. May it not be with slinnt, which is here made clear by the feminine termin- i which he has done ations (cf. Pis. XX., xxvii., xxxii. ; III., to seek on that (1) thy xvi. ; V., iii.), shows horizon wherein the King that the phrase is to " house (?) on the be translated lord of all that Aten " For the lea of the ... . of the Lord of the Two encircles," and not "lord of Aten" as the parallel phrases which Lands . ... in Akhetaten, Tutu.'' follow suggest.
^ Cf. PI. xxvii., cols. 8, 12.
" I Cf. PI. XV., col. 13. Reading
THE EELIGIOUS TEXTS. 33
the son of the sun, Akhenaten, great in his Right Jamb. duration. Grant that I be satisfied by seeing thee Col. 1. —Titulary of Aten. unfailingly (f).^ Col. 2.—Titulary of the King (in full) and of the Queen.^ " " — For the—Jca etc. (titles as in col. 6). Col. 3. " The bearer of the fan on the right hand of the Col. 11. "The living Aten comes, who himself gives King ; the overseer of all the horses of the Lord of the Two
' birth to himself every day. The land is in festival (?) when Lands (of His Majesty ' in col. 8) ; the acting scribe of thou risest(?) thou settest in for the King, whom he loves ; the father of the god. Ay, the chief wife of the King, Nefertiti, who lives for ever and maakheru,^ saith, ' I was eminent, possessing character, ever. successful in opportunities, contented of disposition, kindly, "Grant pleasure and joy of Ua-en-ra. desiring ' following the ka of His Majesty, accord-
" For the ha etc. " (titles as in col. 5). ing as he commanded. I heard his voice unceasingly.
'' Col. 12.—" saith(2) thy The end thereof was rewards and an old age in peace.' Thou dawnest to give Col. 4. —" The bearer of the fan on the right hand of the to him eternity, that he may conduct the land to Him who King, a companion great of winning (?) the heart to him set him on His throne and cause the land to belong to Him ('great of access to his lord,' col. 6), the acting scribe, etc., who made him,^ the King of South and North, N. Grant Ay, living anew, saith : that my ha may be lasting and thriving, resting happily (?) " ' I was one loyal to the King, to him who fostered him, in Akhetaten. scrupulous towards the Lord of the Two Lands, one ser- " For the ha of the favourite of the good god, the great viceable to his lord, seeing his beauty when he appears in nurse and tutoress of the Queen, and hand-maid of the his palace. I was head ' of the great ones (?), the com- King, Tyi, maathheru.'' panions of the King, chief of those that follow his lord.
" ' 8. Ay. Inner Door ; Lititel. Plate xxxi.^ He sets truth in my inward parts. Falsehood is an Previous copies :—Hay, MSS., 29814, fol. 13; 29847, abomination. I live by adoring his ha. I am made con- fol. 66; Lepsius, D., III., 105/; D. Text, II., p. 144. tent by seeing him.' Left Side. " An ascription of praise to the Aten and an Col. 5. —" The bearer of the fan on the right hand of the obeisance to his beloved son. Lord of the Two Lands, N. King, beloved of the Lord of the Two Lands on account
Long life at thy hand, which thou givest to him whom of his achievements (col. 10, ' filling the heart of the Bang
lovest ! The land lives by thine enrichment. all the land ), the acting scribe, etc.. maakheru,^ thou (?) in ' Ay, How fortunate is he who puts thee in his heart. Verily he saith, " ^° achieveth old age in happiness ! ' O every one that loves life and desires a happy term, " For the ka of the favourite of the good god, bearer of adore ye the King unique like Aten, save whom none other
the fan on the right hand of the King, the acting scribe is great. (For) he gives to you a ILEe of delight, plenty and whom he loves, father of the god, Ay." fatness of his giving.' Right Side. " An ascription of praise to the Aten and Left Jamb. an obeisance to the Lord of Eternity. Col. 6. —As in col. 1. " Praises shall be given to thee (when) thou dawnest on Col. 7.—As in col. 2. the horizon until thy setting in life. May my favours be Col. 8.—(Titles as in col. 3, save for variants given
" saith : steady every day before (?) Ua-en-ra until the coming of an there.) Ay, living anew,
" ' old age of his giving with rewards and happiness. I was a favourite of his lord in every-day matters. My "For the A:a of Ay" (titles as above). rewards were greater in each year than in its predecessor xxxii., xxxiv. of the exceeding greatness of 9. Ay. Inner Door : Jambs. Plates because my excellence in his
Previous copies :—Hay, MSS., 29847, fol. 66 ; Lepsius, D., III., 107 d (left jamb only).* the squeeze of the left jamb (135). The consequent changes will be found on PI. xxxiv. The few readings
^ ^*^ probably intended, but there adopted from Hay are shown by a tick in the margin. d ^ Jl T I 9l) Asterisks mark obviously necessary emendations ; but for has been a similar correction on both jambs by the sculptor. the right jamb consult PL xxxiv. Extant signs are in Cf. PI. xxxii. solid black. Breasted {Records, II., p. 408) has a partial 2 Cf. v., ii., col. 7. translation from his own copies. 3 From Lepsius, with a few corrections from Hay. ^ For translations of these epithets, see below, * Wrongly assigned there to the tomb of Parennefer ^ Plate xxxii. is to be corrected here. (L., JD. Text, II., p. 144). Hence the erroneous attribu- ' Hay marks the spot as damaged. tion of two tombs to Ay at El Amarna by Prof. Petrie 8 Reading -^ . Cf. PI. xxv., col. 12. and others. As this jamb is now almost wholly destroyed, altering my copy has been taken from Lepsius without ^ Plate xxxii. is to be corrected. the false scale. After Plate xxxii. was printed, Dr. 1" I should have printed Ranke, of Berlia, kindly furnished me with a copy of — "
34 THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMABNA.
judgment (heart). He multiplies for me my rewards like A. Entrance ; West Border. the number of the sands (for) I am chief of the great ones " Praise to thee, O living Aten, who hast made heaven " and head of the Mehhyt.' and the hidden things (?) which are therein. He is in face Col. 9. —(Titles as in col. 4, save for variants given of for his beloved son. He has there.) " Ay, maahheru, saith : prolonged (?) him by a million of seti-festivals. The chief
" ' I was truly accurate, free from insolence. My fame wife of the King, whom he loves, lady of the Two Lands, reached the palace,^ for serviceableness to the King, and for Nefertiti, who lives for ever and ever, is at the side of obedience to his teaching, performance of his ordinances, ^ Ua-en-ra.^ " not altering words (?) or lessening achievements. I was Grant (?) to me handsome burial, such as thou makest
' great in closing (?) the mouth He prospers that in the great cliff of Akhetaten. For the Zca of . . . . Ay, prays to him for a good old age, loving life.' who lives anew."
Col. 10.— (Titles as in col. 5, save for variant given B. Entrance ; Middle Column.
' there.) " Ay, living anew, saith : ' Praise to thee, living Aten ! He dawns [to] give
" ' every one that liveth on earth, every generation that life to all that he encircles, who made earth and created springs up, I declare unto you the way of life, I bear wit- their herbage to give life to all that he has made ness to you of rewards ! Would that ye might read my . They [flutter ?] at seeing his rays. His son . . . (for) [he] name because of that which I did ; I was true on he rises on the horizon. Grant that flourish earth. for ever like thyself the scribe of the " " ' Make praises to the living Aten and ye shall flourish in King, father of the god. Ay . . . . " life. Say ye to him, Give health to the Ruler {his ?)," and C. Entrance ; East Border. " he will multiply rewards for you.' " [Praise] to thee, the living Aten, the god who made 10. Ay. Architrave. Plate xxxii.* this in its entirety. Though thou art in heaven, thy rays :— are [upon the earth] ' .... X7a-en-ra, whom thou Previous copies Hat, MSS., 29847, fol. 65 ; L'Hote,
Papiers, III., 297; Lepsius, D., III., 105 h, c; D. Text, lovest, thy . . . . who issued from thy rays,
II., p. 143 (west architrave). the son of the sun, Akhenaten never 3) " (Long) live the good god, who rejoices In truth, lord
of all that Aten encircles, lord of heaven, lord of earth, D. Hall ; West Border. (PI. xxxiii.) the living and great Aten, who illumines the Two " An adoration of thee thy beauty, O
Lands. living Aten, dispenser of life ! Mayest thou see the rays
" (Long) live the Father, Horakhti-Aten,^ who gives life of Ra when he dawns and gives light at the mouth of thy
for ever and ever, the living and great Aten, who is in the tomb-chamber ! Mayest thou inhale the air of the north
wind ! May thy body sed-festival in the house of Aten in Akhetaten ; the Living with graced life ; a
Horus ' Strong bull, beloved of Aten,' the Two Mistresses favoured one who has reached old age with favours, a
' Great of Sovereignty in Akhetaten,' the Golden Horus righteous one who has done the word of his lord. Thou
' Uplifting the Name of Aten,' the King of South and wert chief among the companions of the King, and thou art
North, ' He who lives on truth, Lord of the Two Lands, likewise the head of the glorified dead. Mayest thou take
Nefer-kheperu-ra-Ua-en-ra,' the Son of the sun, ' He who changing forms as a living soul (6a) in the noble cliff of lives on truth. Lord of diadems, Akhenaten, Great in his Akhetaten. Mayest thou go out and in at the bidding
duration ; and the chief wife of the of thy heart. May thy rank ' King, Nefer-neferu- be proclaimed on earth and aten-Nefertiti, living for ever and ever.'' mayest thou be provided with wealth beside thy god, 11. Ay. Ceiling inscriptions. Plates xxv., xxxiii. following thy heart at the time of thy desire. May thy
Previous copy : Mon. du culte d'Atonou, I., PI. xxii. tomb-chamber be in festival every day. Mayest (thou have) an honoured old age {amahJi) happy and in peace, and as the end of this, [funeral] and interment, and proximity (?) should have been printed, from Hay. to the King Ua-en-ra ! " I was a servant whom his lord fostered and must be meant. whom he buried (for) "SW I I ; my mouth held truth. How glorious is he *"" who does his ! 3 Hay reads J vSi. teaching May he reach the region (i.e. the necropolis) of the elect. •* Where read "East," not "West" Architrave. The " For the ha of the favourite of the good god, true of other inscription differs from this only in two points of heart to him who opened* the heart to him, abandoning spelling. The two small injuries are repaired from the copy of Lepsius.
5 introduction " This double seems to indicate a theological Reading . Cf. I., xxxvi. distinction of the Sun, the good god, Aten, who gives light ' Cf. PL xxvii.. Col. 3 ; PI. xv., Col. 2. from heaven, and the Father, Horakhti- (or Ila-)Aten, who dwells in the temple. * Reading THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS. 35
Arranging thy- sin ^ to do truth, a favourite who has attained thus far with breath of life enter into thy nostril (?).5 thyself on thy left favour, bearer of the fan, etc., Ay, maaklieru." self « on thy right side, mayest thou lay in the necropolis (?).' E. Hall ; East Border. side. May thy soul (ha) be merry beer, " Mayest thou children of thy house offer to thee bread, adore Ra whenever he rises ; mayest thou May the freely to the see him, and may he listen to what thou sayest. May he water, air to thy ka. Mayest thou travel^ at morn grant breath to thee, and may he knit thy limbs. Mayest gates of the under-world. Mayest thou see Ra mayest thou see thou go out and in like a favourite of his. May thy corpse when he rises on the eastern horizon, and heaven. thrive and thy name abide for thy Aten when he sets on the western horizon of provisions from Jea. Mayest thou inhale the air of the north wind. May May there be given to thee offerings and to ; may there be given there be given to thee offerings and provisions ; mayest the altars (?) of the house of Aten of thou receive loaves of the King's giving, bread and beer thee incense and libations on the living (?) stairway (?)' decreed it and provisions for every shrine of thine. May thy name Aten by the King, the son of the Aten, who has thou receive (it) and go forth fare well on thy tomb ; may each generation as it arises to thee for ever. Mayest thou call upon thee. Mayest thou rest in thy tomb of the in his presence every day without fail. Mayest rest Bang's gift in the necropolis of Akhetaten, (and) may there receive abundance in the necropolis. May thy soul repulsed from its desires, be made a dy hetep seten of bread and beer as offerings to in thy tomb : may thy soul not be thy ka. Mayest thou secure thine everlasting resting- (but) be satisfied with the daily offerings. May the heart (hati) preserving itself at the side place ; may thine eternal mansion receive thee. May an (i&) be lasting, the heart eternity. May thy name be mentioned every ox draw thee (?) (i.e. to the tomb) ; may an embalmer and of the lord of ever, like what is done for a (dead) a lector (?) (walk) in front of thee, purifying the (funeral) day for ever and bark with milk, their number being such as the King favourite, worthy even as thou. Ua-en-ra decrees for a favourite whom he has promoted. " For the ka of one stable in favour in the presence of May he bring thee to the resting-place of the elect as one the Lord of the Two Lands, the father of the god. Ay, who has completed his life with good. May thy tomb be maakheru." in festival every day, according to thy plans when thou
wast alive. It is thy god who hath furthered them for S I is probably to be read. thee, the living Aten, lord of eternity, and they are
established to endless eternity for a righteous man, free (3 ought to have been printed. 1^ (3 from doing falsehood. ' du mite d'Atonou, I., PI. xxii. " For the ka of the favourite, etc.. Ay, maahheru." Reading See Mon.
P. Hall ; Middle Column. A Reading %n ^ Ibid. adoration of thee (when) thou risest on the horizon, _f "An -Jl I A^\^^\A ^ fail ^ built over the palace pavement at El Till O Aten, Horus of the two horizons ! Thou shalt not In the house stone which has apparently formed a to see Ra ; open thy eyes to behold him.s When thou there is a block of prayest* to him may he hear what thou sayest. May the parapet, having cartouches of Aten (the older form) on the top and scenes of worship by the King and Queen at the
^ Reading ' ' ^^ sides. The Aten is named ^^ ")C\ (]aw.a n CQ] 2 Reading '"^ for from the parallel opening. AAwvAA 11 /WWW. "lord of the earth (dwelling) in the >[Oi fl^"^^O cQ3 1 O ' v., ii. stairway (?) of Aten in the house of Aten in Akhetaten." 3 Cf. v., ii. This probably formed a part of the " stairway " or chapel * Emending to in question. —
36
APPENDIX.
PICTURES OF THE PALACE.
The four plans of the palace with which we have to do in The palace as depicted comprises
Plates iv., xvii., xix., xxviii., are manifestly endeavours to 1. The FAgADB, including the loggia and porch. It is present the same conception of the building, and with this similar in all these pictures. two early pictures of the Northern Group mainly agree. '^ 2. The Vestibule, consisting either of a room on each Yet so far was the artist from feeling himself bound to side of the loggia or a single corridor extending along the show the exact positions or proportion of the various parts entire front. In PL iv. there are two columns (so in V., v.). that he took little or no trouble to effect it, but contracted, The space is occupied by figures in PL xxviii. PL xix. has
expanded, or distributed his plans to suit the spaces which four columns in alignment, Plate xvii. five ; so that one is other scenes left free.^ Hence, while we may expect to tempted in these two pictures to see not the corridor, but see all the special features of the palace, we do not see the side colonnade which appears to be shown in V., v. them in their exact relations. It would be wasted time, (see below).
therefore, to try and extract from these pictures alone a 3. The Banqueting Hall, supported on several columns
ground plan of the palace. And, whereas the impression (4 1) in rows of two. Always made conspicuous by its three which they create is of an elongated building,^ the plans of entrance doors. most of the private houses at El Amarna show a square Men's Quarters. (The men's and women's quarters are
and compact shape, in which the sleeping rooms and offices generally shown beyond the hall, but on each side of it in
are grouped round the great hall instead of extending to III., xiii. ; VI., iv.)
the rear.* 4. Hall, wiLh two columns and containing two store-
only hope, therefore, is Our to find help in the remains closets. Omitted in Pis. iv., xxviii. ; displaced (above the of the actual building. Professor Petrie claims to have loggia) for economy of space in PL xvii. it,^ identified but the group of buildings which he desig- 5. Dressing-rooms (?). An ante-room leading to two the term " " nates by palace rather adds to our difficulties sparsely-furnished rooms (bed- and bath-room ?). than removes them. If, however, we confine our attention 6. Stoee-chamber. to that small part of it in which he sees the harem of the 7. Store-chamber, with ante-chamber (columned?) and King, and which yielded the chief treasures of decorative a second connecting door. art and architecture found within the city, a sufficient 8. A Corridor (or intervening space) with closed door resemblance will be found to make an identification shuts off these apartments from the following Royal plausible. And of course the richness of the decoration Apartments. It is decorated with shrubs (a painted pave-
and the royal names found freely within the ruined building ment?) in PL xvii. (cf. IV., viii.). make it unlikely that this was anything but the palace or 9. A Hall with two columns, through which we reach an important part of it. 10. A grand Bed-boom, the ceiling or the bed-tester As has been said, the plan of the palace as given in the being supported on two duck-columns. The room is pro- tombs is little more than an enumeration in picture of its vided with a ventilator in the Northern Tombs. The bed various rooms and parts. It will be well to do the same in is set round with shrubs (painted?) in PL iv. words before attempting to bring the diverse pictures into 11. A Dressing-room (?) consisting of a columned ante- harmony.^ room, bed-room (?) and bath-room (?). 12. A (columned?) Store-chamber, with ante-room. 1 III., xxxiii. ; IV., viii. See also I., xviii., xxvi. ; II., The Harem. This, like the store-rooms, is shown in xiv., xli. ; III., xiii. PL xxviii. as if it were a detached building set in a garden, 2 The '=[]-shaped design of Pis. xvii., xix., is squeezed but elsewhere both are incorporated in the building. into an oblong in Pi. iv. 13. A Saloon with two store-chambers attached to it. ^ Such as I have shown in Part III., p. 30. 14. A similar set of rooms. * Pbteie, Tell el Amarna, Pis. xxxviii.-xl.
^ lb., PI. xxxvi. ^ In Plate xxxiv. I have given rough diagrams of being identified by the numbers attached to them in the the four pictures of the palace in this volume, the rooms following list. PTOTUBBS OF THE PALACE. 37
The proposed grouping of these apartments on the basis gested in any of the pictures. The walls, when found, afforded by the ground-plan of the ruins i will be made were decorated with a dado of domestic scenes appro- clear by the diagram (PL xxxiv.).^ priate to the room. The following notes on this restoration of the palace may 4. That the men's quarters should be reached directly serve to indicate the difficulty or the ease with which each from the hall and separately, as here, seems most in con-
of the above features of the pictured palace fits into the sonance with the pictures. The arrangement of the rooms
building thus restored. in tl^is section might of course be much altered ; I have
The most striking incongruity is met with in the wings followed a symmetrical plan as far as possible. thrown out on each side of the courtyard, and forming a 8. The space between the men's and women's quarters, long corridor supported on handsome columns,^ with a decorated with real or painted plants set round a tank or
dwarf wall (?) on the one hand and a series of tiny chambers free centre, corresponds perfectly to the court in the ruins, on the other.* They might well be often omitted by the the border of which was painted with plants. As the walls artist as outside the scope of his picture, but we should also were painted with out-door scenes (resembling appar-
certainly expect to see this striking feature indicated in ently those of the dado in III., viii.), it is probable that pictures of the courtyard in the Northern Group. I think, this was a peristyle court on wooden columns, perhaps with
however, we find it depicted in "V., v. ; the artist has shown trees in boxes in the centre (Pis. xvii., xix., xxviii.). If I the east instead of the west wing for pictorial reasons, but remember rightly, there is a tiny water-tank stUl existing the servant hurrying from the store-rooms into the interior in this court.
of the palace is quite in keeping. 9. This hall had also a painted pavement, of which the 1. One would be tempted to take the pictures seriously pictures give no hint. The columns were overlaid with and place the loggia in an upper story over the vestibule, modelled glazed tiles.
were it not for practical considerations (cf. I., xviii.). The 10. The royal saloon and bedroom are always in close corridor and banqueting-hall received light from above the proximity in the pictures. In PL iv. the bedroom and
low walls of the loggia in the centre of the fa9ade (III., painted (?) corridor of PL xvii. seem to have been combined xxxiv.). for lack of room. Yet we know that the room opening out 2. For the end doors of the vestibule see II., xiv. The of this hall had actually a painted border. The difiiculty number and grouping of the columns must remain uncertain. is that the room is only five feet broad at most. Either, 3. The three entrance doors to this hall from the vestibule then, it' is a corridor leading to the bedroom, or the royal are not indicated by the ruins, and, of course, may be bedroom was upon the roof, as the ventilator shown in forbidden by them. If the side doors could mean doors at several pictures may indicate.
the ends of the hall this would be more practical (cf. III., 11. 12. The other offices I have placed at the back of the
xiii. ; VI., iv.), and though it is subject to the same censure, painted court, where they are quite in place. They might
I adopt it provisionally. The painted pavement is not sug- lie in an upper story above the harem, for we know that the houses of El Amarna had stairways, and there seems ^ Peteie, ib. xxxvi. a place for such a construction outside the harem door. 2 In this restored plan, which can at the best give only But the existence of such an upper suite must remain quite a passable idea of the original building, I have completed hypothetical. the west side with approximate symmetry, inserted rooms 13, 14. These two rooms confirm the tomb pictures some- in the vacant space in the rear, enclosed the court, added what strikingly, if we assign them to the women. ^ But the front and vestibule, and pierced a few doorways the small size of the rooms (10 X 12 feet) is surprising. (marked with notes of interrogation). The rooms are It is to be hoped that the new excavations which have in accordance with the above list. numbered been begun with such promise by Professor Borchardt will * Peteie, ib., PI. vii. throw additional light on this interesting subject. * They seem to me to have served as store-rooms rather than cubicles, and the paintings on their walls confirm this. ^ Or they might be the lower stories of the harem and
Peteie, ib,, p. 15 ; cf. I., xxxi. store-rooms respectively.
39
INDEX.
PAGES PAGES
Abaci ...... 9, 14, 17 Burial customs 1, 24, 25, 29, 31, 32, 34 " " Acting Scribe of the King 14, 17, 24, 32-34 Burials, secondary . 16 Ahmbs ..... 4 " Akhenaten (see Royal Family "). Ceilings, decorated . 2, 8, 17
„ affectionate attitude of 2 "Chamberlain" . 10-15, 26-28, 31, 32 „ his authorship of the hymns 19,29 Charioteer .... 13, 26 " " „ portraiture of 4,21 Cleanser of His Majesty's hands 2, 25
Alliteration . 29 Collars .... 3, 4, 12, 14, 18, 22 Amenhetep III . 3, 14, 20 Colour .... 3, 4, 9, 16-19, 21, 27 Ami-Khent . . 14, 15, 27 Columns .... 5, 7-9, 16, 17, 20, 36, 37 " '' Any . . 14 Companion . . . 13, 24, 28, 33
Armlets . 22 Copper .... . 11
Artists, work of ancient 2, 12, 18, 19, 21, 22, 36, 37 Costume . . . . 3, 4., 10, 12, 18, 20, 23, 32 " Aten, addressed as " Father 7, 12, 31, 32, 34 " Craftsman of the King 6,25
cartouches of 4, 7, 8, 14, 17, 23, 35 Cup-bearer . 4,5 high priest of 12, 22 25-31 Dancing hymns to . 10, 18, 19, .... 19-21
later name of . 7, 8, 9, 14 Depots of Pharaoh . 11
servitors of . 11, 15, 32 Design .... 3, 4, 8, 9, 17, 23
stairway (?) of . 35 Designs in paint or ink 2-5, 7, 21, 22
temple of . 1, 12-15, 26, 27, 29, 32, 35 „ stock of mural . 3, 6, 14, 19 " a bi-une god . 34 Divine father (" father of the divinity ") 32-35 . 14, 17, 23, 24, 28, 29, A¥ . . .4, 17, 23, 24, 28, 29, 32-35 24 Doorkeepers „ as king ... 23, 4, 20, 22 „ father-in-law of Akhenaten . 23 Ducks as ornamentation 9,36
. 3, 16-24 DUDU „ tomb of . 14
AziRU . 14 Dwarfs 10, 18, 21 Dwarf-walls 8,37 Balcony (see "Loggia"). Dy hetep seten prayers 2,35 Baldachin ....•• o
. . . . 32 El Amarna, style at Barge of the King . 15, 27, 3, 18, 19, 24 Bats 10, 16 Entablatures 8,14 Erasures " Bearer of the Fan" . 4, 11, 17, 22, 24, 29, 32, 33, 35 3, 6, 10, 21
• • • 37 Eeneheh . Bedroom . . -9, 36, 18,21
32 Eshmunin . Benhen, house of the 29, 31, . 2 " Benretmut, sister of the Queen 1, 4, 7, 10, 16, 18, 21, 24 Ethiopia (see Nubia ")
. . . 18 Exaggerated forms „ name of . . 4, 4,18
. . 17, 23-28, 33, 34 Excavations Biography . . 6, 14, 31, 2, 7, 8, 16, 18 Borchardt, Professor 23, 37 Bouriant, M 1, 3, 18, 29 Fa9ade, decorated 11, 22 " Father of the divinity " (see "Divine father"). Bowmen ......
• . . design Burial-chamber . 2, 9, 17, 24 Floral .
40 INDEX.
PAGES
Foreigners . 6, 11, 12, 20-22, 27, 30
Future life, conceptions of . 25-27, 29, 32, 34, 35
Garden depicted 5,19
Gloves . 22
Gold . 11, 22, 28 Graffiti 2
Griffith, Mr. 2, 25, 29
" Handmaid of the King 21,33
Harem depicted . 20, 21, 36
,, ruins of . . 36
Harp . 5, 20, 21
Head-dress . ,3,5 6, 10, 12, 14, 18
High-priest of Aten . 12
Hittites . 20
Horus . 35
Houses of officials 5, 12, 13
Hymns, composition of . 19
Inset stones . 10, 18, 21
Jewellery . 3, 18, 19, 22
„ designs from . 8
Jones, Mr. Harold . 3 " Jubilee (see Sed-iestWal ").
Kush (see " Nubia ").
Libyans Loggia
Mahu, tomb of . Major-domo shown Maspero, M.
May, tomb of (No. 14) Mayor shown Merytaten Mimes " " Mistress of the house " " Mouthpiece of the entire land Mural decoration of houses .Musical instruments Musicians .... Mutilation of the tombs
Nefeetiti, Queen
Nbkht-pa-aten . Nubia Nudity of royal figures " " Nurse of the Queen INDEX. 41
PAGES PAGES Signet-rings .... 22 Trees depicted 13,20 Silver 11,28 Tressed hair 20,21 Soldiery ..... 1,11- -13, 22 Trigon 5,20 Southern tombs, distinctive features of 4,10, 13, 36 " Tutoress of the Queen 21,33 Stairs .... 9,17, 35, 37 Tutu 8, 10-15, 26-28, 31, 32
Standards, military 10-13, 22, 23 „ tomb of . 3, 7-15, 19, 20
Street-boys . 23 wife of . 14 ..... ,, "Superintendent" (see " Overseer"). Tyi, wife of Ay 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 32, 33
Syria . 34 . . . . 4, 12, 14, 20, 22, 27, 28, 30 ,, Queen
Tadukhipa, daughter of Dushratta 20, 21 Uraei . 8, 9, 10 Tatooing 4 Uraeus presented to the King .... 4 Tell el Amarna Letters 14, 20 22 Temple, pictures of . 1, 12, 13 Vessels depicted . 4,5, 10, 11, " " Thoth, temple of 2 Vizier . 18,22
Thuthu . 14
Titles enumerated 6, 15, 18, 23, 24, 29, 31, 32, 34 TFa6-priest . . 27 Tomb 16 compared 7-9, 16, 21
. 29 Tombs, architecture of . 1, 2, 7, 16, 17 Zavet
INDEX OF CEOSS REFEKENCES.
Part I. —
42 INDEX OF CROSS EEFEEENCES.
Part 1. continued. —
INDEX OF CEOSS REFEEENCES. 43
Part IV. continued. Paet V.
Plate X. is referred to in III., 5, 30. Page 3 is referred to in VI., 3, 19. xui. v., 6, 12; VI., 1,16. „ 13 VI., 9. xiv. III., 27. „ 17 VI., 28. xviii. III., 24, 30; VI., 13. Frontispiece IV., 33 ; VI., 3. XX. III., 24, 28, 29 ; VI., 13. Plate ii. VI., 28, 30, 33, 35. xxi. III., 29. „ iii. VI., 1, 18, 32. xxii. III., 28. „ iv. VI., 28. XXX. v., 12. „ V. VI., 1, 19, 36, 37. xxxii.sii. ) „ vii. VI., 7., 9. v., 7 ; VI., 10, 30. xxxiii.siii. ) „ xxix. VI., 27, xxxiv. v., 12. Note.—By means of this Index many comparisons and a few xxxviii. v., 14. correoiions made subsequently may be inserted in the earlier volumes xlv. VI., 24. of the series.
GENERAL INDEX OF TOMBS.
Tomb. Volume.
1 (Huya) lA (Rudu)
1b .
2 (Meryra II. 3 (Ahmes) 3a 3b 3c
3d , Se 3f 4 (Meryra) 5 (Penthu) 6 (Panehesy) 6a 6b
6c .
6d . 7 (Parennefer)
7a .
7b .
7c . 8 (Tutu) 9 (Mahu)
9a .
9b .
9c . 10 (Apy) 11 (Rames) 12 (Nekht-pa-aten) 13 (Nefer-kheperu her-sekheper) 14 (May) 44 GENEEAL INDEX OF TOMBS.
Tome.
15 (Suti) PLATES. NOTE.
several plates An index to the passages of the text which are explanatory of the will be found on pp. vii., viii.
El Amarna VI. TOMB 7 (PARENNEFER).
Sealed 32
SECTION ON A, B, C, D.
Scaled. ELEVATION AND PLANS. Plate II
PLAN
Plate III. El Amarna VI. TOMB OF PARENNEFER.
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w 3 o (/> 111z o I- X I- o z EL AMARNA VI TOMB OF PARENNEFER PLATE IX WEST WALL. EL AMARNA VI TOMB OF PARENNEFER PLATE X o o c o o < uCO El Amarna VI. TOMB OF TUTU-PLANS. Plate XI. z < Plate XII. El Amarna VI. TUTU-SECTIONS, ETC. zCO -. ;;qi oo Eh -I OQ It 9: i§^f34!filM/-^«]EJ^«S^^ oo CO G Ll. UJ z o z o H o 111 CO < lU q: H < _l CD < H Z LU a to , El Amarna VI. TUTU-STAIRWAY AND RIGHT OUTER JAMB. Plate XIII. Scale Scale \ El Amarna VI. COLUMN AND INSCRIPTIONS. Plate XIV. o D-st •I Oo«»< O O .4— AAAyv\^ St ^P o Of o V O ill r.i O I n.- n n-^ I I I V 11, ri => n Aaaaaa^ iH o a^ /—-^ n 2* OH JJ I'] ^ O /\AAA/SAA |iinn .^3^ o ^, Z3 AVV\AA'\ ^' i /v^AA^AA /\AAAAA/\ in O III Q ^>. /\A/SAAAA /W\AAA/\ JJa 1 + ^ OOmK. /V\AAAA'»/\ Oe«-< /^AAA^ <4 ^ 3^ f/=^ 8 N. MID. S. ENTRANCE- ARCHITRAVE CEILING INSCRIPTIONS. INSCRIPTIONS. El Awiarna VI. TOMBg WK <3^ «MI Or- O ' -M m\)m\w-ni\^mol— i|3i§MI^^^Mira :g§§i8^titS:C^^l'^-H'!7^s]ii^n^: Klvft ^s[-^R^;Ng^aj^po^fa4ffitii;tai^^^ la -i^ in ^^"r]? :ifESf}|;i3ioiw®r3«faii '^51 S^«$^^&:Mil;rM^"4af°^^N8yi9:jf^iSi^i^ll35H- -^ r tl > I X^ 5^ ^tmi^- iS]^4mnmni^ "^i^* V , ...,p^.ip ^$^$$$^Mg^HS^tPM^^g|vfl»ao\5i^!>i1:lfe^?^CTlfr ss$i^^P»i^riv^ g ^°^ij° vrii^ti^^^fovjij^ v]>vr@^«M^ iSs^^OftHfiMi^ Ai4<5fi513 ::: cil' ^ ?-.^ \ ejiNsir© k:iy^mrt]){ >w^ c*. in |-1K.v:^2!::^ iSW ^ 0<=« NWlWSTi^'fci ¥J4iQ^^^t^>^^^'{|:y!^#j^^ffltvl^ ^?S^!JBfil1Sf^rii»iS) »lM!^^«i^^i«il n/^' ^ TUTU. Plate XV. &^5t i:$S^ 1HEKmE!iasl°MtlEME«JJl>#C^nfPM^^fl^ -D 1!?^ :<,< I S OT 1 fl fl^ g^^SS^!-4S;l!l^^^^v CO '^tvli^gl liJ El^fM- 2 '^Mit)fsill^^a«t)'v0^ O I H- i»!IIS3il^ I I- Z> ^sto^casiNi^aii:^! o CO ox n u f'A" &^m?t~& N: ^pii^l^!:ON ifePlo|()°frf^lEfl:L-t|:lv iaHN;ioigv(ctiH?iicHiijwifcvj»j?rii?f.tif%^^^ o i^§»aftl^«S5]l^o^b I^ISH^S or nw iPii]5^?p{WI#^ "rNV-Sf V\\\V i|S-'ji:^$^";»,. ^il^SEflNafgg CD ->< I«hPP@»II#^ \- UJ ^ U^ I 111 I =- 1 ^.d >$^N>^^^ V! El Amarna VI. TUTU-NORTH THICKNESS. Plate XVI. Seale^ Amarna VI. El TUTU. WEST Architrave Scale \ THE KING RECEIVES TUTU* VALL, N. SIDE. Plate XVIJ. AT THE DOOR OF THE PALACE. Plate XVIII. El Amarna VI. TUTU. WEST WALL, N. SIDE. Scale I THE OFFICIALS AND THE CROWD. TUTU, WES El Amarna VI. ARCHITRAVE. TUTU RECEIVING Scale 1 Plate XIX. ALL, s. biut. a W. WALL, N. SIDE-LOWER PART. ,)TION FROM THE KING, El Amarna VI. TUTU. WEST CONi Scale I TUTU RECEIVES THE ALL, S. SIDE. Plate XX. ATIONS OF HIS FRIENDS. i El Amarna VI. TUTU. WEST WALL, S. SIDE-LOWER PART. Plate XXI. fl?l:P^.''M^g'^^3l€a03IH:Pi--iU^sfi|^y-^j|||lOlJ]HJa-% «/-•= >^'^^0. ^ ^tJi^sarcMi3£;'N5°-'Ti?ir:3;° '^ -^vif TS^i tmi&To\-]: ^Qmnu :? ji-^e jm«cfc-5gx:5.i2 'iiwm ,^li».^N^o.^::i^iHliaW«H:S ^WMl^lpForiHlKtB^liJ ^ to J p^ ^t JIRHfili °m ydgsaNOl "^^£|i)l°'{ri^2:S{°v«^^HlN a' '^ ^^«j°H()4Jlvl wumt r'-X '. 1^vl)S^IHiiJfr^jfl3M' 'Bm = 10 , cii'SI)Wi.MJleR7J°(^fl?^V1S:««^MST\^^ia^,'^r. % I M'sif^ ^w^' ^"'^1 "- m&Mo\^^ 'o-iij-^jfio <> mzZ%^h^M2mu H -C.- * - 'i=^i ''^<^ ^„"^ 9-^ o 4Wm = ?ix«fsr.^f v>^ii =fj>wi=^^in-' "o°'rn'::i^^ '2^WJ«^^WS511-! V Jl^^: »( infiB°g^^i» g ^^ CI c^ ^IS, 0}-^Ei!'*^01':^'M'^^SJN { V V :i^3/l«ll]03:^L!i^iKj,-^ ^ A ;i*lxl!)iJi;^?^ft«H^i ^ ,ij-,v^^y °TM^°*^S.» ^ftiV^llVXS m 1/ A I 0> -^ CM >y^^£mw-.^^^ f\ I Plate XXII. El Amarna VI. TOMB OF AY-PLAN -IS tL AMARNA VI. AY-SECTIONS, COLUMN, ETC. Plate XXUI. g H O liJ CO Hi _l _l < CO 2 Q Z> o H )(5:>c O o z z o _l olU w z ZD CE3SCHD ChD CD UJ H punouB -n uo goti{dffiBod$ji{ -q h < Q. O 2 OUl -IS f » f f f y < dBpa El Amarna VI. AY-OUTER JAMBS. Plate XXIV. Scale 1 JO 1 1 AV-E/ El Amarna VI. 10 ^^^VVW<-^A /V\AAAA\ o To, /] o O Jill o 1 1 0 n ^ 1 1^1 _ O >9J AWVNAA/sA I D ~ o OHI ^^1 1 cQ c^ IPl AVWW\A<\ r Ad u _D I 1 ^' ^AA^(\AA/\ 1- &1 4^ a TJ AvwvCvsAA 4 ODDS ;> jAAA^AA\ ol /] mOni 1 O, M I I 1 ^. /W\AA/VAA/^ A/N/^V\^i:«''V\ nVft m^ U n lai ? J >/^11 Q n .-# .c=^ « 1 flM o ^AA'>A^V\A/^ *> IS -0- c ODii V! 1 m\ " 1 n 1.®- yWSAAAAA M. V^ .3—fl| I .JJr^^^ 1 o ^1 O D S I J® *5° 1^0 ^;£^ gl r 1 I B ^ !II— f /kA«AAA\ * JO Jl /ViAAA^vV\ ?0 I it y\/^vs\^ ?1" O I fr -t-* , l^m 1^ /vwx/wW £1 Q 4i^ ^ 1 2*s^ /\AAA^WVV\ « ( t^fi fM II THE P I^iSfoX=.^ l1g^ffetl^teS^«ir:l^.^:^»i^rP P,.or.Me i^^fi>tB:i)IJiyjBlSt45JUS!^i^i6iTii«:^iNf#fi?J[ Scale |. ENTRANCE-C 1 rHlCKNESS. Plate XXV. IS 20 25 30 .*3 01 o .c s l>i> J oj zn- 5 o' t^—-1 .i !3 Sill /^l I g Vnthii I vfe Q m is "' i 4 D TXT l "M ^ ^ N o fill so . 4Tn 'o ')'§ 1^ a) .a—il in m AVvwvAA JJ^ 4— O /^^ s?^^ 2iS Aon /tvwwv\ :n 1 1 J il lis tJI 0191 J ^"^^ 3==^ J I Ililf l M W A^AA^^ =^0 For the AVVSAA/\ figures see photographic plate. US Q f±Id I s /S/WW\A/\ 1 1 &^^ iA J LJI |V-^ ^3 TO ll Q ID. 1i s5 o \ ||aa/\ |0I JLBJLft-aJl 4^ /VSAAAA/\ ;: ^s- *113 Sf; as 1^: \ fl m\ ;r of ay. I- iCM^f^oV^S P«:iifoi»i < HI -^'^^ /^5^^ndlMI(flg^^i^!o^.^^:')|[l4fc^nM^0^ S^f||ofm^^_^^^^^ S.^^cl- CO i#||^B3a3to1fl«^iWM|yi^ ^cm^^^^^^^^lU «#S Ui 5 INSCF?IPTIONS. EL AMARNA VI. AY-EAST THICKNESS. Plate XXVI. Scale i 16 THE ROYAL FAMILY OFFERING TO ATEN. Scale i ROYAL HEADS (see Plate XXIX.) El Amarna VI. ay-West p I ICKNESS. Plate XXVII. 'UopS^^T^^5) U O SidPi^iOKS w i^^ 0=< 'O-a JK M li i^^lte fSEIi j}-^ •OA(]=M" cs\ n M •^ 5=id" C>ii=_J; .v.. ^^AiW^H L|=oj #'t m. D(l> %^^ z oo: UJ ict^ m\ I- .^ '0=3 1*1^. '^ J[> < UJ S Of I ffilp' iieiic)iirjif.ir!^ o I- = Oi;^-^- ^00 S^ >- fe^ c-X^ ^= «; »^f Ic^^l d: I 0^ t:<;l. if" \0i O" 1; ^ i= d to :l_ /MVIAKNA V I AY-NORTH WALL, Plate XXVIII. Architrave (Part of a second picture of the Palace, which was to have occupied the left side of the doorway.) Scale i THE PALACE AND HAREM. El Amarna VI. ^r#riSl$'^ ^ST^^iai| Scale ^ AY AND HIS WIFE .L, E. SIDE. Plate XXIX. 3 NOURED BY THE KING. {eontd.) Plate XXX. El Amarna VI. AY-N, WALL, E. SIDE XIXX iWd El Amarna VI. Plate XXXI. a •'-IP > < LL o o < liJI Mc-^1 iE&«iHSoDIMoliO®sn3J ilQ DSNtfrlEMiMS^ lis D(J) O < 0~ , mm U-la, wmmt o md feE^'l^lo gH?oii^KM-lMl^jg^jy^ KOrKl^l^^^J-^fl'flNG^ AY-INNER JAMBS AND ARCHITRAVE. Plate XXXII. ofO If MMl m 9ih IQ_ (Hi^ si. 'M O lyMAAAAAn/\ IS L^ 4 of- ^^1 I I I Q^ ?? I O I QlO I I 1 I II itf' ^lO*' l!Q® n ^^^ I I .O I I I •<-l R. JAMB. SeaU k ^ \ Plate XXXIII. El Amarna VI. AY-HALL CEILING INSCRIPTIONS. Mia d' a .-,>' 6- [£S^' c^ r* S" ^fir 'I' <5' ti)^ II I I Ai — ^. £. D i6. itQ, ?^ -ci IS nil ^j\ ^ 'A fin lU-^ .=f iiQ I- tsorrv /=.p=^a 3?^ 4= Cx. "6% D ^ tX' o III '4^ I g n__8 I I I ot ^ I en ^ Q—s. 4. 4.- nr 5>^ 9i±i /C5 ru 1 i^i o o o a— 4- I o ^5\ 0^ IS W. I t I St.? MAAAA /yv^AA^ Id© ^A^v^A^ :^^ kZ i^LUJa c'^l ^a'l_*- El Amarna VI. ADDENDA. Plate XXXIV. -InM EL AMARNA VI TOMB OF TUTU PLATE XXXV < X I- w u z o X I- O z EL AMARNA VI TOMBS OF TUTU AND AY PLATE XXXVI TUTU. SOUTH WALL OF HALL. AY. THE HAREM. EL AMARNA VI TOMB OF AY PLATE XXXVII o o < X IUl Ul < cc \- z u o < EL AMARNA VI TOMB OF AY PLATE XXXVIII AY AND TYI (Cairo Museum). EAST THICKNESS (Cols. 2-9). XXXIX EL AMARNA VI AY. EAST THICKNESS PLATE S»£ :-« i> ' iiiin«aa» Tr.-rji" ^^^ o CO oo i:^ i ;s<'''' 2-11 -'i n Jc'**- ^^* .^: 00 oI oo EL AMARNA VI TOMB OF AY PLATE XL zUJ o H PLATE XLI EL AMARNA VI AY. WEST THICKNESS HYMN TO THE ATEN. EL AMARNA VI AY. NORTH WALL PLATE XLII %Wt^^^^zii^ __„ -'nv --i>. 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