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South-East Asia Region South-East Asia Region Bangladesh Sociodemographic characteristics POPULATION 1980 1990 1995 Total 88 221 000 108 118 000 120 433 000 Adult (15+) 46 615 000 62 878 000 72 874 000 % Urban 11.3 15.7 18.3 % Rural 88.7 84.3 81.7 Health status Life expectancy at birth, 1990-1995 : 55.6 (males), 55.6 (females) Infant mortality rate in 1990-1995 : 108 per 1000 live births Socioeconomic situation GNP per capita (US$), 1995 : 240, PPP estimate of GNP per capita (current int’l $) : 1380 Average distribution of labour force by sector, 1990-1992 : agriculture 59%; industry 13%; services 28% Adult literacy rate (per cent), 1995 : total 38; male 49; female 26 Alcohol production, trade and industry As a primarily Muslim country, Bangladesh has no formal alcohol industry and very little alcohol trade. Home production of alcohol takes place, but figures are not available. Alcohol consumption and prevalence Lower socioeconomic classes are known to consume a local alcoholic beverage called “cholai”, while labourers drink another distilled beverage known as “Bangla Mad.” A section of the formally educated citizenry consumes imported alcohol including whisky and beer. Mortality, morbidity, health and social problems from alcohol use Alcohol dependence and related disorders Experts estimate the number of alcohol-dependent people in the country to be roughly 300 000, less than one half of one per cent of the adult population. Alcohol policies Control of alcohol products Production, sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited by law. Importation of alcoholic beverages is allowed for consumption by foreign nationals and tourists. Control of alcohol problems The government’s primary strategy for dealing with alcohol is prohibition. Some NGOs active in health education include alcohol problems as a component of their work. 319 COUNTRY PROFILES Alcohol data collection, research and treatment The government has established one central treatment centre for alcohol and other drug dependence at Dhaka and three regional centres at Rajshahi, Khulna and Chittagong. Bhutan Sociodemographic characteristics POPULATION 1980 1990 1995 Total 1 237 000 1 544 000 1 638 000 Adult (15+) 740 000 916 000 966 000 % Urban 3.9 5.3 6.4 % Rural 96.1 94.7 93.6 Health status Life expectancy at birth, 1990-1995 : 49.1 (males), 52.4 (females) Infant mortality rate in 1990-1995 : 124 per 1000 live births Socioeconomic situation GNP per capita (US$), 1995 : 420, PPP estimate of GNP per capita (current int’l $) : 1260 Average distribution of labour force by sector, 1990-1992 : agriculture 92%; industry 3%; services 5% Adult literacy rate (per cent), 1995 : total 45; male 56; female 28 Alcohol production, trade and industry Alcoholic beverages are widely available in Bhutan, and include the locally brewed beverage ara as well as commercially distilled country liquor, wine and beer. There are three large distilleries and a few beer and wine factories. The total value of alcohol imports in 1994 was US$ 287 720, roughly one quarter of one per cent of the country’s total imports. Alcohol consumption and prevalence Consumption Alcohol is an integral part of cultural and religious ceremonies, and is routinely offered to guests. There are no data available on how much alcohol is consumed in Bhutan. Alcohol policies Control of alcohol products The government has fixed limits on brewing in order to prevent food scarcities as a result of diversion of food grains into home production of alcoholic beverages. Control of alcohol problems Selling alcohol to persons under the age of 18 and driving while intoxicated are punishable offences. 320 SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION Democratic People's Republic of Korea Sociodemographic characteristics POPULATION 1980 1990 1995 Total 18 260 000 21 774 000 23 917 000 Adult (15+) 10 863 000 15 550 000 16 959 000 % Urban 56.9 59.8 61.3 % Rural 43.1 40.2 38.8 Health status Life expectancy at birth, 1990-1995 : 67.7 (males), 74 (females) Infant mortality rate in 1990-1995 : 24 per 1000 live births Socioeconomic situation Average distribution of labour force by sector, 1990-1992 : agriculture 43%; industry 30%; services 27% Alcohol production, trade and industry The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea produces beer and distilled spirits, and imports beer. Alcohol consumption and prevalence Adult Per Capita Consumption (age 15+) 5 4 3 Beer Spirits 2 Alcohol Litres Absolute 1 0 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 Year Consumption Recorded alcohol consumption comes primarily from distilled spirits. There are no data available regarding consumption of smuggled or informally- or home-produced alcohol. India Sociodemographic characteristics POPULATION 1980 1990 1995 Total 688 856 000 850 638 000 935 744 000 Adult (15+) 423 305 000 542 391 000 606 250 000 % Urban 23.1 25.5 26.8 % Rural 76.9 74.5 73.2 321 COUNTRY PROFILES Health status Life expectancy at birth, 1990-1995 : 60.4 (males), 60.4 (females) Infant mortality rate in 1990-1995 : 82 per 1000 live births Socioeconomic situation GNP per capita (US$), 1995: 340, PPP estimates of GNP per capita (current int’l $), 1995: 1400. Average distribution of labour force by sector, 1990-1992: agriculture 62%; industry 11%; services 27% Adult literacy rate (per cent), 1995 : total 52; male 65; female 38 Alcohol production, trade and industry In the formal sector, alcohol distribution is administered in a three-tier system, with approximately 50 alcohol manufacturers selling through nearly 1500 wholesalers to 28 000 liquor outlets. These 28 000 retailers comprise of only three per cent of all retailers in the country. The market is highly concentrated in the major metropolitan areas, with the top six cities representing 80 per cent of potential case sales. The Indian beer industry currently produces 4.32 million hectolitres of beer per year, and is growing at a rate of 17 per cent annually. India’s wine industry is extremely small. The spirits industry is divided into two segments: “India-made foreign liquor” (whisky, gin, rum, brand, liqueurs, vodka) and “India- made country liquor” (licensed distilled spirits, made locally). Common varieties of “country liquor” are arracte, desi sharab and tari. Illicit liquor is also produced clandestinely in small production units. Home production for self consumption is also common in some parts of India. An estimated 1.5 million people are employed in the production and sale of alcoholic beverages. A number of foreign companies have taken notice of India's increasing economic liberalization, and are entering into joint ventures with Indian companies. Stroh Brewery Company signed a licensing agreement with Rajasthan Breweries in 1994 to allow Rajasthan to produce, distribute and market Stroh's products throughout India. In early 1995, Anheuser-Busch announced that it would enter the Indian market through a joint venture with Bombay-based Shaw Wallace and Co Ltd., India's third- largest brewer. Other companies to negotiate access to the Indian market include Allied-Domecq and Brown-Forman, both of whom have signed equal profit sharing ventures with Jajatjit Industries of New Delhi; Guinness, who entered into a joint venture with United Breweries India; and Seagram, whose wholly owned subsidiary (Seagram India) will produce a range of distilled spirits and fruit juices, as well as providing technological assistance to the wine industry. Alcohol consumption and prevalence Adult Per Capita Consumption (age 15+) 1,2 1 Total 0,8 Beer 0,6 Spirits Alcohol 0,4 Wine Litres Absolute 0,2 0 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 Year Consumption Both beer and spirits consumption have been rising recently, possibly due to the liberalization of the Indian market. Very little wine is consumed in India. Unrecorded or illicit consumption is estimated at 50 per cent of recorded consumption, suggesting that total adult consumption of alcohol in 1996 322 SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION was approximately two litres of pure alcohol (assuming very little wine consumption). Among certain tribal groups and tea plantation workers, there are substantial numbers of women drinking, although generally speaking, over 95% of the female population are abstinent. Prevalence No national prevalence study is available. Regional general population surveys have found that women drink very little throughout the country. Use among men varies from 16.7 per cent to as high as 58.3 per cent, varying by the degree of urbanization as well as by region. Using an average of 60 per cent male abstinence and almost total female abstinence, per capita consumption of adult drinkers is approximately nine litres of absolute alcohol. Age patterns Studies from the late 1970s and early 1980s found that 12.7 per cent of high school students, 32.6 per cent of university students, and 31.6 per cent of non-student young people were using alcohol. Medical students in the same period reported much higher prevalence of between 40 and 60 per cent. Studies in the 1990s suggest abstinence rates of 83-97% in 15-19 year olds. Economic impact of alcohol The total revenues from alcoholic beverages excise and sales taxes for 1995-1996 were approximately 180 000 million Indian rupees (US$ 5 billion). Duties on alcohol make up as much as 23 per cent of some Indian states’ revenues. Household expenditure studies in the 1960s found families spending anywhere from 3 to 45 per cent of their income on alcohol. There are no more recent data available. Approximately 15 to 20 per cent of absenteeism and 40 per cent of accidents at work are attributed to alcohol by industry sources. Mortality, morbidity, health and social problems from alcohol use Alcohol dependence and related disorders A general population survey in 1984 in Western India estimated probable incidence of alcohol dependence at 3 per cent overall, 5.6 per cent among males and 0.5 per cent among females.
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