Chapter 1 Traumatic and Nontraumatic Emergencies of the Brain, Head, and Neck Glenn D
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Brain Death and the Cervical Spinal Cord: a Confounding Factor for the Clinical Examination
Spinal Cord (2010) 48, 2–9 & 2010 International Spinal Cord Society All rights reserved 1362-4393/10 $32.00 www.nature.com/sc REVIEW Brain death and the cervical spinal cord: a confounding factor for the clinical examination AR Joffe, N Anton and J Blackwood Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children’s Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Study design: This study is a systematic review. Objectives: Brain death (BD) is a clinical diagnosis, made by documenting absent brainstem functions, including unresponsive coma and apnea. Cervical spinal cord dysfunction would confound clinical diagnosis of BD. Our objective was to determine whether cervical spinal cord dysfunction is common in BD. Methods: A case of BD showing cervical cord compression on magnetic resonance imaging prompted a literature review from 1965 to 2008 for any reports of cervical spinal cord injury associated with brain herniation or BD. Results: A total of 12 cases of brain herniation in meningitis occurred shortly after a lumbar puncture with acute respiratory arrest and quadriplegia. In total, nine cases of acute brain herniation from various non-meningitis causes resulted in acute quadriplegia. The cases suggest that direct compression of the cervical spinal cord, or the anterior spinal arteries during cerebellar tonsillar herniation cause ischemic injury to the cord. No case series of brain herniation specifically mentioned spinal cord injury, but many survivors had severe disability including spastic limbs. Only two pathological series of BD examined the spinal cord; 56–100% of cases had upper cervical spinal cord damage, suggesting infarction from direct compression of the cord or its arterial blood supply. -
Mantke, Peitz, Surgical Ultrasound -- Index
419 Index A esophageal 218 Anorchidism 376 gallbladder 165 Aorta 364–366 A-mode imaging 97 gastric 220 abdominal aneurysm (AAA) AAA (abdominal aortic aneurysm) metastasis 142 20–21, 364, 366 20–21, 364, 366 pancreatic 149, 225 dissection 364, 366 Abdominal wall Adenofibroma, breast 263 perforation 366 abscess 300–301 Adenoma pseudoaneurysm 364 diagnostic evaluation 297 adrenal 214 Aortic rupture 20 hematoma 73, 300, 305 colorectal 231, 232 Aplasia, muscular 272 rectus sheath 297–300 duodenal papilla 229, 231 Appendicitis 1–4 hernia 300, 302–304 gallbladder 165 consequences for surgical indications for sonography 297 hepatic 54, 58, 141 treatment 2 seroma 298, 300, 305 multiple 141 sonographic criteria 1 trauma 297–300 parathyroid 213 Archiving 418 Abortion, tubal 30 renal 241 Arteriosclerosis 346, 348 Abscess thyroid 202–203 carotid artery 335, 337, 338 abdominal wall 300–301 Adenomyomatosis 8, 164, 165 plaque 337, 338, 345, 367, 370 causes 301 Adrenal glands 214–216 Arteriovenous (AV) malformation amebic 138 adenoma 214 139, 293, 326–329 breast 264 carcinoma 214 Artery chest wall 173, 178 cyst 214 carotid 334–339 diverticular 120, 123 hematoma 214 aneurysm 338 drainage 85–88, 93 hemorrhage 214 arteriosclerosis 335 hepatic 6, 138, 398 hyperplasia 214 plaque characteristics inflammatory bowel disease limpoma/myelipoma 214 337, 338, 345 116, 119 metastases 214 bifurcation 334, 337 intramural 5 sonographic criteria 214 bulb 339 lung 183, 186, 190 tuberculosis 214 dissection 338, 339, 346 pancreatic 11 Advanced dynamic flow (ADF) sonographic -
Diseases of the Digestive System (KOO-K93)
CHAPTER XI Diseases of the digestive system (KOO-K93) Diseases of oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws (KOO-K14) lijell Diseases of pulp and periapical tissues 1m Dentofacial anomalies [including malocclusion] Excludes: hemifacial atrophy or hypertrophy (Q67.4) K07 .0 Major anomalies of jaw size Hyperplasia, hypoplasia: • mandibular • maxillary Macrognathism (mandibular)(maxillary) Micrognathism (mandibular)( maxillary) Excludes: acromegaly (E22.0) Robin's syndrome (087.07) K07 .1 Anomalies of jaw-cranial base relationship Asymmetry of jaw Prognathism (mandibular)( maxillary) Retrognathism (mandibular)(maxillary) K07.2 Anomalies of dental arch relationship Cross bite (anterior)(posterior) Dis to-occlusion Mesio-occlusion Midline deviation of dental arch Openbite (anterior )(posterior) Overbite (excessive): • deep • horizontal • vertical Overjet Posterior lingual occlusion of mandibular teeth 289 ICO-N A K07.3 Anomalies of tooth position Crowding Diastema Displacement of tooth or teeth Rotation Spacing, abnormal Transposition Impacted or embedded teeth with abnormal position of such teeth or adjacent teeth K07.4 Malocclusion, unspecified K07.5 Dentofacial functional abnormalities Abnormal jaw closure Malocclusion due to: • abnormal swallowing • mouth breathing • tongue, lip or finger habits K07.6 Temporomandibular joint disorders Costen's complex or syndrome Derangement of temporomandibular joint Snapping jaw Temporomandibular joint-pain-dysfunction syndrome Excludes: current temporomandibular joint: • dislocation (S03.0) • strain (S03.4) K07.8 Other dentofacial anomalies K07.9 Dentofacial anomaly, unspecified 1m Stomatitis and related lesions K12.0 Recurrent oral aphthae Aphthous stomatitis (major)(minor) Bednar's aphthae Periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens Recurrent aphthous ulcer Stomatitis herpetiformis 290 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Diseases of oesophagus, stomach and duodenum (K20-K31) Ill Oesophagitis Abscess of oesophagus Oesophagitis: • NOS • chemical • peptic Use additional external cause code (Chapter XX), if desired, to identify cause. -
Clinical Excellence Series Volume VI an Evidence-Based Approach to Infectious Disease
Clinical Excellence Series n Volume VI An Evidence-Based Approach To Infectious Disease Inside The Young Febrile Child: Evidence-Based Diagnostic And Therapeutic Strategies Pharyngitis In The ED: Diagnostic Challenges And Management Dilemmas HIV-Related Illnesses: The Challenge Of Emergency Department Management Antibiotics In The ED: How To Avoid The Common Mistake Of Treating Not Wisely, But Too Well Brought to you exclusively by the publisher of: An Evidence-Based Approach To Infectious Disease CEO: Robert Williford President & Publisher: Stephanie Ivy Associate Editor & CME Director: Jennifer Pai • Associate Editor: Dorothy Whisenhunt Director of Member Services: Liz Alvarez • Marketing & Customer Service Coordinator: Robin Williford Direct all questions to EB Medicine: 1-800-249-5770 • Fax: 1-770-500-1316 • Non-U.S. subscribers, call: 1-678-366-7933 EB Medicine • 5550 Triangle Pkwy Ste 150 • Norcross, GA 30092 E-mail: [email protected] • Web Site: www.ebmedicine.net The Emergency Medicine Practice Clinical Excellence Series, Volume Volume VI: An Evidence-Based Approach To Infectious Disease is published by EB Practice, LLC, d.b.a. EB Medicine, 5550 Triangle Pkwy Ste 150, Norcross, GA 30092. Opinions expressed are not necessarily those of this publication. Mention of products or services does not constitute endorsement. This publication is intended as a general guide and is intended to supplement, rather than substitute, professional judgment. It covers a highly technical and complex subject and should not be used for making specific medical decisions. The materials contained herein are not intended to establish policy, procedure, or standard of care. Emergency Medicine Practice, The Emergency Medicine Practice Clinical Excellence Series, and An Evidence-Based Approach To Infectious Disease are trademarks of EB Practice, LLC, d.b.a. -
Brain Herniation S54 (1)
BRAIN HERNIATION S54 (1) Brain Herniation Last updated: April 12, 2020 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 1 TYPES OF HERNIATION ............................................................................................................................ 2 SUPRATENTORIAL MASSES .................................................................................................................... 2 Central (s. downward transtentorial) herniation ............................................................................... 2 Uncal (s. Lateral Mass) herniation ................................................................................................... 2 Cingulate (s. Subfalcine) herniation ................................................................................................. 8 INFRATENTORIAL MASSES ..................................................................................................................... 9 Cerebellar Tonsillar herniation ......................................................................................................... 9 Upward Transtentorial herniation .................................................................................................. 10 HERNIATION AFTER LUMBAR PUNCTURE ............................................................................................. 10 INVESTIGATIONS ................................................................................................................................... -
Clinical Exome Sequencing for Genetic Identification of Rare Mendelian Disorders
Supplementary Online Content Lee H, Deignan JL, Dorrani N, Strom SP, Kantarci S, Quintero-Rivera F, et al. Clinical exome sequencing for genetic identification of rare Mendelian disorders. JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.14604. eMethods 1. Sample acquisition and pre-test sample processing eMethods 2. Exome capture and sequencing eMethods 3. Sequence data analysis eMethods 4. Variant filtration and interpretation eMethods 5. Determination of variant pathogenicity eFigure 1. UCLA Clinical Exome Sequencing (CES) workflow eFigure 2. Variant filtration workflow starting with ~21K variants across the exome and comparing the mean number of variants observed from trio-CES versus proband-CES eFigure 3. Variant classification workflow for the variants found within the primary genelist (PGL) eTable 1. Metrics used to determine the adequate quality of the sequencing test for each sample eTable 2. List of molecular diagnoses made eTable 3. List of copy number variants (CNVs) and uniparental disomy (UPD) reported and confirmatory status eTable 4. Demographic summary of 814 cases eTable 5. Molecular Diagnosis Rate of Phenotypic Subgroups by Age Group for Other Clinical Exome Sequencing References © 2014 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 10/01/2021 This supplementary material has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. © 2014 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 10/01/2021 eMethods 1. Sample acquisition and pre-test sample processing. Once determined by the ordering physician that the patient's presentation is clinically appropriate for CES, patients were offered the test after a counseling session ("pre-test counseling") [eFigure 1]. -
Stroke Intracranial Hypertension Cerebral Edema Roman Gardlík, MD, Phd
Stroke Intracranial hypertension Cerebral edema Roman Gardlík, MD, PhD. Institute of Pathological Physiology Institute of Molecular Biomedicine [email protected] Books • Silbernagl 356 • Other book 667 Brain • The most complex structure in the body • Anatomically • Functionally • Signals to and from various part of the body are controlled by very specific areas within the brain • Brain is more vulnerable to focal lesions than other organs • Renal infarct does not have a significant effect on kidney function • Brain infarct of the same size can produce complete paralysis on one side of the body Brain • 2% of body weight • Receives 1/6 of resting cardiac output • 20% of oxygen consumption Blood-brain barrier Mechanisms of brain injury • Various causes: • trauma • tumors • stroke • metabolic dysbalance • Common pathways of injury: • Hypoxia • Ischemia • Cerebral edema • Increased intracranial pressure Hypoxia • Deprivation of oxygen with maintained blood flow • Causes: • Exposure to reduced atmospheric pressure • Carbon monoxide poisoning • Severe anemia • Failure to ogygenate blood • Well tolerated, particularly if chronic • Neurons capable of anaerobic metabolism • Euphoria, listlessness, drowsiness, impaired problem solving • Acute and severe hypoxia – unconsciousness and convulsions • Brain anoxia can result to cardiac arrest Ischemia • Reduced blood flow • Focal / global ischemia • Energy sources (glucose and glycogen) are exhausted in 2 to 4 minutes • Cellular ATP stores are depleted in 4 to 5 minutes • 50% - 75% of energy is -
Raised Intracranial Pressure Syndrome: a Stepwise Approach Swagata Tripathy1, Suma Rabab Ahmad2
NEUROCRITICAL CARE Raised Intracranial Pressure Syndrome: A Stepwise Approach Swagata Tripathy1, Suma Rabab Ahmad2 ABSTRACT Raised intracranial pressure (rICP) syndrome is seen in various pathologies. Appropriate and systematic management is important for favourable patient outcome. This review describes the stepwise approach to control the raised ICP in a tiered manner, with increasing aggressiveness. The role of ICP measurement in the assessment of cerebral autoregulation and individualised management is discussed. Although a large amount of research has been undertaken for the management of raised ICP, there still remain unanswered questions. This review tries to put together the best evidence in a succinct manner. Keywords: Complications, Cerebrospinal fluid, Hypertonic saline, Intracranial pressure, Management, Steroids Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine (2019): 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23190 INTRODUCTION 1,2Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, All India Institute of Raised intracranial pressure (rICP) syndrome is a constellation of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India clinical symptoms and signs associated with a rise in intracranial Corresponding Author: Swagata Tripathy, Department of Anesthesia pressure. Various pathologies may lead to a rise in intracranial and Intensive Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, pressure (ICP). The realm of management of raised ICP has Odisha, India, Phone: 8763400534, e-mail: tripathyswagata@gmail. progressed over time with the development of new monitoring com technology and treatment modalities. There is more clarity now How to cite this article: Tripathy S, Ahmad SR. Raised Intracranial in the understanding of the management; however, there are still Pressure Syndrome: A Stepwise Approach. Indian J Crit Care Med some gaps. Here we attempt to review the systematic approach to 2019;23(Suppl 2):S129–S135. -
Current Strategies in the Surgical Management of Ischemic Stroke
RECENT ADVANCES IN NEUROSURGERY Current Strategies in the Surgical Management of Ischemic Stroke CODY A. DOBERSTEIN, BS; RADMEHR TORABI, MD; SANDRA C. YAN, BS, BA; RYAN MCTAGGART, MD; CURTIS DOBERSTEIN, MD; MAHESH JAYARAMAN, MD ABSTRACT vessel occlusion (LVO) involving a major proximal intracra- Stroke is a major cause of death and disability in the Unit- nial artery and the efficacy of IV-tPA is significantly reduced ed States and rapid evaluation and treatment of stroke in these cases.4 Furthermore, many patients do not fit the patients are critical to good outcomes. Effective surgical strict time window and inclusion criteria for the admin- treatments aim to restore adequate cerebral blood flow, istration of IV-tPA and therefore are ineligible to receive prevent secondary brain injury, or reduce the likelihood treatment. of recurrent stroke. Patient evaluation in centers with a The recent refinement of endovascular catheter-based comprehensive stroke program and a dedicated neuro- surgical techniques, which use a stent-retriever device to vascular team is recommended. directly remove clots from occluded vessels and restore KEYWORDS: stroke, embolectomy, cerebrovascular blood flow, have proven effective in reducing morbidity occlusion and mortality in stroke patients with LVO. Several recent randomized studies have demonstrated a significant benefit of embolectomy compared to standard medical treatment alone.5,6 Due to improved outcomes, embolectomy in com- bination with IV-tPA has now become the standard of care INTRODUCTION for patients with LVO stroke. Figure 1 demonstrates pre- and Stroke is the leading cause of long-term adult disability post-angiographic images in a patient who underwent emer- in North America and the fifth leading cause of death.1,2 gent embolectomy and shows the dramatic improvement of Although some strokes are hemorrhagic, the majority (87%) cerebral perfusion following recanalization. -
A Dictionary of Neurological Signs
FM.qxd 9/28/05 11:10 PM Page i A DICTIONARY OF NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS SECOND EDITION FM.qxd 9/28/05 11:10 PM Page iii A DICTIONARY OF NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS SECOND EDITION A.J. LARNER MA, MD, MRCP(UK), DHMSA Consultant Neurologist Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool Honorary Lecturer in Neuroscience, University of Liverpool Society of Apothecaries’ Honorary Lecturer in the History of Medicine, University of Liverpool Liverpool, U.K. FM.qxd 9/28/05 11:10 PM Page iv A.J. Larner, MA, MD, MRCP(UK), DHMSA Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery Liverpool, UK Library of Congress Control Number: 2005927413 ISBN-10: 0-387-26214-8 ISBN-13: 978-0387-26214-7 Printed on acid-free paper. © 2006, 2001 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dis- similar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to propri- etary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omis- sions that may be made. -
Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury 4Th Edition
Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury 4th Edition Nancy Carney, PhD Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR Annette M. Totten, PhD Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR Cindy O'Reilly, BS Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR Jamie S. Ullman, MD Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY Gregory W. J. Hawryluk, MD, PhD University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT Michael J. Bell, MD University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA Susan L. Bratton, MD University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT Randall Chesnut, MD University of Washington, Seattle, WA Odette A. Harris, MD, MPH Stanford University, Stanford, CA Niranjan Kissoon, MD University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Andres M. Rubiano, MD El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia; MEDITECH Foundation, Neiva, Colombia Lori Shutter, MD University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA Robert C. Tasker, MBBS, MD Harvard Medical School & Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA Monica S. Vavilala, MD University of Washington, Seattle, WA Jack Wilberger, MD Drexel University, Pittsburgh, PA David W. Wright, MD Emory University, Atlanta, GA Jamshid Ghajar, MD, PhD Stanford University, Stanford, CA Reviewed for evidence-based integrity and endorsed by the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons. September 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................... 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................................. -
Female Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes 1 Standard of Care
BRIGHAM AND WOMEN’S HOSPITAL Department of Rehabilitation Services Physical Therapy Standard of Care: Female Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes ICD 9 Codes: 719.45 Pain in the pelvic region 625.9 Vulvar/pelvic pain/vulvodynia/vestibulodynia (localized provoked vestibulodynia or unprovoked) 625.0 Dyspareunia 595.1 Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome 739.5 Pelvic floor dysfunction 569.42 Anal/rectal pain 564.6 Proctalgia fugax/spasm anal sphincter 724.79 Coccygodynia 781.3 Muscular incoordination (other possible pain diagnoses: prolapse 618.0) Case Type/Diagnosis: Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) can be defined as: “non-malignant pain perceived in structures related to the pelvis, in the anterior abdominal wall below the level of the umbilicus, the spine from T10 (ovarian nerve supply) or T12 (nerve supply to pelvic musculoskeletal structures) to S5, the perineum, and all external and internal tissues within these reference zones”. 1 Specifically, pelvic pain syndrome has been further defined as: “the occurrence of persistent or recurrent episodic pelvic pain associated with symptoms suggestive of lower urinary tract, sexual, bowel or gynecological dysfunction with no proven infection or other obvious pathology”.1 Generally, female pelvic pain has been defined as pain and dysfunction in and around the pelvic outlet, specifically the suprapubic, vulvar, and anal regions. A plethora of various terms/diagnoses encompass pelvic pain as a symptom, including but not limited to: chronic pelvic pain (CPP), vulvar pain, vulvodynia, vestibulitis/vestibulodynia (localized provoked vestibulodynia or unprovoked vestibulodynia), vaginismus, dyspareunia, interstitial cystitis (IC)/painful bladder syndrome (PBS), proctalgia fugax, levator ani syndrome, pelvic floor dysfunction, vulvodynia, vestibulitis/vestibulodynia dyspareunia, vaginismus, coccygodynia, levator ani syndrome, tension myaglia of the pelvic floor, shortened pelvic floor, and muscular incoordination of the pelvic floor muscles.