DOCSLIB.ORG

Prospects for Rapid Bioluminescent Detection Methods in the Food Industry – a Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Prospects for Rapid Bioluminescent Detection Methods in the Food Industry – a Review Czech J. Food Sci. Vol. 23, No. 3: 85–92 Prospects for Rapid Bioluminescent Detection Methods in the Food Industry – a Review PAVEL DOSTÁLEK and TOMÁŠ BRÁNYIK Department of Fermentation Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Abstract DOSTÁLEK P., BRÁNYIK T. (2005): Prospects for rapid bioluminescent detection methods in the food industry – a review. Czech J. Food Sci., 23: 85–92. This review surveys rapid bioluminescent detection techniques applied in food industry and discusses the historical development of the rapid methods. These techniques are divided into two groups: methods based on bioluminescent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay, and on bacterial bioluminescence. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are described. The article provides the bibliography of fluorescent method applications in food samples. Keywords: bioluminescence; bacteria; ATP; food samples; food industry; food safety; microbiological techniques Current trends in nutrition and food technology and controlled in the course of preparation and impose increasing demands on food microbiol- packing of the product are designated as Critical ogists to ensure a safe food supply (GRIFFITHS Control Points (CCP). The general categories of 1993). The last 25 years have been dedicated to the hazards include: Microorganisms and their toxic development of new methods for Quality Assur- products; Chemicals such as toxins, heavy metals ance, Total Quality Management and the Hazard and pesticide residues, and Foreign Matter (CURTIS Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) & HUSKEY 1974). systems (UGAROVA et al. 1993). The HACCP sys- Although the most effective methods of monitor- tem was devised as a procedure to ensure the ing CCP are often physical or chemical, many of safety and quality of food products (JACKSON & the hazards associated with the food production SHINN 1979). It was developed by the U.S. Food are of microbiological nature. Microorganisms of and Drug Administration (FDA) for regulating and concern to food manufacturers can be divided into inspecting food plants (BAUMAN 1974). The basic two groups: (i) the pathogens and (ii) those that premise is to identify possible hazards in advance can be used as indicator organisms. It is clear that and set up a system of procedures, inspections, any direct test for microorganisms must be rapid and records to minimise the possibilities of the enough to be compatible with HACCP and it is hazards causing unsafe or off-quality end products. imperative, therefore, to quit the traditional use of The points at which hazards might be encountered media and plates (KODIKARA et al. 1991). Of the Supported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Hebrew University (Israel) and by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Project No. MSM 6046137305. 85 Vol. 23, No. 3: 85–92 Czech J. Food Sci. emerging technologies for rapid microbiological 100 fg/CFU in yeasts (LEACH & WEBSTER 1986; analysis, bioluminescence is purported to be the GIROTTI et al. 1997; CROSS 1992). technique giving results in the shortest time. The distinct areas of bioluminescence that are of use in Disturbing factors the food industry are: ATP bioluminescence and bacterial bioluminescence (FUNG 2002). Almost all food products contain nonmicrobial sources of “intrinsic” or “somatic” ATP which must BIOLUMINESCENT ADENOSINE be eliminated by sample pretreatment procedures. TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) ASSAY Somatic cells have to be lysed and incubated with the enzyme apyrase or somase (ATPase) to de- All living cells contain intracellular ATP needed stroy the released ATP. After this treatment, the for the regulation of the stored metabolic energy, microorganisms are chemically disrupted and for the maintenance of the enzyme systems, and the released microbial ATP is determined using for biosynthesis of cellular constituents during all purified luciferin-luciferase reagent. Another pos- phases of growth. Storage at suboptimal conditions sibility for avoiding somatic ATP interference is to may reduce the intracellular ATP levels. In dead physically separate microorganisms from somatic cells, ATP is broken down by autolysis within a cells by differential filtration, combinations of few minutes. ATP can thus be used as a measure exchange resins, centrifugation and filtration, or of microbial biomass. Indeed, linear relationships enzymatic destruction of somatic ATP followed by have been found between intracellular ATP levels differential filtration procedures (CROSS 1992). and total number of colony-forming units (CFU) Quenching of emitted light is another factor that with bacteria as well as with yeasts. can adversely affect microbial ATP determination. A very rapid and sensitive ATP assay, based Certain compounds from the food samples can on the firefly (Photuris pyralis) ATP lumines- strongly reduce the amount of light measured cent reaction, was developed as an alternative to photometrically. Internal standards must then the traditional plate count techniques in routine be incorporated in the dilutions to be tested, as microbiological analysis of food and beverages has been shown with skimmed milk. Some food (LEACH & WEBSTER 1986). samples may also contain inhibitory substances Firefly luciferase catalyses the ATP-dependent influencing the luciferase activity (LEACH & WEB- oxidative decarboxylation of luciferin (LH2) re- STER 1986). sulting in the production of light as shown in the reaction (where P denotes the product oxyluciferin APPLICATION OF THE ATP ASSAY and hν denotes the light produced): IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY Mg2+ (LH2) + ATP + O2 P + AMP + PPi + CO2 + hν Hygiene monitoring Three factors led to a greater utilisation of biolu- Probably the most widely used current applica- minescent methods for analysis in the 1980s (LEACH tion of ATP bioluminesce in the food industry is & WEBSTER 1986), i.e. (1) the availability of com- that for the estimation of surface cleanliness. The mercially prepared reagents, (2) the commercial total amount of ATP present on a surface can be manufacture of suitable measuring instruments, extracted through swabbing and assayed extremly and (3) the holding of conferences and the publish- rapidly (i.e. within 5 min) with no less accuracy ing of reports and monographs that highlight the than that obtained using traditional techniques. advantages of bioluminescent techniques (LEACH The result indicates the overall contamination of & WEBSTER 1986). the surface because ATP from all microbial sources Commercially available manual or automated will be detected. The amount of contamination –13 luminometers can detect less than 0.1 pg (or 10 g) determined by ATP and plate count methods cor- of ATP per cuvette, corresponding to approximately related well in about 80% of samples (POULIS et al. 100 bacterial cells. Quantitation of the steady-state 1993). A number of bioluminescent-based hygiene ATP levels in a variety of microorganisms revealed monitoring kits are commercially available (Lumac ATP ranges from 0.1 to 4.0 fg/CFU (average ca. Hygiene Monitoring Kit, Lumac Water Microbial –15 1 fg or 10 g/CFU) in bacteria and from 10 to Kit) and are used routinely to monitor critical 86 Czech J. Food Sci. Vol. 23, No. 3: 85–92 points in many food processing operations world- lent to 105 to 108 CFU/g (based on an ATP content wide (ANONYM 1996). of 1 fg/CFU). A successful application of the ATP assay, therefore, depends on a proper pretreat- Milk and milk products ment procedure (BASOL & GOGUS 1996). In this case, the lower detection limit was 5 × 104 CFU/g, ATP bioluminescent methods can be used for and good correlations between ATP content and monitoring raw milk quality from the point of colony counts were found. Good correlations also view of somatic cell count and microbial count. exist between ATP content and colony counts in An indication of the somatic cell concentration vacuum-packed cooked cured meat products. Many in milk can be obtained from the concentration cooked meat products appear to contain relatively of ATP in milk following the treatment with non- low contents of somatic ATP. The removal of this ionic detergent (WEBSTER et al. 1988). This can somatic ATP is therefore not necessary, and as a be used as an index for mastitis infection. Recent consequence, the assay time can be reduced to less ATP bioluminescent procedures can be used to than 5 min. The detection limit is 105–106 CFU/g, detect as few as 104 CFU/ml of bacteria in milk which suffices for screening these vaccum-packed in 5 to 10 min. This makes the technique useful cooked cured meat products (BAUTISTA et al. as a rejection test for the incoming milk tankers 1994, 1995; SIRAGUSA & CUTTER 1995; RUSSEL at milk processing plants (GRIFFITHS & PHILLIPS 1995). A commercial kit also exists for checking 1989; MOORE et al. 2001). These tests are avail- the microbial quality of raw meat in 30 min – the able commercially (ANONYM 1996) and marketed Lumac Meat Microbial Kit (ANONYM 1996). by Biotrace (Bridgen, Wales) and Lumac (Laand- graaf, the Netherlands – Raw Milk Microbial Kit). Carbonated beverages and fruit juices ATP bioluminescent methods can also be used for pasteurised milk quality and sterility testing Many carbonated beverages are readily filterable of UHT and other dairy products. Because ATP and contain low or undetectable levels of somatic is an integral part of the metabolism of bacte- ATP. Simple filtration procedures are sufficient
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Understanding Bioluminescence in Dinoflagellates—How Far Have We Come?
    Microorganisms 2013, 1, 3-25; doi:10.3390/microorganisms1010003 OPEN ACCESS microorganisms ISSN 2076-2607 www.mdpi.com/journal/microorganisms Review Understanding Bioluminescence in Dinoflagellates—How Far Have We Come? Martha Valiadi 1,* and Debora Iglesias-Rodriguez 2 1 Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse, Plӧn 24306, Germany 2 Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +49-4522-763277; Fax: +49-4522-763310. Received: 3 May 2013; in revised form: 20 August 2013 / Accepted: 24 August 2013 / Published: 5 September 2013 Abstract: Some dinoflagellates possess the remarkable genetic, biochemical, and cellular machinery to produce bioluminescence. Bioluminescent species appear to be ubiquitous in surface waters globally and include numerous cosmopolitan and harmful taxa. Nevertheless, bioluminescence remains an enigmatic topic in biology, particularly with regard to the organisms’ lifestyle. In this paper, we review the literature on the cellular mechanisms, molecular evolution, diversity, and ecology of bioluminescence in dinoflagellates, highlighting significant discoveries of the last quarter of a century. We identify significant gaps in our knowledge and conflicting information and propose some important research questions
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Characterization of Bioluminescence in Mangrove Lagoon, Salt River Bay, St. Croix, USVI
    Ecological Characterization of Bioluminescence in Mangrove Lagoon, Salt River Bay, St. Croix, USVI James L. Pinckney (PI)* Dianne I. Greenfield Claudia Benitez-Nelson Richard Long Michelle Zimberlin University of South Carolina Chad S. Lane Paula Reidhaar Carmelo Tomas University of North Carolina - Wilmington Bernard Castillo Kynoch Reale-Munroe Marcia Taylor University of the Virgin Islands David Goldstein Zandy Hillis-Starr National Park Service, Salt River Bay NHP & EP 01 January 2013 – 31 December 2013 Duration: 1 year * Contact Information Marine Science Program and Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208 (803) 777-7133 phone (803) 777-4002 fax [email protected] email 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 4 BACKGROUND: BIOLUMINESCENT DINOFLAGELLATES IN CARIBBEAN WATERS ............................................... 9 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................................... 19 OBJECTIVE I. CONFIRM THE IDENTIY OF THE BIOLUMINESCENT DINOFLAGELLATE(S) AND DOMINANT PHYTOPLANKTON SPECIES IN MANGROVE LAGOON ........................................................................ 22 OBJECTIVE II. COLLECT MEASUREMENTS OF BASIC WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS (E.G., TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, DISSOLVED O2, TURBIDITY, PH, IRRADIANCE, DISSOLVED NUTRIENTS) FOR CORRELATION WITH PHYTOPLANKTON
    [Show full text]
  • Determining the Depth Limit of Bioluminescent Sources in Scattering Media
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.21.044982; this version posted April 23, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Determining the Depth Limit of Bioluminescent Sources in Scattering Media. Ankit Raghuram1,*, Fan Ye1, Jesse K. Adams1,2, Nathan Shaner3, Jacob T. Robinson1,2,4,5, Ashok Veeraraghavan1,2,6 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA 2 Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA 3 Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA 4 Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA 5 Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA 6 Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston TX 77005, USA * [email protected] Abstract Bioluminescence has several potential advantages compared to fluorescence microscopy for in vivo biological imaging. Because bioluminescence does not require excitation light, imaging can be performed for extended periods of time without phototoxicity or photobleaching, and optical systems can be smaller, simpler, and lighter. Eliminating the need for excitation light may also affect how deeply one can image in scattering biological tissue, but the imaging depth limits for bioluminescence have yet to be reported. Here, we perform a theoretical study of the depth limits of bioluminescence microscopy and find that cellular resolution imaging should be possible at a depth of 5-10 mean free paths (MFPs). This limit is deeper than the depth limit for confocal microscopy and slightly lower than the imaging limit expected for two-photon microscopy under similar conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Glows There? Bioluminescence of Fireflies, Mushrooms, and Jellyfish Detailed Project Description
    Who Glows there? Bioluminescence of Fireflies, Mushrooms, and Jellyfish Glenna Smith Anthony Todd Background: Most people think of fireflies when it comes to bioluminescent or glow- in-the-dark organisms, but many other organisms use bioluminescence as well to communicate, ward off predators, or attract their meal. On land and in fresh water, it is fairly rare with only a handful of bioluminescent mushrooms and insects (not including the recently developed abundance of transgenic glowing organisms like tobacco or rabbits). In the ocean, however, and the deep sea in particular where it is the only source of light, bioluminescence is used by a multitude of creatures: fish, squid, jellyfish, sponges, algae. We propose construction of a small exhibit which will teach children about bioluminescence and allow them to ‘draw’ the bioluminescence onto glow-in-the- dark cutouts of the organisms using fiber optic ‘pens’. This exhibit could be positioned in SciTech near the “shadowbox”. Goals: Teach children about the utility of bioluminescence by various organisms (it isn’t just for show!). Children would learn how creatures communicate with and relate to each other using bioluminescence, and how bioluminescence is particularly useful in their environment (counterillumination camouflage). Target Museum: SciTech Target Audience: Grades K-10 (benchmarks addressed in appendix 1) Big Idea: Fireflies, jellyfish, and other organisms are using bioluminescence to communicate, protect themselves, and feed themselves. Detailed Project Description: This demo will be a fun, hands-on small exhibit to showcase several bioluminescent organisms, and explain why glowing is useful to their survival. The exhibit would feature a series of pictures of glowing fish, mushrooms, insects, (the pictures could be backlit).
    [Show full text]
  • Shedding Light on the Bioluminescence “Paradox” Although Luminescence Provides Host Squids with Obvious Advantages, How Does It Benefit Light-Producing Bacteria?
    Shedding Light on the Bioluminescence “Paradox” Although luminescence provides host squids with obvious advantages, how does it benefit light-producing bacteria? Eric V. Stabb he fascinating biochemistry, genetics, have special significance for this bacterium. Bi- and cell density-dependent regula- oluminescence offers many such puzzles, and it tion of bacterial bioluminescence is unlikely a single solution will solve them all. T provoke a challenging question. Nonetheless, it is an exciting moment in bio- What good is it to bioluminescent luminescence research, with recent advances of- bacteria? fering the promise of answering the longstand- There may be no single answer to this seem- ing question, “how can bioluminescence ingly simple question. However, two recent ad- help bacteria?” Although researchers learned vances shed new light on the problem. First, nearly a century ago that luminescence reduces studies of the symbiosis between the biolumines- oxygen and that symbiotic bacteria inhabit the cent bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the Hawaiian light organs of squids, what was unimaginable bobtail squid bring an ecologically relevant until very recently is our ability to analyze the V. niche for a bioluminescent bacterium into focus fischeri genome sequence and to combine this under the discerning lens of controlled labora- knowledge with the ability to genetically manip- tory experimentation. Second, progress in under- ulate these bacteria and observe them under standing the genetics of V. fischeri, including controlled laboratory conditions in the ecologi- genomic sequencing of a squid symbiont, is en- cally relevant environment of a natural squid abling researchers to analyze how luminescence host. integrates into the physiology of this bacterial species and to test specific hypotheses about Biochemistry and Genetics of what advantage light production confers on the V.
    [Show full text]
  • Articles and Detrital Matter
    Biogeosciences, 7, 2851–2899, 2010 www.biogeosciences.net/7/2851/2010/ Biogeosciences doi:10.5194/bg-7-2851-2010 © Author(s) 2010. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Deep, diverse and definitely different: unique attributes of the world’s largest ecosystem E. Ramirez-Llodra1, A. Brandt2, R. Danovaro3, B. De Mol4, E. Escobar5, C. R. German6, L. A. Levin7, P. Martinez Arbizu8, L. Menot9, P. Buhl-Mortensen10, B. E. Narayanaswamy11, C. R. Smith12, D. P. Tittensor13, P. A. Tyler14, A. Vanreusel15, and M. Vecchione16 1Institut de Ciencies` del Mar, CSIC. Passeig Mar´ıtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain 2Biocentrum Grindel and Zoological Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany 3Department of Marine Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy 4GRC Geociencies` Marines, Parc Cient´ıfic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Adolf Florensa 8, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 5Universidad Nacional Autonoma´ de Mexico,´ Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnolog´ıa, A.P. 70-305 Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico,` Mexico´ 6Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS #24, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA 7Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0218, USA 8Deutsches Zentrum fur¨ Marine Biodiversitatsforschung,¨ Sudstrand¨ 44, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany 9Ifremer Brest, DEEP/LEP, BP 70, 29280 Plouzane, France 10Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway 11Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban,
    [Show full text]
  • To See Or Not to See
    Bioluminescence 2009: ocean Living Light on the Deep Sea Floor Expedition To See or Not to See www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov Focus Bioluminescence, color, and camouflage in deep ocean organisms Grade Level 9-12 (Life Science) Focus Question Image credit: NOAA. How are light and color important to organisms in deep ocean environments? Learning Objectives ] Students will be able to identify and discuss key factors that determine the effectiveness of color camouflage in pelagic and benthic habitats. ] Students will be able to describe how ambient light changes with Image credit: NOAA. increasing depth in the ocean. ] Students will be able to explain how the wavelength of light that illuminates an organism may determine the most effective camouflage coloration. ] Students will be able to explain how an organism that has effective camouflage coloration under ambient illumination may not be effectively camouflaged when it is illuminated by Image credit: NOAA. bioluminescence. Materials @ Copies of “Bioluminescence and Color Camouflage Inquiry Guide,” one copy for each student group @ Flashlights; one for each student group @ Blue filters (see Learning Procedure Step 1c) Audio/Visual Materials 9 (Optional) Images showing light and color in deep-sea Image credit: NOAA. environments and organisms (see Learning Procedure, Step 1d) Image captions on Page 2. Teaching Time Two 45-minute class periods, plus time for student research 1 www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov Bioluminescence 2009: To See or Not to See Grades 9-12 (Life Science) Seating Arrangement Groups of 2-4 students Maximum Number of Students 30 Key Words Light Vision Bioluminescence Electromagnetic spectrum Color Wavelength Camouflage The lobate ctenophore Ocyropsis maculata as viewed under unpolarized light (top) and polarized light (bottom).
    [Show full text]
  • Light and Vision in the Deep-Sea Benthos: I
    Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences 10-1-2012 Light and Vision in the Deep-Sea Benthos: I. Bioluminescence at 500-1000 m Depth in the Bahamian Islands Sönke Johnsen Duke University Tamara M. Frank Nova Southeastern University, [email protected] Steven H.D. Haddock Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute Edith A. Widder Ocean Research and Conservation Association Charles G. Messing Nova Southeastern University, [email protected] Find out more information about Nova Southeastern University and the Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography. Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_facarticles Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons Recommended Citation Johnsen, Sönke, Tamara M. Frank, Steven HD Haddock, Edith A. Widder, and Charles G. Messing. "Light and vision in the deep-sea benthos: I. Bioluminescence at 500–1000 m depth in the Bahamian Islands." The ourJ nal of experimental biology 215, no. 19 (2012): 3335-3343. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 3335 The Journal of Experimental Biology 215, 3335-3343 © 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi:10.1242/jeb.072009 RESEARCH ARTICLE Light and vision in the deep-sea benthos: I. Bioluminescence at 500–1000m depth in the Bahamian Islands Sönke Johnsen1,*, Tamara M.
    [Show full text]
  • 16.2 the WORLD of PERPETUAL DARKNESS the Lack of Food
    Final PDF to printer 376 Part Three Structure and Function of Marine Ecosystems O2 abyssopelagic zone lies from 4,000 to 6,000 m (13,000 to 20,000 ft). The hadopelagic, or hadal pelagic, zone consists of the waters of the ocean trenches, from below 6,000 m to Amount of dissolved oxygen just above the sea floor, as deep as 11,000 m (36,000 ft). Low High Each of the depth zones supports a distinct community of animals, but they also have much in common. Here we hotosynthesi CO P s Organic 2 stress the similarities, rather than the differences, among the + matter H O + Epipelagic depth zones of the deep sea. 2 n O Respiratio 2 The conditions of life in the deep pelagic environment Decomposition change very little. Not only is it always dark, it is always 200 m cold: The temperature remains nearly constant, typically at 1 to 2 °C (35 °F). Salinity and other chemical properties of the water are also remarkably uniform. Oxygen minimum zone CO Organic 2 matter The deep sea also includes the ocean bottom beyond + H O Respiration + the continental shelf. Bottom-living organisms are covered 2 O Decomposition 2 Mesopelagic separately (see “The Deep-Ocean Floor,” below). The deep sea includes the bathypelagic, from 1,000 to 4,000 m; the abyssopelagic, 4,000 to 6,000 m; and the hadopelagic, 6,000 m to 1,000 m the bottom of trenches. The physical environment in these zones is quite constant. The deep sea also includes the deep-sea floor.
    [Show full text]
  • Dinoflagellate Bioluminescence Limitation: Effects of Formaldehyde and Other Compounds Diana Li Lambert
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2006 Dinoflagellate Bioluminescence Limitation: Effects of Formaldehyde and Other Compounds Diana Li Lambert Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES DINOFLAGELLATE BIOLUMINESCENCE LIMITATION: EFFECTS OF FORMALDEHYDE AND OTHER COMPOUNDS By DIANA LI LAMBERT A thesis submitted to the Department of Oceanography in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2006 Copyright © 2006 Diana Li Lambert All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Diana Li Lambert defended on 04 August 2006. ___________________________________ Richard Iverson Professor Directing Thesis ___________________________________ Markus Huettel Committee Member ___________________________________ Behzad Mortazavi Committee Member Approved: ________________________________________________ William Dewar, Chair, Department of Oceanography The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii Dedicated to Bagel, my mischievous friend iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was funded by the Office of Naval Research. I would like to thank Dr. Michael Latz for providing cultures of Lingulodinium polyedrum, and for suggesting use of the Spectrocell® stirring device. I would like to thank Mr. Robert McCown for designing and constructing the electronics used during this research. I would like to thank those people who gave me helpful advice, offered new ideas about how to approach my research and sometimes were just good sources of distraction. Linda and Chris Sedlacek have been both helpful sources of information and encouraging friends who made me feel welcome since I first arrived at FSU.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Bioluminescence: Patterns and Functions
    BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 33(4): 787-817, 1983 COASTAL BIOLUMINESCENCE: PATTERNS AND FUNCTIONS James G, Morin ABSTRACT Individual bioluminescent organisms in coastal waters often occur in high densities, but the number of luminescent species is relatively low, about I to 2%. Simple emitting systems, involving either photocytes or photosecretion, tend to be the dominant luminescent types in coastal organisms, However, complex light organs, as either glandular light organs or pho- tophores, occur among some of the fishes. This situation contrasts with oceanic regions where organisms with photophores tend to dominate. Most of the luminescent signals in coastal waters occur in response to contact stimulation as simple conspicuous fast flashes «2 sec) or slow glows (> 5 sec). I suggest that most coastal luminescence functions to deter potential predation primarily by fast flashes, which repel a predator, or by slow glows, which attract a predator toward the decoy light and away from the prey. As a third anti predatory strategy, some fishes with glandular light organs produce a concealing luminescence so that their predators fail to detect them as prey. As a second major function, particularly among coastal fishes with glandular light organs, luminescence is used to obtain prey through attraction and/or detection. Thirdly, light may also be used for communication between con specifics, particularly for mating, aggregating and territorial purposes. Finally, luminescence might serve mutualistic (advertising) purposes as, for ex- ample, between luminous bacteria and visual consumers. The preponderance of simple luminescent systems present in comparatively few species in the photically complex and heterogeneous environments of coastal waters contrasts sharply with the majority of species in the more homogeneous photic environment of the mid waters of the open sea where photophores and complicated luminescent patterns dominate.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Bioluminescence: Applications in Food Microbiology
    62 Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 55, No. I, Pages 62-70 (January 1992) Copyright©, International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians Bacterial Bioluminescence: Applications in Food Microbiology J. M. BAKER', M. W. GRIFFITHS', and D. L. COLLINS-THOMPSON2 Departments of !Food Science and ^'Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2W1, Canada Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jfp/article-pdf/55/1/62/2303097/0362-028x-55_1_62.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 (Received for publication June 10, 1991) ABSTRACT a biochemical and genetic level. The applications of bacte­ rial bioluminescence will also be presented, with an empha­ Many marine microorganisms (Vibrio, Photobacterium) are sis on the applications in food microbiology. capable of emitting light, that is, they are bioluminescent. The light-yielding reaction is catalyzed by a luciferase, and it involves BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE the oxidation of reduced riboflavin phosphate and a long-chain BIOLUMINESCENT REACTION aldehyde in the presence of oxygen to produce a blue green light. The genes responsible for the luciferase production, (lux A and lux B), aldehyde synthesis (lux C, D, and E), and regulation of The bioluminescent reaction, catalyzed by the enzyme luminescence (lux I and lux R) have all been identified, and recent luciferase, involves the oxidation of a long-chain aldehyde research has resulted in the discovery of three new genes (lux F, and reduced riboflavin phosphate (FMNH2) and results in G, and H). The ability to genetically engineer dark microorgan­ the emission of a blue green light. te fc e isms to become light emitting by introducing the lux genes into FMNH2 + 02 + RCOH — ' ™ —> them has opened up a wide range of applications of biolumines­ FMN + RCOOH + H20 -(-light (490 nm) cence.
    [Show full text]