Biology of Parrotfishes Editors Andrew S. Hoey ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville, QLD Australia Roberta M. Bonaldo Grupo de História Natural de Vertebrados Museu de Zoologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas, SP Brazil p, A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK Cover credits Clockwise from top left: Bolbometopon muricatum (João Paulo Krajewski) Chlorurus bleekeri (João Paulo Krajewski) Scarus perrico (Kendall D. Clements) Sparisoma amplum (Kendall D. 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Transport and Operations, Faculty of AerospaceTitle:Title: Transport Engineering,Biology systems of parrotfishes Delft : modelling, University / editors, planning of Technology, Andrew and evaluation S. Delft,Hoey, The/ARC Milan Centre Janiâc, of Netherlands.Department Excellence of Transport for Coral & Reef Planning, Studies, Faculty James of Cook Civil University, Engineering Townsville, and QLD, Description:Geosciences Australia, First& Department Roberta Edition. M. | Bocaof Bonaldo, Air Raton, Transport Grupo FL : Taylor and de Historia Operations, & Francis, Natural Faculty2016. de | Vertebrados of IncludesAerospace Museu bibliographical Engineering, de Zoologia, referencesDelft Universidade University and index. Estadualof Technology, de Campinas, Delft, The Campinas, SP, Brazil. Identifiers:Netherlands.Description: LCCN Boca2016028261| Raton, FL ISBN : CRC 9781498719087 Press, Taylor (hardback)& Francis Group, | ISBN [2018] | “A Description: First Edition. | Boca Raton, FL : Taylor & Francis, 2016. | 9781498719094 Science Publishers (e-book) book.” | Includes bibliographical references and index. Includes bibliographical references and index. Subjects:Identifiers: LCSH: Transportation. LCCN 2017047039 | Transportation | ISBN 9781482224016--Planning. (hardback | Intelligent : alk. paper) transportationIdentifiers: LCCN systems. 2016028261| ISBN 9781498719087 (hardback) | ISBN Subjects: LCSH: Parrotfishes. Classification:9781498719094 LCC (e-book HE151) .J356 2016 | DDC 388--dc23 Classification: LCC QL638.S3 B56 2017 | DDC 597/.7--dc23 LCSubjects: record LCSH: available Transportation. at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016028261 | Transportation--Planning. | Intelligent transportationLC record systems.available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017047039 Classification: LCC HE151 .J356 2016 | DDC 388--dc23 Visit the LCTaylor record & Francisavailable Web at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016028261 site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com andVisit the the CRC Taylor Press & FrancisWeb site Web at site at http://www.crcpress.comhttp://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Preface Parrotfish are found on almost every coral reef in the world. It is this ubiquity, coupled with their brilliant colouration and fused ‘beak-like’ jaws, that have long attracted the attention of those looking and working on tropical reefs. Parrotfishes also have an incredibly diverse and complex array of reproductive and mating strategies that vary both among and within species. However, it is their unique feeding action that has stimulated much scientific endeavour. The morphological innovations of the oral jaws allow parrotfishes to bite through reef carbonates, while the pharyngeal jaws allow them to grind ingested carbonates into sand particles. These innovations not only enable parrotfishes to access nutritional resources that are largely unavailable to other fishes, but make them one of the most important groups of fishes within coral reef ecosystems. No other group of fishes is so inextricably linked to the structural dynamics of their ecosystem. Despite their importance to reef ecosystems, the threats to parrotfish are numerous and severe: from the global effects of ocean warming and acidification to the local effects of overfishing, pollution and habitat degradation. The aim of this book is to synthesise what is currently known about the biology of parrotfishes, and to consider why are parrotfishes so important to the ecology of coral reefs? The book provides a series of reviews that are intended to provide a firm grounding in the understanding of the morphology, diet, demography, distribution, functional ecology, and current threats of this group. Importantly, it provides new insights into their diet and food processing ability, their life-histories, and the influence of habitat and environment on parrotfish populations, and also identifies emerging research topics and future directions. We hope this book will appeal to students, early-career and established researchers, alike, and will stimulate further investigation into this fascinating and unique group of fishes. Lastly, we wish to thank to all of those who contributed to this book. We invited the international authorities on various aspects of the biology of parrotfishes to contribute to the book and were overwhelmed by their positive and enthusiastic responses. We would also like to thank David Bellwood for initiating our interest in parrotfishes, sharing his extensive knowledge, and guiding our scientific development. We sincerely thank the reviewers of each chapter of this book for their constructive and insightful comments. Finally, we are extremely grateful for the ongoing support from our families (especially