Rapid Wash Assessment in Nimroz and Farah Province Relief International, August 2019

Rapid WaSH assessment in Nimroz and Farah Province Relief International, August 2019

Contents Background ...... 2 RI/MRCA presence in Nimroz and Farah ...... 2 Objectives ...... 3 Methodology and Process...... 3 Nimroz ...... 3 Key Informant Interviews ...... 3 Focus Group Discussions ...... 3 Borehole Mapping ...... 3 Team Selection ...... 4 Farah ...... 4 Key informant interviews ...... 4 Field Observation ...... 4 Key Findings ...... 4 Water Supply...... 4 Sanitation and Hygiene ...... 5 Farah ...... 5 Recommendations ...... 5 Nimroz ...... 5 Farah ...... 6 Proposed number of beneficiaries and budget ...... 6 Annex 1 ...... 8 Annex 2 ...... 11 Annex 3 ...... 13

Background

Located in the south-western part of Afghanistan, Nimroz Province lays to the east of the Sistan and Baluchistan Province of Iran and north of Balochistan, Pakistan. The province contains five district of Zaranj, which serves as the provincial capital, Kang, Chakhansor, Khashorud and Charborjak encompassing about 649 villages, and roughly 156,600 settled people.1 Severe drought affected more than two-thirds of Afghanistan, including Nimroz province, devastated the agricultural sector and left some four million people across the worst-affected provinces in dire need of life-saving humanitarian assistance.2 Flash floods in Afghanistan are common after a drought with El Niño historically associated with above-average snowfall/rainfall particularly during the period February to May and hit Nimroz during March and April. The flood water increased the water level in the two rivers of Khashroud and Helmand passing through the province during spring 2019. The former passes through the districts of Chakhansor and Kharoud and the latter passes through Charborjak district reaching to Zaranj city. However, during the summer the level of underground water decreased and many wells are dried and other salty, especially in Kang and Chakhansor districts. Members of the communities where the wells went dry or salty started to rely on neighboring villages, causing extra pressure on those water sources and, eventually, their depletion. Local authorities have promised interventions but were unable to deliver. It has been demonstrated that the presence of water alone is sufficient to dissuade community members to migrate. This shows that the preference is towards not migrating. Those forced to migrate, seek better conditions and earning opportunities in the cities, namely Zaranj, and Iran. This has catastrophic consequences for protection, with trafficking, deportation and detention awaiting illegal migrants attempting to cross the border. Although flood and drought have affected different areas of Farah province, this province was most impacted by conflicts and general insecurity and presence of multiple AOG groups that led to high number of displacements and destruction of many WASH facilities. Farah city has hosted a large portion of the displaced population of this province, while some migrated to the neighbouring provinces including Nimroz.

RI/MRCA presence in Nimroz and Farah Relief International (RI) has been operating in Afghanistan since November 2001, delivering a wide spectrum of humanitarian assistance and development programs including WASH, Food Security, health, agricultural and enterprise development, governance, animal health and husbandry, shelter and natural disaster response. RI has supported the most disadvantaged sectors of the population including returnees, displaced persons, and female-headed households in Afghanistan's least- resourced provinces. During 2018 and 2019 RI had WASH responses in Nimroz funded by UNICEF and ECHO. In 2019 the French NGO MRCA joined RI Alliance.MRCA has been delivering life-saving healthcare in Afghanistan since 1993, establishing and operating health centres in partnership with the Afghan Ministry of Public Health (MoPH). In Nimroz, MRCA has been providing primary health care, antenatal (ANC), postnatal (PNC), and delivery care, via the 18 MOPH's Basic Package of Health Services (BPHs) health facilities and 140 Health posts for the past 10 months, has implemented a new health facility at zero point for returnees under the WHO funding and is running 6 MHT under the CHF funding for the drought affected population.

1 slamic Republic of Afghanistan: Central Statistics Organization. Retrieved 2012-10-31, See: http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Nimroz(1).pdf 2 Afghanistan Humanitarian Fund Annual Report 2018: https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistan-humanitarian- fund-annual-report-2018

RCA has a good knowledge of Farah province having been the EPHS implementer for three years and having implemented and run FATP in unsecure areas of the province under CHF Funding. RI/MRCA completed an ECHO funded drought response project in Farah and Nimroz during 2019 and covered both secure and insecure areas of the province. RI is now a partner for Emergency Response Mechanism (ERM), funded by ECHO, covering both provinces of Farah and Paktika, providing emergency assistance to the shock affected housheolds.

Objectives The objectives of the assessment are to (1) identify emergency WASH needs and gaps in the villages of Nimroz and Farah province (2) assess gaps in water storage practices, accessibility and conditions of water sources and WASH facilities and hygiene practices.

Methodology and Process Nimroz Data collection in the field was carried out through Key Informant (KI) interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and field observations with community members in two districts of Kang and Chakhansor, during August 2019.

Key Informant Interviews A total of 6 key informant interviews were conducted, 2 of which were conducted with female members of the local community. Key informants from the local community included community elders and members of community councils.

Focus Group Discussions Seven Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted in five communities of Kang and Chakhansor districts. Two of the FGDs were organized with women. The average number of participants was 15 and it covered the total number of 107 individuals. Sites for FGDs were identified in consultation with local community elders. The five villages include Dashte Mustafa, Mohammad Ayoub, Molah Amir Makaki, Mehr Ali Khan, Khalifa nazar gogich, in which 9926 persons reside. The questions Figure 1 FGDs with community members in Chakhansor district of Nimroz Province were driven from the WaSH sector of the initial rapid assessment with modifications in an effort to ensure the assessment is culturally sensitive.

Borehole Mapping RI conducted remote borehole mapping in these two districts and covered the borehole data of 50 villages. (See annex 1)

Team Selection Relief International team including both male and female conducted key informant interviews and FGDs. All team members had experience with field research and qualitative research methods, particularly key informant interviews and focus groups. The team members are also members of the community and therefore have gained community trust. The assessment was led by the provincial programme coordinator of RI in Nimroz. Figure 2 FGD s with community members in Nimroz province Farah Key informant interviews RI conducted 4 key informant interview with health focal points in different districts of the province, as well as the community elders. Field Observation RI/MRCA staff shared their observations from communities’ needs/expressed needs in different districts of Farah province. The data was triangulated with the key informant interviews, as well as health facilities data. Key Findings Results are based on the information collected from the six key informant interviews (two in Kang and four in Chakhansor), the seven focus group discussions (two in Kang and five in Chakhansor) and observations in each district. Water Supply All key informants interviewed shared that access to water has changed over the last 1-2 years (worsened) due to flood and drought, depletion of ground water, and destruction of village boreholes. 100% of the key informants and participants of the Focus Group Discussions (107 individuals) stated that the water source of the community is depleted and is saline and they have to rely on the neighbouring communities’ water source. In terms of water supply, most communities are relying on unprotected boreholes and/or water sources that are salty. Key informants also reported presence of animal feces and solid waste in close proximity to existing survey. 100% of the community members shared that water’s bad taste and odor is the main problem with the water sources and the distance is the second challenge for the families.

Populations have to walk long distances to reach the closest water source. In so doing, they are exposing themselves to risks connected to unavailability of roads, weather conditions and fluid security context. The Focus Group Discussion Data shows that the average distance of the water source from villages is 4.7 km. Women and children are responsible for water collection. All participants of FGDs stated that water collection is primarily done by children. The communities shared their concerns regarding the protection risks of this daily journey. Security risk was the main concern for women, while multiple risks were raised regarding children’s involvement in water collection process including security risks, and losing direction especially when they are not

accompanied with adults (cases of missing children) and not attending schools when they are the sole responsible of water collection, especially for the girls. Currently households use 20 lt jerry cans to store water; however, all women in the FGDs shared that provision of a larger water storage container will allow them to store water for a longer period, so that the number of days spent for water collection journey could be limited. Sanitation and Hygiene All FDG participants revealed high levels of morbidity over the last 2 week period, citing diarrhea and fever as leading causes. RI/MRCA health facilities data in Nimroz show that the number of diarrheal cases increased in the last reporting quarter (April 1 to June 30, 2019), in comparison with data reported during the first quarter (from 691 cases to 922 cases). This is compaticble with the data gathered during the FGDs. All 107 community members stated that they had cases of diarrheal in the households during the past week.

All participants of the FGD and key informant interviews shared that they do not use soap for hand washing, which indicates the reason for the increasing number of diarrheal cases in the area.

Farah 34 of the health facilities RI/MRCA in the province lack latrines and 26 of them requires well construction for provision of drinkable water in the BPHS and EPHS health centers. See Annex 2 for the detailed list of these health facilities. In Lash wa Juwain district, 150 wells need rehabilitation due to the decreased level of water level and to protect the wells from contamination.

In Bakwa district with about 33,000 population (having 545 communities) open defecation is the main defecation practice. The district has one of the highest rate of diarrheal cases. This is the same situation in Por chaman district with 74,490 population and 310 villages, Khake sefid with 27,000 population and 140 communities, as well as Balaborouk district with 220 villages covering 65500 persons. Construction of latrines, awareness raising along with hygiene kit distribution is among the highest need specified by all key informants and RI/MRCA health focal points in these districts. Construction/ rehabilitation of community

Recommendations Nimroz -Reconstruction/rehabilitations of community wells in drought affected areas, where palatable water is available (also to protect contamination with animal faces and waste.)

 30 wells in Kang, Chakhansor and Charborjak districts -Water trucking in drought affected villages that water in not available and the closes wells is located about 5 km far from the community:

 55 villages in Kang and Chakhansor districts (approximately 10,000 individuals) (see Annex 3 for the name of villages) -Water storage container (500 lt) for households to increase their water storage capacity. This will be provided for all RI will have WASH intervention in, including villages to which water trucking is

provided, so after two months of water trucking, the number of days spent for water collection will be reduced due to the increased water storage capacity of households. Although villages of Charborjak district have access to palatable water, girls are responsible for water collection which prevents them from attending schools, as stated by female community members. Increasing the capacity of households’ water storage will prevent daily need for water collection. However, hygiene promotion and awareness raising on safe water storage will be integrated in the programme

 45 villages in Kang and Chakhansor districts and 20 villages of Charborjak district, in total 65 villages -Due to the prevalence of water borne diseases and diarrheal cases, provision of hygiene kits and hygiene awareness raising is highly recommended in three districts of Chakhansor, Charborjak and Kang, in total 65 villages (2000 households)

Farah

-Construction of latrines in health facilities. (34 health facilities)

-Construction of wells in health facilities. (26 health facilities)

-Integrated WASH programme including construction of communal latrines and community wells in Bakwa, Por chaman, Khake sefid, Balaborouk, especially for those communities that have the high cases of water borne diseases based on health facilities’ recorded data.

Proposed number of beneficiaries and budget

Please note that the those activities highlighted in green in the below table slightly differ from Partnership Agreement’s activities due to the contextual needs, e.g. need for 500 lt water storage container rater than 20 lt jerry cans.

Total Unit S/N Province Acitivities Unit Beneficieries cos, Price USD Need Assessment 10,000 1.8 18,000 2 Dug well rehab with hand pump 30 wells 4,200 19.25 80,850 Water trucking (15 lt per person) 10000 3 10,000 10.28 102,800 for first 30 days individuals Water trucking (15 lt per person) 10000 Nimroz 10,000 7.5 75,000 for second 30 days individuals Household water storage 4 1000 HH 7000 8 56,000 container (500 lt) 5 Hygiene kits and promotion 1000 HH 6000 6.94 41,640 Construction of latrines for health 7 Farah 34 4760 12.02 57,215 facilities

Construction of wells for health 8 26 3640 32.5 118,300 facilities 9 Dug well rehab with hand pump 30 wells 4200 19.25 80,850 10 Dug well with hand pump 30 wells 4200 32.5 136,500 50 11 Construction of communal latrines 7000 13.99 97,930 communities 12 Hygiene kit and promotion 1000 HH 6000 6.94 41,640 Total 888,725

Annex 1

Estimated current Number of catchment Total Observations/comment boreholes S/ Name of number population Village not s of water N the district of for functionin sources/boreholes boreholes functionin g g boreholes

Unprotected 904 1 Kang Dasht Mustafa 100 30 boreholes

Presence of animal 2 Kang Mirza afzal 30 10 250 faeces in and around water source

Unprotected 290 3 Kang Molla zolfaqar 50 10 boreholes

Unprotected 140 4 Kang Chae Nazar 30 10 boreholes

5 Kang Langar 50 20 250 Dirty water People were 6 Kang Bagh Wash 3 3 0 collecting water from neighbouring villages

7 Kang Walidad 50 20 250 This villages have one big well which is salty. 8 Kang Deh Baloch 6 5 220 People collecting drinking water fro other villages

9 Kang Halim Naroee 10 2 196 Haji Nazar 10 Kang 10 5 220 Rakhshani Mohammad The water is salty in 11 Kang 2 2 218 Ayoub this village

12 Kang Abdullah Sarani 1 1 302 Haji abdulrahim 13 Kang 3 2 219 gorgich Haji ghulam 14 Kang 0 0 234 naroee 15 Kang Dahmarda 2 1 221

16 Kang Raouf Talaee 0 0 220 mohalem 17 Kang 0 0 199 abdulrahman 18 Kang yousef kharoot 0 0 296 Degarwal 19 Kang 1 1 219 Abdulrahim Abdulsamad 20 Kang 0 0 184 khan Haji abdul The boreholes are 21 Kang 1 1 282 manan salty in this village

22 Kang Haji ismaeel 0 0 293 The water of Haji saleh 23 Kang 1 1 220 functioning well is mohammad salty

Haji abdul 24 Kang 0 0 199 rahman Abdulbaqi 25 Kang 1 0 330 sasooli Chakhansu hossain allah 26 0 0 90 r dad Chakhansu 27 khalifa zaman 0 0 230 r Chakhansu 28 Haji nabi 2 1 250 r Chakhansu protected Borehole 29 Shir zai 3 1 532 r and water storage Chakhansu Abdul rahman 30 0 0 294 r zarozai Chakhansu Molah amir 31 5 1 520 r makaki Chakhansu 32 Hatam khan 4 2 300 r Chakhansu 33 Molah joma 2 1 200 r Chakhansu mir ebrahim 34 2 1 120 r shah Shah Chakhansu 35 mohammad 3 2 100 r afghan Chakhansu 36 Said ghafor 0 0 85 r Chakhansu Abdul hakim 37 2 1 220 r shadi khan Chakhansu Mohammad 38 2 1 120 r khodadad

Chakhansu Khalifa mollah 39 3 1 140 r rasol Chakhansu 40 Arbab 2 1 120 r Chakhansu Niaz 41 3 1 152 r mohammad Chakhansu 42 Molah sohrab 2 1 220 r Chakhansu Haji mehr ali 43 2 1 70 r khan Chakhansu 44 Mashkchak 1 0 80 r Chakhansu 45 Bashar 2 1 280 r Chakhansu Khalifa nazar 46 3 1 228 r gorgich Chakhansu 47 Karim dadzai 5 3 350 r Hassan shir del Chakhansu 48 wa nazar 6 2 350 r mohammad Chakhansu Sakhi abdul 49 3 2 180 r rahman Chakhansu 50 Ali ababd 4 2 220 r

Annex 2

Facility Facility Facility S.No Province District Beneficiary Requirement Name Type Code 1 Safe Anardarah Tighab SCH 3909 3000 Latrine water Azaw SHC 3595 4000 Latrine 2 Barzaw 3 Safe Kanisk SHC 3113 4000 Latrine water Bala Dawlat Safe Bolook SHC 3766 4000 Latrine 4 Abad water 5 Safe Ziri koh SHC 3910 3500 Latrine water 6 Rod DoZ SHC 3955 4000 Latrine 7 Shagai SHC 3504 3500 Latrine

Spin Kariz SHC 3597 3500 Latrine 8 9 Bakwa Qarya SHC 3239 3500 Latrine Poshta Sia Aab SHC 3908 2500 Latrine 10 Agha 11 Safe Farah Karize Jalal SHC 3247 4000 Latrine water Farah city Safe Taza Abad SHC Latrine 12 water 13 Moghul Safe SHC 3906 3000 Latrine Abad water Ahmad Safe Gulestan SHC 3900 4000 Latrine 14 Abad water 15 Safe Gurzanak SHC 3963 4500 Latrine water Khak e Safe CHC+ 679 16000 Latrine 16 Safid water 17 Khak e Safe Jija SHC 2217 3000 Latrine Safid water Safe Khost SHC 3061 3000 Latrine 18 water 19 Laash o Safe Danboli SHC 3035 5000 Latrine Joween water Por Por Safe CHC 677 19000 Latrine 20 Chaman Chaman water

21 Safe Tahti CHC+ 1916 15800 water Latrine Porchaman

Safe Faskha BHC 3594 9000 Latrine 22 water 23 Safe Nizgan BHC 2212 4500 Latrine water Safe Qaisar SHC 2794 3000 Latrine 24 water 25 Safe Barzari SHC 2211 3000 Latrine water Safe Larwand SHC 3040 3000 Latrine 26 water 27 Safe Dehsabil SHC 3767 3989 Latrine water Kham Safe SHC 3904 3000 Latrine 28 Saman water 29 Safe Bonaha SHC 3902 2500 Latrine water Khenjak Safe SHC 3905 3000 Latrine 30 Ghez water 31 Safe Barafshar SHC 3901 4700 Latrine water Hassan Safe SHC 2216 4000 Latrine 32 Posht e Abad water 33 Koh Safe Chakartah SHC 3765 4000 Latrine water Posht e Safe Nal Dasht SHC 3487 4099 Latrine 34 Rod water

Annex 3

District S/N Kang Chakhansur Chahar borjak 1 Yousef kharot Hussain Allahdad Chigini 2 Mohammad ayoub Khalifa zaman Padagi 3 AbdulRahim gogich Haji Nabi Khajo padagi 4 Abdul rauf Shirzai Karodi 5 Gholam naroi Abdul Rahman zarozai Lolingi 6 Abdullah sarani Hatem khan Haji nabi bakhash 7 Saleh mohammad Molla jomma 8 Samad khan Mir Ibrahim Shah 9 Degarwal abdul Rahim Sha Mohammad Afghan 10 Moalem abdul Rahman Sayed Ghafor 11 Haji esmail Abdul Hakim shadi khan 12 Haji abdul manan Mohammad khodaedad 13 Abdul Rahman gogich Khalifa molla rasool 14 Dasht mostafah Arbab 15 Dasht Mirza Afzal Niaz Mohammad 16 Dasht Zolfaqar Molla Sohrab 17 Chae nazar Haji mirali khan 18 Langar Mashkschak 19 Bagh Wahsh Bashar 20 Walidad Khalifa Nazar Gorgich 21 Deh Baloch Karim Dadzai 22 Halim Naoree Hassan Shir del 23 Haji Nazar Rakhshani Sakhi Abdulrahman 24 Abdulhamid Dahmarda Ali Abad 25 Abdul baqi Sasooli