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Communicable Disease Epidemiological Profile

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Communicable Disease Epidemiological Profile COMMUNICABLE DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE Central African Republic and Chad Disease Control in Humanitarian Emergencies (DCE) Global Alert and Response Department (GAR) The Communicable Disease Epidemiological Country Pro- file series was conceived and developed by the WHO team for Disease Control in Humanitarian Emergencies (DCE), to provide up-to-date information on the major communi- cable disease threats faced by the resident and displaced populations in emergency affected countries. The information provided aims to assist with the public health strategy, prioritization and coordination of com- municable disease control activities between all agencies working in such countries. Diseases have been included if they fulfil one or more of the following criteria: have a high burden or epidemic poten- tial, are (re) emerging diseases, important but neglected tropical diseases, or diseases subject to global elimination or eradication programmes. World Health Organization Avenue Appia 20 1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland Telephone: + 41 22 791 21 11 Fax: + 41 22 791 31 11 E-mail: [email protected] WHO/HSE/GAR/DCE/2009.2 COMMUNICABLE DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE Central African Republic and Chad ii CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC AND CHAD © World Health Organization 2009 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the informa- tion contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Design and layout: Rick Jones, Exile: Design & Editorial Services, London (United Kingdom) Printed by the WHO Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland Communicable disease epidemiological profile iii Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................................ v Part I Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Purpose ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Target audience .................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Document rationale ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 Background to the humanitarian crisis ................................................................................................... 3 Priority high-burden communicable diseases in CAR and Chad ............................... 6 Part II Summary of recent communicable disease outbreaks, Central African Republic and Chad .................................................................................................................. 7 CONTENTS Part III Country-specific disease information and technical guidance for high-burden communicable diseases ...................................................................... 11 Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) ........................................................................................ 13 African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) .................................................................................. 17 Bacillary dysentery (shigellosis) .................................................................................................................... 24 Cholera .................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Diarrhoeal diseases (others) .............................................................................................................................. 35 Diphtheria ............................................................................................................................................................................ 39 Hepatitis E ........................................................................................................................................................................... 45 HIV/AIDS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 49 Influenza (seasonal) ................................................................................................................................................... 69 Influenza (avian) ........................................................................................................................................................... 77 Influenza (human A(H5N1) infection) ................................................................................................. 79 Communicable disease epidemiological profile iv Leishmaniasis (cutaneous and mucosal) ............................................................................................. 90 Leishmaniasis (visceral) ........................................................................................................................................ 94 Leprosy .................................................................................................................................................................................... 98 Lymphatic filariasis ................................................................................................................................................. 103 Malaria ................................................................................................................................................................................. 109 Measles .................................................................................................................................................................................. 117 Meningococcal disease (meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia) ......................................................................................................................... 127 Onchocerciasis (river blindness) ............................................................................................................... 134 Pertussis (whooping cough) ........................................................................................................................... 139 Poliomyelitis ................................................................................................................................................................... 145 Rabies ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 153 Rift Valley fever (RVF) ........................................................................................................................................ 158 Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) ...................................................................................................................... 168 Soil-transmitted helminthiases (ascariasis, ........................................................................................................... CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC AND CHAD hookworm infection, trichuriasis) 174 Tetanus ................................................................................................................................................................................. 179 Tuberculosis .................................................................................................................................................................... 182 Yellow fever ...................................................................................................................................................................... 196 Part IV Annexes ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 203 Annex 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 205 Annex 2 ...............................................................................................................................................................................
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