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Wetland Hydrodynamics Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, Remote Sensing, and Modeling

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WETLAND HYDRODYNAMICS USING INTERFEROMETRIC SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR, REMOTE SENSING, AND MODELING DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Hahn Chul Jung, M. S. Graduate Program in Geological Sciences The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Douglas Alsdorf, Advisor Dr. Ralph R.B. von Frese Dr. Kenneth C. Jezek Dr. C.K. Shum Copyright by Hahn Chul Jung 2011 ABSTRACT The wetlands of low-land rivers and lakes are massive in size and in volumetric fluxes, which greatly limits a thorough understanding of their flow dynamics. The complexity of floodwater flows has not been well captured because flood waters move laterally across wetlands and this movement is not bounded like that of typical channel flow. The importance of these issues is exemplified by wetland loss in the Lake Chad Basin, which has been accelerated due primarily to natural and anthropogenic processes. This loss makes an impact on the magnitude of flooding in the basin and threatens the ecosystems. In my research, I study three wetlands: the Amazon, Congo, and Logone wetlands. The three wetlands are different in size and location, but all are associated with rivers. These are representative of riparian tropical, swamp tropical and inland Saharan wetlands, respectively. First, interferometric coherence variations in JERS-1 (Japanese Earth Resources Satellite) L-band SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data are analyzed at three central Amazon sites. Lake Balbina consists mostly of upland forests and inundated trunks of dead, leafless trees as opposed to Cabaliana and Solimões-Purús which are dominated by flooded forests. Balbina has higher coherence values than either Cabaliana or Solimões-Purús likely because the dead, leafless trees support strong double-bounce returns. Flooded and nonflooded wetland coherence varies with the season whereas terre- ii firme and open water do not have similarly evident seasonal variations. Second, interferometric processing of JERS-1 SAR data from the central portions of both the Amazon and Congo Basins provides centimeter-scale measurements of water level change (h/t). Despite being large, low-relief, tropical river systems, the floodplains and wetlands of the Amazon and Congo Basins show markedly different surface water flow hydraulics. Amazon patterns of h/t are well defined with clear boundaries whereas the Congo patterns are not well defined and have diffuse boundaries. Amazon floodplain channels, lakes and pans are well interconnected, whereas the Congo wetlands are expanses with few boundaries or flow routes. Third, flood inundation maps in Logone floodplain, Lake Chad Basin are generated from 33 multi-temporal Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images. The maximum flooding extent in the study area increases up to ~5.8K km2 in late October 2008. Coefficients of determination between flooding extents and water height variations are greater than 0.91 with 4 to 36 days in phase lag. Fourth, the spatial and temporal distribution of water level and storage changes are quantified in the central Congo wetland using spaceborne data and the LISFLOOD- FP hydrodynamic model. This model provides 1-D diffusive channel flow and 2-D dynamic floodplain flow. The model shows meter scale water level changes on the main stem Congo River and in its tributaries (e.g. Ubangi, Sangha, Likouala-aux-Herbes, and Likouala Rivers) at 500-meters/pixel spatial resolution. In this dissertation, my research improves the characterization of wetland surface water dynamics by making inter- comparisons of the three wetlands. iii DEDICATION This document is dedicated to my family. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ―For the earth will be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the LORD, as the waters cover the sea.‖ (Habakkuk 2:14) I am grateful to Dr. Douglas Alsdorf, my advisor, who helped me and encouraged me during my challenging yet fruitful years of Ph. D. studies. Without him, this piece of dissertation was impossible to complete. Especially, his time and energy for this study are unforgettable. I am also thankful to three other members of the dissertation committee, Dr. Ralph R.B. von Frese, Dr. Kenneth C. Jezek, and Dr. C. K. Shum for thoughtful reviews and comments of this dissertation. I would like to thank my research group members and the following graduate students and researchers at OSU for their friendship and useful discussions during my study: Hyongki Lee, Michael Durand, Kostas Andreadis, Mark Moritz, Jeremiah Lant, Brian Kiel, James Hamski, Natalie Johnson, Dai Yamazaki, Yeosang Yoon, Sooyeun Ahn, Changki Hong, Sangho Baek, Yushin Ahn, and Jinwoo Kim. I would like to thank brothers and sisters in Korean Church of Columbus who have shared joy and suffering together during all the years of my graduate studies. My utmost respect, love, and appreciation go to my parents for their complete support, patience, and prayers during the past 35 years of living. I especially thank my wife, v Jiwon, and 1 year old daughter, Serene. I dedicate this dissertation to my family for their love and their boundless faith in me. My dissertation research was funded by grants from NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program (09-Earth09F-197) and the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation Grant (No.C00131). Additional funding was provided by NASA’s Terrestrial Hydrology Program and the Ohio State University’s Climate, Water, and Carbon program. Thanks to the School of Earth Sciences for providing me with a Graduate Teaching Assistantship in spring 2009 and spring 2010 quarters. On a formal note, the provisions of JERS-1 SAR data from JAXA, ALOS PALSAR data from ASF, Landsat ETM+ data from USGS EROS, ENVISAT radar altimetry data from ESA/ESRIN, and river gauge data from the Lake Chad Basin Commission for this study are gratefully acknowledged. ―Do your best to present yourself to God as one approved, a workman who does not need to be ashamed and who correctly handles the word of truth.‖ (2 Timothy 2:15) vi VITA Jun. 1975 .................................................... Born, Philadelphia, PA Feb. 1998 .................................................... B.S. Geology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea Aug. 2003 ................................................... M.S. Remote Sensing, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea Jun. 2005 – Aug. 2009 ................................ Graduate Research Assistant, The Ohio State University Sept. 2005 – Aug. 2007 .............................. Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) Scholarship Mar. 2009 – May 2010 ............................... Graduate Teaching Assistant, The Ohio State University May 2010 ................................................... Spieker Book Award (Distinguished Senior Ph.D. Student), School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University Sept. 2009 - Present .................................... NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship (NESSF) PUBLICATIONS Peer-reviewed Articles Jung, H. C., J. Hamski, M. Durand, D. Alsdorf, F. Hossain, H. Lee, A. K. M. A. Hossain, K. Hasan, A. S. Khan, and A. K. M. Z. Hoque, 2010, Characterization of complex fluvial systems via remote sensing of spatial and temporal water level variations, Earth Surface Processes and Landform, 35, 294-304. vii Jung, H. C., and D. Alsdorf, 2010, Repeat-pass multi-temporal interferometric SAR coherence variations with Amazon floodplain and lake habitats, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31, 881-901. Lee, H., M. Durand, H. C. Jung, D. Alsdorf, C. K. Shum, and Y. Sheng, 2010, Characterization of surface water storage changes in Arctic lakes using simulated SWOT measurements, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31, 3931-3953. Jung, H. C., S. Kim, H. Jung, K. D. Min, and J. Won, 2007, Satellite observation of coal mining subsidence by persistent scatterer analysis, Engineering Geology, 92, 1-13. Jung, H. C., S. Kim, B. C. Kim, K. D. Min, and J. Won, 2004,Observation of the ground subsidence in the abandoned Gaeun coal mining area using JERS-1 SAR, Korea Society of Economic and Environmental Geology, 37(5), 509-519. Selected Conference Proceeding and Abstracts Jung, H. C., D. E. Alsdorf, H. Lee, M. Trigg, and T. Fewtrel, 2010, Hydrogeomorphic flood classification and hydrodynamic modeling of the Congo interfluvial wetlands, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 13-17, 2010. Lee, H., D. E. Alsdorf, H. C. Jung, C. K. Shum, J. Duan, J. Guo, and K. Andreadis, 2010, Characterization of terrestrial water dynamics in the Congo Basin using GRACE and satellite radar altimetry, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 13-17, 2010. Wilson, M., M. Durand, D. Alsdorf, and H. C. Jung, 2010, Swath altimetry measurements of the mainstem amazon river: measurement errors and hydraulic implications, Ocean Surface Topography Science Team (OSTST) Meeting, Lisbon, Portugal, October 18-20, 2010. Kim, J., J. Won, H. Lee, C. Shum, S. Calmant, A. E. Souza, and H. C. Jung, 2010, River velocity estimation from ENVISAT ASAR observations, Eos Trans. AGU, 91(26), Jt. Assem. Suppl., Abstract U24A-04. Jung, H. C., D. Alsdorf, H. Lee, M. Wilson, E. Beighley, M. Durand, C.K. Shum, J. Kim, and K. Andreadis, 2010, Hydrodynamic modeling of the Congo wetlands using LISFLOOD and satellite based measurements, EGU General Assembly 2010, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 12, EGU2010-6202. Lee, H., D. Alsdorf, J. Duan, M. Durand, J. Guo, H. C. Jung, L. Schaller, and C. Shum, 2009, Terrestrial water dynamics in the
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