DOCSLIB.ORG

The Case of Cameroon

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Case of Cameroon Report No. 87913 Public Disclosure Authorized Understanding the Impact of Climate Change on Hydropower: the case of Cameroon Public Disclosure Authorized April 27, 2014 AFTEG Africa Energy Practice Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized i Understanding the Impact of Climate Change on Hydropower: the case of Cameroon Climate Risk Assessment for hydropower generation in Cameroon by Johan Grijsen With ii Contents Executive Summary 1. Introduction and objective 1.1. Objective of the Climate Risk Assessment 1.2. Previous studies on climate risk to Cameroon’s water resources 1.3. Outline of the report 2. Decision scaling methodology for a risk-based assessment of climate change impacts on WR 2.1. Top-down approach 2.2. Decision - scaling methodology 2.3. Identification of climate hazards and thresholds 2.4. Vulnerability assessment: Assessment of system response to changes in runoff 2.5. Climate Informed Risks: Estimating likelihood of climate conditions and hazards 2.6. Summary of the adopted methodology for Climate Risk Assessment 3. Hydrometeorological data for the five main river basins in Cameroon 3.1. Cameroon’s river basins 3.2. Runoff data 3.3. Precipitation, temperature and potential evapotranspiration data 3.4. Trends and abrupt changes in rainfall across Cameroon 4. Runoff response to climate change 4.1. Assessment of climate elasticity of streamflow through regression analysis 4.2. Use of the aridity index to assess climate change impacts on annual runoff 4.3. Climate and hydrological modeling 4.4. Regression analysis of basin runoff, rainfall and temperature 5. Vulnerability analysis: impacts of future runoff changes on WR system performance indicators 5.1. Seasonal water management and hydro-energy generation model 5.2. Runoff elasticity of hydro-energy generation in the Sanaga basin 5.3. Runoff elasticity of the economic performance of Lom Pangar Hydropower Project 5.4. Target flow Nachtigal and additional seasonal storage capacity in Djerem Basin 5.5. Runoff elasticity of hydro-energy generation in other basins i 6. Climate change projections and impacts on runoff for the main river basins in Cameroon 6.1. Climate projections for the main river basins of Cameroon 6.2. Seasonal climate projections for Cameroon 6.3. Runoff projections from the Climate Portal 6.4. Runoff projections based on climate projections from the Climate Wizard 6.5. Runoff scenarios for the economic analysis of water and hydropower projects in Cameroon 6.6. CMIP-5 climate projections 7. Climate risks for hydropower generation in Cameroon 7.1. Hydro-energy Sanaga basin and EIRR Lom Pangar project 7.2. Lagdo dam in Niger Basin 7.3. Nyong and Ntem River Basins 8. Conclusions and recommendations References Annexes 1 Terms of Reference 2 Principles of climate change projections 3 Climate Risk Assessment for water resources development in the Niger Basin 4 Monthly runoff data series for key hydrometric stations 5 Annual and monthly data series of rainfall and temperature (CRU-TS 3.10) and runoff 6 Turc-Pike model for assessment of climate change impacts on annual runoff 7 Climate change projections for 2050 and 2080 from the Climatewizard ii Acronyms and Abbreviations AFTEG Africa Energy Unit of the World Bank BADC British Atmospheric Data Centre CC Climate Change CCKP Climate Change Knowledge Portal (WBG) CDF cumulative density function CGIAR Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research CRA Climate Risk Assessment εP Precipitation elasticity of runoff εQ Runoff elasticity of a performance indicator εT Temperature elasticity of runoff E Actual evapotranspiration E0 Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) EDC Electricity Development Corporation EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GCM Global Circulation Model (a.k.a. General Climate Model) GHG Green House Gas GRDC Global Runoff Data Centre, Koblenz, Germany GWh Giga Watt hour (energy) GWP Global Water Partnership H Head of power station (m) HP Hydropower IC Installed Capacity (MW) IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management MINADER Ministry of Agriculture MINEE Ministry of Energy and Water MINEP Ministry of Environment and Protection of Nature MW Mega Watt (power) iii NRB Niger River Basin P Precipitation (mm) PANGIRE Plan d’Action Nationale de Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau Q Runoff, streamflow (m3/s or mm/year) RCM Regional Climate Model RDM Robust Decision Making SDAP Sustainable Development Action Plan (for the Niger Basin) SRES Special Report on (GHG) Emission Scenarios T Temperature (0C) TFESSD Trust Fund for Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development WatBal Water Balance (hydrological) model WBG World Bank Group iv Acknowledgments The Africa Energy Unit (AFTEG) of the World Bank has obtained financing from the Trust Fund for Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development (TFESSD) – funded by Finland and Norway - for work towards “Understanding the Impact of Climate Change on Hydropower Generation in Cameroon”. This scoping study serves as a technical assistance to the Lom Pangar Hydropower Project to support the operation of the dam by the Electricity Development Corporation (EDC) of Cameroon. Historical climatological data as well as climate projections for the 21st century were obtained from internet sources, such as the CRU TS3.10 data set, the Climate Wizard, and WBG’s Climate Portal. Historical runoff data for about 20 selected sub-catchments in Cameroon were obtained from the Global Runoff Data Centre in Koblenz, Germany (GRDC1), as well as from the Electricity Development Corporation of Cameroon (EDC). The study was carried out by Johan Grijsen (Consultant Water Resources Management) and Hrishi Patel (Consultant GIS). It was managed by Daniel Murphy (TTL) with assistance of Gabriella Puz and later of Farah Mohammadzadeh of the World Bank. The report was presented to a validation workshop organized jointly by the World Bank and EDC in Yaoundé, Cameroon on December 4, 2013. Many valuable comments and suggestions were made by the participants, which have been incorporated in this final report. 1 The Global Runoff Data Centre, GRDC in the Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde, 56068 Koblenz, Germany v Executive summary Main conclusion: the Lom Pangar and Nachtigal storage and hydropower projects in the Sanaga Basin are economically robust and climate resilient projects, but hydro-energy generated at Lagdo dam in the Benue basin may suffer a significant decrease due to climate change. Based on the presently available climate projections for the 21st century this study concludes that by 2050 the total long-term average hydro-energy generation by the Edea, Song Loulou, Lom Pangar and Nachtigal power plants in the Sanaga Basin could vary between -15% and +5% of the base case value (present hydrology); results for 2080 are similar. It is highly unlikely that hydro-energy generation would decrease more than 20% due to climate change. Most importantly, since the direct and indirect contribution of Lom Pangar to hydro-energy generation in the basin is overall fairly constant for runoff variations in the range of -20% to +20%, the EIRR is similarly not sensitive to runoff changes, unless decreases in runoff exceed 20%. In the worst case scenario the EIRR of the Lom Pangar project would be reduced with less than 10%, e.g. from about 14.5% in the base case (baseline post-1971 hydrology) to 13% under severe climate change impacts. Potential climate change impacts on hydro-energy generation at the Njock, Mouila and Memve-Ele stations in the Nyong and Ntem Basins are expected to be equally minor to moderate. The probability that the annual hydro-energy generation at anyone of these three plants would reduce with 20% or more is negligible. On the contrary, under the 2050 climate conditions there is – according to GCM projections - nearly 20% probability that the annual hydro-energy generation at Lagdo dam in the Benue Basin would reduce with 20% or more2 (30% probability by 2080). Thus, hydro-energy generation at Lagdo dam may suffer a significant decrease due to climate change, and is less climate resilient than Lom Pangar and Nachtigal. Objective of Climate Risk Assessment: This report presents a Climate Risk Assessment (CRA) for the five main river basins of Cameroon, focusing on the potential climate change impacts on water resources availability for hydro-energy generation, particularly in the Sanaga, Benue, Nyong and Ntem River Basins. Central and West Africa have experienced a marked climate variability in the 20th century and more distant past. Most recently, around 1970 an abrupt downward shift in precipitation is believed to have occurred, which reduced for example runoff from the Sanaga basin with about 16%. Lack of recent discharge records prohibits such assessments for other basins in Cameroon. However, even larger abrupt shifts were observed in the western part of the neighboring Niger Basin. Understanding the possible impacts of the present hydrological variability and the potential future changes in climate on existing and planned water resources and hydropower infrastructure is crucial for development planning. Therefore, the objective of this study is to carry out a CRA for the five main river basins in Cameroon and to assess the potential future impacts of climate change on water resources availability and hydro-energy potential in Cameroon. An effort is made to quantify the climate risks to future hydro- energy generation in the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Landscape Evolution, Neotectonics and Quaternary Environmental Change in Southern Cameroon
    PALAEOECOLOGY OF AFRICA PALAEOECOLOGY OF AFRICA International Yearbook of Landscape Evolution and Palaeoenvironments 31 31 International Yearbook of Landscape Evolution and Palaeoenvironments 31 Runge Founded in 1966, the internationally recognized and acclaimed Series ‘Palaeoecology of Africa’ publishes interdisciplinary scientific papers on landscape evolution and on former environments of the African continent. Beginning with topics such as changes in climate and vegetation cover, the papers expand horizons and interconnections to various types of environmental dynamics from the Cainozoic up to the present; moreover, the aspect of human influence since the Late Quaternary is related to many of the areas studied. Cameroon Southern in Change Environmental Quaternary and Neotectonics Evolution, Landscape Volume 31 presents four comprehensive papers on long‐ and short‐term processes of landscape evolution (geological history, neotectonics and proxy Quaternary alluvia), as well as a recent regional perspective on environmental problems in Southern Cameroon. The book acts as a showcase for successful North‐South cooperation and capacity building for empowering African Universities. It is problem oriented and applied, and illustrates how scientific and interdisciplinary cooperation can work. In the framework of the German Research Foundation’s (DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) funded "Rain Forest Savanna Contact" project (2003‐2009) two abbreviated English versions of PhD theses are here published, one by J. Eisenberg on neotectonics and the other by M. Sangen on river sediments in rain forest‐savanna transitional zones. Complementary articles are an introduction on geological history, by B. Kankeu et al. and a paper on environmental risks by M. Tchindjang et al., together these complete the results of this joint German‐Cameroonian research project.
    [Show full text]
  • The River Logone: a Mixed-Blessing to the Inhabitants of Mayo Danay
    SYLLABUS Revue scientifique interdisciplinaire de l’École Normale Supérieure Série Lettres et sciences humaines Numéro spécial volume VII N° 1 2016 THE RIVER LOGONE: A MIXED-BLESSING TO THE INHABITANTS OF MAYO DANAY DIVISION, FAR-NORTH REGION OF CAMEROON TAKEM MBI Bienvenu Magloire National Institute of Cartography, P.O. Box 157, INC, Yaoundé [email protected] Abstract This paper sought to know if the constant supply of water to the River Logone, in a very low altitude area, from the wet tropical highlands in central Cameroon and the Adamawa plateau is a mixed- blessing to the inhabitants of Mayo Danay. Data was gathered through field enquiry and discussions with administrative authorities in October 2014. Results depict that a number of activities like farming, fishing, animal rearing and transport in the area depend on the River Logone despite that it is a source of floods and facilitates the spreading of malaria parasite. Conclusively, it is actually a mixed- blessing to the people, necessitating measures to make it less hazardous. Key-Words: Far North Cameroon, Floods, Mayo Danay, River Logone. Résumé Cet article permet de savoir si l’approvisionnement constant en eau du fleuve Logone à partir des hautes montagnes tropicales du centre du Cameroun et du plateau de l’Adamaoua vers une zone de basse altitude est une source de vie ou de désastre pour les habitants du 217 TAKEM MBI Bienvenu Magloire / SYLLABUS NUMERO SPECIAL VOL VII N° 1, 2016 : 217 - 242 THE RIVER LOGONE: A MIXED-BLESSING TO THE INHABITANTS OF MAYO DANAY DIVISION, FAR-NORTH REGION OF CAMEROON Mayo Danay.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancestral Art of Gabon from the Collections of the Barbier-Mueller
    ancestral art ofgabon previously published Masques d'Afrique Art ofthe Salomon Islands future publications Art ofNew Guinea Art ofthe Ivory Coast Black Gold louis perrois ancestral art ofgabon from the collections ofthe barbier-mueiler museum photographs pierre-alain ferrazzini translation francine farr dallas museum ofart january 26 - june 15, 1986 los angeles county museum ofart august 28, 1986 - march 22, 1987 ISBN 2-88104-012-8 (ISBN 2-88104-011-X French Edition) contents Directors' Foreword ........................................................ 5 Preface. ................................................................. 7 Maps ,.. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. 14 Introduction. ............................................................. 19 Chapter I: Eastern Gabon 35 Plates. ........................................................ 59 Chapter II: Southern and Central Gabon ....................................... 85 Plates 105 Chapter III: Northern Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and Southem Cameroon ......... 133 Plates 155 Iliustrated Catalogue ofthe Collection 185 Index ofGeographical Names 227 Index ofPeoplcs 229 Index ofVernacular Names 231 Appendix 235 Bibliography 237 Directors' Foreword The extraordinarily diverse sculptural arts ofthe Dallas, under the auspices of the Smithsonian West African nation ofGabon vary in style from Institution). two-dimcnsional, highly stylized works to three­ dimensional, relatively naturalistic ones. AU, We are pleased to be able to present this exhibi­ however, reveal an intense connection with
    [Show full text]
  • In Lower Sanaga Basin, Cameroon: an Ethnobiological Assessment
    Mongabay.com Open Access Journal - Tropical Conservation Science Vol.6 (4):521-538, 2013 Research Article Conservation status of manatee (Trichechus senegalensis Link 1795) in Lower Sanaga Basin, Cameroon: An ethnobiological assessment. Theodore B. Mayaka1*, Hendriatha C. Awah1 and Gordon Ajonina2 1 Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67Dschang, Cameroon. Email: *[email protected], [email protected] 2Cameroon Wildlife Conservation Society (CWCS), Coastal Forests and Mangrove Programme Douala-Edea Project, BP 54, Mouanko, Littoral, Cameroon. Email:[email protected] * Corresponding author Abstract An ethnobiological survey of 174 local resource users was conducted in the Lower Sanaga Basin to assess the current conservation status of West African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis, Link 1795) within lakes, rivers, and coast (including mangroves, estuaries and lagoons). Using a multistage sampling design with semi-structured interviews, the study asked three main questions: (i) are manatees still present in Lower Sanaga Basin? (ii) If present, how are their numbers evolving with time? (iii) What are the main threats facing the manatee? Each of these questions led to the formulation and formal testing of a scientific hypothesis. The study outcome is as follows: (i)60% of respondents sighted manatees at least once a month, regardless of habitat type (rivers, lakes, or coast) and seasons (dry, rainy, or both); (ii) depending on habitat type, 69 to 100% of respondents perceived the trend in manatee numbers as either constant or increasing; the increasing trend was ascribed to low kill incidence (due either to increased awareness or lack of adequate equipment) and to high reproduction rate; and (iii) catches (directed or incidental) and habitat degradation (pollution) ranked in decreasing order as perceived threats to manatees.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of River Fisheries Valuation in West and Central Africa by Arthur
    Neiland and Béné ___________________________________________________________________________________ Review of River Fisheries Valuation in West and Central Africa by Arthur Neiland (1) & Christophe Béné (2) IDDRA (Institute for Sustainable Development & Aquatic Resources) Portsmouth Technopole Kingston Crescent Portsmouth PO2 Hants United Kingdom Tel: +44 2392 658232 E-mail: [email protected] CEMARE (Centre for the Economics & Management of Aquatic Resources) University of Portsmouth Locksway Road Portsmouth PO4 8JF Hants United Kingdom Tel: +44 2392 844116 1 E-mail: [email protected] 1 Dr Bene is now at the World Fish Center 1 Neiland and Béné ___________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT This paper provides a review of the valuation of river fisheries in West and Central Africa. It is the general perception that compared to the biological and ecological aspects of river fisheries, this particular subject area has received comparatively little attention. Economic valuation is concerned with finding expression for what is important in life for human society. It should therefore be a central and integral part of government decision-making and policy. The paper starts with a review of concepts and methods for valuation. Three main types of valuation techniques are identified: conventional economic valuations, economic impact assessments and socio-economic investigations and livelihood analysis. On the basis of a literature review, valuation information was then synthesised for the major regional river basins and large lakes, and also used to develop a series of national fisheries profiles. To supplement this broad perspective, a series of case-studies are also presented, which focus in particular on the impact of changes in water management regime. Finally, the paper presents an assessment of the three main types of valuation methodology and a set of conclusions and recommendations for future valuation studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Living Under a Fluctuating Climate and a Drying Congo Basin
    sustainability Article Living under a Fluctuating Climate and a Drying Congo Basin Denis Jean Sonwa 1,* , Mfochivé Oumarou Farikou 2, Gapia Martial 3 and Fiyo Losembe Félix 4 1 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Yaoundé P. O. Box 2008 Messa, Cameroon 2 Department of Earth Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé P. O. Box 812, Cameroon; [email protected] 3 Higher Institute of Rural Development (ISDR of Mbaïki), University of Bangui, Bangui P. O. Box 1450, Central African Republic (CAR); [email protected] 4 Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources Management, University of Kisangani, Kisangani P. O. Box 2012, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 22 December 2019; Accepted: 20 March 2020; Published: 7 April 2020 Abstract: Humid conditions and equatorial forest in the Congo Basin have allowed for the maintenance of significant biodiversity and carbon stock. The ecological services and products of this forest are of high importance, particularly for smallholders living in forest landscapes and watersheds. Unfortunately, in addition to deforestation and forest degradation, climate change/variability are impacting this region, including both forests and populations. We developed three case studies based on field observations in Cameroon, the Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, as well as information from the literature. Our key findings are: (1) the forest-related water cycle of the Congo Basin is not stable, and is gradually changing; (2) climate change is impacting the water cycle of the basin; and, (3) the slow modification of the water cycle is affecting livelihoods in the Congo Basin.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bamendjin Dam and Its Implications in the Upper Noun Valley, Northwest Cameroon
    Journal of Sustainable Development; Vol. 7, No. 6; 2014 ISSN 1913-9063 E-ISSN 1913-9071 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The Bamendjin Dam and Its Implications in the Upper Noun Valley, Northwest Cameroon Richard Achia Mbih1, Stephen Koghan Ndzeidze2, Steven L. Driever1 & Gilbert Fondze Bamboye3 1 Department of Geosciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, USA 2 Department of Rangeland Ecology and Management, and Integrated Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA 3 Department of Geography, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon Correspondence: Richard Achia Mbih, Department of Geosciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Received: October 8, 2014 Accepted: October 23, 2014 Online Published: November 23, 2014 doi:10.5539/jsd.v7n6p123 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v7n6p123 Abstract Understanding the environmental consequences and socio-economic importance of dams is vital in assessing the effects of the Bamendjin dam in the development of agrarian communities in the Upper Noun Valley (UNV) in Northwest Cameroon. The Bamendjin dam drainage basin and its floodplain are endowed with abundant water resources and rich biodiversity, however, poverty is still a dominant factor that accounts for unsustainable management of natural resources by the majority of rural inhabitants in the area. The dam was created in 1975 and has since then exacerbated the environmental conditions and human problems of the region due to lack of flood control during rainy seasons, lost hope of improved navigation system, unclean drinking water sources, population growth, rising unemployment, deteriorating environmental health issues, resettlement problems and land use conflicts, especially farmer-herder conflicts.
    [Show full text]
  • Folk Knowledge of Fish Among the Kotoko of Logone-Birni
    Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation Folk Knowledge of Fish Among the Kotoko of Logone-Birni Aaron Shryock [DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT] SIL B.P. 1299, Yaoundé Cameroon [email protected] (237) 77.77.15.98 (237) 22.17.17.82 2009 Abbreviations ad. adult adl. large adult ads. subadult cf. refer to ex. excluding fem. female juv. juvenile juvl. large juvenile mal. male n. noun n.f. feminine noun n.f.pl. noun which may be feminine or plural without any overt change in its shape n.m. masculine noun n.m.f. noun which may be masculine or feminine without any overt change in its shape n.m.f.pl. noun which may be masculine, feminine, or plural without any overt change n.m.pl. noun which may be masculine or plural without any overt change in its shape n.pl. plural noun pl. plural sg. singular sp. species spp. species, plural syn. synonym TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations........................................................................................................................................i 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................1 1.1 The purpose of the study and the methods.............................................................................................. 1 1.2 The Kotoko and their language ............................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Fish fauna...............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Wetland Hydrodynamics Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, Remote Sensing, and Modeling
    WETLAND HYDRODYNAMICS USING INTERFEROMETRIC SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR, REMOTE SENSING, AND MODELING DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Hahn Chul Jung, M. S. Graduate Program in Geological Sciences The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Douglas Alsdorf, Advisor Dr. Ralph R.B. von Frese Dr. Kenneth C. Jezek Dr. C.K. Shum Copyright by Hahn Chul Jung 2011 ABSTRACT The wetlands of low-land rivers and lakes are massive in size and in volumetric fluxes, which greatly limits a thorough understanding of their flow dynamics. The complexity of floodwater flows has not been well captured because flood waters move laterally across wetlands and this movement is not bounded like that of typical channel flow. The importance of these issues is exemplified by wetland loss in the Lake Chad Basin, which has been accelerated due primarily to natural and anthropogenic processes. This loss makes an impact on the magnitude of flooding in the basin and threatens the ecosystems. In my research, I study three wetlands: the Amazon, Congo, and Logone wetlands. The three wetlands are different in size and location, but all are associated with rivers. These are representative of riparian tropical, swamp tropical and inland Saharan wetlands, respectively. First, interferometric coherence variations in JERS-1 (Japanese Earth Resources Satellite) L-band SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data are analyzed at three central Amazon sites. Lake Balbina consists mostly of upland forests and inundated trunks of dead, leafless trees as opposed to Cabaliana and Solimões-Purús which are dominated by flooded forests.
    [Show full text]
  • AC26 Doc. 26.1, Annex (Rev
    AC26 Doc. 26.1 Annexe (Rev. 1) (English and French only / únicamente en inglés y francés / seulement en anglais et français) PROPOSALS TO AMEND CITES APPENDICES I AND II* A. PROPOSAL To transfer Trichechus senegalensis from CITES Appendix II to CITES Appendix I, in accordance with: a) Resolution Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP 15), Annex 1, Paragraphs A i) and v): The wild population is small, and is characterized by “an observed, inferred or projected decline in the number of individuals or the area and quality of habitat” ; and “a high vulnerability to either intrinsic or extrinsic factors.” b) Resolution Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP 15), Annex 1, paragraph C ii) : “A marked decline in the population size in the wild, which has been either inferred or projected on the basis of a decrease in area of habitat ; a decrease in quality of habitat ; levels or patterns of exploitation ; a high vulnerability to either intrinsic or extrinsic factors” B. PROPONENTS Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Senegal, Sierra Leone C. SUPPORTING STATEMENT 1. Taxonomy 1.1 Class : Mammalia 1.2 Order : Sirenia 1.3 Family : Trichechidae 1.4 Genus, species or subspecies, including author and year: Trichechus senegalensis (Link, 1795) 1.5 Scientific synonyms : 1.6 Common names: French : Lamantin d’Afrique de l’Ouest English : West African Manatee, Sea cow Spanish : Manatì de Senegal Portuguese: Manatim senegales 1.7. Code numbers: 117.002.001.003 2. Overview The impressive physique of the West African manatee, its apparent vulnerability and its hunt by residents of areas where the species was present prompted the colonial authorities to classify it among the species to be fully and globally protected.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Framework Guidelines
    CAMEROON NATIONAL OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLAN September 2004 CAMEROON NATIONAL OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLAN This plan is brought into effect by the powers assigned to me in terms of the Decree of Application promulgated under the Environmental Framework Law (Law No. 96/12 of 5 August 1996) Signed: ............................................................. Date:.......................................... His Excellency:................................................. CSIR Report No. ENV-S-C2004-072 PREPARED BY: PREPARED FOR: CSIR Environmentek Comité de Pilotage et de Suivi des P O Box 320 Stellenbosch Pipelines (CPSP) South Africa 7599 B.P. 955 Yaoundé CONTACT PERSON: Cameroon Mike Burns Tel: 27 21-888 2404 Fax: 27 21-888 2693 Email: [email protected] September 2004 Revision: 0 Cameroon National Oil Spill Contingency Plan FOREWORD The National Oil Spill Contingency Plan (NOSCP) for Cameroon has been prepared in response to an historic situation that has prevailed within the country, in which a variety of up- and downstream activities associated with the hydrocarbon sector, as well as other activities – for example, shipping - have been conducted in the absence of best-practice strategies and clearly defined roles, responsibilities and communication structures designed to ensure an effective response to oil spills.1 The Chad-Cameroon pipeline project is an important catalyst that has triggered the need for the NOSCP. This project, which has been initiated to develop a 1 billion barrel hydrocarbon reserve within Chad, will result in the conveyance by pipeline of some 225 000 barrels per day of heavy crude oil through Cameroonian territory and its discharge at a marine terminal located within Cameroon’s coastal waters. Clearly, the issue of risk associated with potential pipeline product spills arises and, therefore, justifies the need for the NOSCP.
    [Show full text]
  • Campaign, Cameroon
    The Mbam drainage system and onchocerciasis transmission post ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA) campaign, Cameroon Article (Published Version) Abong, Raphael Awah, Amambo, Glory Ngongeh, Hamid, Ali Ahamat, Enow, Belinda Agbor, Beng, Amuam Andrew, Nietcho, Franck Noel, Nji, Theobald Mue, Njouendou, Abdel Jelil, Ritter, Manuel, Esum, Mathias Eyong, Deribe, Kebede, Cho, Jerome Fru, Fombad, Fanny Fri, Enyong, Peter Ivo, Poole, Catherine et al. (2021) The Mbam drainage system and onchocerciasis transmission post ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA) campaign, Cameroon. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15 (1). a0008926 1-20. ISSN 1935-2727 This version is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/96600/ This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies and may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version. Copyright and reuse: Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University. Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way.
    [Show full text]