Ch. 7: Interpersonal Attraction, Close Relationships & Love INTERNAL SOURCES OF ATTRACTION: THE ROLE OF NEEDS & EMOTIONS ­Need For Affiliation: ppl differ greatly in strength of this tendency ­Dismissing Avoidant Attachment Style: pattern in which ppl calim to have little or no need for emotional attachment/avoid close relationships ­Attachment Style: way in which we form emotional bonds/regulate our emotions in close relationships ­Attachment Anxiety: fear of rejection & abandonment by others ­Social Comparison: communicate about what is going on, compare perceptions & make decisions about what to do ­Interpersonal Attraction: evaluations we make of other people­ positive & negative attitudes we form of them ­Direct effects occur when person is responsible for emotional arousal ­Indirect effects occur when source is elsewhere but person is associated EXTERNAL SOURCES OF ATTRACTION: THE EFFECTS OF PROXIMITY & BEAUTY ­Proximity: physical closeness that brings about contact ­Repeated Exposure Effect: like something more you see it (Zajonc) ­Physical Attractiveness: combo of characteristics that are evaluated as beautiful or handsome at positive extreme & unattractive at negative extreme ­“What Is Beautiful Is Good” Effect—attractive people viewed as having positive traits ­Attractive TargetDesire to form Relationship w/ ThemPerceived Characteristics ­Attractiveness correlates with popularity, good social skills & selfesteem ­CUTE: child­like features, large, widely spaced eyes, small nose, etc. ­MATURE: prominent cheekbones, high eyebrows, large pupils, big smile (Cunningham) ­Composite of faces is more attractive (Langlois & Roggman) ­RED is attractive—environmental cues? ­Physique, weight, behavioral style, first names, etc. FACTORS BASED ON SOCIAL INTERACTION: SIMILARITY & MUTUAL LIKING ­Similarity: often the basis for this important kind of relationship ­Complementarities: differences that complemented each other.. “opposites attract” ­Similarity­Dissimilarity Effect: consistent predictor of attraction, similarity of attitudes, beliefs, values & interests ­Proportion of Similarity: when the number of topics on which two ppl express similar views is divided by the total number of topics on which they have communicated= resulting proportion can be inserted in formula to predict attraction ­Repulsion Hypothesis: alternative, info about similarity has no effect on attraction, people are simply repulsed by info about dissimilarity ­Matching Hypothesis: the idea that although we would prefer to obtain extremely attractive partners, we focus on obtaining ones whose beauty is about the same as ours ­Balanced Theory: ppl naturally organize their likes & dislikes in a symmetrical way ­Social Comparison Theory: compare attitudes & beliefs with those of others bc the only way you can evaluate accuracy of your views and their “normality” is by finding that other people agree with you CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS: FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL LIFE ­Attachment Style: the degree of security an individual feels in interpersonal relationships ­Secure: high self­esteem & trust ­Fearful­Avoidant: low self­esteem & trust ­Preoccupied: low self­esteem, high trust; want closeness & cling ­Dismissing: high self­esteem, low trust; gear genuine closeness ­Interpersonal Trust: concerns other people and involves general expectancies & beliefs about them ­Close Friendship: increasingly mature types of interaction ­Mutual social support, engaging in self­disclosure ­Women report more close friends than men, more importance on intimacy ­Passionate Love: intense and often unrealistic emotional reaction to another person ­Unrequited Love: one person is in love and the feelings are not returned ­Triangular Model of Love: Intimacy + Passion + Commitment (Sternberg) ­Romantic (intimacy + passion), Liking (intimacy), Companionate (intimacy + commitment), Empty (Commitment), Infatuation (Passion), Fatuous (Passion + Commitment) ­Consummate: ALL THREE Commitment + Passion + Intimacy ­“FLIERC” ­Jealousy: Jealousy­Inducing ConditionsReductions in Implicit Self­EsteemJealousy ­Breaking up is hard: more ppl using technology ­What we seek depends on what we want in the future: provider or homemaker ­Competition for mates: men & women cooperate with friends ­Secret relationships have adverse effects on relationship & ppl involved