Ch. 7: Interpersonal Attraction, Close Relationships & Love INTERNAL SOURCES OF ATTRACTION: THE ROLE OF NEEDS & EMOTIONS -Need For Affiliation: ppl differ greatly in strength of this tendency -Dismissing Avoidant Attachment Style: pattern in which ppl calim to have little or no need for emotional attachment/avoid close relationships -Attachment Style: way in which we form emotional bonds/regulate our emotions in close relationships -Attachment Anxiety: fear of rejection & abandonment by others -Social Comparison: communicate about what is going on, compare perceptions & make decisions about what to do -Interpersonal Attraction: evaluations we make of other people- positive & negative attitudes we form of them -Direct effects occur when person is responsible for emotional arousal -Indirect effects occur when source is elsewhere but person is associated EXTERNAL SOURCES OF ATTRACTION: THE EFFECTS OF PROXIMITY & BEAUTY -Proximity: physical closeness that brings about contact -Repeated Exposure Effect: like something more you see it (Zajonc) -Physical Attractiveness: combo of characteristics that are evaluated as beautiful or handsome at positive extreme & unattractive at negative extreme -ªWhat Is Beautiful Is Goodº EffectÐattractive people viewed as having positive traits -Attractive TargetDesire to form Relationship w/ ThemPerceived Characteristics -Attractiveness correlates with popularity, good social skills & selfesteem -CUTE: child-like features, large, widely spaced eyes, small nose, etc. -MATURE: prominent cheekbones, high eyebrows, large pupils, big smile (Cunningham) -Composite of faces is more attractive (Langlois & Roggman) -RED is attractiveÐenvironmental cues? -Physique, weight, behavioral style, first names, etc. FACTORS BASED ON SOCIAL INTERACTION: SIMILARITY & MUTUAL LIKING -Similarity: often the basis for this important kind of relationship -Complementarities: differences that complemented each other.. ªopposites attractº -Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect: consistent predictor of attraction, similarity of attitudes, beliefs, values & interests -Proportion of Similarity: when the number of topics on which two ppl express similar views is divided by the total number of topics on which they have communicated= resulting proportion can be inserted in formula to predict attraction -Repulsion Hypothesis: alternative, info about similarity has no effect on attraction, people are simply repulsed by info about dissimilarity -Matching Hypothesis: the idea that although we would prefer to obtain extremely attractive partners, we focus on obtaining ones whose beauty is about the same as ours -Balanced Theory: ppl naturally organize their likes & dislikes in a symmetrical way -Social Comparison Theory: compare attitudes & beliefs with those of others bc the only way you can evaluate accuracy of your views and their ªnormalityº is by finding that other people agree with you CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS: FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL LIFE -Attachment Style: the degree of security an individual feels in interpersonal relationships -Secure: high self-esteem & trust -Fearful-Avoidant: low self-esteem & trust -Preoccupied: low self-esteem, high trust; want closeness & cling -Dismissing: high self-esteem, low trust; gear genuine closeness -Interpersonal Trust: concerns other people and involves general expectancies & beliefs about them -Close Friendship: increasingly mature types of interaction -Mutual social support, engaging in self-disclosure -Women report more close friends than men, more importance on intimacy -Passionate Love: intense and often unrealistic emotional reaction to another person -Unrequited Love: one person is in love and the feelings are not returned -Triangular Model of Love: Intimacy + Passion + Commitment (Sternberg) -Romantic (intimacy + passion), Liking (intimacy), Companionate (intimacy + commitment), Empty (Commitment), Infatuation (Passion), Fatuous (Passion + Commitment) -Consummate: ALL THREE Commitment + Passion + Intimacy -ªFLIERCº -Jealousy: Jealousy-Inducing ConditionsReductions in Implicit Self-EsteemJealousy -Breaking up is hard: more ppl using technology -What we seek depends on what we want in the future: provider or homemaker -Competition for mates: men & women cooperate with friends -Secret relationships have adverse effects on relationship & ppl involved.