DOCSLIB.ORG

BALKAN NATIONALISM Role in Starting Wwl

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BALKAN NATIONALISM Role in Starting Wwl 2014-10-17 BALKAN NATIONALISM Role in Starting WWl THE BALKANS 1 2014-10-17 CAUGHT IN THE CROSSROADS Russia Austria-Hungary Ottoman Turks These three European powers want to extend their influence into the region – potential for trouble. BALKAN WARS In 1912 the Balkan nations of Serbia, Greece ,Bulgaria and Montenegro formed an association known as the Balkan League. Purpose was to push the Ottoman Turks out of the region and acquire new lands and people for their respective countries. 2 2014-10-17 1ST BALKAN WAR – OCT.1912 Members of the Balkan League launched a coordinated attack against the Ottoman Turks. Conflict lasted 7 months and resulted in the end of Turkish influence in the region. Balkan League members gained territory. 3 2014-10-17 2ND BALKAN WAR: JUNE-JULY ,1913 Bulgaria attacked its former allies – Greece and Serbia. Bulgaria felt that it did not get its fair share of territory following the 1st Balkan war. Montenegro , Romania and the Ottoman Turks later intervened against Bulgaria. RESULTS Territorial boundaries changed once again without satisfying any of the participants, especially Bulgaria. 4 2014-10-17 IMPACT ON MAJOR EUROPEAN POWERS Traditional alliances that existed were disrupted – the close ties that existed between Russia and the Balkan nations as a result of Pan-Slavism were upset. This allowed the Austro-Hungarians and the Turks to gain support in the region once again. 5 2014-10-17 NEW SITUATION Serbia becomes the only nation in the region that still has a close connection to Russia. This is unfortunate for Russia because they wish to increase their influence in the region because of the strategic importance of the Dardanelles ( body of water that allows Russia to access the Mediterranean Sea). 6 2014-10-17 Bulgaria, angry over the results of the 2nd Balkan war, moves towards a closer relationship with the Austro-Hungarians. Given this situation the A/Hs feel that they no longer have to sit back and watch Serbian influence in the region grow. 7 2014-10-17 BIG PICTURE The Balkan nations are now indirectly connected to the two rival alliance systems: Serbia is connected to the Triple Entente via Russia Bulgaria is connected to the Triple Alliance via Austria-Hungary A dispute in the Balkans now has the potential to drag the major European Powers and their colonies into a bigger conflict. Tension between Serbia and Austria- Hungary over the disputed province of Bosnia-Herzgovinia will provide this opportunity 8 2014-10-17 JULY CRISIS - 1914 An event in the Balkans that results from ethnic-nationalism and directly leads to the triggering of the military alliances that have come to dominate Europe. 9 2014-10-17 ISSUE Region known as Bosnia-Herzgovinia which was annexed by A/H in 1908. Most of the population are ethnic Serbs and for that reason the government of Serbia wished to incorporate it into a greater Serbian nation. 10 2014-10-17 TIMELINE June 28 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and his wife, are assassinated in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo by a Serb nationalist – Gavrilo Princip. Princip is a member of a Serb nationalist / terrorist group known as the Black Hand. THE SHOOTING 11 2014-10-17 THE SHOOTER THE VICTIMS 12 2014-10-17 JULY 5 Germany issues the “Blank Cheque” to Austria-Hungary. JULY 23 A/H delivers an ultimatum to Serbia – they have 48 hours to agree to the terms. Deal breaker: 6. Bring to trial all accessories to the Archduke's assassination and allow "Austro-Hungarian delegates" (law enforcement officers) to take part in the investigations 13 2014-10-17 JULY 25 A/H mobilizes troops along the Serbian border after the Serbs refuse the ultimatum. JULY 30-31 Russia begins to mobilize its forces 14 2014-10-17 JULY 31 Austria begins general mobilization of troops. AUGUST 1 Germany begins general mobilization and declares war on Russia. 15 2014-10-17 AUGUST 3 Germany declares war on France – necessary due to the German adaptation of the Schlieffen Plan and the exact timetable that it was based on. They could not afford to wait while Russian mobilization was taking place. 16 2014-10-17 Germany proceeded to invade France via Belgium. AUGUST 4 France declares war on Germany. Britain sends Germany an ultimatum to withdraw from Belgium – Germany refuses and WW1 begins. 17 2014-10-17 BRITISH FOREIGN SECRETARY, SIR EDWARD GREY “The lights are going out all over Europe, we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime.” 18 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vladimir Paounovsky
    THE B ULGARIAN POLICY TTHE BB ULGARIAN PP OLICY ON THE BB ALKAN CCOUNTRIESAND NN ATIONAL MM INORITIES,, 1878-19121878-1912 Vladimir Paounovsky 1.IN THE NAME OF THE NATIONAL IDEAL The period in the history of the Balkan nations known as the “Eastern Crisis of 1875-1879” determined the international political development in the region during the period between the end of 19th century and the end of World War I (1918). That period was both a time of the consolidation of and opposition to Balkan nationalism with the aim of realizing, to a greater or lesser degree, separate national doctrines and ideals. Forced to maneuver in the labyrinth of contradictory interests of the Great Powers on the Balkan Peninsula, the battles among the Balkan countries for superiority of one over the others, led them either to Pyrrhic victories or defeats. This was particularly evident during the 1912-1913 Balkan Wars (The Balkan War and The Interallied War) and World War I, which was ignited by a spark from the Balkans. The San Stefano Peace Treaty of 3 March, 1878 put an end to the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). According to the treaty, an independent Bulgarian state was to be founded within the ethnographic borders defined during the Istanbul Conference of December 1876; that is, within the framework of the Bulgarian Exarchate. According to the treaty the only loss for Bulgaria was the ceding of North Dobroujda to Romania as compensa- tion for the return of Bessarabia to Russia. The Congress of Berlin (June 1878), however, re-consid- ered the Peace Treaty and replaced it with a new one in which San Stefano Bulgaria was parceled out; its greater part was put under Ottoman control again while Serbia was given the regions around Pirot and Vranya as a compensation for the occupation of Novi Pazar sancak (administrative district) by Austro-Hun- - 331 - VLADIMIR P AOUNOVSKY gary.
    [Show full text]
  • Albanian Political Activity in Ottoman Empire (1878-1912)
    World Journal of Islamic History and Civilization, 3 (1): 01-08, 2013 ISSN 2225-0883 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjihc.2013.3.1.3101 Albanian Political Activity in Ottoman Empire (1878-1912) Agata Biernat Faculty of Political Sciences and International Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 11, Torun, Poland Abstract: This article sketches briefly the Albanian political activity in Ottoman Empire from their “National Renaissance” to 1912 when Albania became an independent country. In the second half of XIX century Albanians began their national revival. The great influence in that process had Frashëri brothers: Abdyl, Naim and Sami. They played a prominent role in Albanian national movement. Their priority was to persuade Ottomans as well as Great Powers that Albanians were a nation, which is why had a right to have an autonomy within Empire. The most important Albanian organization at that time was League of Prizrën – its leaders took part in Congress of Berlin (1878), unfortunately they heard only a lot of objections from European leaders. The culmination of Rilindja was a proclamation of Albania’s independence led by Ismail Qemali in Vlora, on 28 November 1912. Key words: Albania Albanian National Awakening The Ottoman Empire League of Prizrën Frashëri brothers INTRODUCTION national schools. Local Albanian Bey also opposed the reform because it sought to maintain their privileges. The nineteenth century was an introduction for the Slowly they started thinking about the history of their political and economic collapse of the great Ottoman nation, origins and also about final codification of Empire. This process was accompanied by the slow but Albanian language.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Russian Policy in the Balkans, 1878-1914
    1 Russian Policy in the Balkans, 1878-1914 At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the Balkans were the most turbulent region in Europe. On the one hand were the Balkan peoples with their aims of creating their own national states with the broadest borders possible, and on the other, the ambitions of the Great Powers to gain spheres of influence in the European territories of the Ottoman Empire. This led to a continually strained and unstable situation. 1.1 Between the Two Wars: 1856-1877 The Crimean War proved to be the turning point in the relations between Russia and the Near East. After this first serious defeat of the Russian army in a war with the Ottoman Empire, Christians of the Near East and the Balkans looked more and more towards Europe. The image of Russia as the liberator of the Orthodox inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire faded and the authority of the Russian tsar was to a great extent lost. Russian diplomacy after 1856 focused totally on the restoration of Russia’s former authority. Of great significance in this process were the activities of Count N. P. Ignatiev, the ambassa- dor to Constantinople from 1864 to 1877.11 His idea of creating ‘Greater Bulgaria’, a large south-Slavonic state in the Balkans, as a base for Russian interests and further penetra- tion towards the Straits, received the support of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and coincided with the intentions of Tsar Alexander II. In 1870, the Russian government declared that it would no longer comply with the restrictions of the Paris Treaty of 1856.
    [Show full text]
  • Balkan Wars and the Albanian Issue
    QAFLESHI, MUHARREM, AJHC, 2018; 1:8 Review Article AJHC 2018,1:8 American Journal of History and Culture (ISSN:2637-4919) Balkan Wars and the Albanian issue QAFLESHI, MUHARREM , Mr. Sc. Phd (c) PRISHTINA UNIVERSITY, DEPARTAMENT OF HISTORY Albanian Address: Street “Bil Clinton” nr. n.n. 22060 Bellobrad -Kosovo ABSTRACT This paper will elaborate the collapse of the Turkish rule in the *Correspondence to Author: Balkans and the future fate of Albania, embarking on the new QAFLESHI, MUHARREM plans of the invasive politics of the Balkan Alliance, especially PRISHTINA UNIVERSITY, DEPAR- of Serbia, Montenegro and Greece. Then the dramatic events TAMENT OF HISTORY Albanian during the Balkan Wars 1912-1913, the occupation of Kosovo Address: Street “Bil Clinton” nr. n.n. and other Albanian lands by Serbia, the Albanian resistance with 22060 Bellobrad -Kosovo special focus on Luma, Opoja and Gora. It will also discuss the rapid developments of the Balkan Wars, which accelerated the Declaration of the Independence of Albania on 28 November, How to cite this article: 1912, and organization of the Ambassadors Conference in Lon- QAFLESHI, MUHARREM.Bal- don, which decided to recognize the Autonomy of Albania with kan Wars and the Albanian issue. today’s borders. Then, information about the inhumane crimes of American Journal of History and the Serbian Army against the Albanian freedom-loving people, Culture, 2018,1:8. committing unprecedented crimes against the civilian population, is given. Keywords: Serbia, Montenegro, Ottoman Empire, Gora, Opoja, eSciPub LLC, Houston, TX USA. Luma. For ProofWebsite: Only http://escipub.com/ AJHC: http://escipub.com/american-journal-of-history-and-culture/ 0001 QAFLESHI, MUHARREM, AJHC, 2018; 1:8 Collapse of the Ottoman Empire and interested as other Balkan oppressed people to creation of the Balkan Alliance become liberated from the Ottoman yoke.
    [Show full text]
  • Lora Gerd Russian Policy in the Orthodox East: the Patriarchate of Constantinople (1878-1914)
    Lora Gerd Russian Policy in the Orthodox East: The Patriarchate of Constantinople (1878-1914) Lora Gerd Russian Policy in the Orthodox East: The Patriarchate of Constantinople (1878-1914) Managing Editor: Katarzyna Tempczyk Language Editor: Kerry Fast Published by De Gruyter Open Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 license, which means that the text may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Copyright © 2014 Lora Gerd ISBN (paperback): 978-83-7656-030-4 ISBN (hardcover): 978-83-7656-031-1 e-ISBN: 978-83-7656-032-8 Managing Editor: Katarzyna Tempczyk Language Editor: Kerry Fast www.degruyteropen.com Cover illustration: © ivan-96 Contents Preface VII 1 Russian Policy in the Balkans, 1878-1914 1 1.1 Between the Two Wars: 1856-1877 1 1.2 After the Congress of Berlin: Fin de Siècle 3 1.3 The Macedonian Question 8 1.4 Russian Cooperation with Austro-Hungary 11 1.5 Russo-Austrian Attempts at Reforms in Macedonia: The Mürzsteg Agreement 12 1.6 The Bosnian Crisis (1908-1909) 14 1.7 Preparation of the Balkan League 15 2 The Byzantine Legacy in Russian Foreign Policy in the Second Part of the 19th and the Beginning of the 20th Century 20 2.1 Historical Background 20 2.2 The Greek Megali idea 23 2.3 From Pan-Slavism to Imperial Nationalism 24 2.4 Russian Philhellenists 30 2.5 Plans for a Russian Constantinople during the First World War 36 3 Russia and the Patriarchate
    [Show full text]
  • Balkan Wars Between the Lines: Violence and Civilians in Macedonia, 1912-1918
    ABSTRACT Title of Document: BALKAN WARS BETWEEN THE LINES: VIOLENCE AND CIVILIANS IN MACEDONIA, 1912-1918 Stefan Sotiris Papaioannou, Ph.D., 2012 Directed By: Professor John R. Lampe, Department of History This dissertation challenges the widely held view that there is something morbidly distinctive about violence in the Balkans. It subjects this notion to scrutiny by examining how inhabitants of the embattled region of Macedonia endured a particularly violent set of events: the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 and the First World War. Making use of a variety of sources including archives located in the three countries that today share the region of Macedonia, the study reveals that members of this majority-Orthodox Christian civilian population were not inclined to perpetrate wartime violence against one another. Though they often identified with rival national camps, inhabitants of Macedonia were typically willing neither to kill their neighbors nor to die over those differences. They preferred to pursue priorities they considered more important, including economic advancement, education, and security of their properties, all of which were likely to be undermined by internecine violence. National armies from Balkan countries then adjacent to geographic Macedonia (Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia) and their associated paramilitary forces were instead the perpetrators of violence against civilians. In these violent activities they were joined by armies from Western and Central Europe during the First World War. Contrary to existing military and diplomatic histories that emphasize continuities between the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 and the First World War, this primarily social history reveals that the nature of abuses committed against civilians changed rapidly during this six-year period.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Images of the Balkan Wars of 1912-13 Enika Abazi
    Between Facts and Interpretations: Three Images of the Balkan Wars of 1912-13 Enika Abazi To cite this version: Enika Abazi. Between Facts and Interpretations: Three Images of the Balkan Wars of 1912-13. James Pettifer; Tom Buchanan. War in the Balkans: Conflict and Diplomacy before World War I, I.B.Tauris, pp.203-225, 2016, 978-1-78453-190-4. halshs-01252639 HAL Id: halshs-01252639 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01252639 Submitted on 11 Jan 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. z z-ce: ~ ~ ~ u w ~ C';j ~ ,.,,1,---'4 ~z 0 •J.:\ • 1-l ..-,'1111 0 Lq 1:-:i 1 ! 1 ·i l1l WARIN THE BALKANS Edited by JAMES PETTIFER Conflict and Diplomacy before World War I AND TOM BUCHANAN a The history of the Balkans incorporates ali the major historical themes of the twentieth century- the rise of nationalism, communism and fascism, state-sponsored genocide and urban warfare. Focusing on the century's opening decades, T+ar in the Balkans seeks to shed new light on the Balkan Wars through approaching each regional and ethnie conflict as a separate actor, before placing them in a wider context.
    [Show full text]
  • Greco-Serbian Talks Towards the Conclusion of a Treaty of Alliance in May 1913 and the Beginning of Negotiations for the Establi
    Adrianos I. Papadrianos Greco-Serbian talks towards the conclusion of a treaty of alliance in May 1913 and the beginning of negotiations for the establishment of a Serbian Free Zone in Thessaloniki In the autumn of 1912, the states of the Balkan Peninsula carried out what one might truly call a peaceful revolution. They abandoned or set aside —if only temporarily— the differences that separated them, they concluded alliances with one another and, most importantly, they declared war on the Ottoman Empire, reaping in the process, and within a very short space of time, a wealth of benefits for their nations. This revolutionary act was the so-called Balkan League of 1912’. The alliance, however, carried within itself the seeds of its own destruction. The division of the Ottoman Empire’s European territories between Bulgaria and Serbia violated historical Greek rights in Thrace and Macedonia. It also prejudiced the rights of the Albanians in the western part of the vilayet of Kosovo and the entire vilayet of Shkodër, which was inhabited by —scattered or concentrated— Albanian popu­ lations. The rapprochement between Serbia and Bulgaria (March 1912), which constituted the backbone of the Balkan League, solved the Macedonian Question only temporarily. Bulgaria took the lion’s share of Macedonia, since Serbia was only interested in the part of Macedonia that would give her an outlet to the Adriatic. But the determination of the Great Powers, and principally Austro-Hungary and Italy, to create an autonomous Albanian state thwarted this Serbian design and forced Serbia into conflict with her former ally, Bulgaria.
    [Show full text]
  • War in the Balkans, 1991-2002
    WAR IN THE BALKANS, 1991-2002 R. Craig Nation August 2003 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications Office by calling (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or be e-mail at [email protected] ***** Most 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/ ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-134-2 ii CONTENTS Foreword . v Preface . vii Map of the Balkan Region. viii 1. The Balkan Region in World Politics . 1 2. The Balkans in the Short 20th Century . 43 3. The State of War: Slovenia and Croatia, 1991-92.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction: the Wars of Yesterday: the Balkan Wars and The
    The Wars of Yesterday The Balkan Wars and the Emergence of Modern Military Conflict, 1912/13 An Introduction Katrin Boeckh and Sabine Rutar The Balkan Wars of 1912/13 and their outcomes have shaped much of the military and political thinking of the Balkan elites during the last century. At the same time, these wars were intimations of what was to become the bloodiest, most violent century in Europe’s and indeed humankind’s history. Wars often lead to other wars. Yet this process of contagion happened in a particularly gruesome manner during the twentieth century. In Europe, the Balkan Wars marked the beginning of the twentieth century’s history of warfare. In the First Balkan War (October 1912–May 1913), Serbia, Monte- negro, Greece and Bulgaria declared war on the Ottoman Empire; in the Second Balkan War (June–August 1913), Bulgaria fought Serbia, Montenegro and Greece over the Ottoman territories they had each just gained. From July onwards, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece were supported by Romania, who entered the war hoping to seize the southern Dobruja from Bulgaria. These hopes were realized. Albania, declared an independent state in November 1912, was thus a product of the First Balkan War. The borders of other territories were changed and obtained features that partially remain valid up to the present: the historical region of Macedonia, a main theatre of the wars, was divided among Greece (Aegean Macedonia), Bulgaria (Pirin Macedonia) and Serbia (Vardar Macedonia, corresponding largely to today’s Republic of Macedonia, established in 1991). The Ottoman Empire’s loss of most of its European territories in the conflict was one more warning sign of its inner weakness; it ceased to exist in the aftermath of the First World War, and was succeeded by the Republic of Turkey in 1923.
    [Show full text]
  • The Balkan War and Its Implications for Islamic Socio-Political Life in Southeast Europe (1876-1914 AD)
    International Journal of Science and Society, Volume 2, Issue 4, 2020 The Balkan War and Its Implications for Islamic Socio-Political Life in Southeast Europe (1876-1914 AD) Kemal Pasha Centre of Mustafa Kemal Ankara, Turkey Email: [email protected] Abstract This research describes the historical series of the occurrence of the Balkan Wars and the implications thereof for Muslim life there. This study took three main problems, namely (1) the causes of the Balkan Wars, (2) the chronology of the Balkan wars, and (3) What are the implications of the Balkan wars on the socio-political life of Islam in Southeast Europe. The research method used in this thesis is the historical research method. 4 stages, namely (1) Heuristics, (2) Source/Verification Criticism, (3) Interpretation and (4) Historiography. There are two approaches used in this study, namely the political and sociological approaches. While the theory I use in this research is theory. Conflict and social change theory. The results of the research that the authors obtained are: chronologically, the Balkan war was preceded by the problem of Macedonia which in the end was used as an excuse to legitimize the war. Basically, the main cause of this Balkan war was due to the ambition and personal grudge between the respective rulers of the Balkan countries and the Ottoman Empire. It was also driven by the decline of the sultanate, Russian domination, the Turkish-Italian war (1911-1912), the idea of nationalism, propaganda, the formation of the Balkan alliance and the failure of diplomacy. The outbreak of the Balkan war not only resulted in geo-political changes but also was a humanitarian catastrophe for Muslims in the Balkans who at that time had to accept the fact that their situation was no longer the same as when it was led by Muslims because authority had shifted to non-Muslims.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chronicle of the First World War and Its Impact on the Balkans Birinci Dünya Savaşı’Nın Tarihi Ve Balkanlar’A Etkisi
    The Chronicle Of The First World War And Its Impact On The Balkans Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın Tarihi ve Balkanlar’a Etkisi Erjada Progonati* Abstract The process of the two Balkan Wars (1912-1913) remained incomplete until the First World War started. The aim of this study is to give some informations about The First World War and the role that Balkan region played to this war when the national consciousness of Balkan peoples began to crystallize. After the two Balkan Wars, all the Balkan states continued their efforts to gather their co-nationals into their national states. It’s concluded that the Balkan Wars leaded to the internationalization of this crisis spreading it to an ample area while many other crises at the same region were resolved without a general war in Europe. It appears that the First World War that began in 1914 in the Balkan region was a continuation of the wars that started in 1912-1913 period in the same are. Key Words: World War I, Balkans, Nationalism, Balkan Wars, History. Özet İki Balkan Savaşı (1912-1913) süreci, Birinci Dünya Savaşı başlayana dek eksik kalmıştır. Bu çalış- manın amacı, Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve ulusal bilinçlerin belirginleşmeye başlayan Balkan halklarının savaşta oynadığı roller hakkında bazı bilgiler vermektir. İki Balkan Savaşlarından sonra bütün Balkan devletleri ulus-devletlerine ortak vatandaşlarını toplamak için çabalarını sürdürmüştür. Aynı bölgede birçok krizin Avrupa’da genel bir savaşa götürmeden çözüme kavuşurken Balkan Savaşları bu durumu daha geniş bir alana yayarak krizin uluslararasılaşmasına yol açtığı sonucuna varılmaktadır. 1914 yı- lında ve Balkanlar bölgesinde başlayan Birinci Dünya Savaşı, aynı bölgede ve 1912-1913 döneminde yaşanan savaşların devamı niteliğinde olduğu düşünülmektedir.
    [Show full text]