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Three Images of the Balkan Wars of 1912-13 Enika Abazi

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Three Images of the Balkan Wars of 1912-13 Enika Abazi Between Facts and Interpretations: Three Images of the Balkan Wars of 1912-13 Enika Abazi To cite this version: Enika Abazi. Between Facts and Interpretations: Three Images of the Balkan Wars of 1912-13. James Pettifer; Tom Buchanan. War in the Balkans: Conflict and Diplomacy before World War I, I.B.Tauris, pp.203-225, 2016, 978-1-78453-190-4. halshs-01252639 HAL Id: halshs-01252639 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01252639 Submitted on 11 Jan 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. z z-ce: ~ ~ ~ u w ~ C';j ~ ,.,,1,---'4 ~z 0 •J.:\ • 1-l ..-,'1111 0 Lq 1:-:i 1 ! 1 ·i l1l WARIN THE BALKANS Edited by JAMES PETTIFER Conflict and Diplomacy before World War I AND TOM BUCHANAN a The history of the Balkans incorporates ali the major historical themes of the twentieth century- the rise of nationalism, communism and fascism, state-sponsored genocide and urban warfare. Focusing on the century's opening decades, T+ar in the Balkans seeks to shed new light on the Balkan Wars through approaching each regional and ethnie conflict as a separate actor, before placing them in a wider context. Although top-clown "Great Powers" historiography is often used to describe the beginnings ofWorld War I, not enough attention has been paid to the events in the region in the years preceding the Archduke Ferdinand's assassination. The Balkan Wars saw the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, the end of the Bulgarian Kingdom (then one of the most powerful military countries in the region), an unprecedented hardening of Serbian nationalism, the swallowing up of Slovenes and Croats in a larger Balkan enti1ty, and thus set in place the pattern ofborder realignments which would become familiar for much of the twentieth century. "Always in the shadow ofWorld \iVar I, the Balkan Wars haven't got the attention they deserve in historiography. This fine piece of scholarship assembles the findings of researchers from the region itself and from outside, addressing a variety of intriguing topics. lt tells among others of the fight against cholera, of Croat sympathies and help for Serbia, of the role of war correspondents, of the meaning of the wars for the symbolic representation of the region as weil as of the mutual perception in the Balkans of the time." Prof. Dr Nada Boskovska, University of Zurich James Pettifer was Professor in the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom from 2002 to 2012, and teaches modern Balkan history at St Cross College, Oxford. Tom Buchanan is Professor of Modern British and European Hist ory at the University of Oxford, where he is Director of Studies in History and Politics at the Department for Continuing Education and a Fellow of Kellogg College. ISBN 978-1-78453-190·4 Caver design: BR 1 L L Caver image: First Balkan War, Tsar Ferdinand 1 ~ lllllll i lllll llllll 9 781 784 531904 ofBulgaria (1861- 1948) walking over the flags and weapons of the nation dcfeated by his army, in Mustapha Pacha (Ferdinandovo), Ukraine, illustration from French newspaper Le Petit foumal, 10 November 1912, Priva re Collection LON OO M · M E W YO R K (Photo by Leemage!UlG via Gerry Images). www.ibtauris.com WARIN THE BALKANS Conflict and Diplomacy before World War I Edited by ]AMES PETTIFER AND TOM BUCHANAN LONDON• N I!:W Y ORK Published in 2016 by l.B.Tauris & Co. Lrd London • New York www.ibtauris.com Copyright ed itorial sel ecti on ~ 20 16 James Peccifer and 'Ibm Buchanan Copyright individual dhtpters © 20 16 Enika Abazi, Tom Buchanan, R obert Evans, Berne! J. Pischtr, Mclina Grizo, Helen KnrsiadRkis, ]<tsmina Knezovic, James Perrifer, Christian Promirzer, Sabrina P. Ramer, Bit jana Vankovska and Eric Beckett Wenver The righr of James Pcrrifer and Tom Buchanan m be idenrified as the cdicors of chis work has been asserted by rhe editors in accordance with che Copyright, Designs and Parents Act 1.98!l. Ail ri ghrs rescrved. Excepr for brief quocarions in a review, chis book, or any parr rhereof, may not be reprrxluced, stored in or inuoduced inro a rerrieval sysrem, or rransmicced, in any form or by any meaos, electronic, mcchanical, phorocopying, recording or orherwise, wirhour rhe prior wrirren permission of rhe publisher. References rn websires were correct ar rhe rime of wriring. Inrernarional Library of Twenriech Cencury Hisrory 84 ISBN: 978 1 78453 190 4 eiSBN: 978 0 85773 968 1 A full CIP record for rhis book is nvailable from the British Library A f·uU CIP record is available from rbe Li brary of Congress Library of Congress Caralog Card Number: avuilable Typeser in Garamond Three by OKS Prepress Services, Chennai, India Printed and bou nd by CP! Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CRO 4YY Ml X Paper from DFSC responsible sources .......... FS~ C013604 CONTENTS Foreword R.]. \\7 Evans lX Con tri butors Xlll Part I The Contested Inheritance 1. The Bal kan Wars afrer 100 Years 3 Tom Buchanan 2. Realpolitik or Foreign Policy Surrealism: A Reconsideration of the Peace Treaties of Berlin (1878), London (1913), Versailles (1 919), and Trianon (1920) 19 Sabrina P l~arrtet Part II International Dimensions 3. Yugoslavism in Hungary during the Balkan Wars 47 E1'Ù' Beckett Weaver 4. Combating Cholera during the Balkan Wars: The Case of Btùgaria 76 Christiatz Promitzer 5. The Balkan Wars and the Creation of Al banian Independence 102 Be-md]. FisL"her d ll WAR. IN THE BALKANS r,. History and Memories of the Balkan Wars in the Republic of Macedonia: Debates over the Past 115 Bi/jana Vankovska 7. After the Golden Age? - The Journalism of the Balkan Wars 139 ]ames Pettifer 8. Croatian Nationalism and the Balkan Wars 156 ]aJ71lÎila Knezovic ~art III The Bitter Inheritance 9. Macedonia - The Crisis After the Paris Peace Conference 183 Me/ina Grizo 1~. Between Facts and Interpretations: Three Images of the Balkan Wars of 1912-13 203 F.nika Abazi Il. The Balkan Wars Experience: Understanding the Enemy 226 Helen Katsiadakis l. Some Concluding Thoughts 239 }ames Pettifer 243 CHAPTER 10 BETWEE N FAC:TS AND INTERPRETATIC)NS: THREE IMAGES OF THE B.ALKAN WARS OF 1912- 13 Enika Ab,:tzi A century after the Balkan Wars of 1912- 13 there is a widely held upinion that they represent an important moment in the polirical history of the Balkan states. Images of the Balkan Wars were revived during the brutal dissolution of Yugos!avia in the 1990s. ln many of 1 he books, articles and reports written at this t ime the ghosts of past Uulkan wars were paraded uncritically before a watcb ing world. The "~p iciest" examples, main ly taken from the Carnegie Report of 1914, ll'printed with a new introduction (Kennan 1993), were repeatedly t1•produced, especially chose concerni ng ethn ie hatred, ethnie , leansing, massacres, violence against women and children, torture of prisoners, deportation of civil populations, destruction of rowns and villages, and the plight of refugees. T he purpose of invoking the 1912-13 Balkan Wars fo r a present-day audience was co bridge the rwo extremes of the twentieth cenrury in arder co "becter understand 1 il e roots of Balkan passions" (Ken nan 1'993, 13, Kaplan 1993) as if the olù Balkan Wars had guaranteed the subsequent tragedy in the 1990s. 'l'he very "repetitiveness" of the practices associatecl wirh the wars of 1912-13 appeared to reveallegacies thar still infl uenced the ways in 204 W AR IN T HE BALKANS which poli tics, behaviour, and affairs of states and people are coudw • in the Balkans. The Balkan "blig ht", endlessly produced and reproduced, kt:q" ,.1, a "Balkanise" discourse, in Maria Todorova's rerms (1997, 17 Il On the one hand, ar rhe beginning of the wars of the 1990~. •hl cliscourse legicimisecl humanitarian and military intervent i o n ~ , '"'" the recognition of seceding republics (Kissinger 1999). On che or lu• ic '"re-BalkaniseJ Sourheast Europe and revived old Western scercol\ l'' about the Balkans and Balkanisation" (Simié 20 13, L1 4), rhus hardr: 11 1••1 ideas about the Balkan barbarian "ocher" as inberently violc·ut backwan.l, uncivi lised and unable co trn.nsform (Hannsen 2006, 1', '1 T he sarne icleas can be craced back to the wricings of cravcllt 1 diplomars, poe cs and journalists sin ce the earl y nineteenrh cenr 1111 ln boch cases, writers were "intrigued by and atcracced to the simpk, ''' passionate, Balkan Romancic O ther" (H annsen 2006, 15 1, sec·""' ToJorova l9Y7, Goldsworrhy l998, H am monel 2002). This does n••• mean, however, thar the manner in which che wars of 1912-13 occun• .r should stiJl have a "presencist" hiscorical attraction; nor should chey Il< • refcrcnœ point for understanding conremporary events in che region,"' for defining strategies and policies cowards ir. The Balkan Wars have remained a significanc subject in the hisrory ni the region. Therefore, they deserve a more p rofound investigation ,1111 1 above ail a more analytical approach. This paper does not seek co establislt more "rdiable" fac es about che events on the battlefield and elsewhere, 0 1 co argue for the "objective" trurh about the "real" causes of war.
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