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Architecture of the Pancreatic Islets and Endocrine Cell Arrangement in the Embryonic Pancreas of the Grass Snake (Natrix Natrix L.)

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Architecture of the Pancreatic Islets and Endocrine Cell Arrangement in the Embryonic Pancreas of the Grass Snake (Natrix Natrix L.) International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Architecture of the Pancreatic Islets and Endocrine Cell Arrangement in the Embryonic Pancreas of the Grass Snake (Natrix natrix L.). Immunocytochemical Studies and 3D Reconstructions Magdalena Kowalska and Weronika Rupik * Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: During the early developmental stages of grass snakes, within the differentiating pancreas, cords of endocrine cells are formed. They differentiate into agglomerates of large islets flanked throughout subsequent developmental stages by small groups of endocrine cells forming islets. The islets are located within the cephalic part of the dorsal pancreas. At the end of the embryonic period, the pancreatic islet agglomerates branch off, and as a result of their remodeling, surround the splenic “bulb”. The stage of pancreatic endocrine ring formation is the first step in formation of intrasplenic islets characteristics for the adult specimens of the grass snake. The arrangement of endocrine cells within islets changes during pancreas differentiation. Initially, the core of islets formed from B and D cells is surrounded by a cluster of A cells. Subsequently, A, B, and D endocrine cells are mixed Citation: Kowalska, M.; Rupik, W. throughout the islets. Before grass snake hatching, A and B endocrine cells are intermingled within Architecture of the Pancreatic Islets and Endocrine Cell Arrangement in the islets, but D cells are arranged centrally. Moreover, the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells are not the Embryonic Pancreas of the Grass found within the embryonic pancreas of the grass snake. Variation in the proportions of different cell Snake (Natrix natrix L.). types, depending on the part of the pancreas, may affect the islet function—a higher proportion of Immunocytochemical Studies and 3D glucagon cells is beneficial for insulin secretion. Reconstructions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ Keywords: pancreatic islets; reptilian embryos; immunocytochemical studies; 3D reconstructions ijms22147601 Academic Editors: Yasuhiro Miki and Barbara Predieri 1. Introduction The endocrine part of the pancreas is formed by clusters of endocrine cells named Received: 18 June 2021 pancreatic islets [1]. These islets contain four or five main types of endocrine cells: B Accepted: 13 July 2021 Published: 16 July 2021 cells—insulin-producing cells, A cells—glucagon-producing cells; D cells—somatostatin- producing cells, PP cells—pancreatic polypeptide-producing cells [2,3], and " cells—ghrelin Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral producing cells [4,5]. The distribution of endocrine islets within the pancreatic gland varies with regard to jurisdictional claims in among different vertebrates [6]. Usually, pancreatic islets are distributed within the whole published maps and institutional affil- gland, as in fish [7], amphibians [8,9], birds [10], and mammals [11]. Within reptilian iations. species, islets are distributed within the whole pancreas only in turtles [12], crocodiles [13], and some lizards [14,15]. In adult snakes, islets are distributed only in the anterior part of the pancreas, which corresponds to the dorsal pancreatic bud [16]. Thomas, 1942, presented the results based on two-dimensional (2D) histological samples that provide only partial and static information about the islet localization within the pancreas of Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. snakes [16]. This is because these samples are usually only snapshots of distinct sections This article is an open access article through this gland. Little is known about the distribution of endocrine tissue in the distributed under the terms and pancreas during snake embryogenesis. This study aimed to determine the spatio-temporal conditions of the Creative Commons distribution of endocrine islets within the successive developmental stages of grass snake Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// pancreas differentiation using 3D reconstructions. It suggested that three-dimensional creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ reconstructions of the distribution of pancreatic islets at the successive developmental 4.0/). stages are an accurate method to evaluate the spatio-temporal arrangement of pancreatic Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147601 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 21 snake pancreas differentiation using 3D reconstructions. It suggested that three-dimen- sional reconstructions of the distribution of pancreatic islets at the successive develop- mental stages are an accurate method to evaluate the spatio-temporal arrangement of pan- creatic islets in snakes. Moreover, this study carried out immunohistochemical localiza- Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7601 tion of the endocrine cells (A, B, D, PP) within differentiating pancreatic buds.2 of 19 It also de- scribed the arrangement of the endocrine cells within forming islets during embryonic development. Results of this study were compared with data obtained in different verte- brate isletsspecies. in snakes. Moreover, this study carried out immunohistochemical localization of the endocrine cells (A, B, D, PP) within differentiating pancreatic buds. It also described the 2. Resultsarrangement of the endocrine cells within forming islets during embryonic development. Results of this study were compared with data obtained in different vertebrate species. 2.1. Light Microscopy 2. Results The2.1. Lightpresumptive Microscopy endocrine pancreatic tissue is visible on the transverse histological section ofThe the presumptive pancreas at endocrine the beginning pancreatic of tissue grass is snake visible onembryonic the transverse development histological (stage I– III). Insection the area of the near pancreas the atspleen the beginning bud, large of grass cords snake of embryonic endocrin developmente tissue are (stage observed I–III). (Figure 1A,B).In In the cords, area near endocrine the spleen bud,cells large stained cords with of endocrine phloxine tissue possess are observed pink-staining (Figure1A,B). cytoplasm near theIn cords, basal endocrine pole (Figure cells stained 1C). Moreover, with phloxine more possess caudally pink-staining to this cytoplasm area, singular near the endocrine cells arebasal visible. pole (Figure Within1C). their Moreover, cytoplasm, more caudally methylene to this area,blue singular staining endocrine agglomeration cells are of small visible. Within their cytoplasm, methylene blue staining agglomeration of small granules granulesis observed is observed (Figure (Figure1D). 1D). Figure 1. TransverseFigure 1. Transverse sections sections through through the grass the grass snake snake embryo embryo body ( A(A) and) and pancreas pancreas (B–D ()B at–D developmental) at developmental stages I–III. stages I–III. (A–C) Sections(A–C) stained Sections stainedwith phloxine with phloxine and andgallocyanin. gallocyanin. (A(A)) Scale Scale barbar = = 100 100µm μ.(m.B) ( MagnificationB) Magnification of the frameof the in frame (A). (B ,inC) (A). (B,C) Note agglomerations of endocrine cells near the spleen anlage. Scale bar = 20 µm. (D) Section stained with methylene blue. Note agglomerations of endocrine cells near the spleen anlage. Scale bar = 20 μm. (D) Section stained with methylene blue. Scale bar = 20 µm Abbreviations: G: gut; Li: liver; P: pancreas; Sp: spleen; arrowhead—endocrine cell. Scale bar = 20 μm Abbreviations: G: gut; Li: liver; P: pancreas; Sp: spleen; arrowhead—endocrine cell. On the longitudinal histological sections of the pancreas at developmental stages OnIV–VIII the longitudinal of grass snake embryohistological development, sections cords of the of pancreas endocrine tissueat developmental visible near the stages IV– VIII of grass snake embryo development, cords of endocrine tissue visible near the devel- oping spleen are divided into presumptive islets. Within cells forming presumptive islets, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7601 3 of 19 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 21 developing spleen are divided into presumptive islets. Within cells forming presumptive the basal cytoplasm is stained with phloxine similarly to the previous developmental pe- islets, the basal cytoplasm is stained with phloxine similarly to the previous developmental riod (Figure 2A,B). period (Figure2A,B). Figure 2. Transverse sectionssections through through the the pancreas pancreas of of the the grass grass snake snake embryo embryo atdevelopmental at developmen stagestal stages IV–VIII IV–VIII stained stained with withphloxine phloxine and gallocyanin and gallocyanin (A,B) ( andA,B methylene) and methylene blue ( Cblue). (A ()C Scale). (A) barScale = 100bar µ=m 100.(B μ,Cm.) Scale(B,C) barScale = 20barµ m.= 20 (B μ)m. Magnification (B) Magni- ficationof the frame of the in frame (A). Note in (A presumptive). Note presumptive islets. Abbreviations: islets. Abbreviations: G: gut; P:G: pancreas; gut; P: pancreas; Sp: spleen. Sp: spleen. Moreover,Moreover, on the semithin transverse se sections,ctions, prominent granules are observed within the cytoplasm ofof cellscells formingforming islets islets (Figure (Figure2C). 2C). Below Below the the area area where where presumptive presump- tiveendocrine endocrine islets islets are present,are present, pancreatic pancreatic endocrine endocrine
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